5 Jan 2009 Singer Artist Icon Marilyn Manson 1969-

5 Jan 2009Singer

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Marilyn Manson1969-

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Marilyn Manson• Brian Hugh Warner (born January 5, 1969), better known by his stage name Marilyn Manson, is an

American musician as well as an artist, known for his outrageous stage persona and image as the lead singer of the eponymous band. His stage name was formed from the names of actress Marilyn Monroe and convicted murderer, Charles Manson.

• Manson was born in Canton, Ohio, the son of Barb (née Wyer) and Hugh Warner. His father was a Catholic and his mother Episcopalian. According to his autobiography The Long Hard Road Out of Hell, Manson is of German and Polish ancestry on his father's side. He was raised in his mother's religion, attending Heritage Christian School, though he later transferred out, graduating from Cardinal Gibbons High School in 1987. In 1990, Manson was a college student attending Broward Community College. He was working toward a journalism degree and gaining experience in the field by writing music articles for a South Florida lifestyle magazine, 25th Parallel, when he met several of the musicians to whom his own band would later be compared, including: My Life With the Thrill Kill Kult and Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails.

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Egypt Becomes Flashpoint Over Gaza• RAFAH, Egypt -- As Israeli troops push into Gaza, Egypt

has become a flashpoint in the deepening divide between moderate Arab leaders, backed by the West, and their more extreme rivals, including Hamas and Lebanon's Hezbollah, backed by Iran and Syria.

• That has put President Hosni Mubarak in a suddenly precarious position. Widespread protests across the Middle East, as well as condemnation from radical Islamist leaders from Beirut to Tehran, have targeted Mr. Mubarak since Israel launched its aerial attack nine days ago.

• Mr. Mubarak is under intense popular pressure across the Arab world to open its border crossing here with Gaza, the only land route the sliver of territory has with a country other than Israel. The border is currently only open to emergency medical aid going in and a trickle of wounded Palestinian patients coming out.

• But Mr. Mubarak has plenty of reasons to want to keep his border sealed. Hamas has long been an Egyptian irritant. The group traces its roots to the Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt's own Islamic political opposition. Egypt has outlawed the group, a transnational Sunni Muslim movement. Over the weekend, riot police clashed with pro-Hamas protesters in Cairo and arrested dozens, including members of the Brotherhood.

• Mr. Mubarak is also under pressure from Israel, with which it signed a peace treaty in 1979, and from the U.S., a top donor of foreign aid to Cairo, to stand firm against Hamas.



• And if Egypt bows to Arab street demands and opens its border, it risks a heavy influx of Palestinian refugees, many of whom, officials worry, may be sympathizers or members of Hamas. The border could also be used to re-arm Hamas as the fight with Israel intensifies, or as a conduit for suicide bombers or other assailants who could make their way back to Israel via Egypt.

• So far, Mr. Mubarak has continued to insist that Hamas, which overran Gaza in 2007, agree to share power with its rival and more moderate Palestinian faction, Fatah, which controls the West Bank.

• "Egypt is in a very critical position and has to balance its domestic situation against its interests," says Abdel Monem Said, a member of the Egyptian senate and director of the Al- Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies. "The pressure is very hot and very tense but as much as we hate what Israel is doing, we cannot jeopardize ourselves."

• The Rafah crossing here is at the center of the controversy. Ambulances from Gaza hospitals make daily runs to the crossing, delivering dozens of critical patients to Egyptian medical teams, which have set up emergency triage units inside the no-man's land of the border crossing.

• So far, Egypt has taken in over 170 patients, including several children, mostly with severe head and abdominal injuries from shrapnel wounds, according to Health Ministry officials. Egypt has also allowed in trucks of humanitarian aid.

• That isn't good enough for Egypt's critics, who are calling for Mr. Mubarak to open the crossing wide to Palestinians fleeing the bombardment and ground invasion.

• "We need real support from Egypt and other Arab countries. Not just a few trucks of food, flour and medical aid," said Gaza hospital nurse Ismaeel Zaki, 25 years old, adding: "Mr. Mubarak should come to Gaza and see with his own eyes how we are suffering.



Daily SparkDaily Spark

What should Egypt do? Allow refugees in or keep the peace with Israel? Explain your answer.

What should Egypt do? Allow refugees in or keep the peace with Israel? Explain your answer.

What event brought the French to the American’s aide?

What event brought the French to the American’s aide?

American win at Saratoga.



Today

Ideas about government The State Constitutions

The Great Unknown

• In 1776 a short essay by an unknown author appeared. The essay called for the newly independent states to take care building their new governments.

• Many Americans agreed. They hoped that a strong republic could be formed in America.



Ideas About Government

• The American colonies had taken a bold step in declaring independence.

• Their next goal was to form governments.

• To do so the American people drew from a range of political ideas.



Learning from the Past

• They took lessons on democracy from the Roman Republic, and they studied more modern thinkers, such as philosopher John Locke.

• One source of inspiration was English Law.



English Law

• England had limited the power of its kings and queens with two documents-Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights.

• Magna Carta- required the king to follow the rule of law like other English people.

• English Bill of Rights- Kept the king or queen from passing new taxes or changing laws without parliament approval.

• This gave the people’s representatives a stronger voice in government.



John Locke

• Enlightenment writers such as John Locke called for the use of reason and expressed a belief in human goodness.

• He believed in a social contract, or agreement, existed between political leaders and the people they ruled.

• One side of this agreement (it) was the government’s duty to protect the people’s unalienable rights.





Political Traditions

• American leaders also looked to their own political traditions such as the town meeting and VA’s House of Burgesses.

• The also looked at the Iroquois League.





State Constitutions

• All of these political ideas were quickly put into practice after declaring independence.

• During the Revolution nearly every colony wrote a new constitution.

• These constitutions showed a belief in republicanism- that is, support for a system of government called a republic.



Republic

• Republic- Citizens elect representatives who are responsible to the people.

• Most Americans wanted to keep individual leaders from gaining too much power.

• Each state constitution created a limited government.

• In limited government all leaders have to obey laws and no one has total power.

• As an example, many states placed their courts outside the governor’s control.



Individual Rights

• Most states protected individual rights.

• For example, VA gave people the right to trial by jury, freedom of the press, and private ownership of property.

• Virginia’s Statue for Religious Freedom promoted the separation of church and state. No state supported a state church.



Suffrage

• In addition, many state constitutions expanded suffrage, or voting rights.

• Some states allowed any white man who was a taxpaying citizen to vote.

• Other states people had to own property to vote.

• Seven state constitutions gave voting rights to free African-Americans but they were stripped away or limited by high property or residency requirements.

In your opinion, why do you thinkWomen were overlooked on votingRights?



5 Jan 2009 Singer Artist Icon Marilyn Manson 1969-

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