Computer and Computer and Internet BasicsInternet Basics

A Computer is a device thatA Computer is a device that

accepts inputaccepts input

processes dataprocesses data

stores datastores data

produces outputproduces output

(all according to a series of stored instructions)

Computer system consists of:Computer system consists of:

Hardware: Hardware: microprocessormicroprocessor

Peripheral devices: Peripheral devices: input and outputinput and output

Software: Software: programsprograms

Computer NetworkComputer Network

Two or more Two or more computers that are computers that are

connected and connected and share data and share data and

programsprograms

LAN is a local area network

Computer FunctionsComputer Functions•Words, symbols, numbers, sound, Words, symbols, numbers, sound, pictures, program instructionspictures, program instructionsInputInputInputInput

•Program calculates, sorts modifies dataProgram calculates, sorts modifies data•Uses microprocessor or CPUUses microprocessor or CPUProcessProcessProcessProcess

•Memory is temporary holding area (RAM)Memory is temporary holding area (RAM)•Storage is permanent (disk)Storage is permanent (disk)StoreStoreStoreStore

•Results of processingResults of processing•Reports, graphs, documents, picturesReports, graphs, documents, pictures•Printer or monitorPrinter or monitor

OutputOutputOutputOutput

•Remember to periodically save your work Remember to periodically save your work and and ALWAYSALWAYS keep a backup copy!!!!! keep a backup copy!!!!!Save!Save!Save!Save!

Categorizing ComputersCategorizing Computers

CostCostCostCost

UsageUsageUsageUsage

SizeSizeSizeSize

CapabilityCapabilityCapabilityCapability

Less Powerful ComputersLess Powerful Computers

•Handheld computer/PDAHandheld computer/PDA•Handheld computer/PDAHandheld computer/PDA

•Videogame consoleVideogame console

–Sony PlayStationSony PlayStation®®

•Videogame consoleVideogame console

–Sony PlayStationSony PlayStation®®

•PC/microcomputerPC/microcomputer

•WorkstationsWorkstations

•PC/microcomputerPC/microcomputer

•WorkstationsWorkstations

More Powerful ComputersMore Powerful Computers

ServerServer– Supplies network computers with dataSupplies network computers with data

MainframeMainframe– Large, expensive, powerful, many usersLarge, expensive, powerful, many users– Reliability, data security, central control Reliability, data security, central control

importantimportant

SupercomputerSupercomputer– Fastest and most powerfulFastest and most powerful

Computer SystemComputer System

Computer + input devices + output devices + storage devices

Peripherals

System UnitSystem Unit

Power SupplyPower Supply

Storage DevicesStorage Devices

Circuit BoardsCircuit Boards

Input/Output DevicesInput/Output Devices

MonitorMonitor

KeyboardKeyboard

MouseMouse

ModemModem

PrinterPrinter

Speakers/sound cardSpeakers/sound card

Storage DevicesStorage Devices

Floppy disk driveFloppy disk drive

Hard disk driveHard disk drive

CD-ROM driveCD-ROM drive

DVD driveDVD drive

CD writerCD writer

Zip / Jaz disksZip / Jaz disks

Data vs. InformationData vs. Information

Data (symbols) used by computersData (symbols) used by computers

Information (meaningful) used by peopleInformation (meaningful) used by people

DataData

Binary number Binary number system to define system to define electronic dataelectronic data

0 or 10 or 1

BitBit

Byte (8 bits)Byte (8 bits)

FilesFiles

Collection of data on a storage Collection of data on a storage mediummedium

Data file (passive) Data file (passive)

Executable file (active)Executable file (active)

Filename and extensionFilename and extension

Resume.docResume.docWord.exeWord.exeImage.jpgImage.jpg

System SoftwareSystem Software

Helps the computer monitor itself Helps the computer monitor itself in order to function efficientlyin order to function efficientlyOperating systemOperating system– Master controller of all computer Master controller of all computer

activitiesactivities

Popular operating systemsPopular operating systems– PCs: Microsoft Windows, Mac OSPCs: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS– Handhelds: Windows CE and Palm OSHandhelds: Windows CE and Palm OS– Servers: Linus and UNIXServers: Linus and UNIX

PlatformPlatform

Mac and PC compatibility is an Mac and PC compatibility is an issueissue

Apple computer = Mac platformApple computer = Mac platform

Original IBM computer = Original IBM computer = Windows or PC platformWindows or PC platform

Microprocessor + Operating systemMicroprocessor + Operating system

Application SoftwareApplication Software

Microsoft PowerPointMicrosoft Excel

Designed to carry out a particular

task

Internet Basics (Cyberspace)Internet Basics (Cyberspace)

Internet is a collection of Internet is a collection of local, regional, local, regional, national and national and international international

computer networks computer networks that are linked that are linked

together to exchange together to exchange data and distribute data and distribute processing tasks.processing tasks.

Internet TerminologyInternet Terminology

Backbone: defines main Internet Backbone: defines main Internet routesroutes– Constructed and maintained by major Constructed and maintained by major

telecommunications companiestelecommunications companies

TCP/IP:TCP/IP:– Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet

ProtocolProtocol

Internet TerminologyInternet Terminology

Server softwareServer softwareIP AddressIP Address: unique : unique number for each number for each Internet computerInternet computerPacketsPackets: small chunks : small chunks of data ready to travel of data ready to travel the Internetthe InternetRouterRouter: helps send : helps send along the packets to along the packets to correct destinationcorrect destination

Internet ResourcesInternet Resources

E-commerceE-commerce

E-mailE-mail

Web SitesWeb Sites

Chat GroupsChat Groups

Internet RadioInternet Radio

Download Or UploadDownload Or Upload

UsenetUsenet

Internet TelephonyInternet Telephony

Instant MessagingInstant Messaging

Modem Internet ConnectionsModem Internet Connections

Dial-up connection via modem Dial-up connection via modem (56K)(56K)

Cable modemsCable modems– Network card and cable modem requiredNetwork card and cable modem required– Always-on and 25 times faster than dial-upAlways-on and 25 times faster than dial-up

Faster Internet ConnectionsFaster Internet Connections

ISDN ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)(Integrated Services Digital Network)– 64K or 128K64K or 128K– Always-on and expensiveAlways-on and expensive

DSL DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)(Digital Subscriber Line) and xDSL and xDSL– Up to 125 times faster than dialupUp to 125 times faster than dialup

DSS DSS (Digital Satellite Service)(Digital Satellite Service)– 500K500K

Need proximity to a telephone switching stationNeed proximity to a telephone switching station

Internet Service Provider (ISP)Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Provides internet access to Provides internet access to businesses, organizations and businesses, organizations and individualsindividualsProvides telecommunications Provides telecommunications equipmentequipmentUser ID and password requiredUser ID and password requiredConnects you to backboneConnects you to backboneEmail account monthly feeEmail account monthly feeShould have local access telephone Should have local access telephone numbersnumbers

World Wide Web BasicsWorld Wide Web Basics

Files interconnected via hypertextFiles interconnected via hypertext

Web pages make up a web siteWeb pages make up a web site

Home PageHome Page

Links or hyperlinksLinks or hyperlinks

Web serversWeb servers

World Wide Web BasicsWorld Wide Web Basics

URLURL– No spaces and Case sensitiveNo spaces and Case sensitive– HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

HTML (Hypertext Markup HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)Language)– .htm or .html file extension.htm or .html file extension

Document nameDocument nameand filenameand filename

extensionextensionFolderFoldernamename

Web Web serverservernamename

Web Web protocolprotocolstandardstandard

http://www.cnn.com/showbiz/movies.htm

Using BrowsersUsing Browsers

Can type URLsCan type URLsHTML tags tell browser how to display web HTML tags tell browser how to display web page data page data Back, forward and stop buttonsBack, forward and stop buttonsSetting a home pageSetting a home pagePrint optionsPrint optionsHistory listHistory listFavorites and bookmarksFavorites and bookmarksEdit and FindEdit and Find

Microsoft Internet Explorer® and Netscape Navigator®

Search EnginesSearch Engines

KeywordsKeywordsKeywordsKeywords

E-mail BasicsE-mail Basics

Account = Mailbox Account = Mailbox

MessageMessage

AttachmentAttachment

ASCII vs HTML formatASCII vs HTML format

NetiquetteNetiquette

userid@computer

E-mail SystemE-mail System

E-mail serversE-mail servers

Store-and-forward technologyStore-and-forward technology

TypesTypes– POP (Post Office Protocol) used via ISPPOP (Post Office Protocol) used via ISP– IMAP (Internet Messaging Access IMAP (Internet Messaging Access

Protocol)Protocol)– Web-based like Hotmail or YahooWeb-based like Hotmail or Yahoo

E-mail SystemE-mail System

TechTalk: Boot ProcessTechTalk: Boot Process

Power upPower up

ROM runs bootstrap programROM runs bootstrap program

POST (Power-on self-test)POST (Power-on self-test)– Identifies and checks peripheralsIdentifies and checks peripherals

ROM loads operating system ROM loads operating system from hard disk into RAMfrom hard disk into RAM

Checks configuration and Checks configuration and customization startup routinescustomization startup routines– Safe Mode if this process is not successfulSafe Mode if this process is not successful

IssueIssue

How Private is E-Mail?How Private is E-Mail?

The Internet for Beginners

The Itinerary

• Introduction to the Internet

• Segments of the Internet

• Introduction to the browser

• How to speak "URL"

• Curriculum tie-ins

• How to find what you want

What is the Internet?• Computers connected together are called a

network.

• Networks let computers share programs and information.

• The Internet is a network of many smaller networks made up of millions of personal computers connected to thousands of host servers.

Everyone’s computer connected!

Segments of the Internet

• World Wide Web

• Gopher

• Telnet

• E-mail

• FTP

• Newsgroups

World Wide Web (WWW)

• Includes text and pictures

• Hypertext and non-linear

• Sound and video can be accessed

• Point-and-click

• Use a Web browser to access

Example of a WWW Page

Gopher

• Text-based

• Menu-driven and linear

• Precursor to World Wide Web

• Accessible through a Web browser

Example of a Gopher page

Telnet

• A way of using distant computers as if you were right there in person

• Used to access large databases, like libraries

• Need a special Telnet program to use

Example of a Telnet session

Electronic Mail (E-mail)

• Electronic mail allows you to send and receive electronic messages

• Fast and convenient

• Can also include attachments like files and pictures with e-mail messages

Example of Netscape Mail

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

• FTP is a way to share files and programs

• Download files from large archives to your own computer

• Done via the browser or a special piece of FTP software

Example of FTP Archive

Newsgroups

• Bulletin-board discussion groups based on various topics

• Thousands exist

• A good place to get information about an area of interest

• Remember that the responses come from all types of people

Example of Newsgroup Reader

Using The World Wide Web

Web Browsers

• A computer program that lets you access the WWW and “browse” the Internet for information

• Common browsers :

Netscape Navigator

Internet Explorer

Mosaic

Web Sites

• A single group of many pages dealing with the same topic and written by the same person is called a Web site.

• A Web site is like a magazine with many articles. A home page is like a front cover that tells what is inside.

Hypertext Links

• Underlined words on a Web page that allow you to jump to another place or Web page

• They look like this : the survey included

• Hidden codes are attached to these words

• This coding is called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

More on Links

• The links might be in the form of pictures such as

• Links might lead to text, video, or sounds• When you move your cursor over a link, it turns

into a pointing finger

The Browser Toolbar : Netscape

To go forward one page

To go to the home page

To find a word on that page

To print that page

To stop a page from loading

To move backward one page

To open a dialog box to type a URL

The Browser Toolbar : Internet Explorer

To movebackwardone page

To moveforwardone page

Stop

Refresh

Start Page

Searchthe Net

Read Newsgroups

Open Favorites

Add toFavorites

ChangeFont Size

EditSource

SendOpen

Uniform Resource Locators

• A URL is the unique address assigned to each page on the Internet

• Your browser uses the URL to find information located on another computer and to retrieve the corresponding page situated on that server

Anatomy of a URLhttp://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/eval.htm

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Address of ISP

Networkdomain

Directory on the server

File name (HTML format)

Different Protocols on the Net

http:// hypertext transfer protocol (WWW)

ftp:// file transfer protocol

gopher:// gopher site

news: newsgroup

telnet://telnet

mailto: e-mail address

Different Domains on the Net

.com commercial

.net network

.edu educational

.org organization

.net network

.mil military

.gov government

Speaking “URL”

http://www.capecod.net/~kschrock/index.htm

h-t-t-p colon slash slash

w-w-w dot capecod dot net

slash tilde kschrock

slash index dot htm

Internet

• E-mail projects

• Internet resources for teachers

• Internet curriculum integration

• WebQuests

E-Mail Projects

E-Mail Projects

•Person-to-person exchanges

•Information collections

•Problem-solving projects

Person-to-Person Exchanges

• Keypals : e-mail penpals

• Global classrooms : 2 or more classrooms studying the same topic

• Electronic appearances by special guests

• Electronic mentoring by subject experts

• Impersonations : participants communicate with each other in character

Information Collections

• Information exchanges : jokes, slang, etc.

• Electronic publishing : collaborative

• TeleField Trips : sharing real field trips electronically with others

• Pooled data analysis : data collected at various sites and combined in a database

Problem-Solving Projects

• Information searches : collaborative hunts

• Electronic process writing : peer edits

• Sequential creation of a poem, story, etc.

• Parallel problem-solving : answers to a posed question shared electronically

• Simulations in "real" time

• Social action projects : action-oriented

Locating Online Projects•E-mail Classroom Exchange

http://www.iglou.com/xchange/ece/index.html

•Newsgroups http://www.indiana.edu/~eric_rec/comatt/nwsgrps.html

•Listservs http://k12.cnidr.org:90/lists.html

•Web sites for educatorshttp://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/ed.htm

Food Guide Pyramid

•Site provides information about the food pyramid and an illustration

•Have students create a survey for their classmates to find out how healthy their eating habits are and enter the results in a database or spreadsheet

http://www.servtech.com/public/cecarlin/maypotm/food.htm

International Games

•This site contains information about popular games in other parts of the world

•Discuss the differences between games played in the US and the world

•Have students mark a world map with names and locations of the sports

http://www.usa1.com/gands/

WebQuest

An inquiry-oriented activity in which some or all of the information that learners interact with comes from

resources on the Internet

Critical Attributes of a WebQuest

• Introduction

• Interesting task

• A set of information sources both print and Internet

• Process description

• Guidance in organizing information

• Conclusion

Further WebQuest Information

http://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/

webquest/webquest.htm

How To Find What You Want

Directories vs. Search Engines

Directories• Lists of Web sites

added by a human• May be general or

subject-specific• Yahoo : general• Kathy Schrock's

Guide for Educators : subject-specific

Search engines• An index built by a

computer program that goes out and collects data

• More inclusive than a directory

• Keyword searchable

Successful Searching

•Combining terms is called Boolean logic

•Combine terms to both expand and limit your search

•Most search engines have an advanced feature that allows this

Boolean Logic : AND

Limits your search

Women & History

Only returns pages with both of these terms on them

Boolean Logic : OR

Broadens your search

Women or History

Returns every page with either of these terms on them

Boolean Logic : NOT

Limits your search

Women not History

Only returns pages that contain one but not the other term on them

Sites to Refer To

•Kathy Schrock's Guide for Educators

http://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/

•WebQuests in Our Future : The Teacher's Role in Cyberspace

http://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/webquest/webquest.htm

•Differences Between Search Engines and Directories

http://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/mystery/mystery1.htm

Welcome to Internet Basics

Uses of the Internet

Real Time Data/Information Publish Student’s work To find Unique Sources of Information Communicate

What is the Internet? World Wide network

of computer networks

Even more simply—millions of computers around the world connected with wires

These “connections” allow the computers to communicate and share information

How Do You Get Connected?

Using a Modem What you need:

Internet Software Computer Modem Standard Phone or

Cable Internet Service

Provider

How Do you Connect to the Internet?

Connecting Directly Advantages

• Always connected• Can connect many

computers using one T1 line

• Very fast Disadvantages

• High Cost• High Maintenance

How Do I Get Resources From the Net?

Launch a Browser Browsers are the software used to

access the Internet.

URL—Uniform Resource Locator

Every computer has a unique URL WWW.whitehouse.gov

Suffixes

.com = Commercial .edu = Educational .org = organizations .mil = military .net = networking .us = country

INTERNET BASICS

What is the Internet?• A worldwide network of computers• Allows access to send and receive

information almost instantly• Combines the immediacy of broadcast with

the in-depth coverage of the newspaper• Provides access to numerous reference

materials such as library collections, museums, and research facilities

What’s a Web browser?

• Reads the HTML text and converts it into a page you can read

• Finds, retrieves, views, and sends information• Used to send/receive electronic mail • Used to participate in newsgroups• Used to look for text and graphics on the WWW• Netscape and Internet Explorer are the two most

popular browsers; Opera is considered the fastest.

What’s a URL?

• Uniform Resource Locator

• Internet file address

• Consists of four parts: • protocol

• domain/server name

• path

• file

www

gotoltc.edu

Example of a URL

http://www.southwest.tec.wi.us/???????

http is the protocol

www.gotoltc.edu is the domain/server

is the director/path

is the document/file

What do the domain/server names mean?

• .edu - educational institution

• .com - commercial enterprise

• .org - nonprofit organization

• .gov - government organizations

• .net - for networks• .mil - for military

services• .int - for organizations

established by international treaty

What is HTML?

• HyperText Markup Language

• Programming language used to build web sites

• Contains standard codes (tags) that determine how a page will look

• Tags allow for the hyperlink connections across the internet

What’s on the Toolbar• Back -moves backward through the pages

you’ve viewed, beginning with the most recent

• Forward - moves forward through the pages you’ve viewed using the Back button

• Stop - halts the process of the action being performed (usually downloading a page)

What’s on the Toolbar• Refresh - updates any web page that has

been previously viewed and stored

• Home - returns you to the page that you have designated as your Home Page

• Search - displays a choice of internet search engines and a place to enter the key words for your search

What’s on the Toolbar• Favorites - displays a list of the sites that

you’ve saved as Favorites

• Print - prints the page you’re viewing

• Find - allows you search the page you’re viewing for certain words/phrases

What is a search engine?

• A service that indexes, organizes, rates, and reviews web sites

• Different search engines work in different ways

• Some rely on people to maintain a catalog of web sites

• Some use software to identify key information on sites

Which type of search engine is best?People catalog sites• looking for a broad,

common topic• want to yield fewer

results• want to yield higher

quality results• Yahoo! is a good

example

Software catalogs sites• looking for a rare, less

common topic• want to yield more

results• Excite is a good

example

General searching tips . . .

• Use more than one search engine

• Read the “About” page--many search engines have detailed information pages about how to get the best results

• Be specific with your searches (search on golden retriever, not dogs)

• Get more results by being general

Ways to refine your search . . .• Exact phrase - enclose the phrase in quotation

marks • Group parts of the search - enclose parts of the

search in parentheses• Various forms of a word - add an asterisk to the

end of the word (good if a word might end in s, ing, or ed)

• Use a + sign or the word and to search for two or

more words on the same page

Let’s try a search!

1. Select three search engines such as:ExciteYahooGoogle

2. Enter in two words you want to research such as: food + habits

3. View the following three slides for the results.

Results of Excite search• Entered food + habits

• Received 3, 621, 420 results

• Offers a selection of related words to add to your search

• Offers a link to booksellers for related books

GoogleResults of the Google Search

• Entered food + history

• Received 556,000 results

• Offers search tips

• Offers advanced search

Results of Yahoo! search

• Entered food + habits

• Received 483 results

• Offers a selection of related words to add to your search

• Offers a means to search within the results of the current search

How to spot the links

• Move the pointer over the page

• When the pointer changes to a hand, the item is a link

• A link can be a picture, a three-dimensional image, or colored text (usually underlined)

• Click on the link to go to another page (inside or outside of the current site)

How to Bookmark a Web page

• Go to the page you want to add

• On the favorites/bookmark menu, click Add to Favorites/Bookmark

• Use the default name that is shown, or rename the page (do whichever helps you identify the site quickly and accurately)

How to copy/paste text from web pages• Highlight the text you want to copy by

clicking the left mouse button and moving over the text

• Once text is highlighted, right click and select Copy

• Go to word processing application such as MS Word

• Right click, select Paste

Word.lnk

How to copy graphics from a web site

• Move the pointer over the graphic you want to copy

• Right click on the mouse

• Select Copy

• Go to word processing or other application

• Right click, select Paste

How to save graphics from a web site• Move the pointer over the graphic you want

to save

• Right click on the mouse

• Select Save Picture As

• Browse to the folder where you want to save the file

• Click Save

How to create a desktop shortcut to a web page • Go to the page you want to add to your

desktop

• Right click on the mouse (position the pointer over the text of the page, not over a graphic)

• Select Create Shortcut

Yahoo!.url

What is the Internet?What is the Internet?

Computers connected together are Computers connected together are called a network.called a network.

Networks let computers share programs Networks let computers share programs and information.and information.

The Internet is a network of many The Internet is a network of many smaller networks made up of millions of smaller networks made up of millions of personal computers connected to personal computers connected to thousands of host servers.thousands of host servers.

The World Wide WebThe World Wide Web

A global network of information serversA global network of information servers Information may be in the form of text, Information may be in the form of text,

audio, video, or animationaudio, video, or animation Many millions of sites containing Many millions of sites containing

documents with links to other documentsdocuments with links to other documents Fastest growing area of the InternetFastest growing area of the Internet

History of the InternetHistory of the Internet

Started in 1969 by the Advanced Research Started in 1969 by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)Projects Agency (ARPA)

The Department of Defense wanted a system The Department of Defense wanted a system that would still work if part of it were destroyedthat would still work if part of it were destroyed

In 1983, the research computers that were In 1983, the research computers that were networked became ARPANETnetworked became ARPANET

History ContinuedHistory Continued

In 1986 the National Science In 1986 the National Science Foundation took the initiative and ran Foundation took the initiative and ran the network backbonethe network backbone

In 1995, the NSF stepped out and In 1995, the NSF stepped out and commercial providers took over the commercial providers took over the InternetInternet

The Internet is useful when you The Internet is useful when you need to know something that is...need to know something that is...

not in your textbooks or librarynot in your textbooks or library based on data collected by the governmentbased on data collected by the government likely to require specialized knowledgelikely to require specialized knowledge best understood from eyewitness accountsbest understood from eyewitness accounts fast-breaking newsfast-breaking news

The Internet is not useful for...The Internet is not useful for... in-depth historical informationin-depth historical information a quick overview or definition of a topica quick overview or definition of a topicThe Internet is also good for:The Internet is also good for: collaborating on projects with students all over collaborating on projects with students all over

the worldthe world finding and contacting expertsfinding and contacting experts

getting real-world experience in researching getting real-world experience in researching and evaluating informationand evaluating information

publishing students’ projects and publicationspublishing students’ projects and publications

The Internet is not a substitute for :The Internet is not a substitute for :

face-to-face interaction with other students face-to-face interaction with other students and teachersand teachers

drawing, writing, building, planting, or any drawing, writing, building, planting, or any other type of hands-on activitiesother type of hands-on activities

Evaluation of Web PagesEvaluation of Web Pages

Evaluating Information on the NetEvaluating Information on the Net

Who wrote it?Who wrote it? When was it written?When was it written? Why was it written?Why was it written? Is it biased?Is it biased? Is it authentic?Is it authentic? Is the author an Is the author an

expert?expert?

Is the page easy to use?Is the page easy to use? Is the page free from Is the page free from

HTML errors?HTML errors? Are the graphics useful?Are the graphics useful? Can you verify the Can you verify the

information?information? Is a bibliography Is a bibliography

included?included?

Evaluation CriteriaEvaluation Criteria

Technical & design aspectsTechnical & design aspects

NavigationNavigation

Authorship and authorityAuthorship and authority

ContentContent

Technical and Design AspectsTechnical and Design Aspects

Does the page extend beyond the sides of Does the page extend beyond the sides of the monitor?the monitor?

Are there useful headings and Are there useful headings and subheadings?subheadings?

Are grammar and spelling correct?Are grammar and spelling correct? Is multimedia appropriately incorporated?Is multimedia appropriately incorporated? Does the use of graphics impair the loading Does the use of graphics impair the loading

of the page?of the page?

NavigationNavigation Is there an image map? Text alternatives?Is there an image map? Text alternatives?

Links back to home page from other pages?Links back to home page from other pages?

Is the site "user-friendly"?Is the site "user-friendly"?

Is the resource organized logically for its intended Is the resource organized logically for its intended audience?audience?

Do all the links (internal & external) work?Do all the links (internal & external) work?

Authorship & AuthorityAuthorship & Authority Is the page signed with a name & address?Is the page signed with a name & address?

Is information about the author given?Is information about the author given?

Is the author affiliated with a recognized Is the author affiliated with a recognized institution?institution?

Does the author's affiliation seem to bias the Does the author's affiliation seem to bias the information?information?

ContentContent

Is the purpose of the site stated?Is the purpose of the site stated? Is the date of last update included?Is the date of last update included? Does the site contain original information?Does the site contain original information? Is a bibliography included?Is a bibliography included? Is the information verifiable in a traditional Is the information verifiable in a traditional

print source? Does it add to the existing print source? Does it add to the existing body of knowledge about the topic?body of knowledge about the topic?

How to Approach the InternetHow to Approach the Internet

Don’t get frustratedDon’t get frustrated Keep it simpleKeep it simple Give yourself time to exploreGive yourself time to explore ““Mess with it!”Mess with it!” Find a mentor to helpFind a mentor to help Look for personal interests Look for personal interests

firstfirst

Web BrowsersWeb Browsers

A computer program that lets you access A computer program that lets you access the WWW and “browse” the Internet for the WWW and “browse” the Internet for informationinformation

Common browsers :Common browsers :

Netscape NavigatorNetscape Navigator

Internet ExplorerInternet Explorer

MosaicMosaic

Example of a WWW PageExample of a WWW Page

Parts of a Browser WindowParts of a Browser Window MenuMenu Tool BarTool Bar URL FieldURL Field

Document Document viewing areaviewing area

Status BarStatus Bar

The Browser Toolbar : NetscapeThe Browser Toolbar : Netscape

To go forward one page

To go to the home page

To find a word on that page

To print that page

To stop a page from loading

To move backward one page

To open a dialog box to type a URL

To movebackwardone page

To moveforwardone page

Stop

Refresh

Start Page

Searchthe Net

Read Newsgroups

Open Favorites

Add toFavorites

ChangeFont Size

EditSource

SendOpen

The Browser Toolbar : Internet The Browser Toolbar : Internet ExplorerExplorer

World Wide Web BrowserWorld Wide Web Browser Allows you to view WWW sites which contain text, Allows you to view WWW sites which contain text,

pictures, and soundpictures, and sound

Netscape vs. Internet Explorer vs. MosaicNetscape vs. Internet Explorer vs. Mosaic

After installation, browsers must be configured for After installation, browsers must be configured for your machineyour machine

Easy to move back and forth between pages due to Easy to move back and forth between pages due to cachecache

Browser Configuration & Helper ApplicationsBrowser Configuration & Helper Applications

The browser can display text and certain The browser can display text and certain formats of picturesformats of pictures

For other formats the browser needs to have For other formats the browser needs to have “helper applications” configured“helper applications” configured

Example:Example:

If you choose a sound file, you have If you choose a sound file, you have to have told the browser what piece of to have told the browser what piece of software on your machine is to be run to software on your machine is to be run to play the fileplay the file

Web SitesWeb Sites

A single group of many pages dealing with A single group of many pages dealing with the same topic and written by the same the same topic and written by the same person is called a person is called a Web siteWeb site..

A Web site is like a magazine with many A Web site is like a magazine with many articles. A articles. A home page home page is like a front cover is like a front cover that tells what is inside.that tells what is inside.

HTML : Hypertext Markup LanguageHTML : Hypertext Markup Language

The standard set of codes used on the The standard set of codes used on the Internet to design and view World Wide Web Internet to design and view World Wide Web pages.pages.

These pages are basically plain text files These pages are basically plain text files with special codes inserted throughout to tell with special codes inserted throughout to tell a computer’s web browsing software how a computer’s web browsing software how the document should appear and behave on the document should appear and behave on the screen.the screen.

HypermediaHypermedia

The Internet supports many different The Internet supports many different

formats of informationformats of information Text filesText files PicturesPictures PhotographsPhotographs Sound filesSound files Video filesVideo files

Hypertext LinksHypertext Links

Underlined words on a Web page that allow Underlined words on a Web page that allow you to jump to another place or Web pageyou to jump to another place or Web page

They look like this : the They look like this : the surveysurvey included included Hidden codes are attached to these wordsHidden codes are attached to these words This coding is called Hypertext Markup This coding is called Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML)Language (HTML)

URL: Uniform Resource LocatorURL: Uniform Resource Locator ““Address” of a file on the InternetAddress” of a file on the Internet

Contains type of Contains type of protocolprotocol followed by the followed by the computer namecomputer name, , directorydirectory and and file namefile name

http://http://www.capecod.net/www.capecod.net/Wixon/Wixon/wixon.htmwixon.htm gopher://gopher://gopher.boombox.micro/gopher.boombox.micro/ ftp://ftp:// wuarchive.wustl.edu/wuarchive.wustl.edu/pub/windows/pub/windows/psp3.zippsp3.zip mailto:mailto:kschrock@capecod.netkschrock@capecod.net

EFFECTIVE SEARCH EFFECTIVE SEARCH STRATEGIESSTRATEGIES

How to easily find what you are How to easily find what you are looking for on the Internetlooking for on the Internet

What’s a search engine?What’s a search engine? An Internet tool which will search for Internet sites An Internet tool which will search for Internet sites

containing the words you designate as your search containing the words you designate as your search terms.terms.

Provides results back to you in the form of links to Provides results back to you in the form of links to those sites which include the terms you are looking for.those sites which include the terms you are looking for.

Search engines search databases of information that Search engines search databases of information that have been collected by automated computer programs.have been collected by automated computer programs.

How does a search engine know How does a search engine know about things on the Net?about things on the Net?

If search engine finds it while its “spiders” If search engine finds it while its “spiders” are out collecting data from the Web are out collecting data from the Web servers. The information is put into a large servers. The information is put into a large database that the user searches.database that the user searches.

If a publisher of a Web page registers the If a publisher of a Web page registers the site with the search engine.site with the search engine.

What’s an Internet subject directory?What’s an Internet subject directory?

Subject directories organize Internet sites by Subject directories organize Internet sites by subject.subject.

Created by a human.Created by a human.

Users conduct their searches by selecting a series Users conduct their searches by selecting a series of progressively narrower search terms.of progressively narrower search terms.

May contain a search element.May contain a search element.

Which is better to use?Which is better to use? Directories allow more control and allow the user Directories allow more control and allow the user

to browse.to browse.

Search engines leave the searching pattern to the Search engines leave the searching pattern to the computer program and can be used to find more computer program and can be used to find more specific resources.specific resources.

Cons:Cons:– With directories, there is a fixed vocabularyWith directories, there is a fixed vocabulary– With search engines, you get excessive hitsWith search engines, you get excessive hits

How can I improve my use of search engines?How can I improve my use of search engines?

Learn how to use wildcards and Boolean Learn how to use wildcards and Boolean operators.operators.

Wildcards allow you to search simultaneously Wildcards allow you to search simultaneously for several words with the same stem.for several words with the same stem.

Boolean operators allow you to combine terms Boolean operators allow you to combine terms to broaden or narrow a search.to broaden or narrow a search.

How do I use a wildcard?How do I use a wildcard?

A wildcard is a special character that can be A wildcard is a special character that can be appended to the root of a word so you can appended to the root of a word so you can search for all possible endings to that root.search for all possible endings to that root.

Example :Example :

Doing a search on Doing a search on whal*whal* would returnwould return

whale, whales, whaling, whalerswhale, whales, whaling, whalers

What’s a meta-search engine?What’s a meta-search engine? A meta-search engine doesn’t create it’s A meta-search engine doesn’t create it’s

own database of information.own database of information.

A meta-search engine searches those of A meta-search engine searches those of other engines and directories.other engines and directories.

By using multiple databases, the results are By using multiple databases, the results are more comprehensive, but slower to receive.more comprehensive, but slower to receive.

What are some effective search Strategies?What are some effective search Strategies?

Decide whether a search engine or a Decide whether a search engine or a directory will be best for your purpose.directory will be best for your purpose.

When using a search engine, be a specific When using a search engine, be a specific as possible.as possible.

Try different search engines.Try different search engines.

Read the “tips” and help files that are Read the “tips” and help files that are included with most engines.included with most engines.

Review of AltaVistaReview of AltaVista Size : 31 million URL'sSize : 31 million URL's Interface : simple and advanced; Boolean Interface : simple and advanced; Boolean

and truncation availableand truncation available Helpful online instructionsHelpful online instructions Results ranked by relevancyResults ranked by relevancy Results can be shown as compact or Results can be shown as compact or

detaileddetailed Also includes the ability to search UsenetAlso includes the ability to search Usenet

Review of ExciteReview of Excite Size : 50 million URL'sSize : 50 million URL's Interface : simple, but no advanced Interface : simple, but no advanced

options at the beginningoptions at the beginning Help is clearly written, but not detailedHelp is clearly written, but not detailed Allows Boolean searching, and finds Allows Boolean searching, and finds

similar sitessimilar sites Also allows searches of Usenet and Also allows searches of Usenet and

includes a subject directoryincludes a subject directory

Successful SearchingSuccessful Searching

• Combining terms is called Boolean logicCombining terms is called Boolean logic

• Combine terms to both expand and limit Combine terms to both expand and limit your searchyour search

• Most search engines have an advanced Most search engines have an advanced feature that allows thisfeature that allows this

Search ToolsSearch Tools

Directory Directory [Subject [Subject

Search]Search]

Search Engine Search Engine

[Keyword [Keyword Search]Search]

Search Engine Search Engine

[Keyword [Keyword Search]Search]

Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Britannica Britannica AltaVista / GoogleAltaVista / Google DogpileDogpile

LookSmart LookSmart Excite / HotbotExcite / Hotbot Mamma Mamma

Yahoo*Yahoo*

Infoseek / Infoseek / Northern LightNorthern Light Metacrawler Metacrawler

OneKey Fast OneKey Fast Snap Snap SavvySearchSavvySearch

Preferred Search ToolsPreferred Search Tools

Directories vs. Search Directories vs. Search EnginesEngines

DirectoriesDirectories Lists of Web sites Lists of Web sites

added by a humanadded by a human May be general or May be general or

subject-specificsubject-specific Yahoo : generalYahoo : general Kathy Schrock's Kathy Schrock's

Guide for Educators Guide for Educators : subject-specific: subject-specific

Search enginesSearch engines An index built by a An index built by a

computer program computer program that goes out and that goes out and collects datacollects data

More inclusive than More inclusive than a directorya directory

Keyword searchableKeyword searchable

Directory SearchDirectory Search1.1. A directory search tool searches for information A directory search tool searches for information

by subject matter. It is a search that starts with a by subject matter. It is a search that starts with a general topic and moves to more specific sub-general topic and moves to more specific sub-

headings. This search method is called a headings. This search method is called a Subject Subject Search. Search.

Tips:Tips: Choose a subject search when you want Choose a subject search when you want general information on a subject or topic. You can general information on a subject or topic. You can find find links in the references provided that will lead links in the references provided that will lead to specific to specific information you want. information you want.

Advantage:Advantage: It is easy to use. Also, information It is easy to use. Also, information placed in its database is reviewed and indexed first placed in its database is reviewed and indexed first by by

skilled persons to ensure its value.skilled persons to ensure its value.

2.2. A A search enginesearch engine tool searches for information tool searches for information through use of keywords and responds with a list through use of keywords and responds with a list of of references or hits. The search method it references or hits. The search method it employs is employs is

known as a known as a Keyword SearchKeyword Search..

Tip:Tip: Choose a keyword search to obtain specific Choose a keyword search to obtain specific information, since its extensive database is likely information, since its extensive database is likely to contain the information sought. to contain the information sought.

Advantage:Advantage: Its information content or database is Its information content or database is substantially larger and more current than that of a substantially larger and more current than that of a directory search tool. directory search tool.

Disadvantage:Disadvantage: Not very exacting in the way it Not very exacting in the way it indexes and retrieves information in its database, indexes and retrieves information in its database, which makes finding relevant documents more which makes finding relevant documents more difficult. difficult.

Key Word SearchKey Word Search

Directory With Search EngineDirectory With Search Engine

3. A directory with search engine uses both the subject and keyword search methods together. In the directory search part, the search follows the directory path through increasingly more specific subject matter. The subject and keyword search is thus said to be coordinated. The further down the path the keyword search is made, the narrower is the search field and the fewer and more

relevant the hits.

Directory With Search Engine #2Directory With Search Engine #2

Tip: Use when you are uncertain whether a subject or keyword search will provide the best results.

Advantages: Ability to narrow the search field to obtain better results.

Disadvantages: This search method may not succeed for difficult searches.

Some search tools use search engine and directory searches independently. They are said to be non-coordinated.

Multi-Engine Search ToolMulti-Engine Search Tool

4. . A A multi-engine search toolmulti-engine search tool (sometimes called (sometimes called a a meta-searchmeta-search) utilizes a number of search ) utilizes a number of search engines in parallel. The search is conducted engines in parallel. The search is conducted by keywords using common operators or by keywords using common operators or plain language. It then lists the hits either by plain language. It then lists the hits either by the search engine used or by combining the the search engine used or by combining the results into a single listing. The search results into a single listing. The search

method it employs is known as a meta method it employs is known as a meta search.search.

Multi-Engine Search Tool #2Multi-Engine Search Tool #2

Tip:Tip: Use to speed up the search process Use to speed up the search process and to avoid redundant hits. and to avoid redundant hits.

Advantage:Advantage: Tolerant of imprecise search Tolerant of imprecise search questions and provides fewer hits of likely questions and provides fewer hits of likely greater relevance. greater relevance.

Disadvantage:Disadvantage: Not as effective as a search Not as effective as a search engine for difficult searches. engine for difficult searches.

Search ExercisesSearch ExercisesFor those just starting to learn the search process, For those just starting to learn the search process, this segment is recommended to help you this segment is recommended to help you understand how the process works. The following is understand how the process works. The following is the general procedure: the general procedure:

Connect to the Internet via your browser [e.g. Connect to the Internet via your browser [e.g. Netscape or MS Explorer] Netscape or MS Explorer]

In the browser’s location box, type the address [i.e. In the browser’s location box, type the address [i.e. URL] of your search tool choice. Press Enter. The URL] of your search tool choice. Press Enter. The Home Page of the search tool appears on your Home Page of the search tool appears on your screen. screen.

Type your query in the address box at the top of the Type your query in the address box at the top of the screen. Press Enter.screen. Press Enter.

Search Exercises #2Search Exercises #2

Your search request travels via phone lines and the Your search request travels via phone lines and the electronic backbone of the Internet to the search electronic backbone of the Internet to the search tool’s Web site.tool’s Web site.

There, your query terms are matched against the There, your query terms are matched against the index terms in the site’s database. The matching index terms in the site’s database. The matching references are returned to your computer by the references are returned to your computer by the reverse process and displayed on your screen. reverse process and displayed on your screen.

The references returned are called "hits" and are The references returned are called "hits" and are ranked according to how well they match your query.ranked according to how well they match your query.

• Combining terms is called Boolean logicCombining terms is called Boolean logic

• Combine terms to both expand and limit Combine terms to both expand and limit your searchyour search

• Most search engines have an advanced Most search engines have an advanced feature that allows thisfeature that allows this

Successful SearchingSuccessful Searching

How do I limit a search?How do I limit a search?

Using the Boolean operator Using the Boolean operator “and”“and”

Example :Example :

– The search string The search string heart and diseaseheart and disease will only provide will only provide links to sites that have links to sites that have bothboth of these terms. of these terms.

– Documents which have just one of the terms will be Documents which have just one of the terms will be ignored.ignored.

– You can narrow it more by using You can narrow it more by using andand more than once. more than once.

How do I broaden a search?How do I broaden a search?

Using the Boolean operator Using the Boolean operator ““oror””

Example :Example :

– The search string The search string drama or theater drama or theater will return will return links to sites that have links to sites that have eithereither of these words of these words present.present.

– You can broaden it even more by using You can broaden it even more by using oror more more than oncethan once

Limits your searchLimits your search

Women Women && History History

Only returns pages with Only returns pages with bothboth of these terms on themof these terms on them

Boolean Logic : ANDBoolean Logic : AND

Broadens your searchBroadens your search

Women Women oror History History

Returns every page with Returns every page with eithereither of these terms on themof these terms on them

Boolean Logic : ORBoolean Logic : OR

Limits your searchLimits your search

Women Women not Historynot History

Only returns pages that Only returns pages that contain one but contain one but notnot the other the other

term on themterm on them

Boolean Logic : NOTBoolean Logic : NOT

Boolean Search - detailsBoolean Search - detailsUses Uses ANDAND, , NEARNEAR, , OROR and and NOTNOT to connect words and to connect words and phrases phrases [i.e. terms][i.e. terms] in the query. in the query.

ANDAND requires that both terms are present somewhere within requires that both terms are present somewhere within the document being sought. It does not promise any the document being sought. It does not promise any association between terms and thus broadens a search. association between terms and thus broadens a search. When unrestricted, it can produce an enormous number of When unrestricted, it can produce an enormous number of hits. hits.

NEARNEAR requires that one term must be found within a certain requires that one term must be found within a certain number of words of the other term. It generally indicates number of words of the other term. It generally indicates that the query terms it connects are within about two to that the query terms it connects are within about two to twenty-five words of each other, depending on the search twenty-five words of each other, depending on the search engine. This makes it more likely that there is an engine. This makes it more likely that there is an association between the terms, thereby helping to narrow association between the terms, thereby helping to narrow the search. the search.

[There can be a complication when query terms have no [There can be a complication when query terms have no operators between the terms. Some search engines assume operators between the terms. Some search engines assume AND as the default between the terms, while others assume AND as the default between the terms, while others assume NEAR. Therefore, it is more exact to use a [+] before each NEAR. Therefore, it is more exact to use a [+] before each term rather than leave a space.] term rather than leave a space.]

OROR requires that at least one of the terms is present. requires that at least one of the terms is present.

NOTNOT excludes any document containing the term. excludes any document containing the term.

• When using these operators, remember to capitalize them When using these operators, remember to capitalize them as shown above.as shown above.

Example:Example: "house OR home OR dwelling" "house OR home OR dwelling"

Details ContinuedDetails Continued

Synonyms significantly improve the odds of finding Synonyms significantly improve the odds of finding documents that you want. The more synonyms you documents that you want. The more synonyms you use, the more you weight their importance. When use, the more you weight their importance. When needed, use a dictionary or thesaurus to find useful needed, use a dictionary or thesaurus to find useful synonyms. synonyms.

NOTNOT excludes even a single use of the term in the excludes even a single use of the term in the document. It is most suitably employed to reduce a document. It is most suitably employed to reduce a large number of irrelevant hits when other large number of irrelevant hits when other measures have failed. measures have failed.

Example:Example: canine NOT dog canine NOT dog

Details FinishedDetails Finished

Directory [Subject Search]Directory [Subject Search]

Type Type http://www.yahoo.com in the location box of in the location box of your Internet Browser [e.g. Netscape Navigator or your Internet Browser [e.g. Netscape Navigator or MS Explorer].MS Explorer].

Press Enter. The Press Enter. The Yahoo!Yahoo! Home Page is displayed. Home Page is displayed. From the subject list provided, choose and click a From the subject list provided, choose and click a category of your interest to follow. Choose titles category of your interest to follow. Choose titles that are increasingly more specific until there are that are increasingly more specific until there are no more options of interest offered.no more options of interest offered.

Scroll through the references or hits, and click a hit Scroll through the references or hits, and click a hit that interests you to get an abstract or title of the that interests you to get an abstract or title of the reference.reference.

Search Engine [Keyword Search]Search Engine [Keyword Search]

Type Type http://www.infoseek.com in the location in the location box of your Internet Browser and press Enter box of your Internet Browser and press Enter to access the Home Page. Using keywords, to access the Home Page. Using keywords, type your question or query into the location type your question or query into the location box. Click Find. Examine the hits of interest box. Click Find. Examine the hits of interest and click one to access the reference.and click one to access the reference.

Multi-Engine Search – Keyword SearchMulti-Engine Search – Keyword Search

Type Type http://www.savvysearch.com in the in the location box of your Internet Browser and location box of your Internet Browser and press Enter. Type the same keyword press Enter. Type the same keyword query as used in [2] above. Compare the query as used in [2] above. Compare the hits with those obtained in [2].hits with those obtained in [2].

Keyword Search OperatorsKeyword Search OperatorsOperators are the rules or specific instructions used Operators are the rules or specific instructions used for composing a query in a keyword search. A well-for composing a query in a keyword search. A well-defined query greatly improves the chances of defined query greatly improves the chances of finding the information you are looking for. While finding the information you are looking for. While each search engine has its own operators, some each search engine has its own operators, some operators are used in common by a number of operators are used in common by a number of search engines. The following are among the most search engines. The following are among the most used operators.used operators.

If a query asks for American customs rather than "American If a query asks for American customs rather than "American customs", the responses will be for the words American and customs", the responses will be for the words American and customs separately, in addition to the coupled words. This customs separately, in addition to the coupled words. This increases the number of irrelevant hits enormously.increases the number of irrelevant hits enormously.

Use phrases whenever you can appropriately; they are one Use phrases whenever you can appropriately; they are one of the most effective means of sharpening meaning and of the most effective means of sharpening meaning and narrowing a search. narrowing a search.

Example:Example: +"search the www" +"tutorial for beginners and +"search the www" +"tutorial for beginners and non-experts"non-experts"

This example is a much more definitive query than the This example is a much more definitive query than the following following ExampleExample:: +search +www +tutorial +beginners +search +www +tutorial +beginners +non-experts+non-experts

1.1. Parentheses & Phrases. . .Parentheses & Phrases. . .

2.2. Parentheses & PhrasesParentheses & Phrases

Words enclosed within double quotation marks mean an Words enclosed within double quotation marks mean an exact phrase, or reasonably close to it. More often, it is exact phrase, or reasonably close to it. More often, it is

treated like a single term.treated like a single term. Query Example:Query Example: “tutorial for “tutorial for beginners”beginners”

• Put quotes ("....") around words that Put quotes ("....") around words that mustmust appear appear together and in the order you specify. Let's say you together and in the order you specify. Let's say you are trying to find information on Disneyland. Previous are trying to find information on Disneyland. Previous searching gave you a lot of results for Walt Disney searching gave you a lot of results for Walt Disney World but few for the smaller Disneyland. World but few for the smaller Disneyland.

Solution:Solution: Search on the following: Search on the following:

+disney vacation -florida -world - Result excludes references +disney vacation -florida -world - Result excludes references that would have favored Walt Disney World. that would have favored Walt Disney World.

3.3. Parentheses & PhrasesParentheses & Phrases

Put phrases in parentheses Put phrases in parentheses [nesting][nesting] to narrow a search. to narrow a search.

Example:Example: search +["tutorial OR guide"] +["beginners search +["tutorial OR guide"] +["beginners And non-experts"]And non-experts"]

In the search process, phrases are searched before the other In the search process, phrases are searched before the other terms in the query, which narrows the search area for the terms in the query, which narrows the search area for the non-phrase terms.non-phrase terms.

A phrase is a sequence of words that has a particular A phrase is a sequence of words that has a particular meaning and is formed by enclosure within double quotes. A meaning and is formed by enclosure within double quotes. A phrase is treated as a single term and is usually searched as phrase is treated as a single term and is usually searched as such. such.

Examples:Examples: "American customs" +"Man of the Year“ +"Time "American customs" +"Man of the Year“ +"Time Magazine" Magazine"

4.4. Plus / Minus TechniquesPlus / Minus Techniques

• Uses [+] before a term to retrieve only the Uses [+] before a term to retrieve only the documents containing that term. It is similar to documents containing that term. It is similar to the Boolean AND. the Boolean AND.

• Uses [-] before a term to exclude that term Uses [-] before a term to exclude that term from the search. It is similar to the Boolean from the search. It is similar to the Boolean NOT. NOT.

Do not leave a space between the operator Do not leave a space between the operator and the term that follows.and the term that follows.

Query Example:Query Example: +search +tutorial –course +search +tutorial –course

Example #2:Example #2: +apple –computer –macintosh +apple –computer –macintosh

5.5. Stemming [Truncation]Stemming [Truncation] The use of the The use of the stemstem or the main part of a word to search for or the main part of a word to search for variations of the word [e.g. the stem "sing" searches sings, variations of the word [e.g. the stem "sing" searches sings, singer, singing and sing-a-long]. Stemming can be automatic, singer, singing and sing-a-long]. Stemming can be automatic,

or it may require use of a or it may require use of a wild cardwild card, symbolized by an , symbolized by an asterisk asterisk [*][*] to initiate. to initiate.

Query Example:Query Example: sing sing**

To include variations of a keyword, use the wild card symbol To include variations of a keyword, use the wild card symbol [*][*] after the stem of the word. This broadens a search to after the stem of the word. This broadens a search to retrieve documents that otherwise would be missed.retrieve documents that otherwise would be missed.

ExampleExample:: col col**

This search includes the words: color, colors, color, coloring, This search includes the words: color, colors, color, coloring, colorant. Do not use stemming if it introduces too many colorant. Do not use stemming if it introduces too many irrelevant terms.irrelevant terms.

6.6. Case SensitiveCase Sensitive • Use lower case for query terms except for proper Use lower case for query terms except for proper

names. names.

• Treat adjacent capitalized words as a single proper Treat adjacent capitalized words as a single proper name, e.g. George Washington. name, e.g. George Washington.

• Separate proper names from each other a comma. Separate proper names from each other a comma.

Query Example:Query Example: George Washington, Thomas George Washington, Thomas JeffersonJefferson

Capitalization rules apply to proper names as taught Capitalization rules apply to proper names as taught under under basics. However, it is more definitive to treat a basics. However, it is more definitive to treat a multiple-word name as a phrase, by enclosing it multiple-word name as a phrase, by enclosing it within double quotes. within double quotes.

Example:Example: "Gone With The Wind" "Gone With The Wind"

7.7. FieldsFields

There are many fields, but the two you are most likely to find There are many fields, but the two you are most likely to find useful are Title and URL. When you think a term is likely to useful are Title and URL. When you think a term is likely to be in a particular field, use the term in that query. The field be in a particular field, use the term in that query. The field symbol that precedes the query may differ among search symbol that precedes the query may differ among search engines. engines.

For example, it can be For example, it can be titletitle or or tt, and , and urlurl or or uu..

Examples:Examples: title:"search www tutorial " title:"search www tutorial "

url:generalelectric.comurl:generalelectric.com

Field choices are usually found in the vicinity of the query Field choices are usually found in the vicinity of the query box or reached by clicking an appropriate link.box or reached by clicking an appropriate link.

8. Planning8. Planning

Your search for a specific item in a world of Your search for a specific item in a world of information can be difficult, especially if the information can be difficult, especially if the search is done without any planning.search is done without any planning.

Understand what it is you want and the different Understand what it is you want and the different ways you can type in the query you want.ways you can type in the query you want.

Information DistributionInformation Distribution

Information on the Internet is located Information on the Internet is located on many millions of computerson many millions of computers

No one agency has jurisdiction of the No one agency has jurisdiction of the Internet; everyone plays a partInternet; everyone plays a part

What is the Internet?

• A network of networks– computers using the same protocol

• Physically it is:– Fiber Optic Cables– Traditional Phone Lines– Computers

• Powerful Servers• Work Stations

– Linking Equipment• routers, gateways

Brief History of the Internet

• 1969 - ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency)

• 1973 - Development of TCP/IP– Transmission Control Protocol– Internet Protocol– Packets of data are sent in bursts of 0s and 1s

• 1982 - UNIX Local Area Networks using IP• 1986 - NSFNET to connect Supercomputer

Centers (San Diego, Cornell, Urbana-Champaign, Pittsburgh)

Brief History (cont.)

• 1991 - NREN– National Research and Educational Network

• 1992 - NII– National Information Infrastructure

• 1997 - UNII– Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure for

wireless communication

• 1997 - Internet II– High speed experimental 14,000 mile backbone

What does the Internet Provide?

• High Speed Communication

• Access to Resources– many are free– many are becoming fee based

• Publishing Opportunities

• Distance Education

• Virtual Communities

• Business Environment

Tools to Use on the Internet

• Email

• Electronic Mailing Lists

• Web Browsers

• TELNET (Remote Login)

• File Transfer Protocol

• Newsgroups

• HTML Publishing

How Large is the Internet?

• 50,000+ networks

• 10 million+ Internet Hosts

• 47 million adults in USA (end of 1996)

• 260,000+ Usenet Sites

• 70 million+ web pages

• Exponential Growth

• For more information see:– http://www.fas.org/cp/netstats.htm

As Fast as Light? Internet Speeds

• vBNS (650 megabits/sec)• OC3 (155 megabits/sec)• T-3 (45 megabits/sec)• T-1 (1.5 megabits/sec)• ISDN

– 128 kilobits/sec– 64 kilobits/sec– 56 kilobits/sec

Internet Speeds (cont.)

• Modems– 56 kilobits/sec– 33.6 kilobits/sec– 28.8 kilobits/sec– 14.4 kilobits/sec

• New Technologies– Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines (6-8

megabits/sec)– Cable Modems (10 megabits/sec)

Internet Issues: What’s Happening Now?

• Rapid Growth Rate

• Increased Commercialization

• Digitizing Projects

• “Global Village”

• Virtual Communities

• Connectivity Options Increasing

Internet Issues: What’s Going to Happen?

• Continued exponential growth

• Broad-band technologies

• Government regulation?

• Increased commercialization

• Increase of community networks

• Connectivity will cease to be a barrier

Internet Attitudes

• “Everything should be free!”

• “Anything should be allowed.”

• “Newbies are a pain!”

• “Give me more speed!”

• “Nothing of real value is on the Internet!”

• “If it’s on the Internet, it’s not copyrighted.”

Internet Basics• History of the Internet

– ARPANET– NSFNET– ISPs– Internet Investment Bubble

• Technology of the Internet– A Network of Interconnected Networks– TCP/IP Protocol Suite– IP Addresses– Domain Names– Client and Server Applications

History of the Internet

• Defense Dept. - Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) network starts in 1969

• TCP/IP protocols defined by 1977-1979

• TCP/IP Internet begins operation in 1980

• MILNET Separates from ARPANET in 1983

• ARPANET becomes NSFNET in 1987

• World Wide Web concept begins in 1989

History of the Internet

• Internet Society (ISOC) takes over control of Internet Architecture from DOD in 1992

• Internet Service Providers (ISPs) take over control of Internet itself from NSF in 1995

• ISP Dial-up User Market Shares in 2002– America On-line (AOL) 34%– Microsoft Network (MSN) 16%– Earthlink 6%

History of the Internet

• By 2000, the Internet had grown to:– Over 100 Million Users– On 100 Thousand Networks– In 209 Countries

History of the Internet

• Since 2000 - An Internet Investment Bubble– Industry overestimated future Internet growth– Telecom companies overbuilt network facilities– Telecom companies went deeply into debt– Their suppliers overbuilt equipment inventories– Telecom companies started failing / bankruptcies– Their suppliers had to write off excess inventories– NASDAQ has plunged over 75% since 2000– Telecom investors have lost their “shirts”

Technology of the Internet

• A Network of Interconnected Networks

• TCP/IP protocol suite

• IP Addresses

• Domain Names

A Network of Interconnected Networks

Access to the Internet

• Local Area Networks– Many computers in one location (UMB labs)

• Dial Up Modems on Telephone Lines– Most common for home users in 2002

• High Speed (Also called “Broadband”)– Cable Modem (on same wire as your cable TV)– Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) on a phone line

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• Architecture and protocols are documented in “Request for Comments” (RFCs)

• TCP/IP on virtually every computer now!– TCP = Transmission Control Protocol– IP = Internet Protocol

• All Internet data is transferred in IP packets

• Routers transfer IP packets between networks

IP Addresses

• Each host on the Internet has an IP address• Some hosts “own” a permanent IP address

– Web Servers– Your PC if permanently connected to your ISP

• Many hosts only “rent” their IP address– Your PC if you dial up to your ISP

• A router has an IP address on each network to which it is attached

IP Addresses

• Dotted Quad Notation for an IP address

• Each IP packet has a source and destination address (similar to a letter in the US mail)– From: 202.47.104.3– To: 101.78.44.19

• Routers find paths between IP addresses and forward IP packets where they need to go.

Domain Names

• Hosts that have a permanent IP address are usually assigned a Domain Name also

• Users access host via an “easily remembered” name instead of a “cryptic” IP address– e.g. “u19.cs.umb.edu” or “www.fidelity.com”

• User host communicates with Domain Name Server (DNS) to translate name to IP address

• Sometimes that step is noticeable to the user, e.g when it doesn’t work correctly or introduces delay.

Domain Names

• Read the hierarchy of a Domain Name like a postal address (most specific to least specific)

• Postal Address:– Number, Street, Town, State, Zip_Code, Country

• Domain Name:– Host_Name.Network_Name.xxx

• Value xxx has significance (.com, .net., edu) or is a code for the country (.us, .uk, .fr, .tv)

Client and Server Applications

• “Client” application is located on the user’s computer and it communicates with a server on another computer to perform the work.

• “Server” application is located on a central computer that is accessible by many users.

• Client-Server communication is supported via TCP/IP protocols over the Internet.

Email

• The first popular Internet application• Email Addresses:

user_name@domain_namebobw@cs.umb.edu

• Email Protocols and Servers– Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) Server

to send email– Post Office Protocol (POP) Server to get email

Email

• Advantages– Faster than Postal Service (“Snail Mail”)– Provides a permanent record / accountability– Time shifted (sender and receiver don’t need to

be available for communication at same time)– No revelation of your identity or home location– No cost on a “per message” basis.

Email

• Disadvantages– May be slower than phone call or face-to-face– Provides a permanent record / accountability

(Note: Accountability is a double-edged sword!)– No clues to recipient’s reactions (No body

language or facial expressions are visible)– Spam (Unwanted commercial solicitations)

Email

• Guidelines for Use– Never say anything that you would not want to

see on the front page of tomorrow’s newspaper.– Avoid angry/harassing statements (“flaming”)– Be careful with humor, irony, sarcasm. If used,

add an Emoticon to make your intention clear, e.g. “Of course, you are an idiot! ;-)”

– Be careful with use of broadcast mailing lists

What IS the Internet?

“A network of networks based on the TCP/IP protocols, a community of people who use and develop these protocols, and a collection of resources that can be reached from those networks.”

-- Krol & Hoffman

Frequently Asked Questions

• What IS the Internet?

• How does the Internet work?

• What can I do on the Internet?

• How do Internet addresses work?

• Is the Internet really as “bad” as I hear?

Internet Basics’ Goals

• To answer some of the Internet’s biggest FAQ’s

• To show you how the Internet really works

• To teach you how to read Internet addresses

• To do all of this in ENGLISH!!

US Military Intelligence

• Needed a way to hook up all of the mainframes in the USA

• Needed a system that could withstand a direct nuclear attack

• Needed a system without a central command

TEXAS and the Internet?

• Suburbs = LANs• Cities = Servers• Interstates =

Communications lines• Networks

IP Packets

• Everything that is sent over the Internet is sent in an IP Packet.

• IP Packets can contain anythingIP Packet

IP Packet Routing

• TCP– Universal “rules” of the

Road

• IP Addresses– 255.255.255.255

IP Packet

Domain Name System (DNS)

Converts “English” names

www.yahoo.com

into “Machine” (IP) names

204.71.177.73

IP Packet Routing

• You write an e-mail letter.

• Hit “send”• Mail is sent to your

Internet Service Provider’s mail server

IP Packet

IP Packet Routing

• Mail server “resolves” addresswhitehouse.gov

198.137.241.30

• Mail server breaks your letter into a whole bunch of packets

IP Packet

IP Packet Routing

• Mail server ships packets to the router

• Router ships packets to the next “city”

IP Packet

Questions Routers “Ask”

• Is this packet broken?• Is this packet for me?• In which general

direction should this packet be sent?

IP Packet

At the Final Destination

• Mail server “collects” all of the packets

• Puts all of the packets back together (in order)

• Delivers the e-mail to your mailbox

IP Packet

What can I do on the Internet?

• Communicate• Login• Download• Publish• PLAY!

How can I get on the Internet?

• Bulletin Board Service (BBS)

• Commercial Online Service– AOL– CompuServe– MSN

• Internet Service Provider

• Work/School

Modems

• Converts digital signals to analog signals

• Modem at the other end turns the analog signal back into a digital signal.

Modem Speeds

The InternetBaud Speed Transfer Rate14.4 14,400 bps 1 page every 2 seconds28.8 28,800 bps 1 page per second56 K 56,600 bps 2 pages per secondT1 1.5 million bps 47 pages per secondT3 45 million bps 1,410 pages per second

Internet2 (I2)Baud Speed Transfer RateOC-3 155 million bps 4,857 pages per secondOC-12 622 million bps 19,489 pages per second

Internet Addresses

• Machine addresses (IP or DNS)

• “Personal” addresses (e-mail)

• Resource addresses (Web pages, gopher directories, etc).

:)

Machine Addresses

• IP Addresses255.255.255.255

• DNS Addresseswhitehouse.gov

www.yahoo.com

ua1vm.ua.edu

Hi

E-Mail Addresses

• The world of e-mail is bigger than the Internet

• E-mail goes to a person, not just a machine crispen@campus.mci.net

Parts of an E-mail Address

• USERID– Name

– Number

– Combination of both

crispen@campus.mci.net

Parts of an E-mail Address

• The “at” sign– Above the number 2 on

your keyboard

crispen@campus.mci.net

Parts of an E-mail Address

• The address of the user’s mail server– IP Address 204.71.75.150

– DNS Address campus.mci.net crispen@campus.mci.net

Resource Addresses

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)protocol://machine.address/dir/file

The /dir/file/ stuff may be optional

The protocol, the ://, and the machine address are REQUIRED

Resource Addresses

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)protocol://machine.address/dir/file

http Web pages

ftp File Transfer Protocol

gopher Gopher Directories

Resource Addresses

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)protocol://machine.address/dir/file

http://www.yahoo.com/

ftp://risc.ua.edu/pub/roadmap/

gopher://boombox.micro.umn.edu/

Resource Addresses

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)protocol://machine.address/dir/file

REMEMBERREMEMBER

E-mail addresses have @ symbols

URLs have ://

Resource Addresses

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)protocol://machine.address/dir/file

The machine address can be either a DNS Address or an IP Address

Resource Addresses

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)protocol://machine.address/dir/file

http://www.yahoo.com/

ftp://risc.ua.edu/pub/roadmap/

gopher://boombox.micro.umn.edu/

Internet Addresses

• Machine Addresses– DNS or IP address

• Personal Addresses– userid@machine.address

• Resource Addresses– protocol://machine.address/dir/file

Internet Addresses

• Machine Addresses– whitehouse.gov– 198.137.241.30

• Personal Addresses– president@whitehouse.gov

• Resource Addresses– http://www.whitehouse.gov/

Internet Addresses

• Machine Addresses– whitehouse.gov– 198.137.241.30

• Personal Addresses– president@whitehouse.gov

• Resource Addresses– http://www.whitehouse.gov/

Machine Addresses -- Domains

EDU Education

MIL Military

GOV Non-Military Government Sites

COM Commercial Organizations

crispen@campus.mci.nethttp://www.yahoo.com/

Machine Addresses -- Domains

NET Network Sites

ORG Other Organizations

UK United Kingdom

CA Canada

AU Australiacrispen@campus.mci.nethttp://www.yahoo.com/

Proposed Domains

FIRM Businesses

STORE Stores

WEB Web Providers

ARTS Cultural Orgs.

REC Recreation

INFO Information

NOM Nomenclature

crispen@campus.mci.nethttp://www.yahoo.com/

Reading Internet Addresses

204.162.80.181

postmaster@204.162.80.181

http://204.162.80.181/

http://cnet.com/

crispen@campus.mci.net

pcrispe1@ua1vm.ua.edu

www.biography.com

www.cnn.com

thomas.loc.gov

www.buy.com

www.nlm.com

new.careerpath.com

www.kbb.com

www.teldir.com

www.un.org

www.hoovers.com

www.usatoday.com

HPL Catalog

HPL Aspire

HPL Kids Page

HPL Interactive

HPL Internet Links

HPL Internet Links

HPL Internet Links

Search Engines & Directories

Yahoo! www.yahoo.com Go To www.goto.com Search.Com www.search.com HotBot www.hotbot.com Infoseek www.infoseek.com Excite www.excite.com Lycos www.lycos.com

Yahoo!

Yahoo!

Yahoo!

Dog Boots

The Internet

What is it?• A large, growing, connection of over 10,000 networks

and 30+ million users in over 60 countries.

• Shared communications over phone lines and other communications media (cable, fiber, satellite)

• Initially provide the exchange of electronic mail coded as standard ASCII text messages. Each message was small (1-10K) - one page. Now communications includes:

– high-resolution color images

– full-motion video and video conferencing

– voice, sound, half duplex phone

• Growth is phenomenal (20% per month)!

The Internet Timeline1956 USSR launches Sputnik, 1st satellite; USA

Department of Defense (DOD) forms Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

1962 Packet-switched network concept

1969 DOD starts ARPANET for networking research

1974 Protocol for packet internetworking Transmission Control Program (TCP)

1981 BITNET (Because Its Time Network) provided widespread email access.

Minitel is deployed across France by French Telecom

1982 Internet Protocol (IP) established TCP/IP

1984 Domain Name Server (DNS) introduced and number of host is 1,000

1986 NSFNET created a high speed backbone (56Kbps) to interconnect supercomputer centers

1987 Number of hosts breaks 10,000

1989 Number of hosts breaks 100,000 and NSFNET is upgraded to T1 line (1.544 Mbps)

Commercial email carrier (Compuserve) connects to the Internet

The Internet Timeline (continued)

The Internet Timeline (continued)

1990 ARPANET ceases to exist;

MCI mail connects to the Internet

1991 WAIS released by Thinking Machines Corporation to aid information search

Gopher released by U of Minnesota

1992 WWW released by CERN (a physics research institute in Switzerland)

Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000

NSFNET upgraded to T3 line (44.736 Mbps)

The Internet Timeline (continued)

1993 WWW annual growth rate 341,634%Whitehouse goes online president@whitehouse.gov

United Nations & World Bank go on-line.

US National Infrastructure Act championed by Al Gore.

Mosaic developed by National Supercomputer Center

PC Flowers established Internet florist

The Internet Timeline (continued)

1994 Communities become wired to the Internet For example, Blacksburg, WV - bus & movie schedules on-line, town meetings, etc.http://crusher.bev.net/index.html

US Senate and House go on-line

Mass marketing frenzy on the Internet

USA sales at cybermalls grows to $200 million versus $50 billion in catalog sales & $1.5 trillion in total USA retail sales.

1995 *.com sites exceed *.edu sites

An Overview of Telecommunications Hardware Design Issues

• bandwidth - data rate or speed

• distance - LAN, WAN

• expandability - add nodes to network

• errors - equipment reliability, fault tolerance, validity

• security

Media• twisted-pair wires - phone lines

• coaxial cable - cable TV

• fiber optics - glass filaments diameter of hair transmit light

• microwave - use high frequency bandwidths

• satellite - acts as relay station. 3 in geosynchronous orbit 22,300 miles above Earth give global coverage. Iridium Project with 72 low orbit satellites for cellular phone connection anywhere in the world.

An Overview of Telecommunications Feature public leased T1 - T4 CableAvailability good good good goodExpandability fair fair fair good

Error rate 10-4 10-5 varies 10-8

Security fair fair fair poorDistance fair fair good 10 milesEnvironmental zoning, right-of-way, airplanes, etc.Data rate 0 - 14.4 K 19.2 - 56 K 1.5 - 271 M 3 - 45 M

Feature Microwave Satellite Fiber RadioAvailability good fair good poorExpandability good good poor good

Error rate 10-6 10-7 10-9 10-3

Security poor poor good poorDistance 30 miles global good variesEnvironmental FCC, dish FCC, dish few FCC, legalData rate 45 M 50 M 1 - 271 M 9.6 K

An Overview of Telecommunications

Modem modulation / demodulation• digital-to-analog conversion required

except for ISDN Integrated Digital Services Network

• bps = number of discrete cycles per second

• baud rate reflects modulation of signal to send more than one bit of information per cycle (e.g., quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) = 4 signals / cycle)

• 14.4K bps over public lines is common

digital signal digital signalanalog signal

modem modemcommercial phone line

An Overview of Telecommunications

Transmission Modes• Asynchronous allows transmitter to send signal one

character at a time at irregular intervals. 7 data bits = 27 = 128 standard ASCII codes

• Synchronous requires continuous transmission between two devices. If no data are ready, idle characters are sent to maintain synchronization.

Start D ParityTIBATA Stop

StartFrame

HeaderAddress

ErrorChecking

StartMessage

Message256 - 1024+Characters

StopFrame

EndMessage

An Overview of Telecommunications Circuit switching uses a physical connection

between two points for the duration of the call (e.g., most voice carriers except AT&T / RBOC).

Packet switching use a logical connection and dynamic routing; down node causes rerouting but the packets get through (This was the goal of ARPANET in nuclear war!)

An Overview of Telecommunications

Transmission Control Protocol• TCP carries on dialog between client and server

• IP routes the data across the web of networks

• Separates information into packets for transmission

• Assembles received information; if a packet is garbled it only asks for that packet again. Smarter than most modem protocols

ClientServer

Network DNetwork C

Network A Network B

An Overview of Telecommunications Internet Protocol (IP)

• IP address is the numeric version of an addressopim.wharton.upenn.edu = 130.91.161.85

• Domain Name System (DNS)

com = commercial

edu = education

gov = US government

mil = US military

net = network providers

org = nonprofit organizations

int = international organizations

Internet Applications Telnet - remote computer access FTP - transfer files between computers E-mail - asynchronous electronic mail chat, talk, etc - synchronous e-mail user must

be on-line chat kimbrough@opim.wharton.upenn.edu

Newsgroups - (e.g., tin is one type) Finger - to find out public information for a

particular user finger sun@assets.wharton.upenn.edu

Browsers for WWW - netscape, Mosaic Information search - gopher, WAIS, veronica

Gopher developed at University of Minnesota in 1991

Distributed document search and retrieval• Search Archie database file server - index of anonymous

FTP files

• Telnet to libraries

• VERONICA (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computerized Archives) indexes thousands of resources in gopherspace, letting you search by keyword.

Example• At UNIX prompt type: gopher.library.upenn.edu

• Browse / navigate with arrow and return keys

• Choose business resources

• Choose EDGAR - SEC

• Search for a company (e.g., Microsoft)

• Type q to quit

World Wide Web• Wide-area hypermedia information retrieval initiative

aiming to give universal access to a large universe of documents

• Allows finding / browsing Internet information using hypertext pointers to other documents. Other documents can reside anywhere on the Internet.

– read the Wall Street Journal http://update.wsj.com

– go on a tour of the Whitehousehttp://www.whitehouse.gov

– find a jobhttp://careers.computerworld.com

– track delivery of your FEDEX packagehttp://www.fedex.com

– go shopping at a cybermallhttp://www.commerce.net

World Wide Web Uniform Resource Locator (URL) allows

access to nearly any kind of data or Internet service

• Standard codes http://www.ic.gov

– first part before colon is access method - HyperText Transport Protocol

– part after colon is an address or object, e.g., the CIA

• Other examples

– telnet://library.princeton.eduto access Princeton University Library

– ftp://guru.cern.ch/to access files from the WWW virtual library at Cern in Switzerland

– gopher://world.std.com:70/

Electronic Commerce The Information Era is here!

Knowledge is Power! Universal access to information will change

the nature of business• NOT “location, location, location” but

connectivity, connectivity, connectivity!

• The Internet allows you compete over boundaries in

– time

– geography

– language / cultural barriers

• Global communication of technology, ideas, and processes

• New markets open up and competitors change

Electronic Commerce $200 million in USA cybermalls sales in 1994

$50 billion in catalog sales$1.5 trillion in total USA retail sales

• 1998 projection for Internet sales is $5 billion!

• CompuServe average sale is $70

• Prodigy is largest seller of airline tickets in the USA

• Online users are affluent, open-minded, highly educated

• 1994 CompuServe 2.4 M; AOL 1.75 M; Prodigy 2.1 million

Lobo Enterprises; Pasadena, Californiaexcellent example of a well-organized electronic catalog for a niche market

• http://www.hot.presence.com/hot/

• Hot sauce catalog with products like Nuclear Fire, Endorphin Rush, and Gib’s Bottled Hell

Electronic Commerce Benefits of online services for customers and

marketers:• Convenience - open 24 hours/day 365 days/year

• Information - store and display more product information than TV, newspaper, direct mail, phone book, radio or magazines

• Fast response to market - update information on the fly

• Reduce printing and postage cost

• Build relationships - there can be a high-level of interaction with online customers

• Fewer hassles - consumers deal with virtual salespeople

• Interactive medium - newsgroups, mailing lists, discussion groups, electronic mail, custom catalogs

The Future Why bother printing books?

• Too expensive to print - read hypertext version on line

• Publishers predict most technical material will be digital

What if everyone shopped at cybermalls?• What happens to the city tax base?

• What about the loss of contact with people?

• How would people handle delivery of food / perishables?

What if everyone subscribed to digital newspapers?

• How would you design advertising?

• How do you entice consumers to view your ad?

• Interaction, updates, instant information

Internet Value Chain:Customer Relations

InternetCapability

CompanyBenefits

Opportunitiesfor advantages

Marketing &Product Research

Sales & Distribution Support &Customer Feedback

Increased marketshare

Lower costmargins

Enhanced customersatisfaction

Data for market research

Establishesconsumer response to newproducts

EnvironmentalScanning

Reaches newcustomers

Low cost distributionmethod

Electronic catalogs

Multiples contact points at no additional cost

Access to customer comments online

More staff in contactwith customers

Immediate response to customer problems

Internet Value Chain:Inputs from Supplies

InternetCapability

CompanyBenefits

Opportunitiesfor advantages

Pricing &Ordering

Delivery/OrderTracking/Inventory

ProductSupport

Lower cost ofobtaining materials

Faster, more flexibledelivery

Improved reliability and performance

Easy, efficient access

Informationconstantlyupdated

Not locked to a proprietary system

Faster turnaround

Improves planning

Less inventorystockpiled

Direct access toexpertise

Interactive

Faster problemresolution

Internet Value Chain:Internal Operations

InternetCapability

CompanyBenefits

Opportunitiesfor advantages

GlobalConnectivity

R&D / SharingDistributed Resources

Location-Independent Work

International reach

Flexibility and effectivenessin information based activities

Increasedproductivity

Savings in telecommunications

Improves connections tobusiness partners& customers

Promotes globalawareness

Facilitates businesspartnerships and joint ventures

Disseminatesresources morebroadly

Shortens development time

Flexible workarrangements

Telecommuting andcontract employees

Virtual teams basedon expertise, notlocation

The Internet

What is the Internet?

• Computer Network– any group of two or more computers linked

together by cabling, telephone lines, or other media

– users can communicate and share resources

• Internet– thousands of academic, business, and

government networks connected together

Computer Network

Internetworking - A Network of Networks

Network 1 Network 2 Network 3

Network 5Network 4

Communications Protocols

• Most computers on early Internet used the UNIX operating system

• Need to connect dissimilar computers with different operating systems

• A suite of communications standards, protocols, was developed which is now the required method for communication on the Internet– TCP/IP

• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

What is the WWW?

• World Wide Web– originally developed by physicists in Geneva, Switzerland

to exchange data and research materials with other scientists

– The Web gathers Internet resources from all over the world into menu pages or screens on your computer

– Pages are connected together using hypertext links, which enable you to jump from one link to another

– Part of the Internet

• the most current and most updated

• constantly changing resources

• using a browser you can access other parts of the Internet

INTERNET

Hardware Requirements

• A personal computer

• Access to an Internet “host” provided to you by an Internet access provider

• Physical connection– network cable– modem and telephone line– cable modem

Communications - Modem and Telephone Line

Software Requirements• Internet protocol, TCP/IP

– provided by the Internet access provider

• A version of TCP/IP that can be transmitted over a telephone line or cable– Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP), or

– Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

• Internet front-end software application– the software you interact with to find and use Internet

resources

– Netscape Communicator

Accessing the Internet

• Internet access provider– gives you your Internet host name and user

name– supplies

• software you need to connect

• protocols such as TCP/IP

• front-end software such as Netscape Communicator

Types of Access Providers• Corporate

– large company or educational institution that has a network that is already connected to the Internet

• Free-Net– free municipal computer networks that connect to the

Internet, ex. Public library

• Commercial– Internet access provided for a fee– User dials into that provider’s host from their own

computer by using a modem and telephone line.

A Corporate Internet User

INTERNET

Yourlocal network

connection

Youroffice

Internet connection

Using a Free-Net

Publiclibrary

Yourhome

INTERNET

Using a Commercial Internet Access Provider

Youroffice

Accessprovider

Modem

INTERNET

User Name andFull Internet Addresses

• Each individual user on the Internet has his or her own user name– ex. MEREDIGM@SPART5.K12.SC.US– ex. MEREDIGM@HOME.COM

Top Level DomainsName Type of Enterprise

.com Commercial organizatons

.gov Government bodies

.edu Educational institutions

.mil Military institutions

.net Computer networks

.org Other types oforganizations

Home Page

• The first screen you see when you start Navigator– District Five Home

Page• www.spart5.k12.sc.us

Navigator Toolbars

Navigation toolbar

Location toolbar

Personal toolbar

Universal Resource Locators (URLs)

• The standard naming methodology for location information

• Syntax: sourcetype://hostname/path/filename– sourcetype - identifies the type of application used to

access the information– hostname - specifies where the host resides– path - identifies the path that is taken to the file

• http://www.yahoo.com/ (type in this URL)

Using Yahoo’s List of Subjects

• Click on the Computers & Internet link

• Click on the following sequence of links:– Internet– Online Teaching and Learning– Teacher Resources

Searching the World Wide Web

Search Tool URLAlta Vista http://altavista.digital.com/

Excite http://www.excite.com/

InfoSeek http://www.infoseek.com/

Lycos http://www.lycos.com/

Magellan http://www.mckinley.com/

WebCrawler http://www.webcrawler.com/

Yahoo! http://www.yahoo.com/search.html

Search Services• Search Engines

– perform simple, one-word searches by using phrases or special symbols

• Web Guides– Perform simple and complex searches, and also have lists of categories

from which you can narrow down your search

• White & Yellow Pages– Search for people’s email addresses

• Topic Specific– Search for specific information, depending on the tool

Practice Searching

• In the Navigation toolbar, click on the “Search” button

• Click on the Excite link

• In the search field, type weather

• Click on “Search”

• Go back to the Excite web page and search for a topic of your choice

Using Boolean Operators

• Click on the “Back” button to go back to the Excite search service

• In search field type:• weather + Spartanburg + SC

• Click on “Search” button

• Scroll down to see links to Spartanburg’s weather information

Search Tips• Computers follow instructions literally

• Check spelling carefully

• A topic that is too global, ex. “computers”, will cause too many documents to be found

• A topic that is too specific may bring up no matches

• Refine your searches by using special symbols such as “”,=,-,+, and Boolean operators such as AND, OR, NEAR. Each search tool has a unique syntax for Boolean operators and most provide a Help page for this.

Meta Search Engines

• Meta search engines search many search engines at once:

• Dogpile www.dogpile.com• Highway 61 www.highway61.com• MetaFind www.metafind.com• MetaSearch www.metasearch.com

Bookmarks

• Netscape saves the location of a document in the Bookmarks menu

• Bookmarks are stored on the hard disk of your computer in a file called bookmark.htm

Using Bookmarks

• Click on the “Bookmarks” button

• Point to the “Travel And Leisure” folder

• Click on “The Weather Channel”

• Go to some of the other links in your Bookmarks menu

Adding Bookmarks

• In the Location field type: www.pbs.org

• Click on Teacher Source link

• Click on the “Bookmarks” button

• Click on “Add Bookmark”

Organizing Bookmarks• Click on the Bookmarks button, and choose Edit

Bookmarks• To create a new folder, click on “Bookmarks for…”

– Click “File” “New Folder” and type: yourname’s folder. Click on OK

– Drag your PBS Teacher Source bookmark into your folder

• Click on your folder• Press the delete key on your keyboard• Close the Bookmarks window

Use the “Bookmark Icon”

• Create a “Teaching Resources” folder

• Find to the “Bookmark icon” on the Location toolbar

• Drag the “Bookmark icon” to the “Teaching Resources” folder in your bookmarks menu to place the bookmark in the folder

Securing your Internet Account

• Choose a safe password

• Encrypt your data– converts it to a form that is readable only by

those to whom you give your personal decryption key

• Avoid Internet Viruses– if you download a program, check it

immediately for viruses

Plug-ins

• Software programs that you can add to supplement Netscape’s capabilities– ex. A plug-in may give you the ability to play

audio samples or view movies

• You can download plug-ins to your hard disk by using instructions that come with the plug-in

Internet Basics

Terminology

add-on

a software program that works with another program, enhancing its features.

address book

component of e-mail programs to store names, electronic addresses and other details about specific identities.

animated GIF

web page graphic that combines several GIF graphics in one file and in a sequence. Animated GIF's are widely used on the Internet because they do not require a special player.

anonymous FTP sites

file transfer servers where you do not need a password to log on and access files. Sometimes you need to use the password "anonymous," hence the name.

antivirus program

a utility that searches electronic files for computer viruses and removes any found.

Archie

program that searches FTP servers for any files by filename.

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Exchange, code that represents English characters as numbers, used to represent text and transfer information between computers.

attachment

an electronic file attached to an e-mail.

bandwidth

the amount of data that can be transmitted in a given amount of time, typically expressed as bits per second (bps).

bit

a binary digit, the smallest unit of information, a one or a zero.

the smallest unit of electronic information, a bit an hold either of two variables, 0 or 1.

BCC

blind carbon copy, a copy of an e-mail message sent to a second recipient without the address appearing in the original mailing.

bookmarks

Netscape Navigator's method of marking and organizing web page addresses as links for later use.

bounce

an e-mail message that is returned, or "bounced" back, due to an unknown or obsolete e-mail address.

browser

a software application used to access the World Wide Web and view web pages

bulletin board

an electronic message center where users post messages for other users to later read and comment on.

byte

a unit of information containg eight bits, capable of representing an alphabetic character.

cable modem

a modem designed to utilize cable television lines and therefore capable of transmitting more information with more bandwidth and faster connection speeds.

bache

electronic folder that temporarily stores most recently downloaded web files, allowing faster display of reaccessed files.

chat

real-time, text-based communication on the Internet.

client

software program that requests files or makes other requests of a server

Collabra

the newsreader software that comes with the Netscape Communicator suite.

Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

script that transfers data between a client and a server, often used in interactive web pages such as forms.

component bar

offers buttons to access the various components of the Communicator suite.

compression

compacts data into a smaller file size by scanning a file and eliminating duplicate areas by replacing them with reference codes.

cookie

electronic file transmitted from a server to a Web browser and sent back to the server when a new file is requested. Cookies are stored on the browser.

cybercast

broadcast over the Internet.

cyberspace

the non-physical space created by computers, such as the Internet.

DHTML

Dynamic HTML, allows page content to change in reaction to user input without communication with the originating server.

dail-up account

internet access account that enables a computer to connect to the Internet via an ISP computer using a modem.

database

a collection of related information that can be searched.

document window

displays the active Web page.

domain name

names used in URL's and corresponding to one or more IP addresses. Domain names always carry a suffix, the top-level domain name such as com or edu. Domain names in a URL are case sensitive.

Domain Name Service (DNS)

Internet service that translates domain names into their numeric IP numbers

download

to copy electronic data from another computer to your computer over a network.

electronic commerce (e-commerce)

business conducted online.

e-mail

electronic messages transmitted over any computer network.

executable

a file that a computer can execute, such as a software program.

external viewer

a program that a browser launches automatically to open files not supported by the browser.

firewall

programming designed to prevent Internet users from accessing parts of an Internet server.

forum

a discussion group where users share information on a particular topic of common interest.

frame

a section of a document window, divided areas of a browser display showing distinct web pages.

freeware

copyrighted software that is provided free for anyone's use.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

a common protocol that facilitates transferring any type of electronic files over the Web.

gif or GIF

compressed graphics file format supported by all graphics Web browsers, the most common graphics file format used on the Web.

gigabyte (GB)

unit of electronic information storage capable of holding 1,073,741,824 bytes.

home page

the Web page that appears when you start Netscape Navigator, the index or default page of a particular Web server, folder, or person's Web site.

history list

a web browser's list of sites visited since launching the browser.

history window

a web browser feature with a list of sites visited, providing searchable data on each site, including title, URL, when first visited, when most recently visited, and how often visited.

home page

the entrance page to a Web site with multiple pages; a Web page about a person or company; the start page for a browser.

host

a computer connected to a TCP/IP network, such as the Internet, with a unique IP address; a computer that stores resources or provides a service for other computers on a network.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

the protocol computers use to transmit Web documents between computers, identified by the prefix "http://" of the URL.

hypertext documents

electronic files containing links that can be selected to move to another part of the document or to another document altogether.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

programming language used to create documents displayed by Web browsers, a logical language to format documents that can be universally understood on different computer platforms and by different Web browsers.

imagemap

a single graphic that serves as more than one hyperlink.

inbox

folder in an e-mail program where incoming messages are stored until moved to another folder or deleted.

inline image

a graphic displayed along with text in a Web page.

Integrated Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

e-mail retrieval protocol thatallows storage of messages on the remote server instead of downloading them to the client computer.

Internet

a global network of computer networks that use standard protocols to exchange information, the largest network of computer networks.

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

companies that sell access to the Internet to other users.

IP address

the numerical identifier for a computer connected to a TCP/IP network, such as the Internet. IP addresses consist of a set of four numbers from 0 - 255 and separated by periods. For example 199.104.230.26.

Java

the programming language developed by Sun Microsystems used forcreating applications that can be run over the Web, computer language designed to be run on any computer regardless of the operating system.

JavaScript

language developed by Netscape to add functionality andenhancements to Web pages.

jpg or JPEG

pronounced "jay-peg," a compressed graphics format supportedby all graphical web browsers, second of the most common image formats used on the Web. The acronym stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group.

kilobyte, KB

unit of electronic storage capable of holding 1,024 bytes.

link

that portion of a hypertext document that allows for moving to another part of the document or to another document altogether.

list

a specified group of Address Book entries that allows you to send an e-mail message to a group of people without manually selecting each individual addressee.

local area network

computer network that covers a relatively small area, such as a single building or company, and allows for sharing devices such as printers or services such as Internet connection.

location bar

identifies the address of the Web page displayed in the browser window.

mailer form

a form in a Web page that sends an e-mail message.

mailto link

a link in a Web page that opens the default e-mail program and addresses a message to a specific address. The specified URL begins with "mailto:" followed by the e-mail address.

megabyte (MB)

the unit of electronic storage capable of holding 1,048,576 bytes.

menu bar

groups commands by menu name, clicking a menu name opens a menu of commands or submenus.

META tags

HTML tags that provide information about a Web page, such as author, keywords, description, character set and authoring program.

modem

device that enables a computer to connect to other computers via a telephone or other transmission line

navigational guide

a list, index or directory of Web pages organized by themes or subjects.

navigation buttons

tool bar buttons used to move among Web pages, includes, Back, Forward and Home.

Netcsape Communicator

a software suite for using the World Wide Web.

network

two or more computers linked together to exchange data.

newsgroup

a forum on the Usenet network with a specific topic of interest, used by participants to read, post and reply to messages.

news reader

special software used to receive message posted to newsgroups.

news server

a server that manages and stores the messages posted to various newsgroups.

password

a personal code that verifies that you have the right to access a computer, file, server or other electronic area or component.

personal toolbar

customizable toolbar that displays buttons you can click to jump to Web pages.

plug-ins

software programs that extend the capabilities of other programs.

Portable Document Format (PDF)

file format that captures formatting information from various publishing programs and enables them to appear exactly as intended on other computers.

post

a message sent to a newsgroup or bulletin board.

Posting

the act of sending an e-mail message to a newsgroup or bulletin board.

Post Office Protocol (POP)

a protocol used to retrieve e-mail from a server. POP3 clients must download their mail to their local computer to read it.

protocol

procedure or format a computer uses to transmit or exchange files, enabling computers of different platform types to communicate in a standardized fashion.

query

a request in question form that directs a search engine to find documents that contain the specified word, phrase or other component.

response time

the amount of time it takes to complete a link.

search engine

database software that retrieves information based upon query parameters.

self-extracting files

compressed files capable of extracting its compressed files without a separate decompression program.

server

computer that receives and fulfills requests to provide specific services on a network.

shareware

a copyrighted software program distributed on the honor system that you can try before buying.

start page

the Web page that appears when a Web browser is launched.

status bar

indicates the status of the document you are retrieving from the Web server.

Suites

packages of seamless, integrated and specialized software applications. Internet suites might include a browser, an e-mail capability, a web page creation capability and others. Groups of integrated software products.

T-1

a dedicated Internet connection capable of supporting a transfer rate of 1.544 Mbps.

tag

a command inserted into a file specifying how portions of the document are formatted are to be treated by the browser.

target

a new location in the same hypertext document that you are moved to by a link.

telnet

program that allows a computer to dial another computer and act like a terminal of the remote computer.

text link

a word or phrase in a hypertext document that is typically underlined and colored differently that functions, when selected, to move the browser to a different web page or a different place in the page.

thread

a batch of newsgroup messages that follow a single line of conversation.

thumbnail

a smaller version of a graphic, typically used inline with a link to the larger version to minimize the size of a web page.

title bar

identifies the active Web page in the window.

top level domain

suffix attached to Internet domain names referring to either geographical location or a characteristic of the host organization or company.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

(TCP/IP)

the standard suite of protocols used to connect computers on the Internet and onintranets.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

the address of a Web page.

upload

to transfer a file from your computer to another computer.

Usenet

the world-wide network of over 14,000 bulletin boards called newsgroups.

user ID

is a name that identifies you on a network. The portion of an e-mail address preceding the @ symbol is a common example.

virus

a destructive program code in an executable file.

Web page

a hypertext document on the World Wide Web.

Web server

a computer connected to the Internet that provides electronic files to other computers.

Webring

a collection of Web pages on a single topic that link to each other.

World Wide Web (WWW)

the network of HTML files stored on Web servers and interlinked with hyperlinks, thereby creating a "web" of interlinked files.

zip files

a common compression format created by MacZip for Macintosh, WinZip for Windows and PKZIP for DOS.