Dar es Salam, January 2015

What comes after 4G? 5G of course

Jyri Hämäläinen Aalto University

Mobile technology evolution: G after G 2G: Voice: Analog to digital •  New radio 3G: Voice + Broadband data •  New radio 4G: Broadband data •  New radio 5G: All data – lots of it •  3G+4G+new technology components •  New radio … maybe

3G 4G

What new there will be? Let’s take a closer look

Why? Drivers for 5G

Why 5G: Let’s make it simple

1) Massive growth in traffic volume 2) Massive growth in connected devices/things 3) Wide range of requirements and characteristics

1) Traffic volume

Traffic volume: growing fast

= 18 x

2013* 2000*

*) Source: Cisco VNI

This has happened

This is expected to happen

Voice and mobile broadband

•  Voice becoming just part of data •  Smart phone penetration increasing fast – transition to smart devices is the trend number one • Mobile Video drives the volume: Round 70% of mobile will be video by 2018

In Middle East and Africa region the share of smart devices/connections will 36% by 2018

Billions of devices

Source: Cisco VNI

Non-sm

art S

mart

2) Connected … everything

Massive growth in connected … everything

Let’s look at this in more details

Billions of M2M connections

Source: Cisco VNI

Automotive

•  Entertainment for passengers => high capacity & high mobility mobile broadband •  Augmented reality dashboards •  Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications •  Cars detecting and informing e.g. critical situations •  Self-driving cars

Google self-driving car. Testing will be started on public roads early 2015

http://www.wired.com/2014/12/google-self-driving-car-prototype-2/

Serv

ice

requ

irem

ents

!

Smart cities and society Europe 2020 initiative on smart cities: ‘In Smart Cities, digital technologies translate into better public services for citizens, better use of resources and less impact on the environment.’

Smart buildings Smart transportation

Smart energy with free/open data

Smart citizens

Smart public services

Wearable devices

Recent trend: number of wearable devices growing fast

Strategy Dialogue ELEC Spring 2014

Smart glasses Smart watches

Smart clothes

Industrial Internet

Example of Industrial Internet development: General Electric’s new factory has more than 10,000 sensors spread across 180,000 square feet of manufacturing space, all connected to a high-speed internal Ethernet.

http://www.technologyreview.com/news/509331/an-internet-for-manufacturing/

General Electric’s new battery plant: a test-bed for the “industrial Internet.

3) Service characteristics

Just think few examples …

•  Web surfing •  Streaming video •  File downloading •  Speech call •  Self-driving car •  Controlling energy

production plant •  Health monitoring •  Emergency services

•  Data rate •  Latency •  Reliability •  Device and network

energy consumption •  Device cost •  Privacy •  Network safety

How? What are 5G technologies?

5G: General technology landscape

Industry views on 5G are important because telecom companies will drive standardization where 5G is defined Currently it seems that views of large vendors are well in line with each other

- The given picture (Ericsson) chrystallize the mainstream thinking - That is, it is expected that 5G will be composed by well integrated 2G-4G technologies + evolving new technology components

In the following we focus on new technologies

Basics: Transfer more data … but how?

More bandwidth? Less users? Stronger signal? Better efficiency? Less interference?

User data rate ≅ BWK

⋅A ⋅ log2 1+ PN + I

#

$%

&

'( [Mbit/s]

Bandwidth

Number of users

System efficiency

Signal power vs noise and interference

Interference

More natural resources for mobile communication = more spectrum

UHF SHF EHF 300MHz-

3GHz 3GHz- 30GHz

30GHz- 300GHz

2G-4G runs here: Only small amounts of spectrum left

Quite some spectrum can be made available

Lots of free spectrum

Tens of MHz’s (x10)

Hundreds of MHz’s (x100)

Tens of GHz’s (x10000)

OK, there is more bandwidth – but can we use it?

We use already high frequencies…

Imagine small cells (indoors/outdoors): • Due to small distance towards UE the signal attenuation is smaller and LOS is more likely • There will be less users per cell

OK, we need small cells – is it possible and affordable?

We are now using high frequencies in point to point Line of Sight (LOS) connections with high gain antennas. BUT: In link between BS and UE we rarely have LOS and use of high gain antennas is limited. Futhermore, most of the high data rate access connections will take place indoors

Big cell, small cell, smaller cell … less users, stronger signal

4G macrocell: K=100 P/(N+I)~8dB

4G picocell: K=20 P/(N+I)~14dB

4G femtocell: K=4 P/(N+I)~20dB

Is this reality? Yes. Smallest 3G base station: Weight 250g Integrated to power plug+socket

BUT: 3G-4G operate below 3.5GHz. Can we use high frequencies?

What is wrong with high frequencies?

TX RX

RX

Reflection

Penetration

Diffraction

Line-of-sight

When carrier frequency increases … - Signal penetration loss increases - Diffracted signal component becomes weaker and weaker - Importance of LOS signal and reflected signal component increases

Towards Ultra Dense Networks

Small cells are already becoming reality today But on high frequencies Ultra Dense Networks will be needed => LOS or almost LOS required

Fig.  24.  EricsCalibration  start  screen

At  the  top  of  the  EricsCalibration  tool’s  screen  lies  the  Location  user-­input  field,  theorientation  dropdown,  the  coordinates  text-­box  and  the  ‘Go’  button.

The  rest  of  the  screen  contains  the  indoor  map  of  the  area  being  fingerprinted  with  acrosshair  at  the  center  marking  the  user’s  current  location.  As  the  map  is  zoomed  andpanned  the  coordinates  text-­box  gives  the  x  and  y-­coordinates  of  the  cross-­hair.  The  mapshould  moved  about  so  that  the  crosshair  points  to  the  calibrator’s  physical  location.

A  few  lines  at  the  bottom  of  the  screen  are  used  to  display  the  scanned  results  in  xmlformat.  This  is  mainly  used  for  debugging  and  can  be  removed  later.

The  tool  also  has  a  settings  page  so  that  the  scanning  parameters  such  as  scan  length  andnumber  of  scans  can  be  modified.

40

PRESS RELEASE SEPTEMBER 25, 2013

2

Johan Wibergh, head of Ericsson Business Unit Networks, says: “With the Radio Dot System we lower the threshold to building indoor coverage. The dot is the most cost-effective, no-compromise solution to the indoor coverage challenges expressed by our customers. It is ultra-small but can scale to virtually unlimited capacity; it is easy to install, future proof and it is 100 percent integrated with existing mobile networks.” The product has already been gaining interest from mobile operators in the United States. Kris Rinne, Senior Vice President, Network and Product Planning, AT&T Services, Inc., says: “Small cells are a key component of AT&T's Project VIP network enhancement program as we seek to constantly improve our customers’ mobile Internet experience. Delivering a great wireless experience indoors can present both technical and logistical challenges. A solution like the Ericsson Radio Dot System gives AT&T another tool to choose from in its next-generation toolkit." Ken Rehbehn, Principal Analyst, Yankee Group, says: “Sleek form factors that focus radio capability to solve the indoor deployment challenge in a fresh and compelling way will be welcomed into a wide variety of business and office venues. Ericsson Radio Dot System leverages existing indoor wire facilities to reduce installation hurdles and cost, and because it builds on Ericsson standard radio architecture, it provides an extensive feature set without compromising future evolution.” The product is expected to be commercially available in late 2014. Webcast Ericsson will webcast the announcement in conjunction with its Analyst Forum in North America on Sept 25 at 3pm PT/11pm UK time/Sept 26 at 12am CET. Access the webcast on: www.ericsson.com/press. An on-demand version will be available shortly afterwards. NOTES TO EDITORS Indoor coverage video Photos of Ericsson Radio Dot System:

Ultra Dense Networks imply opportunity for Massive MIMO

Already now indoor DAS systems are dense Due to Ultra Dense Networks, the density further increases. Thus, there is good opportunity for cooperative MIMO over massive number of nodes i.e. Massive MIMO

Dense networks

53

(a) 28 GHz. All nodes ON (b) 2.6 GHz. All nodes ON

(c) 28 GHz. 65 nodes ON (d) 2.6 GH.z 65 nodes ON

(e) 28 GHz. 10 nodes ON (f) 2.6 GHz. 10 nodes ON

Figure 23: Spatial distribution of the avg. SINR at pixel-level

Finally, Figure 22d shows the CDF of the resulting average SINR for networktopologies with 65 active nodes featuring f1-f2 Pareto efficiency. From the figure,it is clear that the gains in terms of spectral efficiency come from a reduction inthe levels of ICI at high frequencies, as a result of the better isolation in the indoorenvironment. This behavior can be easily explained from Figure 23, where the plots

53

(a) 28 GHz. All nodes ON (b) 2.6 GHz. All nodes ON

(c) 28 GHz. 65 nodes ON (d) 2.6 GH.z 65 nodes ON

(e) 28 GHz. 10 nodes ON (f) 2.6 GHz. 10 nodes ON

Figure 23: Spatial distribution of the avg. SINR at pixel-level

Finally, Figure 22d shows the CDF of the resulting average SINR for networktopologies with 65 active nodes featuring f1-f2 Pareto efficiency. From the figure,it is clear that the gains in terms of spectral efficiency come from a reduction inthe levels of ICI at high frequencies, as a result of the better isolation in the indoorenvironment. This behavior can be easily explained from Figure 23, where the plots

Indoor network planning example: 10 nodes vs 65 nodes on 28GHz carrier

Conclusion: 28GHz can be effectively used but number of nodes clearly larger than on e.g. 2GHz

For details, see: S. Renilla Lamas, D. G. Gonzalez, J. Hämäläinen: "Indoor Planning Optimization of Ultra-dense Cellular Networks at High Carrier Frequencies", accepted to IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), workshop on 5G architecture, 2015.

Increasing data rates: Summary

Strategy Dialogue ELEC Spring 2014

User data rate ≅ BWK

⋅A ⋅ log2 1+ PN + I

#

$%

&

'( [Mbit/s]

Bandwidth

Number of users System

efficiency

Signal power vs noise and interference

Interference

High carrier frequencies with large (GHz) bands + ultra dense networks with very small cells

OK

OK

OK

Interference of shot noise type, effective mitigation methods exists

Can be compensated using large spectrum chunks

But how to create click-boom effect?

3G HSPA: 5MHz band, 2ms time slot

4G LTE: 20MHz band, 1ms time slot

5G: 1GHz band, 0.05ms time slot (just example values)

Tim

e

Frequency

Time slot length => physical layer delay Frequency slot => data rate

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication

Network aided D2D

Connection through local BS

Device relaying

BS control signalling User data

- How to detect other devices? - What kind of services fit for direct communication between devices?

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to- Infrastructure (V2I)

- Future V2V maybe based on WiFi but also 5G D2D standard will provide credible V2V communication - V2I will likely be based on mobile communication standards.

Massive Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication and IoT

Example: Sensor data aggregation + transfer over mobile network Direct M2M towards mobile system => 5G design should support massive number of low-rate connections with low latency.

M2M product example (Ericsson)

Communication through mobile network

Some other technology components related to 5G Ultra Reliable Communication (URC) Centralized baseband/baseband pooling Self-backhauling Beamforming on mmWave Soft cell concepts Device centric system architecture Licenced Shared Access (LSA) Authorized Shared Access (ASA) Local caching Mobile cloud Moving Networks

Before closing: Where we stand now?

LTE progress constantly: There is LTE-B, LTE-U …

There are three main challenges that need to be addressed by future wireless communication systems to enable a truly Networked Society, where information can be accessed and data shared anywhere and anytime, by anyone and anything. These are:

> A massive growth in the number of connected devices. > A massive growth in traffic volume. > An increasingly wide range of applications with varying requirements and characteristics.

For these challenges to be addressed properly, it is necessary for LTE radio-access technology (RAT) to evolve further. This evolution will take place mainly within the following areas:

> General enhancements applicable to a wide range of scenarios and use cases. > Enhancements specifically targeting small-cell/local-area deployments. > Enhancements specifically targeting new use cases, such as machine-type communication

(MTC) and national security and public safety services (NSPS).

Work on Release 12 has now started within 3GPP [1].

BACKGROUNDThe deployment of 4G mobile-broadband systems based on 3GPP LTE RAT is now progressing on a large scale [2], with 55 million users as of November 2012 and close to 1.6 billion users anticipated in 2018 [3]. Current commercial LTE deployments are based on 3GPP Release 8 and Release 9 – that is, the first releases of the LTE technical specifications.

The first major step in the evolution of LTE – sometimes also referred to as LTE-Advanced or LTE-A – occurred as part of 3GPP Release 10, which was finalized in 2010. Release 10 extended and enhanced LTE RAT in several dimensions. For example, the possibility was created for transmission bandwidth beyond 20MHz and improved spectrum flexibility through carrier aggregation, and enhanced multi-antenna transmission based on an extended and more flexible reference-signal structure. Another extension was the introduction of relaying functionality – that is, the possibility of using LTE radio access not only for the access (network-to-terminal) link but also as a solution for wireless backhauling.

The 3GPP is currently in the concluding stage of LTE Release 11. In addition to further refining some of the features introduced in Release 10, Release 11 includes basic functionality for coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission and reception, as well as enhanced support for heterogeneous deployments. The latter refers to the deployment of low-power network nodes under the coverage of on overlaid layer of macro nodes.

In June 2012, a 3GPP RAN workshop about the Release 12 scope took place in order to prepare the next evolution step of LTE. At that meeting requirements and potential technologies were identified. [4]

KEY CHALLENGESWhile they are currently dominant, the number of human-centric communication devices will be surpassed tenfold by “communicating machines” in the future [5], including surveillance cameras, smart-home and smart-grid devices, and connected sensors. Wireless communication systems

LTE RELEASE 12 AND BEYOND

LTE LTE-A LTE-B

Rel 8Rel 8 Rel 9Rel 9 Rel 10Rel 10 Rel 11Rel 11 Rel 12Rel 12 Rel 13Rel 13

Further evolution of LTE– Release 12 and beyondFurther evolution of LTE– Release 12 and beyond

Figure 1: The evolution of LTE beyond LTE-A.

Source: Ericsson

LTE Rel.12 scheduled on March 2015

Before closing: Where we stand now?

LTE-U: Aggregating lisenced and unlisenced bands

LTE in Lisenced spectrum (700MHz-3.5GHz)

LTE in Unlisenced spectrum (5GHz)

Carrier aggregation

Source: http://www.computerworld.com/article/2861352/ericsson-pushes-plan-to-send-wireless-apps-over-unlicensed-5ghz-spectrum.html

First LTE-U (indoor) products coming to the markets already 2015

Summary of expected developments

Strategy Dialogue ELEC Spring 2014

LTE backward compatible evolution up to 5-10GHz

LTE based non-backward compatible technology up to 30GHz

New radio access technology over 30GHz frequencies

5G below 5-10GHz: Small cells and improved integration of 2G-4G technologies, effective use of all band resources 5G on 5-10GHz-30GHz: Dense networks and LTE based new radio access, many new features 5G above 30GHz: Ultra dense networks – if any - new mmWave radio access, extra high rates

D2D

M2M

V2I

Remark: These represent solely author’s views Remark: Many emerging 5G aspects were omitted,

see list few slides before