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1. (a) (i) award both marks for correct answer

10 000 / 800 000 ( 100);1.25 / 1.3 / 1(%); 2

(ii) R any reference to energy / light missing the plant

reflected (off plant) / only certain wavelength of light can !e" a! or!ed /# ed; oraa! or!ed !y / hit " non$photo ynthetic part ; e.g. !ar

pa e thro#gh leaf / &i e chlorophyll / &i e chloropla t ;o&e i heat that i # ed in evaporation / re piration; &a' 2

(iii) !acteria / na&ed !acteri#& deco&po er; ( Nitrobacter " Nitrosomonas ) 1

(iv) take the first 2 answers

death / dead re&ain ;

e'cretion; R waste productsege tion;other #ita!le &ethod; e.g. in ect &o#lting

hatched egg&o#lting (f#r / feather )R leaves 2

(!) Primary consumers are eating and

prod#cer have" cell wall / cell#lo e; oradiffic#lt to dige t / ch &aterial" wa ted / ege ted;energy # ed !y g#t &icroorgani & ; orach &aterial cannot !e eaten (!y pri&ary con #&er); ora 3

[10]

2. (a) tart with previo# ly #ncoloni ed area / !are gro#nd / !are roc / *+;ref to pioneer pecie / na&ed pioneer;erie of recogni a!le" ere / tage ;

progre e to" cli&a' / final e,#ili!ri#& tage; &a' 2

(!) ta!ili e environ&ent;oil develop&ent / increa e h# / organic &aterial;change oil p-;hold &ore water;relea e &ore &ineral or n#trient / increa e content or fi' / hold

ion ;for& &icroha!itat / red#ce e'po #re / provide helter / red#ce ero ion; &a' 3

Macmillan Academy 1

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(d) (no fr#it &ay &ean) c#rvy/de cri!ed; R vitamin C deficiency unless qualified

rai ed" chole terol/7 7" level in !lood; R intakefatty #! tance depo ited in artery wall /athero clero i ;coronary arterie ;

narrow l#&en;red#ce " !lood/o'ygen" delivered to heart cle;- /heart attac /angina;thro&!o i /clot;rai ed !lood pre #re/hyperten ion;tro e;

tre on liver;tre on idney;d#e to e'ce protein/a&ino acid /#rea;

*9:;*9:; e.g. depo ition of #!c#taneo# fat/*+

o!e itytre on ointanore'ia/!#li&ia/o! e ion on dietcon tipation

!owel cancer hypoglycae&iagiddinelethargy/fatig#e/tiredne [but R lack of energy ! 3 &a'

[9]

5. relea e of car!on dio'ide;fro& f#ngal re piration;availa!le for photo ynthe i /car!on fi'ation;e'tracell#lar dige tion;na&ed en y&e( );relea e of" inorganic #! tance/&ineral /na&ed &ineral; R nutrients" nitrogen

A nitrogenous compound #pta e thro#gh" root /root hair ;na&ed # e of &ineral in plant ;ref. to h# ;ref. to !eneficial role of h# in oil; e.g. increa e water retention" i&prove oil

tr#ct#re" ta!ili e oil &a' < [4]

Macmillan Academy 3

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carbonin" !ioche&ical /&acro&olec#le ; A in organic matter e.g. car!ohydrate/protein/lipid/n#cleotide/n#cleic acid;A named e#amplesgrowth;repair;*9:; e.g. detail of any point) % ma# &a' energy);3 photo ynthe i ;4 not all energy trapped and rea on;

Macmillan Academy 11

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5 energy # ed for" plant &eta!oli & / plant proce e / e.g.; A re piration6 o thi energy not" pa ed on / availa!le" to con #&er;7 ( o&e energy) # ed for" growth / torage;

o thi energy i " pa ed on / availa!le" to con #&er;

! 1o con #&er / her!ivore" eat " prod#cer / plant;1" o&e prod#cer" not edi!le / not acce i!le / e.g.;

11 o&e" not dige ted / ege ted / lo t a faece ;

12 2o con #&er / carnivore / o&nivore" eat " 1 o con #&er / her!ivore;13 o&e part of ani&al not edi!le / e.g.;

14 energy # ed !y ani&al in &oving (to feed);15 energy" # ed / lo t" in" dige tion / e'cretion / weating /

e.g.; A re piration

16 tran fer / lo " to" deco&po er / !acteria / f#ngi / aprotroph ;

17 energy lo t a heat fro& re piration;1 net prod#ctivity H gro prod#ctivity L re piration;1! o&e ref to e ti&ate of efficiency of tran fer (a general tate&ent);2" ,#ote of (co&parative) fig#re fro& diagra&;21 &anip#lation of fig#re to ill# trate a point; %&' ??12 and 1

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repeat (1< ti&e ); &a'