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Transcript of 5-1 McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved.
5-1
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved.
5-2
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Part Two:
The Role of Culture
International Management,5th ed.
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International Management,
5th ed.
Hodgetts and Luthans
Chapter Five
The Meanings and Dimensions of Culture
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DEFINE the term “culture,” and discuss some of the comparative ways of differentiating cultures
DESCRIBE the concept of cultural values, and relate some of the international differences, similarities, and changes occurring in terms of both work and managerial values
IDENTIFY the major dimensions of culture relevant to work settings, and discuss their effect on behavior in an international environment
DISCUSS the value of country cluster analysis and relational orientations in developing effective international management practices
Objectives of the Chapter
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The Nature of Culture
Culture The acquired knowledge that people use to interpret
experience and generate social behavior Cultural knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and
influences behavior Characteristics of culture include:
Learned Shared Transgenerational Symbolic Patterned Adaptive
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Table 5-1 Priorities of Cultural Values
United States 1. Freedom 2. Independence 3. Self-reliance 4. Equality 5. Individualism 6. Competition 7. Efficiency 8. Time 9. Directness10. Openness
Arab Countries 1. Family security 2. Family harmony 3. Parental guidance 4. Age 5. Authority 6. Compromise 7. Devotion 8. Patience 9. Indirectness10. Hospitality
Japan 1. Belonging 2. Group harmony 3. Collectiveness 4. Age/seniority 5. Group consensus 6. Cooperation 7. Quality 8. Patience 9. Indirectness10. Go-between
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Management Approaches Affected by Cultural Diversity
CulturalDiversity
Sort-term vs.long-term horizons
Stability vs.innovation
Individual vs.group rewards Cooperation vs.
competition
Centralized vs. Decentralized
decision making
Informal vs.formal procedures
Safety vs. risk High vs. loworganizational
loyalty
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Figure 5-1 A Model of Culture
Explicit artifacts andproducts of the society
Implicit, basic assumptions that guide
people’s behavior
Norms and valuesthat guide the society
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The Nature of Culture (cont.)
Values in Culture Values
Basic convictions that people have regarding what is right and wrong, good and bad, important and unimportant
Research has identified both differences and similarities in values of different cultural groups
Values in transition Changes taking place in managerial values as a result of both
culture and technology Research on Japanese managers
Individualism on the rise in Japan
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Figure 5-2 Comparing Cultures as Overlapping Normal Distribution
French Culture U.S. Culture
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Figure 5-3 Stereotyping from the Cultural Extremes
French Culture U.S. Culture
How Americans see the French• arrogant•flamboyant•hierarchical•emotional
How French see Americans• naive
•aggressive•unprincipled
•workaholic
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Cultural Dimensions
Geert Hofstede Power distance - extent to which less powerful members of
organizations accept the unequal power distribution Uncertainty avoidance - extent to which people feel
threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these
Individualism - tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only Collectivism - tendency of people to belong to groups or
collectives and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty Masculinity - culture in which the dominant values are
success, money, and things Femininity - dominant values are caring for others and quality of
life
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Attitudinal Dimensions of Culture
Work Value and Attitude Similarities Research has revealed many similarities in both work
values and attitudes Ronen and Kraut
Smallest space analysis (SSA) - maps the relationship among countries by showing the distance between each on various cultural dimensions
Can identify country clusters Ronen and Shenkar
Examined variables in four categories Importance of work goals Need deficiency, fulfillment, and job satisfaction Managerial and organizational variables Work role and interpersonal orientation
Identified eight country clusters and four independent countries
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Figure 5-8 A Synthesis of Country Cultures
NORDIC
FinlandDenmark
Sweden
NEAREASTERN
Turkey
GreeceIranARAB
Oman
Bahrain
Abu-Dhabi
Saudi Arabia
GERMANIC
Austria
Germany
Switzerland
FAREASTERN
MalaysiaSingaporeHongKong
PhilippinesIndonesia
Taiwan
INDEPENDENTIndiaJapan
IsraelBrazil
ANGLO
United Kingdom
Canada
United States
Ireland
South AfricaLATIN
AMERICAN
Argentina
MexicoChile
Peru
LATINEUROPEAN
France
Belgium
Italy Spain
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Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions
Research produced five cultural dimensions that are based on relationship orientations and attitudes toward both time and the environment
Universalism vs. Particularism Universalism - belief that ideas and practices can be
applied everywhere in the world without modification Focus on formal rules and rely on business contacts
Particularism - belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied and something cannot be done the same everywhere Focus on relationships, working things out to suit the parties
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Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions (cont.)
Individualism vs. Communitarianism Individualism - people regard themselves as individuals
Rely on individuals to make decisions Communitarianism - people regard themselves as part
of a group Seek consultation and mutual consent before making decisions
Neutral vs. Emotional Neutral - culture in which emotions are held in check
People try not to show their feelings Emotional - culture in which emotions are expressed
openly and naturally People smile, talk loudly, greet each other with enthusiasm
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Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions (cont.)
Specific vs. Diffuse Specific - culture in which individuals have a large
public space they readily share with others and a small private space they guard closely and share with only close friends and associates People often are open and extroverted Work and private life are separate
Diffuse - culture in which both public and private space are similar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully, because entry into public space affords entry into private space as well People often appear indirect and introverted, and work and
private life often are closely linked
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Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions (cont.)
Achievement vs. Ascription Achievement - culture in which people are accorded
status based on how well they perform their functions Ascription - culture in which status is attributed based
on who or what a person is For example, status may be accorded on the basis of age,
gender, or social connections
Time Sequential approach to time - people do one thing at a
time, keep appointments strictly, follow plans to the letter
Synchronous approach - people do more than one thing at a time, appointments are approximate
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Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions (cont.)
Environment Inner-directed
People believe in controlling environmental outcomes
Outer-directed People believe in allowing things to take their natural course
Cultural Patterns or Clusters Defined groups of countries that are similar to each
other in terms of the five dimensions and the orientations toward time and the environment
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Table 5-5Trompenaars’ Cultural Groups
Anglo cluster
Relationship United States United Kingdom
Individualism x x
Communitarianism
Specific relationship x x
Diffuse relationship
Universalism x x
Particularism
Neutral relationship x
Emotional relationship x
Achievement x x
Ascription
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Table 5-5Trompenaars’ Cultural Groups
Asian cluster
Relationship Japan China Indonesia Hong Kong Singapore
Individualism
Communitarianism x x x x x
Specific relationship
Diffuse relationship x x x x x
Universalism
Particularism x x x x x
Neutral relationship x x x x
Emotional relationship x
Achievement
Ascription x x x x x
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Table 5-5Trompenaars’ Cultural Groups
Latin American cluster
Relationship Argentina Mexico Venezuela Brazil
Individualism x x x
Communitarianism
Specific relationship
Diffuse relationship x x x x
Universalism
Particularism x x x x
Neutral relationship x x x
Emotional relationship x
Achievement x x
Ascription x x
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Table 5-5Trompenaars’ Cultural Groups
Latin-European cluster
Relationship France Belgium Spain Italy
Individualism x
Communitarianism x x x
Specific relationship x x
Diffuse relationship x x
Universalism x x x
Particularism x
Neutral relationship x
Emotional relationship x x x
Achievement x
Ascription x x x
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Table 5-5Trompenaars’ Cultural Groups
Germanic cluster
Relationship Austria Germany Switzerland Czechoslovakia
Individualism x
Communitarianism x x x
Specific relationship x x x
Diffuse relationship x
Universalism x x x x
Particularism
Neutral relationship x x
Emotional relationship x x
Achievement x x x
Ascription x