4.Physics-solar System

8/7/2019 4.Physics-solar System

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Unit 1

The Definition of a Solar System

A solar system consists of a star and all the objects

orbiting it as well as all the material in that system. Our SolarSystem includes the Sun together with the eight planets andtheir moons as well as all other celestial bodies that orbit thesun.

Besides the sun, 8 planets andtheir moons, our Solar System

contains billions of other objectsand extends far beyond theoutermost planets. There are several

hundred thousand asteroids revolving around the Sun. Mosthave orbits between Mars and Jupiter. Also, in addition to themore than 800 comets we have recorded passing through theinner part of the solar system, there are billions more lying in

the area surrounding the solar system. They are in the disk ofdebris known as the Kuiper belt and the cloud of cometsknown as the Oort cloud.

Next, to a smaller scale, there are countless meteoroids(some of which include cemetery debris and fragments fromthe collision of larger bodies), some of which approach Earth's

orbit closely enough to be known as near Earth objects.Finally, billions of objects (many the size of a speck of dust)cross through our atmosphere as meteors or micrometeoroidseach day, usually completely unnoticed.

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Unit 2

Sun as the Center of the Solar System

Sun is the center and the main component of this Solar

System. The Sun is categorized as a star and has size of332.832 times the mass of The Earth. The distance from The

Sun and The Milky way is about 30.000 light year, and

1,496x108 km from The Earth.

Space things keep moving around The Sun because the

Suns mass is greater than the others. The amount of a space

things gravitation is also influenced by the distance from The

Sun. The farther the distance, the smaller the gravitation.

The closest star from The Sun is called Proxima

Centaury. It is 4,23 light year far from the sun.

Unit 3

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Sun as a Star

The Sun is categorized as a star because :

1. It radiates its own light.

2. Has the same light spectrum.

3. The energy is made because of the nuclear fusion.

The sun is one kind of dwarf yellow

star type (type G V)In the middle size. In metalisity, The

Sun is categorized as population I star.

This kind of stars production ends

longer in the solar system level, so, it

contains heavier elements than Hydrogen and Helium (that is

metal in astronomical term).

The diameter of The Sun is 1.400.000 km, or in other

words, 100 times longer than The Earths diameter. The

gravitation at The Sun is stronger than at The Earth. It is 28

times stronger.

The temperature of The Sun in the core is about14.000.0000C, while the surfaces temperature is rather cold,

it is about 5.000-6.0000C. Two largest amount of elements

that form The Sun is Hydrogen (75%) and Helium (20%).

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Unit 3.1

Parts of the Sun

The Sun consists of three layers :

1. Solar Atmosphere

2. Photosphere

3. Solar Core

1. Solar AtmosphereIts the outest part of The Sun, majorly consists of Hydrogen.

It consists of two parts :

a. Corona

This layer can be seen when

Solar eclipse happens in the form of

white circle around The Sun. Corona

contains very thick gas and its

temperature is 1.000.000 K. Corona is

grey because of crash of ions in high

temperature.

b. Chromosphere

This layer can also be seen when solar eclipse

happens. Chromosphere is arranged by Hydrogen. The

temperature at chromosphere near corona reaches 10.000

K, while in the outer layer is about 4.000 K.

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2.Photosphere

Photospheres thickness is about 320 km. The light of

photosphere is yellow can be seen from Earth because the hot

of the gas in photosphere radiates light in strong intensity

and has temperature of 5.0000C-6.0000C. Photosphere is

arranged by 94% of Hydrogen, 5,9% of Helium, and 0,1% of

other heavier elements. There are sunspots, facule, and

granule in this layer.

3.The Suns core

The temperature at the core reaches 15.000.000 Kand its radius is about 175.000 km (0-0,25 of The Suns

radius). Fusion reaction from Hydrogen to Helium happens

here, and The Suns energy is made here. It has high density,

that is 150.000 kg/m3. There are convection and radiation

zone here.

Unit 4

The Definition of Planets

A planet (from Greek , alternative form of

"wanderer") is a celestial body orbiting a star or

stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its

own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear

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fusion, and has cleared its neighboring region of

planetesimals.

Planets are generally divided into two main types: large,

low-density gas giants (Jovian), and smaller, rockyterrestrials. Under IAU definitions, there are eight planets

in the Solar System. In order of increasing distance from

the Sun, they are the four terrestrials, Mercury, Venus,

Earth, and Mars, then the four gas giants, Jupiter, Saturn,

Uranus, and Neptune.

Apart from the planets, the SolarSystem also contains at least five dwarfplanets and hundreds of thousands ofsmall solar system bodies. With theexception of Mercury and Venus, allplanets are orbited by one or more

natural satellites.

Unit 4.1

Mercury

Mercury is the innermost and smallest planet in the Solar

System, orbiting the Sun once every 87.969 days. It completes threerotations about the axis for every two orbits. The perihelion of

Mercury's orbit processes around the Sun at an excess of 43 arc

seconds per century; a phenomenon that was explained in the 20th

century by Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. Since

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Mercury is normally lost in the glare of the Sun, unless there is a solar

eclipse, Mercury can only be viewed in morning or evening twilight.

Comparatively little is known about Mercury;

ground-based telescopes reveal only an illuminated

crescent with limited detail. The first of two

spacecraft to visit the planet was Mariner 10, which

mapped only about 45% of the planets surface from

1974 to 1975. The second is the MESSENGER spacecraft, which

mapped another 30% during its flyby of January 14, 2008. A final flyby

took place in September 2009. MESSENGER is scheduled to attain

orbital insertion around Mercury in 2011, and will then survey and mapthe entire planet.

Mercury is similar in appearance to the Moon: it is heavily

cratered with regions of smooth plains, has no natural satellites and no

substantial atmosphere. However, unlike the moon, it has a large iron

core, which generates a magnetic field about 1% as strong as that of

the Earth. It is an exceptionally dense planet due to the large relative

size of its core. Surface temperatures range from about 90 to 700 K

(183 C to 427 C, 297 F to 801 F), with the sub solar point being

the hottest and the bottoms of craters near the poles being the

coldest.

Mercurys surface is overall very similar in appearance to that of

the Moon, showing extensive mare-like plains and heavy cratering,

indicating that it has been geologically inactive for billions of years.Since our knowledge of Mercury's geology has been based on the 1975

Mariner flyby and terrestrial observations, it is the least understood

of the terrestrial planets. As data from the recent MESSENGER flyby

is processed this knowledge will increase. For example, an unusual

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crater with radiating troughs has been discovered which scientists are

calling "the spider.

Unit 4.2

The Hot and Smolder Venus

Venus is the second-closest planet to the Sun, orbiting it every

224.7 Earth days. The planet is named after Venus, the Roman goddess

of love and beauty. After the Moon, it is the brightest natural object

in the night sky. Because Venus is an inferior planet from Earth, it

never appears to venture far from the Sun. Venus reaches its maximum

brightness shortly before sunrise or shortly after sunset, for which

reason it is often called the Morning Staror the Evening Star.

Classified as a terrestrial planet, it is sometimes

called Earth's "sister planet" because they are similar in

size, gravity, and bulk composition. Venus is covered with

an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric

acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light.Venus has the densest atmosphere of all the terrestrial planets,

consisting mostly of carbon dioxide, as it has no carbon cycle to lock

carbon back into rocks and surface features, nor organic life to absorb

it in biomass.

Venus's surface was a subject of speculation until some of itsSecrets were revealed by planetary science in the twentieth century.The ground shows evidence of extensive volcanism, and the sulfur inthe atmosphere may indicate that there have been some recenteruptions. However, the absence of evidence of lava flow accompanyingany of the visible caldera remains an enigma. The planet has few impactcraters, demonstrating that the surface is relatively young,approximately half a billion years old.

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Unit 4.3

Earth, Our Home

Earth (or the Earth) is the third planet from the

Sun, and the fifth-largest of the eight planets in the

Solar System. It is also the largest, most massive, and

densest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets.

It is sometimes referred to as the World, the Blue Planet, or by its

Latin name, Terra.

Home to millions of species including humans, Earth is the only

place in the Universe where life is known to exist. The planet formed

4.54 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface within a billion

years. The physical properties of the Earth, as well as its geological

history and orbit, have allowed life to persist during this period.

About 71% of the surface is covered with salt-water oceans, the

remainder consisting of continents and islands; liquid water, necessary

for all known life, is not known to exist on any other planet's surface.

Earth's interior remains active, with a thick layer of relatively solid

mantle, a liquid outer core that generates a magnetic field, and a solid

iron inner core.

Earth interacts with other objects in outer space, including the

Sun and the Moon. This is a sidereal year, which is equal to 365.26

solar days. The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4 away from the

perpendicular to its orbital plane, producing seasonal variations on the

planet's surface with a period of one tropical year (365.24 solar days).

Earth's only known natural satellite, the Moon, which began orbiting it

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about 4.53 billion years ago, provides ocean tides, stabilizes the axial

tilt and gradually slows the planet's rotation.

Unit 4.4

The Red and Rocky Mars

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The

planet is named after the Roman god of war, Mars. It is also referred

to as the "Red Planet" because of its reddish appearance, which is

caused by iron oxide that is prevalent on its surface. Unlike Earth,

Mars is now a geologically inactive planet with no known tectonic

activity. The smooth Borealis basin in the northern hemisphere may bea giant impact feature, covering 40% of the planet.

Until the first flyby of Mars occurred in 1965,

by Mariner 4, many speculated about the presence of

liquid water on the planet's surface. This was based on

observed periodic variations in light and dark patches,

which appeared to be seas and continents; long, darkstriations were interpreted by some as irrigation channels for liquid

water. From all the planets in the Solar System other than Earth, Mars

is the most likely to harbor liquid water, and thus to harbor life.

Geological evidence gathered by unmanned missions suggest that

Mars once had large-scale water coverage on its surface, while small

geyser-like water flows may have occurred during the past decade. In

2005, radar data revealed the presence of large quantities of water

ice at the poles, and at mid-latitudes. The Phoenix Mars Lander

directly sampled water ice in shallow martian soil on July 31, 2008.

Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are small and

irregularly shaped. Observations by NASA's now-defunct Mars Global

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Surveyorshow evidence that parts of the southern polar ice cap have

been receding.

Unit 4.5

The Giant Jupiter

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet

within the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass slightly less than

one-thousand of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the

other planets in our Solar System combined. Jupiter is classified as a

gas giant (known as Jovian) along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

The Romans named the planet after the Roman god Jupiter. When

viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of 2.94,

making it on average the third-brightest object in the night sky after

the Moon and Venus. (Mars can briefly match Jupiter's brightness at

certain points in its orbit.)

Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its

mass being helium; it may also have a rocky core of heavier elements.

A prominent result is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known

to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen

by telescope.

Surrounding the planet is a faint planetary ring

system and a powerful magnetosphere. There are

also at least 63 moons, including the four largemoons called the Galilean moons that were first

discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the

largest of these moons, has a diameter greater than

that of the planet Mercury.

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Unit 4.6

Saturn, The Ringed

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sunand the second largest planet in the SolarSystem, after Jupiter. Saturn, along withJupiter, Uranus and Neptune, is classifiedas Jovian, meaning "Jupiter-like", planets.

Saturn is named after the Roman god Saturn. The planet Saturn

is composed of hydrogen, with small proportions of helium and traceelements.

Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1,800 k m/h, significantly

faster than those on Jupiter. Saturn has a planetary magnetic field

intermediate in strength between that of Earth and the more

powerful field around Jupiter.

Sixty-one known satellite orbit the planet, not counting hundredsof "moonlets" within the rings. Titan, Saturn's largest and the Solar

System's second largest moon (after Jupiter's Ganymede), is larger

than the planet Mercury and is the only moon in the Solar System to

possess an atmosphere.

Saturn is probably best known for its system of planetary rings,which makes it the most visually remarkable object in the solar

system. They extend from 6,630 km to 120,700 km above Saturn'sequator, average approximately 20 meters in thickness, and arecomposed of 93 % water ice, and 7 % amorphous carbon. There aretwo main theories regarding the origin of Saturn's rings. One theoryis that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn. The

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second theory is that the rings are left over from the originalnebular material from which Saturn formed.

Unit 4.7

Uranus, the Giant Ice

Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun, and the third-largestand fourth most massive planet in the Solar System. It is namedafter the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus (AncientGreek: ) the father of Cronus (Saturn) and grandfather ofZeus (Jupiter).

Though it is visible to the naked eye like the fiveclassical planets, it was never recognized as a planetby ancient observers because of its dimness and sloworbit. Sir William Herschel announced its discovery onMarch 13, 1781, expanding the known boundaries ofthe Solar System for the first time in modern history. Uranus wasalso the first planet discovered with a telescope.

Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both havedifferent compositions from those of the larger gas giants Jupiterand Saturn. Uranus's atmosphere, while similar to Jupiter andSaturn's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium, containsmore "ices" such as water, ammonia and methane, along with tracesof hydrocarbons. It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the SolarSystem, with a minimum temperature of 49 K (224 C). In contrastthe interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock.

Like the other giant planets, Uranus has a ring system, amagnetosphere, and numerous moons. The Uranian system has aunique configuration among the planets because its axis of rotationis tilted sideways, nearly into the plane of its revolution about theSun. As such, its north and south poles lie where most other planetshave their equators. Seen from Earth, Uranus's rings can sometimes

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appear to circle the planet like an archery target and its moonsrevolve around it like the hands of a clock, though in 2007 and 2008the rings appeared edge-on.

Unit 4.8The Sea God Neptune

Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun in our Solar System.Named for the Roman god of the sea, it is the fourth-largest planetby diameter and the third-largest by mass. Neptune is 17 times themass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twinUranus, which is 15 Earth masses and not as dense.

Discovered on September 23, 1846, Neptune was the first planetfound by mathematical prediction rather than by empiricalobservation. Neptune was subsequently observed by Johann Gallewithin a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier, andits largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, thoughnone of the planet's remaining 12 moons were located telescopicallyuntil the 20th century. Neptune has been visited by only one

spacecraft, Voyager 2, which flew by the planet on August 25, 1989.In contrast to the relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus,

Neptune's atmosphere is notable for its active and visible weatherpatterns. At the time of the 1989 Voyager 2flyby, for example, theplanet's southern hemisphere possessed a Great Dark Spotcomparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weatherpatterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planetin the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as

2,100 km/h.

Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outeratmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, withtemperatures at its cloud tops approaching 218 C (55 K).Temperatures at the planet's centre, however, are approximately5,400 K (5,000 C). Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system,

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which may have been detected during the 1960s but was onlyindisputably confirmed in 1989 by Voyager 2.

Unit 5

Inter-Planetary Objects

Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets or planetoids, are small Solar

System bodies in orbit around the Sun, especially in the inner Solar System;

they are smaller than planets but larger than meteoroids. The term

"asteroid" has historically been applied primarily to minor planets of the

inner Solar System, as the outer Solar System was poorly known when it

came into common usage. The distinction between asteroids and comets is

made on visual appearance. Cometsshow a perceptible comawhile asteroids

do not. The first asteroid discovered was Ceres, discovered in 1801 by

Giuseppe Piazzi. At that time, referred to as a

planetoid asteroid already as many as hundreds

of thousands of asteroids in our solar system

found, and now this new discovery with an

average of 500 every month.

Comets are small, frozen mass of dust and gas revolving around the sun in aparabolic or elliptical orbit. Comet tails always moving away from sunlight,

because the force of solar radiation. When comet approached the sun, its

surface becomes vaporized by the heat. This evaporation causes a bright

light. Big ballof gas and dust appear around the nucleus. Ball of gas and dust

are called Coma. Comet in the sky a long tail similar to incandescent light or

long hair female. Therefore, comet tail was often

called the staror star-haired long. The brightest

comet ever observed the Comet Halley, with theappearance of 76-year period. Comet parts are:

nucleus, coma, a cloud of hydrogen, and tail.

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Meteoroid are a solid objects moving in interplanetary

space, of a size considerably smaller than an asteroid

and larger than an atom. When entering theatmosphere of a planet, meteoroids will be heated and

will be partially or completely evaporated. Gases along

the path will be ionized and glow. Impressions of

luminous gas is called a meteor, or shooting star. If

some of these meteoroids reach the ground, it will be called a meteorite.

Unit 5.1

Satellites as Accompanist Planet

A natural satellite or moon is a celestial body that orbits a

planet or smaller body, which is called the primary.

Technically, the term natural satellite could refer to a planet

orbiting a star, or a dwarf galaxy orbiting a major galaxy, butit is normally synonymous with moon and used to identify non-

artificial satellites of planets, dwarf planets, and minor planets.

Artificial satellites are object constructed by humans and

placed in orbit around the earth or other celestial body (see

also space probe). The satellite is lifted from the earth's

surface by a rocket and, once placed in orbit, maintains itsmotion without further rocket propulsion. The first artificial

satellite, Sputnik I, was launched on Oct. 4, 1957, by the USSR; a test

payload of a radio beacon and a thermometer demonstrated the feasibility

of orbiting a satellite. Indonesia since 1976 has become a State which has a

satellite as a means of telecommunications. At that time Indonesia was the

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third country in the world who use its domestic satellite communications

system, after the USA and Canada.

Unit 6

Moon as a Satellite Earth

The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite and the fifth largest

satellite in the Solar System. The average centre-to-centre

distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384,403 kilometers

(238,857 mi), about thirty times the diameter of the Earth. Thecommon centre of mass of the system (the barycentre) is located at

about 1,700 kilometers (1,100 mi)a quarter the Earth's radius

beneath the surface of the Earth. The Moon makes a complete orbit

around the Earth every 27.3 days (the orbital period).

The Moon's diameter is 3,474 kilometers

(2,159 mi), a little more than a quarter of Earth's.

Thus, the Moon's surface area is less than a tenth

of the Earth (about a quarter of Earth's land area),

and its volume is about 2 percent that of Earth. The

pull of gravity at its surface is about 17 percent of that at the

Earth's surface.

The Moon makes a complete orbit around the Earth with respect

to the fixed stars about once every 27.3 days (its sidereal period).However, since the Earth is moving in its orbit about the Sun at the

same time, it takes slightly longer for the Moon to show the same

phase to Earth, which is about 29.5 days (its synodic period). Unlike

most satellites of other planets, the Moon orbits near the ecliptic

and not the Earth's equatorial plane.

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The relative sizes and separation of the EarthMoon system, to

scale. The yellow line travels from the Earth to the Moon in the

same time that an actual beam of light would take to reach the Moon

from the Earth: 1.255 seconds at the mean orbital distance.

UNIT 7

Earths

Rotation

Beside revolving the sun, earth also turns around on its axis. The

rotary motion or earth around its axis is called earths rotation. Ittakes 24 hours to complete one rotation or 360 of longitude. It

means that 1 of longitude is reached in 4 minutes.

The effects of the earths rotation are:- The sun and the other celestial objects appear to move from the

east to the west.- There will be a time difference between the places with

different longitude.- Changes between night and day.- A bulge around the equator and an oblate around the poles.

Unit 8

Earths RevolutionThe earths revolution is the movement

of earth around the sun. when the earthrevolves, the earth axis is not perpendicular tothe planet of the ecliptic, but it has an axis

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tilt 66.5. The orbital period of the earth is 365 days or one solaryear.

The earth has four different positions on its orbit:

A. On March 21

st

On March 21 , the sun is located exactly at the equator. So, from

March 21 to June 21 , the northern hemisphere will be spring,

and the southern hemisphere will be autumn

B. On June 21On June 21, the northern hemisphere is more exposed by the

rays of the sun, which is apparently located at 23.5 N latitude.

So from June 21 to September 23, the southern hemisphere is inthe winter, meanwhile the northern hemisphere is in summer.

C. On September 23On September 23, both the northern hemisphere and the

southern hemisphere are far from the sun, which is apparently

located at the equator. So, from 23 to December 21, the

northern hemisphere is autumn, meanwhile the southern

hemisphere is in spring.

D. On December 21On December 21, the sun is apparently located at 23.5 S

latitude. So, from December 21 to March 21, the southern

hemisphere is in summer. On the contrary, the northern

hemisphere is in winter.

From the explanation above, we can see that the sun seems

to move from equator to the 23.5 N latitude, go back to the

equator, move again to 23.5 S latitude and go back to the

equator. The displacement is called the apparent motion of the

sun.

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The effects of the earths revolution are:

- Changes in season.- Changes in the length of daytime.- The apparent motion of the sun- The appearance of different constellations every month.

Unit 9

Eclipse

Eclipse is caused by the shadow of the earth or the moon whenthey are in a straight line. The shadow is divided into two regions,are:

- the main shadow or the umbrathe umbra forms a cone -shaped region of shadow from the earthor the moon. The moons umbra has a length about 370,000 km,meanwhile the earths umbra has a length about 1,376,000 km.

- the outer shadow or the penumbra

lunar eclipseA lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters the shadow of the

earth. The earth positioned between the sun and the moon. Asthe consequence, the sunlight is blocked by earth, but the moonis not completely dark. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the

moon pass through the earth umbra; a partial lunar eclipseoccurs when the moon partially crosses the earths umbra; andpenumbral lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters theearths penumbra.

solar eclipse

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A solar occurs when the moons shadowcrosses the earths surface. The moon islocated between the earth and the sun. whenthe earths umbra crosses an area on theearths surface, a total solar eclipse willoccur on the area (about 6 minute). The solar eclipse takesplace at daytime. A partial solar eclipse occurs when the moonspenumbra crosses an area on the earths surface which ispartially blocked the sunlight on that area.

Unit 10

Tidal

Ocean tideThe high tide is the rise of the sea water level meanwhile the

ebb tide is the reduction of the sea water level. The earth is

effected by the gravitational force of the moon, and the water

is more effected by moons gravity that the land. As a result,the areas which are in a straight line with the moons gravity

undergo a high tide. Due the earth rotation, he ocean tide in an

area is altered every six hours. Thus, a place will experience a

spring tide and neap tide twice a day.

a. the spring tidethe spring tide occurs around the full moon and new moon,

when the sun, the earth, and the moon are in a straight line.

Because the earths gravity and the moons gravity work an

opposite direction, then its result ocean tide. When the suns

gravity and the moons attract the earth in one direction,

there will be a maximum tide range.

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b. the neap tidethe neap tide is the minimum tide range which occurs in the

first or third quarter of the moon, when the suns gravity and

the moons gravity are perpendicular.

Unit 10

Did You Know?

Copernicus crater on the Moon.

This figure shows the beam pattern of dust thrown fromthe crater of one billion years ago, when an asteroid thesize of the diameter of more than one mile (1.6 km)

crashed into the moon.

Mars Approached Earth

This picture was taken in the minutes march toward Earthat closest position in 60,000 years on August 27 2003. Inthis picture, this red planet is 34,647,420 miles

(55,757,930 kilometers) from Earth.

Jupiters Giant Red Spot

Giant red spots is a huge storm system in Jupiter. He wasspinning like a cyclone, with a speed of 430 km / hour. Thisstorm, which is twice the size of Earth, the first time

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astronomers have witnessed during the 17th century telescope directs themto the planet. More than 300 years

later, he was still in progress.

Saturn (1996-2000)

When Saturn travels around the sun 29 years, its slopeallows us to view it from different viewpoints. Saturn alsogives the slope of the seasons. Picture bottom left showsthe fall season in the south and the top image shows thewinter.

Uranuss Sparkle Clouds

Color difference in this picture shows the altitude. Greenand blue areas indicate where the atmosphere is bright,allowing sunlight through deep into Uranus. Yellow areasand grey, an area where fog or clouds reflect the sun. Redand orange colors indicate very high clouds, like a cloud

Cirrus on earth.

4.Physics-solar System

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