4.Microbial Taxonomy

Classification of Microorganisms

DOMAIN : BACTERIA , ARCHAEA, EUKARYA

PHYLUM

CLASS :

ORDER : -ALES

SUBORDER : -INEAE

FAMILY :-CEAE

GENUS

SPECIES

SUBSPECIES

DOMAIN BACTERIA

NONPROTEOBACTERIA DEINOCOCCUS PROTEOBACTERIA FIRMICUTES ACTINOBACTERIA

gram negative gram positive

gram positive

NON PROTEOBACTERIA (gram negative)

PHYLUM Chlorob

i

PHYLUM Chlorofl

exi

PHYLUM Cyanobacter

ia

PHYLUM Deinococcus-Thermus

Radiation resistant, staingram +ve, aerobic, have OM and L-ornithine in PG, lack teichoic acid and PM has palmitoleic acid (no phosphatidyl glycerol phospholipids

CLASS: DenicocciORDER: Deniococcales ThermalesD. radiodurans

PHYLUM Aquificae

PHYLUM Thermotoga

e

Bacterial Thermophiles

•Oldest bacteria•Chemoautolithotro

phs•Aquifex

pyrophilus (85oC optimum and

max 95oC; chemolithoautotrop

h oxidizes H2, S2O3

2-, S with O2 as terminal acceptor)

•Hydrogenobacter

•Second oldest•Optimum 80oC and

max. 90oC•Chemoheterotroph

(glycolytic pathway) grow

anaerobically on CHO and prt

•Thermotoga (24% coding seq similar

to archaea)

Sphingolipids in CWCytophaga, Sporocytophaga

CLASSBacteroid

es

CLASSFlavobacteri

a

CLASSSphingobacteria

Digest complex carbhy. : chitin, pectin,

cellulose, keratin, agar

Anaerobic, chemoheterotropic,produce mixture of organic acids as fermentative

products

PHYLUM Spirochaetes

PHYLUM Planctomycet

es

PHYLUM Bacteroidet

es

PHYLUM Chlamydiae

Lack PGObligate

interacellular parasites, non

motileChlamydia trachomatisC. psittaci

Chlamydoiophila pneumoniae

Lack PGCompartmentalized cells

Intracytoplasmic membrane

(ICM)Anammoxosome

Motile free living,

symbiotic, parasiticTreponema palladiumBorrelia

burgdorferi

Closely related

PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA

•Form symbiotic relation ship with lichens, protozoa, fungi, plants

PHYLUM Chlorobi PHYLUM Chloroflexi PHYLUM Cyanobacteria

Anoxygenic Bacteria Oxygenic Bacteria


•Green Sulfur Bacteria

•CLASS Chlorobia•ORDER

Chlorobiaceae

•Use H2S, elemental Sulfur and H2 as e-

donors

•Rods, Cocci or Vibrios

•Chlorobium

•Green Non Sulfur Bacteria

•Photosyn and non photosyn

•e- donors (variety of sugars, aa, organic

acids and H2S, H2 and S•Some members are sulfur and some are

green

•Chloroflexus aurantiacus

•Cyanobacteria•Have chl and PSI and II;

blue green algae

•Phycobilisomes

•CO2 assm. By Calvin cycle (enzymes in carboxysomes)

•Have heterocysts to fix N2 (less NO2 and NH3)

•Trichodesmium (fix N2)•Nostoc, Anabaena (algal blooms), Microcystis, Oscillatoria (pollution resistant), Chlorococcus

•Prochlorophytes: have chl a, b lack phycobilins (only prokaryotes to possess chl

b)

•Green Sulfur Bacteria

•Bchla + c,d or e

•Chlorosomes

•Non motile

•Green Non Sulfur Bacteria

•Bchl and c

•Chlorosomes prst when grown

anaerobically

•Gliding

•Cyanobacteria

•Chl a +phycobiliprot

s. (phycocyanin

and phycoerythrin)

•Thalakoid membranes lines with

phycobilisomes

•Non motile

•Purple Non Sulfur Bacteria

•Bchl a or b

•Purple Sulfur Bacteria

•Bchl a or b

Anoxygenic Bacteria Oxygenic Bacteria


PHYLUM Chlorobi

PHYLUM Chloroflexi

PHYLUM Cyanobacteria

,-, - and -

proteobacteria

and - proteobact

eria

Desulfovibrionaceae

Desulfobacteralceae

Desulfuromonadalceae

Bdellovibrionaceae

Purple Sulfur bacteria

(Chromatiales) ThiotrichalesMethylococcalesPseudomonadalesVibrionales

EnterobacterialesPasteuralles

Campylobact--erales

Desulfovibrionales

Desulfobacterales

Desulfuromonadales

Bdellovibrionales

Myxococcales

PHYLUMProteobacteria

alpha deltagamma epsilonbeta

CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III CLASS IV CLASS V

Purple Non sulfur bacteria (Rhodospirillal

es)

Rickettesiales

Purple Non sulfur bacteria

NeisserialesBurkhoderialesNitrosomonadal

esHydrogenophila

les

ORDER ORDER ORDERORDERORDER

FAMILY

Rhodospirillaceae

RickettsiaceaeCaulobacteracea

eHyphomicrobiace

aeRhizobiaceae

NeisseriaceaeBurkhoderiaceaeNitrosomonadace

ae

FAMILYFAMILY

FAMILY

FAMILY

Chromatiaceae, Ectothiorhodospi

ra-ceaeThiotrichaceaeMethylococcaceaePseudomonadaceaeVibrionaceae

Enterobacteriaceae

Pasteurallaceae

Campylobact--eraceae

Helicobacteraceae

Nautiliaceae

(gram negative)




(gram negative)

Purple Non sulfur bacteria (Rhodospirillal

es)

RickettesialesRhizobiales

ORDER

FAMILY

Rhodospirillaceae

RickettsiaceaeCaulobacteracea

eHyphomicrobiace

aeRhizobiaceae

Bacteriochlorophylls a or bPhotosyn system in lamellar membranes continuous with PM, e- donor: org cpd: red. S cpds or H2Anoxygenic, photoorganoheterotrophsAnaerobic, motile S2- SO42- So SO42- Rhodospirullum, AzospillulumRickettesia prowazekii: lack glycolytic pathways use glu and TCA interm succinate. R. typhi: Typhus fever, R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain Spotted fever

Hyphomicrobium, Caulobacter

Rhizobium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Fix N2 to NH4, symbiotic with root nodules of Leguminosae

Not stimulate root nodules or fix N2, cause tumors (genes on plasmids)

PHYLUM Proteobacteria



(gram negative)

Purple Non sulfur bacteria NeisserialesBurkhoderialesNitrosomonadale

sHydrogenophilal

es

ORDER

NeisseriaceaeBurkhoderiaceaeNitrosomonadace

aeAlcaligenaceae

FAMILY

Some bacteria use H2, NH3, CH4, volatile fatty acids

Rhodocyclus

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis

Burkholderia cepacia (degrade 100 organic molecules) B.mallai and B. pseudomallai (bioterrorism)

Burkholderia and Ralstonia (FIX N2)

Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough)

Sphaerotilus (grows in polluted sewage or industrial waters) and Leptothrix (deposits large amount of Fe and MnO in its sheath

Nitrifying bacteriaNitrosomonas (ammonia to nitrite), NitrospiraSpirillum

Thiobacillus (colourless sulfur bacteria; sulfur oxidizing). T. ferrooxidans (Fe2+ as e- donor to Fe3+ & H2SO4)T.denitrificans (Nitrate to N2)Thiomicrospira (acid tolerance (pH 0.5-6)

NH4 oxidizing Bacteria (NH4 to NO2-)

Nitrosomonas europaea (b-proteobacteria)

Nitrosoccocus oceani (g-proteobacteria)

Nitrospira briensis (b-proteobacteria)

NO2- oxidizing Bacteria (NO2- to NO3)

Nitrobacter winogradskyi (a-proteobacteria)

Nitrosococcus mobilis (g-proteobacteria)

Denitrification

PseudomonasClostridium

Paracoccus denitrificans, Thiobacillis denitrificans

Nitrifying Bacteria

ThiospirillumThiocapsaChromatiumEctothiorhodospira




(gram negative)

Purple Sulfur bacteria

(Chromatiales) ThiotrichalesMethylococcalesPseudomonadalesVibrionales

EnterobacterialesPasteuralles

ORDER

FAMILYChromatiaceae, Ectothiorhodospi

ra-ceaeThiotrichaceaeMethylococcaceaePseudomonadaceaeVibrionaceae

Enterobacteriaceae

Pasteurallaceae

Strict anaerobes, photolithotrophsH2 to H2S S granules; H2 as e- donor

Largest subgroup

Oxidizes H2S S granules deposits internally. Beggaiatoa, Leucothrix, ThiotrixUse CH4, Methanol and red one Carbon cpds as carbon and energy in microaerobic conditions. Methylococcus, MethylomonasMotile with flagella, aerobic, functional TCA and oxidize completely to CO2 (sometimes use nitrate as terminal acceptor). Hexoses degraded by entner dourdoff than embeden meyerhoff.Important in mineralization, biofilms, metabolic regulation, pathogensP.putida, P.aeruginosa, P.flouresence, P.syringiae. Azotobacter (fix N2, nonsymbiotically(polar flagella) V. cholerae, V.parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, V. fischeri, Photobacterium (luciferase)

Peritrichous flagella, enteric bacteria. E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Yersinia, Erwinia, Serratia, ProteusSmall, non motile, parasitic. P.mulicida, P.haemolytica, H.influenza (meningitis)An

aerobic , G-ve ,

rods




(gram negative)

Desulfovibrionaceae

Desulfobacteralceae

Desulfuromonadalceae

Bdellovibrionaceae

Campylobact--erales

Desulfovibrionales

DesulfobacteralesDesulfuromonadale

sBdellovibrionales

Myxococcales

ORDERORDER

FAMILY

FAMILY Campylobact--eraceae

Helicobacteraceae

Nautiliaceae

Sulfate or S reducing bacteria, anaerobic, use S or SO4 as e- donorS SO4 H2S ATP (ETC)Desulfovibrio, Desulfuromonas Sulfur cycle in envt.Gliding motility, Found in soils in decaying matter. Myxococcus xanthus

Non growing predatory and intracellular reproductive (similar to phages forms plaques), multiple fission, polar flagellaBdellovibrio

Pathogenic and non pathogenic, microaerophillic, motile, helical, G-ve rods, cause septicemia to enteritis

C.jejuni: abortions in cattle and enteritis diahorrea in humansH.pylori:gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, produces urease and its hydrolysisNautilia: ox H2 and use S as e- acceptor

PHYLUMFirmicutes

Mollicutes (Mycoplasmas) Clostridia Bacillus (see next page)

CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III

MycoplasmatalesEntomoplasmatal

esAcholeplasmatalesAneroplasmata

les

ORDER ClostridialesORDER

ClostridiaceaeAcidominococcaceae

FAMILY

Low G + C gram positive

Stain gram negative

Ancestors gram positive, now lack CW and PG precursors, penicillin resistant but susceptible to lysis by osmotic shock and detergent treatmentATP by glycolysis or LA fermentation. None have complete TCAM.gentaliumM.pneumoniaeUreaplasma urealyticum

Smallest genomes in prokaryotes

Human

pathogens;

complete

genomes

sequenced

Obligate anaerobes, fermentative, form endospores

Clostridium botulinum: ferment aa to form ATP (Stickland Rn) NH3, H2S, FA, AminesC.tetani (tetanus), C.perfringens (gas gangrene; gen time 8-10min in human host)C.acetobutylicum (butanol)Desulfotomaculum SO4 S2- H2S (anaerobic)Helicobacterium and Heliophilum (photosyn, BChl g, PSI, pigments in PM)Vellionella (stain gram –ve, grows in lactate, malate ,pyruvate unable to ferment glucose)

PHYLUM Firmicutes

Mollicutes (Mycoplasmas) Clostridia Bacillus

CLASS I CLASS II CLASS IIILow G + C gram positive; <50%

BacillialesLactobacillales

BacilliaceaeThermoactinomycetaceaeStaphylococcaceaeListeriaceae

LeuconostocaceaeEnterococcaceaeStreptococcaceae

FAMILY

Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic (rods and cocci) Endospore forming, motile (peritrichous flagella)Bacillus subtilis (gene regulation, quorum sensing, cell differentiation, cell division) alternative factors in response to stressAntibiotic producing (bactracin, polymixin, gramicidin)B. cerus (food poisoning), B. anthracis (Anthrax), B.thuringiensis, B.sphaericus (mosquito larve)Thermoactinomycetes: thermophillic, 45-60oC,, high temperature habitats, true endospores. T. vulgarisCaryophynon (cow dung). Staphylococcus epidemidis (skin diseases, ab resistant) S. aureus (coagulase to clot blood plasma) causes food poisoning, skin and nasal membranes, GI tract and UT Listeria monocytogenes (food poisoning)•Lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB), non sporulating , motile. No cytochromes and

energy by SLP not by ETC and OP, facultatively anaerobic•Lactobacillus, grow in acidic conditions (pH 4.5-6.4)non pathogenic, dairy, meat, sewage, beer, fruits. Important in food and dairy industry to make fermented veg (sauerkraut, pickles), breverages (beer, wine, juices) sour dough bread, cheese, yogurt, sausages.•Streptococcus thermophilus, L. bulgaricus (diacetyl and acetaldehyde). L.plantarum (probiotic), L.lactis (curdles milk).Streptococcus pyrogenes (non motile, no endospores, pyrogenic, oral and others) Blood agar: - (green zone)and -hemolysis (clear zone). S. pneumoniae (a-hemolytic), S.mutans (Dental caries)•Enterococcus grow in 6.5% NaCl agents of transfer of Ab resistantce (intestinal tracts. E.faecalis (UTI and endocarditis)•Leuconostoc (wine production, frmentation (cabbage, cucumbers, milk, butter, cheese), grow in high sugar

ORDER

PHYLUM Actinobacteria

ActinobacteriaCLASS

High G + C gram positive; <50%

Filamentous hyphae and spores: substrate and aerial mycelium; produce secondary metabolites; form exosporesCW composition varies: PG composition and structure (DAP (meso or L isomer), aa in tetrapeptide side chain position3 (present or absent) and PG sugar content (arabinose, gal, madurose, xylose)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M.leprae. Streptomyces coelicolor, S.avermitilis: geneome

seq.Soil inhabitants, widely distributed, degrade enormous number and variety of organic cpds and mineralization of organic matter. Free living and pathogenic formsPG structure in gram positive bacteria

G+ve and G-ve bacteria: meso-DAP in position 3 is linked to free NH2gp with free COOH of terminal D-ala of adj. peptide (Bacillus, Clostridum, Coreynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia)

Other G+ve: lys substituted for DAP at position 3 and peptide subunits cross linked by interpeptide bridges l-carboxylic acids or Gly or both (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc)Streptomyces: L,L-DAP in position 3 and one Gly in interpeptide bridge


ActinobacteriaCLASS


ORDER

Actinomycetales AcidimicrobialesCoriobacterialesSphaerobacteralesRubrobacterales

SUB ORDER

ActinomycineaeMicrococcineaeCorynebacterineaeMicromonosporineaePropionibacterineaeStreptomycineaeStreptosporangineaeFrankineae

Bifidobacterales

Bifidobacteriaceae

FAMILY

ORDER ORDERS

PHYLUM ActinobacteriaActinobacteriaCLASS


ORDER

Actinomycetales

SUB ORDERActinomycineaeMicrococcineaeCorynebacterineaeMicromonosporineaePropionibacterineaeStreptomycineaeStreptosporangineaeFrankineae

CW contains Lys not DAP or gly, facultative or strict anaerobes, CO2 for optimal growth. A.bovis (cattle), A.iseraelii (human)

Aerobic catlase-ve, non motile. Arthrobacter(resp., Lys in PG)

Corynebacterium (meso-DAP, aerobic,facultative, catalase +ve),C. diptheriae (diptheria), Mycobacterium (v. slow growing, high lipid content of mycolic acids, acid fast, M. bovis, M.tuberculosis, M.lepre Nocardia (worldwide soil distribution and degradation of Hydrocarbons and waxes), N. asteroides (oppurtunistic pathogen in HIV-AIDS) and Rhodhococcus (degrade petroleum HC, detergents, benzene, PCB, pesticides, sulfur)Micromonospora: Degrades chitin and cellulose, produces antibiotics, gentamicin

Propionibacterium:Facultatively anaerobic; use lactate and sugars to form propionic acid and acetic acid and CO2; catalase positive. Swiss cheese, P.acnes (body odour and acne)

Aerial hypae (chains of spores) Streptomycetes (69-78% G+C), volatile substance : GEOSMINMajor role in mineralization: degrade pectin, lignin, chitin, keratin, latex, agar and aromatic compounds), produce vast range of antibiotics.S.griseus: streptomycin, S.coelicolor (largest prokaryotic genomes): 4 antibioticsHigh temperature habitats; have madurose in CW

Frankia (globular vesicles at ends, vesicles O2 sensitive and requires Mo and Co)Geodermatophilus (symbiotic association with non leguminous plants and fix N2.Sporichthya (lacks substrate mycelium)


ActinobacteriaCLASS


Bifidobacterales

BifidobacteriaceaeFAMILY

ORDERGardnerella:human genital and urinary tract

Bifidobacterium: Non motile, non sporulating, anaerobic actively ferments CHO to produce acetic acid and lactic acid no CO2Found in mouth and intestinal tract, in seawage and insects. B. bifidum: Pioneer colonizer of human intestinal tract

DOMAIN ARCHAEA•Can stain gram +ve or Gram-ve•Spherical, rod, spiral, lobed, circular, triangular, irregular or pleomorphic•Filaments or aggregates•Binary fission, fragmentation•Aerobic, facultative anaerobes or strictly anaerbic•Range from chemolithoautotrophs to organotrophs•Psychropiles, mesophiles, hyperthermophiles that can grow above 100oC.

Extreme Environments: Very high or very low temp, pH, conc. salts habitats or completely anoxic, high pressure

Cell wall and membranes: lack murmaic acid, D-amino acids, pseudomurein (L-amino acids), some (thermophillic and methanogens) have protein walls, or polysaccharide like chondroitin sulfate. Branched chain HC attached to glycerol by ether diether or or tetraether linkages

Many features similar to eukarya and some to bacteria. Variation in G+C contents from 21% to 68%. Genes shared b/w Archaea and eukarya: proteins involved for transcription, translation or DNA metabolism and archaea and bacteria: metabolic pathways.

•Circular chr, single ORI and bidirectional rep but ORI is flanked by eukaryotic initiation proteins and may have mutiple origins•RNA poly has 10subunits, TATA box, TBP, transcription factors (Eukarya)•Polycistronic, no splicing (bacteria)•Translation is UNIQUE (TUC arm lacks T and contains pseudouridine or 1-methylpesudouridine, ribosomes are similar to bacteria but shape variable and differs from bacteria and eukarya.

DOMAIN ARCHAEA

Metabolism: •No enzyme phosphofructokinase and donot degrade by embeden Meyerhof pathway. Some archaea have but have novel enzymes(ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase).•Can oxidize pyr to Acetyl CoA but lack pyr dehydrogenase complex and use enzyme oxidoreductase. Halophile and extreme thermophile

•Thermoplasma have TCA, methanogens do not have TCA. Some methanogens can fix N2, some can use reversal of Embeden –Meyerhof pathway and some employ glycogen as reserve.•Autotrophy (methanogens and extreme thermophiles and CO2 fixation occurs

DOMAIN ARCHAEACrenarchaeota

Thermoprotei

Euryarchaeota

CLASS

PHYLUM PHYLUM

MethanobacteriaMethanococciMethanomicrobiaHalobacteriaThermoplamataThermococciArcheoglobiMethanopyri

CLASS

Nanoarchaeota

ORDER

ThermoprotealesDesulfurococcalesSulfolobales

Methanogens, extreme halophiles, sulfate reducers and extreme thermophiles with Sulfur dependent metabolism. Methanogens are dominant.

Thermophiles or hyperthermophiles, many are acidophiles and sulfur dependent

Nanoarchaeum equitans

DOMAIN ARCHAEACrenarchaeota

PHYLUM

ThermoproteiCLASS

ORDER

ThermoprotealesDesulfurococcalesSulfolobales

Thermophiles or hyperthermophiles, many are acidophiles and sulfur dependent. Sulfur may be e-acceptor (anaerobic resp) e- donor (lithotrphs). Many strict anaerobes.

Sulfolobus : gram –ve, aerobic , optimum 70-80oC and pH 2-3 (thermoacidophiles). CW has lipoprotein and CHO. Found in hot actd springs, Oxidize S to sulfuric acid. O2 is terminal e- acceptor, fe(III) may be used. Sugars and aa (Glu) as carbon and energy sources

FAMILY

PyrodictiaceaeHyperthermophiles: Optimum growth rate: 105oC and autoclaving at 121oC fails to kill. Use Fe(III) as terminal e-acceptor and H2 or formate as e- donor

Thermoproteus : CW has glycoprotein, strict anaerobe. 70-97oC and pH 2.5-6.5. Hot springs and S rich habitats, oxidize glucose, aa, alcohols, organic acids with elemental S as e- acceptor. CO or CO2 serve as carbon sources.

DOMAIN ARCHAEA

Euryarchaeota

PHYLUMMethanogenic, halophillic, thermophillic, sulfur reducing organisms

MethanobacteriaMethanococciMethanomicrobiaHalobacteriaThermoplamataThermococciArcheoglobiMethanopyri

CLASSMethanogens: strict anaerobes, energy by converting CO2, H2, formate, methanol, acetate to methane or methane and CO2. pseudomurein.All are methanogens or methanotrophs (use CH4 as carbon and energy)

Hyperthermophillic, rod shaped. Temp min 84oC and 98oC optimum, grow at 110oC. Methanopyrus (deepest and ancient branch) CH4 as clean burning fuel and a greenhouse gas

Solute dependency on high conc of NaCl (1.5M NaCl; 85(w/v)), growth optimum 3-4M NaCl (17-23%), also grow at saturation salt con (36%); Have caroteinoids to protect againts sunlightHalobacterium salinarium (has bacteriorhodopsin, can trap light without chlorophyll)Thermoacidiphiles: Thermoplasma (oxidize FeS to sulfuric acid, 55-59oC and pH 1-2, lacks CW and PM strengthened by diglycerol tetraethers and lipd containing polysacc and glycoproteinsDNA stabilized by archaeal histones.Picrophilus: has S-layer outside PM, aerobic, grows b/w 47-65oC with optimum of 60oC. Grows only below pH 3.5 and optimum of pH7, even grow at pH 0.

Extremely thermophillic S-metabolizers: Strictly anaerobic, optimum 88-100oC

Archaeaglobus: Sulfate reducing: Strictly anaerobic, optimum 88-100oC, S not used as acceptor, optimum 83oC

DOMAIN EUKARYAPROTISTA FUNGI; Eumycota (true fungus)

•Unicellular•Photosynthetic eukaryotes (algae)•Sapropyhtic or holotrophy, association with other organisms: mutualism, commensalism or parasitic•Asexual, binary fission, budding, diploid zygote, cyst•One or more nuclei (macro and micronucleus)•Energy in mitochondria, hydrogenosome, chloroplast

•Filamentous hypae, mycelium•Digest insoluble organic matter and secrete exozymes and absorb solubilized nutrients•Spore bearing, lack chlorophyll, reproduce sexually and asexually•Form association with vascular roots (mycorrhizae)•Pathogenic and beneficial•Saprophytic (dead organic material)

PROTISTA •Photosynthetic protists are all aerobic, have PSI and II and undergo oxygenic photosyn•Ectoplasm, endoplasm, pellicle, plasmalemma, contractile vacuoles, phagocytic vacuoles, cytostome, hydrogenosome (pyr is oxidized and decarboxylated to CO2, H2 and acetyl CoA.

Unikonta ChromalveolataRhizaria

AmoebazoaArchaeaplastida

Phylum:Euglenozoa

Excavata

Amoeba proteusEntamoeba histolyticaDictyostelium discoidium (cellualr slime mould), cAMP serve as molecular signalling

Phtosyn with chl a and b from ancestral BGA, later lost plastid, CW made of celluloseCyanophoraChloroplastida: Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Volvox

RED ALGAEGREEN ALGAELAND PLANTS

Trichomonas vaginalis, T. tenaxGiardia intestinalisLeishmania (Leishmaniasis)Trypanosoma cruzi, T.brucei (sleeping sickness)Euglena (chl a, b, caroteinoids)Trypanoplasma

AxopodiaRadiolaria, ForaminiferaPlasmodium

EimeraToxoplasma (undercooked meat and cat feaces)Crptosporidia (AIDS)

1 Apicomplexa2 Dinoflagellates3 Ciliphora

NoctilucaGymnodiumGonyaulax

Paramecium, Vorticella, Stentor

Photosynthetic protists : diatoms (fucoxanthin), brown algae, golden algae, Peronosporomycetes (oomycetes; Phytopthora infestans (Blight of potato), Peronospora viticola (blue mold of tobacco), Plasmopara viticola (grape downy mildew). Seaweeds, kelps

Bikonta

Opisthokonta

AnimalsFungi

Heterokontophyta

Alveolata

1 2 3

KINGDOM

GOLDEN ALGAEBROWN ALGAEOOMYCETES

STRAMENOPILES

FUNGI; Eumycota (true fungus) Convergent and divergent evolution: many structurally and functionally similar structures evolved independently and some diverged to become dissimilar

Chytridiomycota

Zygomycota or zygomycetes

Glomeromycota

Uredinimycetes and Ustilaginomycetes

Basidiomycota or basidomycetes

Microsporidia

Ascomycota or ascomycetes

Zoospores with a posterior single whiplash flagellum; Allomyces

Live on decaying organic matter, few are parasites, haploid nucleiRhizopus stolonifer (bread mould) causes seedling blight: Burkholderia (b-proteobacteria) within fungus produces toxin (stops cell division; anti cancer agent). Mucor (used with soyabeans to make curd). Others used in anesthetics, industrial alcohols, birth control agents, yellow colour used in margarine and butterSac fungi, degrade stable organic compounds like lignin, cellulose, collagen. Red, brown, blue green moulds, powdery mildew. Ascus (reproductive structure). Edible morels, Neurospora crassa Parasitic fungi: Claviceps purpurea (ergot poisoning and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Unicellular fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Aspergillus (A.fumigatus, A.nidulans, A.oryzae genome sequenced to understand immune system, role in food and industrial microbiology and eukaryotic evolution)

Club fungi, puff balls, toadstools, mushrooms, shelf fungi. Basidium (sexual reproduction)Polysporus squamous, Agaricus campestris, Russula emetica (vomitting), Amanita phalloides (phallodin and a-amanitin), Cryptococcus neoformans (cryptococcosis, human and animal pathogen)

Plant pathogens; cause “Rusts” and “smuts”

Mycorhizzal fungi: association with roots of herbaceous plants and tropical trees; Fungus protects from stress and gives soil nutrients and plant provides CHO to fungus

Considered to be protists; but show close relation to fungi, lack mito, peoxisomes, centrioles.Obligate parasites infect fish, insects, humans.HIV/AIDS: Enterocystozoon bieneusi: diahorrea and pneumoniaEncephalolitozoon cuniculi: encephalitis and nephritis

4.Microbial Taxonomy

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