4G-MOBILE COMMUNICATION USING WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

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www.1000projects.com www.fullinterview.com www.chetanasprojects.com 4G-MOBILE COMMUNICATION USING WIRELESS COMMUNICATION Abstract : This paper aims to identify and explore the different issues and challenges related to fourth generation networks. It starts with a brief Introduction, and then explains the edge of 4G technology over 3G, and defines 4G. , . It also provides a detailed insight on the vision of 4G, and also discusses about the advantages and applications of 4G technology. It also compares the 4G technology with all other technologies. and explains all its ,characteristics. This paper also focuses on key technologies to implement 4G technology. and also provide a technical Platform for implementing the technology as it provides a basic idea on OFDM since with its natural resistance to multipath fading and its ability to support extremely high data rates, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a major candidate for fourth- generation air interfaces. ,it consists characteristics and benefits’ of OFDM. it mainly explains the use of 4G having possessed “3G” . www.1000projects.com www.fullinterview.com www.chetanasprojects.com 1

Transcript of 4G-MOBILE COMMUNICATION USING WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

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4G-MOBILE COMMUNICATION USING WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Abstract :

This paper aims to identify and explore the different issues and challenges related to fourth

generation networks. It starts with a brief Introduction, and then explains the edge of 4G technology

over 3G, and defines 4G. , . It also provides a detailed insight on the vision of 4G, and also discusses

about the advantages and applications of 4G technology. It also compares the 4G technology with all

other technologies. and explains all its ,characteristics.

This paper also focuses on key technologies to implement 4G technology. and also provide a technical

Platform for implementing the technology as it provides a basic idea on OFDM since with its natural

resistance to multipath fading and its ability to support extremely high data rates, orthogonal frequency

division multiplexing (OFDM) is a major candidate for fourth-generation air interfaces. ,it consists

characteristics and benefits’ of OFDM.

it mainly explains the use of 4G having possessed “3G”

.

IntroductionWe are seeing a massive demand for data, audio, image and video services on mobile phones.

These require a faster rate of data transfer.

Though the projected data rate of 3G is around 2 Mbps, the actual data rate is much slower, especially in

crowded areas or when the network is congested. Further, data rates also depend on the user’s activity

(moving or steady state) and location (indoor/outdoor).

As expected data services like multimedia are going to play an increasing role and will dominate the

cellular traffic instead of voice in future.

In such a scenario, the present 2G and 3G systems will saturate and have no room to survive. Also, the

demand for increasing data rates leads to higher bandwidth requirements. These factors force the cellular

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www.1000projects.comwww.fullinterview.comwww.chetanasprojects.comindustry to develop a common standard or system that over comes almost all limitations imposed by

previous cellular technologies.

4G services hold out the promise of end-to-end, totally IP (Internet protocol), packet-switched networks

that will be able to handle growing loads of wireless voice, data, video and audio transmissions more

efficiently, at lower cost and at higher performance levels i.e., 4G systems are expected to allow much

higher data rates of around 100 Mbps, higher bandwidth of the order of hundreds of megahertz, plenty

of services like data, audio and video(as shown in fig1),seamless connectivity and improved quality of

service keeping in mind that all existing networks can be merged or interconnected to form an all-in-

one.

What is 4G?

Fig 2 shows the concept of 4G cellular network. The future 4G infrastructure will consist of various

networks using Internet Protocol (IP) as a common protocol. So the users will be in control as they can choose

every application and environment. Accessing information any where, in time with seamless connections to a

wide range of information, data, pictures, video and so on will be the benefits of 4G infrastructure.

One of the terms popularly used to describe 4G is ‘MAGIC’, which stands for ‘Mobile

multimedia, anytime any where, Global mobility support, Integrated Wireless solutions and customized

personal services.’

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www.1000projects.comwww.fullinterview.comwww.chetanasprojects.com4G services will be dynamic and adaptable to the application. Faster response and quality are the

prerequisites for full-motion video, home entertainment and advance location-based services. The

expected data rate is 2 Mbps for vehicular applications. Such high data rates obviously require a high

bandwidth of the order of several hundreds of megahertz.

COMPARISIONS OF DIFFERENT GENERATIONS :

1G: This process began with the designs in the

1970s that have become known as 1G. The

earliest systems were implemented based on

analog technology and the basic cellular

structure of mobile communication.

2G: was based on digital signal processing

techniques and regarded as a revolution from

analogy to digital technology These 2G systems

provided circuit- switched data communication

services at a low speed. of 9.6 kbps The

competitive rush to design and implement

digital systems led again to a variety of different

and incompatible standards such as

GSM ,TDMA,CDMA,PDC.

2.5G: An interim step is being taken between

2G and 3G, the 2.5G. It is basically an

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www.1000projects.comwww.fullinterview.comwww.chetanasprojects.comenhancement of the two major 2G technologies

to provide increased capacity on the 2G RF

(radio frequency) channels and to introduce

higher throughput for data service, up to 384

kbps. GSM system enhancements like GPRS

and EDGE are considered to be 2.5

technologies. GPRS is an attractive solution to

mobile operators, because it does not require

the same degree of the investment as UMTS.

3G: 3G is deploying a new system with new

services instead of only providing higher data

up to 2 Mbps and broader bandwidth. Based

on intelligent DSP techniques, various

multimedia data communications services are

transmitted by convergent 3G networks. The 3G

system would have higher quality voice

channels. The 3G system will have features like

fast internet surfing advanced value added

service and video telephony .The technologies

that are used to boost the speed are UMTS and

W-CDMA .

Problems associated with 3G:

Difficulty in continuously increasing

bandwidth and high data rate to meet

multimedia services requirements, together with

the coexistence of different services needing

different QoS and bandwidth.

Limitation of spectrum and its allocation.

Difficult to roam across distinct service

environment in different frequency bands.

Lack of end-to-end seamless transport

mechanism spanning a mobile sub-network and

a fixed one.

Thus the limitations lead to development of new

generation of wireless technology i.e., 4G

mobile communications .the 4G has wide range

of features compared to the different generations

.and has much advantages and features

4G: Edge over 3GIt is commonly said that 4G is the super-

enhanced version of 3G.4G systems will be

deployed with software –defined radios,

allowing equipment upgrades for new protocols

and services via software upgrades. In addition,

4G holds the promise of worldwide roaming

using a single handheld device. To

summarise,4G means fully converged services,

ubiquitous cellular access, diverse user devices,

autonomous networks and software

dependency.

The main aim of 3G was to provide multimedia,

multirate, cellular communications any time and

any where. It’s uneconomical to meet this

requirement with only cellular radio.4G

systems will extend the scenario to an IP

network that integrates broadcast, cellular

radio.4G systems will extend the scenario to an

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www.1000projects.comwww.fullinterview.comwww.chetanasprojects.comIP network that integrates broadcast ,cellular , cordless ,WLAN/PAN and fixed wire.

“4G is a network of networks” with which users will be in control. They will be able to decide the right s As can be seen in the picture above, the main requirements for 4G are as follows:

Peak data rate of 100Mbps for high mobility applications such as mobile access

Approx. 1Gbps for low mobility applications such as nomadic/local wireless access

4G TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVES:

In the 4G wireless

networks, each node will be assigned a 4G-IP

address (based on IPv6), which will be formed

by a permanent “home” IP address and a www.1000projects.comwww.fullinterview.comwww.chetanasprojects.com

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www.1000projects.comwww.fullinterview.comwww.chetanasprojects.comdynamic “care-of” address that represents its

actual location . When a device (computer) in

the Internet wants to communicate with another

device (cell phone) in the wireless network, the

computer will send a packet to the 4G-IP

address of the cell phone targeting on its home

address. Then a directory server on the cell

phone’s home network will forward this packet

to the cell phone’s care-of address through a

tunnel, mobile IP; moreover, the directory

server will also inform the computer that the cell

phone’s care-of address (real

location), so next packets can be sent to the cell phone directly. The idea is that the 4G-IP address (IPv6)

can carry more information than the IP address (IPv4) that we use right now. IPv6 means Internet

Protocol Version 6 including 128 bits, which is 4 times more than 32bits IP address in IPv4. 32 bits IP.

Moreover, in 4G wireless network, not only has it IPv6 transmission protocol, but also be supported by

OFDM, M

FEATURES OF 4G:

4G is the Fourth Generation Wireless Network Communications Technology standard. When

implemented, users of 4G devices will have the ability to access to applications ranging from

basic voice communications to seamless real-time streaming video. Although it is in the research

and development stage, 4G is expected to be globally available to the public between 2006 and

2010.

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www.1000projects.comwww.fullinterview.comwww.chetanasprojects.comUnlike previous standards such as 3G (Third Generation), 4G is based entirely on packet switched

networks. In addition, all 4G networks will be digital and will provide higher bandwidths of up to

100Mbps. 4G is actually a collection of previous standards as opposed to an entirely new standard.

Standards such as 3G C-CDMA, LAS-CDMA, UWB *7 and Network-LMD

VISIONS OF 4G:

This new generation of

wireless is intended to complement and replace

the 3G systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years.

Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with

a seamless connection to a wide range of

information and services, and receiving a large

volume of information, data, pictures, video,

and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructure.

The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a

set of various networks using IP (Internet

protocol) as a common protocol so that users are

in control because they will be able to choose

every application and environment. Based on

the developing trends of mobile communication,

4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data

rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will

focus on ensuring seamless service across a

multitude of wireless systems and networks.

The below figure describes the process included

in 4G mobile communications

The key concept is integrating

the 4G capabilities with all of the existing

mobile technologies through advanced

technologies. Application adaptability and being www.1000projects.comwww.fullinterview.comwww.chetanasprojects.com

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www.1000projects.comwww.fullinterview.comwww.chetanasprojects.comhighly dynamic are the main features of 4G

services of interest to users. These features

mean services can be delivered and be available

to the personal preference of different users and

support the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio

environment, and quality of service. Connection

with the network applications can be transferred

into various forms and levels correctly and

efficiently. The dominant methods of access to

this pool of

information will be the mobile telephone, PDA,

and laptop to seamlessly access the voice

communication, high-speed information

services, and entertainment broadcast services.

The fourth generation will

encompass all systems from various networks,

public to private; operator-driven broadband

networks to personal areas; and ad hoc

networks. The 4G systems will interoperate with

2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital

(broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition,

4G systems will be fully IP-based wireless

Internet. This all-encompassing integrated

perspective shows the broad range of systems

that the fourth generation intends to integrate,

from satellite broadband to high altitude

platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL

(wireless local loop) and FWA (fixed wireless

access) to WLAN (wireless local area network)

and PAN (personal area network), all with IP as

the integrating mechanism. With 4G, a range of

new services and models will be . examined for

their interface with the design of 4G systems

Multiplexing: Method of sharing a bandwidth with other independent data channels.OFDM is a combination of both modulation and

multiplexing. Multiplexing generally refers to

independent signals, those produced by different

sources. So it is a question of how to share the

spectrum with these users. In OFDM the

question of multiplexing is applied to

independent signals but these independent

signals are the subset of the main signal. In

OFDM first the signal itself is split into

independent channels, modulated by data and

then re-multiplexed to create the OFDM carrier.

OFDM is a special case of Frequency Division

multiplex (FDM).As an analogy, a FDM

channel is a flow out of a faucet, in contrast the

OFDM signal is like a shower. In a faucet all

water comes in a big stream and cannot be

subdivided

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Fig.9: OFDM Principles

As shown in the fig.5 the signal is split into

orthogonal sub carriers, on each of which the signal

is “narrowband” (a few KHz) and therefore immune

to multipath effects, Provided a guard interval is

guarded between each OFDM symbol. OFDM also

provides a frequency diversity gain increasing the

physical layer performance. It is also compatible

with other enhancement technologies, such as smart

antenna and MIMO.

OFDM can also be as a multiple access

technology (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiple Access; OFDMA). In this case, each

OFDM symbol can transmit information to/from

several users using a different set of subcarriers

(sub channels). This not only provides

additional flexibility for resource allocation

(increasing the capacity), but also enables cross-

layer optimization of radio link usage.

OFDM Characteristics:

High peak-to-average power levels.

Preservation of orthogonality in severe multi-path.

Efficient FFT based receiver structures.

Enables efficient TX and RX diversity.

Adaptive antenna arrays without joint Equalization.

Support for adaptive modulation by sub carrier.

Frequency Diversity.

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www.1000projects.comwww.fullinterview.comwww.chetanasprojects.com Robust against narrow-band interference.

Efficient for simulcasting.

Variable/Dynamic Bandwidth.

Used for highest speed Applications.

Supports dynamic packet Access.

OFDM Benefits:

High-spectral efficiency.

Resistance to frequency selective fading.

. Advantages of 4G Support for interactive multimedia services like teleconferencing and wireless Internet.

Wider bandwidths and higher bitrates.

Global mobility and service portability.

Scalability of mobile network.

Entirely Packet-Switched networks.

Digital network elements.

Higher band widths to provide multimedia services at lower cost (up to 100 Mbps).

Tight network security.

Applications

Location application . 4G location applications

will be based on visualized, virtual navigation

schemes that will support a remote database

containing graphical representations of streets,

buildings and another physical characteristic of

a large metropolitan area. This data base could

be accessed by subscribers in vehicles.

Virtual navigation and telegeoprocessing.

You will be able to see the internal layout of a

building during an emergency rescue. This type

of application is some time referred to as

‘telegeoprocessing’.

A remote database will contain the graphical

representation of streets, buildings and physical

characteristics of a large metropolis. Blocks of

this database will be transmitted in rapid

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www.1000projects.comwww.fullinterview.comwww.chetanasprojects.comsequence to a vehicle, where a rendering

program will permit the occupants to visualize

the environment ahead. They may also

‘virtually’ see the internal layout of buildings to

plan an emergency rescue or engage hostile

elements hidden in the building.

Telemedicine. A paramedic assisting a victim

of a traffic accident in a remote location could

access medical records (X-rays) and establish a

video conference so that a remotely based

surgeon could provide ‘on-scene’ assistance.

Crisis management application. In the event

of natural disasters where the entire

communications infrastructure is in disarray,

restoring communications quickly is essential.

With wideband wireless mobile

communications, limited and even total

communication capability (including Internet

and video services) could be set up within hours

instead of days or even weeks required at

present for restoration of wire line

communications.

LimitationsAlthough the concept of 4G communications

shows much promise, there are still limitations

that must be addressed. A major concern is

interoperability between the signaling

techniques that are planned for use in 4G

(3XRTT and WCDMA).

Cost is another factor that could hamper the

progress of 4G technology. The equipment

required to implement the next-generation

network are still very expensive.

A Key challenge facing deployment of 4G

technologies is how to make the network

architectures compatible with each other. This

was one of the unmet goals of 3G.

AS regards the operating area, rural areas and

many buildings in metropolitan areas are not

being served well by existing wireless networks

CONCLUSION:

“IT IS A REVOLUTION –NOT EVOLUTION”

REFERENCES:

Hui, Suk Yu, and Yeung, Kai Hau, “Challenges in the Migration to 4G Mobile Systems”, IEEE

Communications

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Magazine, December 2003, pp. 54-59eamless handover and the additional data communications

Janny Hu,Willie W. Lu ,“Open Wireless Architecture - The Core to 4G Mobile Communications”. In Proceedings of ICCT, 2007

. Juuso Pesola, Sami Pönkänen,”Location-aided Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks”.

In Wireless Personal Communications ,Volume 30 , Issue 2-4 ,September 2004

“2G – 3G Cellular Wireless data transport terminology”, Arc Electronics

www.arcelect.com/2G-3G_Cellular_Wireless.htm

Schiller, J., “Mobile Communications”, slides

http://www.jochenschiller.de/

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