Slow internet speed, poor voice quality, inferior signal reception are now things of past!

The new era of communication is here

What is 4G LTE? 4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth

generation of mobile telecomm technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides mobile broadband Internet access, i.e. to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, cloud computing etc.

Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited (RJIL) provides broadband services to customers using LTE as access technology throughout India. Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd. was formerly known as Infotel Broadband Services Ltd. It changed its name to Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd. in January 2013. The company was incorporated in 2007 and is based in Mumbai. Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd. operates as a subsidiary of Reliance Industries Ltd. The Company is yet to start Commercial Services as on June 2015. They have started testing LTE Services on Band 40 (TD-LTE 2300 MHz) and Band 3 ( FDD-LTE 1800 MHz) with effect from 12 June 2015 Mukesh Ambani confirm 4G Launch in December 2015

Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited (RJIL)

WHY 4G? 4G is a much advanced and

progressed form of the previous generation 3G. The biggest benefit of 4G technology is the fact that it can provide better connectivity in the same and even lesser bandwidth than the 3G. Apart from this, 4G also offers twice the internet speed than 3G.

So, we get :-

Better signal reception Better voice quality Faster internet access Efficient access to cloud storage Multiple device connectivity Improved video conferencing/calls Real time connection with multiple users

How is 4G different from 3G?3G 4G• Min. consistent internet

speed of 144kbps• Down speed decreases

tremendously with the increase in number of users.

• Upload speed is poor.• Lack of synchronization

between voice and video during video conferencing.

• Min. internet speed close to 100mbps

• Can work efficiently even if the set number of users are exceeded.

• Very high upload speed favoring cloud users.

• Due to the optical fibers, video and audio are well synchronized.

PRIME MACHINE USED IN THE FIELD WORK OF 4G

Horizontal Directional Drilling Machine (HDD)

Micro Piling Machine Diesel Generator (DG Set) Fusion Splicing Machine/Splicer

HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONAL DRILLING MACHINE (HDD)

Horizontal Directional Drilling is a controllable trenchless method of laying U/G pipelines, based on using special drilling machines and rigs such as drilling machines –UGNB-3M and UGNB-4 . The length of pipeline laying can vary between some mtrs to some KMs, and hole diameter can be more than 1200mm. The HDD method uses polyethylene, steel pipes and pipes made of other materials. It’s important to note that the harmful effect influencing on the environment is minimal. The HDD machines used by RJIL are of 20 tones capacity. These machines are build and assembled in China and are brought to India via the CBU (Completely Build Unit) route.

KEY SPECIFICATIONS OF HDD MACHINE

• Max thrust force – 200 kN• Max pull back force – 200 kN• Max spindle torque – 6.0 kN• Diesel engine power – 110 kW / 147.51bhp• Engine type – inline 6 cylinders• Entry Drill angle – 7-22*• Manufacturer – DRILLTO TRENCHLESS

CO.,LTD

Steps involved in drilling with the HDD machine

Pilot Hole Drilling.

     Drilling a pilot hole is one of the important stages of the work, influencing considerably on the result. It is done with the help of a rock-cutting tool – a front-beveled drilling head with an installed transmitter. The drilling head is fastened to the flexible drive bar by means of a hollow pipe; it allows to control the process of drilling the pilot hole and get round detected beforehand U/G obstacles in any directions within a usual bend in the extended operating string. The drilling head has two water ports to feed special drilling fluid that is pumped in a bore hole making suspension with crushed rock.

The bore hole is enlarged when the pilot hole drilling is completed. A back reamer or a reamer is attached to a drill string instead of the drilling head. The reamer is pulled from the exit end of the tunnel, back to the machine, enlarging the pilot hole to the necessary diameter. To ensure free pulling of pipeline through the enlarged bore hole, its diameter should be by 35-50% more than pipeline diameter. If big diameter is required, the process of enlargement is repeated some times using several reamers of bigger diameters.

Pilot hole enlargement .

There is a pipeline string prepared for pulling on the opposite from the drilling machine site of the bore hole. A swivel is attached to the reamer at the end of the string; it prevents the pipeline from rotating. Then the pipeline is attached to the swivel by the means of a special gripping device. In this way the drilling machine pulls the pipeline string into the bore hole in a project path.

Pipeline pulling

Engineering and technical personnel turns over operating set of documents to a client, where the actual pipeline position in different planes is stated. It’s obligatory to describe the linkage between the pipeline and landmarks. 

Final stage

MICRO PILING MACHINEMicropile is another type

of pile which act as a supporting structure to transfer the load from the building to the ground. It may also be called as a vertically operating form of HDD. As the name implies, micropile is small diameter piles constructed by the drilling process and are often keyed into rock.

There are various diameter of micropile to be found in the market ranging from 100mm to 250mm. Of late, technological advancement in machinery has made it possible for micropile of much greater diameters to be constructed.

DRILLING AND FLUSHING The micropile machine is set at the target

place and the drill bit with the pile on its head is bored into the ground. The drill bit has spines on its body to keep the bore smooth.

How to install a micropile-

After the hole of determined depth is bored, the drilling string is removed.

WITHDRAWING DRILLING STRING

The pile inserted into the bore is hollow and grouting is inserted into this hollow cavity ensuring zero mobility of the pile after settlement.

INSERTING STEEL REINFORCEMENT AND GROUTING

Finally the surface of the hole is left with around 500mm of drill bit standing outside and 18m under the ground.

Finishing up

Applications of micropile :-

DIESEL GENERATORS (DG SET)

A diesel generator used in 4G works is nothing but a bigger version of the conventional generators that we have seen till date. Just like any other generator, its job is to convert mechanical input taken in the form of chemical compound (diesel in this case) into electrical output.

The DG Set used by RJIL is made in USA and is an eight cylinder CI type engine. A DG is a combination of diesel engine with electrical generator (often called an alternator) to generate electricity. DG sets are used in places that have no connection to power grid, and as emergency power-supply if the grid fails.

Engine Alternator Fuel System Voltage Regulator Cooling and Exhaust Systems Lubrication System Battery Charger Control Panel Main Assembly / Frame

Main components of a DG Set

The engine is the source of the input mechanical energy to the generator. The size of the engine is directly proportional to the maximum power output the generator can supply. There are several factors that you need to keep in mind while assessing the engine of your generator. The manufacturer of the engine should be consulted to obtain full engine operation specifications and maintenance schedules.

Engine

The alternator, also known as the ‘genhead’, is the part of the generator that produces the electrical output from the mechanical input supplied by the engine. It contains an assembly of stationary and moving parts encased in a housing. The components work together to cause relative movement between the magnetic and electric fields, which in turn generates electricity.

Alternator

The fuel tank usually has sufficient capacity to keep the generator operational for 6 to 8 hours on an average. In the case of small generator units, the fuel tank is a part of the generator’s skid base or is mounted on top of the generator frame. For commercial applications, it may be necessary to erect and install an external fuel tank. All such installations are subject to the approval of the City Planning Division. 

Fuel System

As the name implies, this component regulates the output voltage of the generator. When you add a load to a generator, its output voltage dips a little. This prompts the voltage regulator into action and the regulation cycle begins. The cycle continues till the generator output ramps up to its original full operating capacity.

Voltage Regulator

Continuous usage of the generator causes its various components to get heated up. It is essential to have a cooling and ventilation system to withdraw heat produced in the process. Hydrogen is generally used for cooling the stator and other main components of the DG Set

Cooling System

Suzuki Jet Cooling System

Exhaust fumes emitted by a generator are just like exhaust from any other diesel or gasoline engine and contain highly toxic chemicals that need to be properly managed. Hence, it is essential to install an adequate exhaust system to dispose of the exhaust gases. 

Exhaust Systems

Since the generator comprises moving parts in its engine, it requires lubrication to ensure durability and smooth operations for a long period of time. The generator’s engine is lubricated by oil stored in a pump. You should check the level of lubricating oil every 8 hours of generator operation. You should also check for any leakages of lubricant and change the lubricating oil every 500 hours of generator operation.

Lubricating System

The start function of a generator is battery-operated. The battery charger keeps the generator battery charged by supplying it with a precise ‘float’ voltage. If the float voltage is very low, the battery will remain undercharged. If the float voltage is very high, it will shorten the life of the battery. Battery chargers are usually made of stainless steel to prevent corrosion.

They are also fully automatic and do not require any adjustments to be made or any settings to be changed. The DC output voltage of the battery charger is set at 2.33 Volts per cell, which is the precise float voltage for lead acid batteries.

Battery Charger

This is the user interface of the generator and contains provisions for electrical outlets and controls. Different manufacturers have varied features to offer in the control panels of their units. Some of these are mentioned below.

Electric start and shut-down Engine gauges Generator gauges , etc.

Control Panel

All generators, portable or stationary, have customized housings that provide a structural base support. The frame also allows for the generated to be earthed for safety.

Main Assembly / Frame

FUSION SPLICING / SPLICER Fusion splicing is the act of joining two optical fibers end-to-end using heat. The goal is to fuse the two fibers together in such a way that light passing through the fibers is not scattered or reflected back by the splice, so that the splice and the region surrounding it are almost as strong as the virgin fiber itself.

The source of heat is usually an electric arc, but can also be a laser, or a gas flame, or a tungsten filament through which current is passed.

Stripping the fiber –

Stripping is the act of removing the protective polymer coating around optical fiber in preparation for fusion splicing. The splicing process begins by preparing both fiber ends for fusion, which requires that all protective coating is removed or stripped from the ends of each fiber.

Steps involved in splicing -

The customary means to clean bare fibers is with alcohol and wipes. However, high purity isopropyl alcohol (IPA) attracts moisture to itself. From the host container the IPA is transferred to smaller more usable containers.

The hydroscopic nature of IPA is such that the highest quality at 99.9% is also the most hygroscopic. This means that moisture absorption into both the host container as well as the actual user's container begins with the time the original container is opened and continues as amounts are transferred and removed from both.

Cleaning the fiber

The fiber is then cleaved using the score-and-break method so that its end face is perfectly flat and perpendicular to the axis of the fiber. The quality of each fiber end is inspected using a microscope.

In fusion splicing, splice loss is a direct function of the angles and quality of the two fiber-end faces. The closer to 90 degrees the cleave angle is the lower optical loss the splice will yield.

Cleaving the fiber

Optical Fibers

It is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.

Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications

AND . . . Fibers are used instead

of metal wires because signals travel along them with lesser amounts of loss.

Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so that they may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces, as in the case of a fiberscope.

Installing pre-cabled conduit and duct

Steps -

Determine proper cable length and slack requirements.

Survey installation route to determine any unusual obstacles such as severe bends, obstructions or transition areas.

Specify and purchase cable pre-installed in either flexible conduit for example, interlocked corrugated inner duct.

Install cable-in-conduit/duct according to normal installation methods suitable for cable and conduit/duct as indicated by the manufacturer.

THANK YOU

A Presentation by – Mir Shahjahan

With input by – Mr. Anand Kumar P&M Lead UP(EAST) RJIL

- Mr. S B Rai P&M Supervisor