4_Danciu a Pelletes

8/3/2019 4_Danciu a Pelletes

1/8

Vol. 31, No. 2 /2010 INMATEH - Agricultural EngineeringAgricultural EngineeringAgricultural EngineeringAgricultural Engineering

27

EXPERIMENTATION OF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENTS FORPELLETS / AGRI-PELLETS

/EXPERIMENTAREA TEHNOLOGIEII A ECHIPAMENTELOR PENTRU FABRICAREA

PELEILOR/AGRIPELEILOR

Ph.D. Stud. Eng. Danciu A.1)

, Ph.D. Eng. Vldu V.1), Eng. Matache M.1), Eng. Mihai M.1), Ph.D. Eng. Lehrl C.2)

Prof. Ph.D. Eng. Mihailov N.3)

1)INMA Bucharest; 2)INCD ECOIND Bucharest; 3)University of RouseTel: 0728.942.902; Fax: 021/269.32.73; E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:Production of pellets / agri-pellets from forestryand agriculture solid biomass, is required for use in boilersfor heating and domestic hot water production, to ensureenergy independence.The ideal flow of production and distribution to theconsumer for the production and use of pellets / agri-pelleti starts from forest / agricultural biomass as rawmaterial and through the following steps until thedistribution and use of these fuels by the end consumer:preparation of materials, coarse chopping, transport,

storage, drying, preparing recipes of agri-pellets (weighing,moistening / drying, homogenization mixture), grinding, pelleting,cooling pellets / agri-pellets, packaging and storage anduse of pellets / agri-pellets in domestic or industrial boilers.Agricultural solid biomass used for experimenting differentrecipes for agri-pellets was composed of straw,Miscanthus and maize stalks and the forest biomass wascomposed of branches of forest remains (poplar, cherry,briar) chopped and pine shavings. Were tested thetechnological equipments necessary in technologicalprocess of making pellets and agri-pellets (forestry wastechopper, hammer mill, chopper vegetable scraps, inclinedbelt conveyor, homogenizer, conveyor for feeding press,rafinator and pelleting press) Reports of experimentationbeing carried out.

Keywords:agri-pellets, biomass, pellets, technology

INTRODUCTIONThe technology is designed to produce pellets / agri-

pellets from forestry and agriculture solid biomass, solidbiofuels to be used in boilers for heating and domestic hotwater production in small and medium-sized farms and inhouseholds, to ensure energy independence.

In accordance with EC legislation and GD 1844/2005,"biomass is biodegradable fraction of products, waste andresidues from agriculture (including vegetal and animalsubstances), forestry and related industries, as well as thebiodegradable fraction of municipal and industrial waste.

To achieve the pellets / agri-pellets from agriculturaland forest biomass is through the following stages todistribution and use of these fuels by the end user: prepare materials involving chopping forest remnants(with cutter forest remnants), chopping agriculturalbiomass (corn cobs, stems from Miscanthus, straw) andforest biomass grinding (minced with forest debrischopper) with hammer mill TCU-22, or with plant debrischopper TRV - 0, transport, storage and drying; prepare recipes for agri-pellets (weighing, moistening / drying, transportation, homogenization mixture) madeusing a balance, a termobalance OHAUS MB 45, an oventype Memmert, the inclined conveyor belt TIB - 0 and AUhomogenizer; transportation, dispensing, grinding and pelleting ofbiomass for the production of pellets / agri-pellets,operations conducted by the inclined conveyor with belt,input press carrier, of the rafinator which grind andpneumatic transport biomass in cyclone where the

Rezumat:Producerea peleilor / agripeleilor din biomasasolid forestieri agricol, este necesar pentru utilizarea ncentralele termice pentru nclzireai producerea de apcaldmenajer, n vederea asigurrii unei independene energetice.Fluxul ideal de produciei distribuie la consumator, pentruproducia i utilizarea de pelei/agripelei pornete de labiomasa forestier/agricol ca materie primi parcurgeurmtoarele faze pn la distribuireai utilizarea acestorcombustibili de ctre consumatorul final: pregtirea materialelor,tocarea grosier, transportul, stocarea, uscarea, pregtirea

reetelor de agripelei (cntrire, umidificare/uscare, omogenizareamestec), mcinarea, peletizarea, rcirea peleilor / agripeleilor,ambalareai depozitarea precumi utilizarea peleilor /agripeleilor n centrale termice casnice sau industriale.Biomasa solid agricol utilizat pentru experimentareadiferitelor reete de agripelei a fost constituit din paie;miscanthus i coceni, iar cea forestier din crengi deresturi forestiere (plopi, viini, mrcini) tocatei din talade brad. Au fost experimentate echipamentele necesaren procesul tehnologic de realizare a peleilor iagripeleilor (toctor de resturi forestiere, moar cuciocnele, toctoare de resturi vegetale, transportornclinat cu band, omogenizator, transportor alimentarepres, rafinator i presa de peletizare), realizndu-serapoarte de experimentare.

Cuvinte cheie:agripelei, biomas, pelei, tehnologie

INTRODUCERETehnologia este destinat producerii peleilor / agripeleilor din

biomasa solid forestieri agricol, pelei/agripelei ce vor fi utilizain centralele termice pentru nclzirea i producerea de ap caldmenajer n fermele mici i mijlocii precum i n gospodriileindividuale, n vederea asigurrii unei independene energetice.

n conformitate cu Legislaia CE i HG 1844/2005, biomasareprezint fracia biodegradabil a produselor, deeurilor ireziduurilor din agricultur (inclusiv substanele vegetale icele animale), domeniul forestier i industriile conexeacestuia, precum i fracia biodegradabil din deeurilemunicipale i cele industriale.

Pentru realizarea peleilor/agripeleilor din biomas forestieri agricol se parcurg urmtoarele faze pn la distribuirea iutilizarea acestor combustibili de ctre consumatorul final: pregtirea materialelor care comport tocarea resturilorforestiere (cu toctorul de resturi forestiere), tocarea biomaseiagricole (coceni de porumb, tulpinii de miscanthus, paie) imrunirea biomasei forestiere (tocate cu toctorul de resturiforestiere) cu moara cu ciocnele TCU-22, sau cu toctoareade resturi vegetale TRV 0, transportul, stocarea i uscarea; pregtirea reetelor de agripelei (cntrire, umidificare /uscare, transport, omogenizare amestec) efectuate cuajutorul unui cntar, a termobalanei OHAUS MB 45, aetuvei tip Memmert, a transportorului nclinat cu bandTIB 0 i a omogenizatorului AU;

transportul, dozarea, mcinarea, i peletizarea biomaseipentru obinerea de pelei/agripelei, operaii efctuate cuajutorul transportorului nclinat cu band, transportoruluide alimentare pres, a rafinatorului care macin itransport pnematic biomasa n ciclon unde materialul


2/8


28

material is dosed by rotary lock in the pelleting press,converting biomass into pellets / agri-pellets by forced andcontinue passage of a large quantity of material through asmall hole, this being accomplished by two pressure rollsand press mold.

Solid agricultural and forestry biomass, used forexperiments was composed of forest debris, pineshavings, straw, Miscanthus, cobs. When biomass is

burned, atmospheric oxygen combines with carbon inplants producing carbon dioxide and water. The processis cyclic because the carbon dioxide reached theatmosphere is absorbed by plants again [2], [3], [4].

MATERIALS AND METHODSIn order to experiment the technology for the pellets

and agri-pellets were made prior experimentation of theequipments (based on methods for testing equipment andtechnology developed by INMA Bucharest) part oftechnological line for manufacturing them, namely:- scrap forest chopper type Skorpion;- chopper vegetable scraps TCU 22 (hammer mill MC-22);- plant debris chopper TRV-0;

- inclined conveyor with belt;- the crop residue homogenizer;- feeder press carrier;- refining device (hammer mill);- pelleting press.

Necessary experimental equipment for chopping andgrinding process of agricultural and forestry biomass areshown in Figure 1 and the necessary process of makingpellets / agri-pellets in Figure 2.

Analytical methods used in the tests (technicalanalysis, elemental analysis and calorific power) aremade under Romanian standards and ISO methods)presented in Table 1.

este dozat prin ecluza rotativ n presa de peletizare, caretransform biomasa n pelei/agripelei prin trecereatrecerea forat i continuu a unei cantiti mari dematerial printr-un orificiu mic, acest lucru realizndu-se cuajutorul a dou role presoare i a matriei presei.

Biomasa solid agricoli forestier, utilizat pentruexperimentri a fost constituit din resturi forestiere, talade brad, paie, mischantus, coceni. Cnd biomasa estears, oxigenul din atmosfer se combin cu carbonul dinplante producnd dioxid de carbon i apa. Procesul esteciclic pentru c dioxidul de carbon ajuns n atmosfer esteabsorbit din nou de plante [2], [3], [4].

MATERIALE I METODn vederea experimentrii tehnologiei de realizare a

peleilor i agripeleilor s-au efectuat n prealabil experimentareaechipamentelor (avnd la baz metodici pentru testareaacestora i a tehnologiei elaborate de INMA Bucureti) carefac parte din linia tehnologic de fabricare a acestora i anume:- toctor resturi forestiere tip Skorpion;- toctor de resturi vegetale TCU 22 (moara cu ciocane MC-22);- toctor de resturi vegetale TRV-0;

- transportor nclinat cu band;- omogenizator de resturi vegetale AU;- transportor de alimentare pres;- rafinator (moara cu ciocane);- presa de peletizare.

Echipamentele experimentate necesare procesuluide tocarea i mrunire a biomasei agricole i forestieresunt prezentate n figura 1 iar cele necesare procesului derealizare a peleilor/agripeleilor n figura 2.

Metodele de analiz utilizate la ncercri (analiztehnic, analiz elementar i putere calorific) suntefectuate conform standardelor romne i metodelor ISO)prezentate n tabelul 1.

Fig. 1 -Technical equipment necessary to process of chopping and grinding of agricultural and forestry solid biomass /Echipamentetehnice necesare procesului de tocarei mrunire a biomasei solide agricolei forestiere

a. Skorpion forest coarse scrap chopper/Toctor grosier de resturi forestiere Skorpion

b. Plant debris chopper TCU/Toctor resturi vegetale TCU

c. Plant debris chopper TRV-0/Toctor resturi vegetale TRV-0

Fig. 2 -Technical equipment necessary in the manufacturing process of pellets / agri-pellets //Echipamente tehnice necesareprocesului de realizare a peleilor/agripeleilor

1 - homogenizer scrap forest/agricultural AU /omogenizator resturi forestiere/agricole AU; 2- Inclined conveyor with belt TIB-0 /transportor nclinat cuband TIB-0; 3 - Feeder press carrier TAP-0 /transportor alimentare pres TAP- 0; 4 - Refine /rafinator; 5 - Pelleting press /presa de peletizare


3/8


29

Table 1 / Tabel 1Analysis methods / Metode de analiz

Crt. No./Nr. crt.

Test name /Denumire ncercare Standard of test method/Standardul metodei de ncercare

Technical Analysis /Analiza tehnic1. Imbibition Humidity /Umiditate de imbibaie SR 5264:19952. Hygroscopic moisture /Umiditate higroscopic SR 5264:19953. Total moisture /Umiditate total SR 5264:19954. Ash (optional)/Cenua (opional) SR ISO 1171:1994

Elementary analysis / Analiza elementar5. Carbon/Carbon ASTM D 5373-086. Hydrogen/Hidrogen ASTM D 5373-087. Nitrogen/Azot ASTM D 5373-088. Sulfur/Sulf ISO 351:1996

Determination of upper and lower calorific power / Determinarea puterii calorifice superioarei inferioare9. Upper calorific power/Putere calorific superioar ISO 1928:200910. Lower calorific power (calculation)/Putere calorific inferioar (calcul) ISO 1928:2009

11.Processing results /Prelucrarea rezultatelor(Recalculation results in different states of analysis: initial) / (recalcularea rezultatelor la diferitestri de analiz: iniial)

ISO 1170:2008STAS 398/82

Functional descriptionTo achieve the technology of production of pellets /

agri-pellets was necessary to install, connect andexperience the following machinery [1]:

scrap chopper forest type Skorpion which is anequipment operated from the tractor PTO with which wasmade the forest chopping coarse debris up to 150 mm indiameter, supply with branches (up to 150 mm in diameter)being performed manually, this being taken over by twosupply drums and placed in the mincing device which minceit and the mince obtained is discharged through the exhaustchimney which is able to rotate 360; TCU plant debris chopper (MC-22 hammer mill),operating in the manufacturing agri-pellets flow with whichwas performed the mincing of forest remnants (choppedcoarse with Scrap chopper forest type Skorpion) andagricultural biomass (sheaf of corn cobs, the yield ofMiscanthus and straw), and collection of the mincedmaterial was carried out in bags, through a flanged y piecewith two outlets, the mince to the bags being directedthrough a hinged valve; plant debris chopper TRV-0 (designed in experimentalmodel phase) by means of which was performed thechopping of pine shavings and coarse mince of forestremnants (chopped coarse by means of Skorpion choppertype), the supply of raw material being performed throughthe supplying funnel by means of the inclined belt conveyor,the chopped material (at the size of 1 5 mm) beingcollected in bags; inclined belt conveyor, (designed in experimentalmodel phase) operating in the manufacturing flow of agri-pellets with which it was made the transportation to thevarious technical equipments of the technological line for

manufacturing pellets / agri-pellets, being fed manually withgranular material of agricultural or forestry solid biomass (incase of performing the transport to the plant debris chopperTRV-0), or by mixture discharge (by different agri-pelletsmanufacturing) from the AU homogenizer to the feederpress carrier. The movement to different working stations iseffected by means of support and running rollers located atthe bottom of the carrier frame. The flow (quantity ofmaterial) carried by it can be adjusted with a shutter and / orby changing the moto-reducer speed to be correlated withthe necessary flow of various technical equipments which itserves; vegetable scraps homogeniser AU, which is a devicewith which it mix different recipes (after weighing each raw

material component) being fed with chopped vegetablescraps, from an agricultural and forestry waste chopper,and the discharge takes place at the outlet, by tilting theladle at an angle that allows the flow of material into the

Descriere funcionalPentru realizarea tehnologiei de obinere a peleilor

agripeleilor a fost necesar instalarea, racordarea iexperimentarea urmtoarelor echipamente tehnice [1]:

toctor de resturi forestiere tip Skorpion care este un echipamentacionat de la priza de putere a tractorului cu ajutorul cruia s-aefectuat tocarea grosier a resturilor forestiere avnd diametrulde maxim 150 mm, alimentarea cu crengi (avnd diametrul demaxim 150 mm) efectundu-se manual, acestea fiind preluatede doi tamburi de alimentare i introduse n aparatul de tocarecare le mrunete iar toctura obinut este evacuat princoul de evacuare care are posibilitatea de rotire cu 360; toctor de resturi vegetale TCU (moara cu ciocaneMC-22), care funcioneaz n fluxul de fabricaie alagripeleilor cu ajutorul cruia s-a efectuat tocarearesturilor forestiere (tocate grosier cu toctoarea pentrudeeuri forestiere tip Skorpion) i a biomasei agricole(coceni de porumb n snop, a recoltei de miscanthus i apaielor), iar colectarea tocturii s-a efectuat n saci, printr-un pantalon cu dou guri de evacuare, toctura ctre sacifiind direcionat prin intermediul unei clapete; toctor de resturi vegetale TRV-0 (conceput n faza demodel experimental) cu ajutorul cruia s-a efectuat tocareatalaului de brad i a tocturii grosiere de resturi forestiere(tocate grosier cu ajutorul toctoarei tip Skorpion),alimentarea cu materie prim efectundu-se pe la plniade alimentare cu ajutorul transportorului nclinat cu band,materialul tocat (la dimensiunile de 15 mm) fiind colectatn saci; transportor nclinat cu band, (conceput n faza de modelexperimental) care funcioneaz n fluxul de fabricaie alagripeleilor cu ajutorul cruia s-a efectuat transportul ladiferite echipamente tehnice din cadrul liniei tehnologice de

fabricare a peleilor/agripeleilor, fiind alimentat manual cumaterial granular din biomas solid agricol sau forestier(n cazul efecturii transportului ctre toctorul de resturivegetale TRV-0), sau prin deversarea amestecului (defabricare a diferiilor agripelei) din omogenizatorul AU ctretransportorul de alimentare al presei. Deplasarea la diferiteposturi de lucru se efectueaz cu ajutorul rolelor de sprijin i derulare situate n partea inferioar a cadrului transportorului.Debitul (cantitatea de material) transportat de acesta poate fireglat cu ajutorul unui iber sau/i prin modificarea turaieimotoreductorului pentru a fi corelat cu debitul necesardiferitelor echipamente tehnice pe care le deservete; omogenizator de resturi vegetale AU, care este un echipamentcu ajutorul cruia se amestec diferitele reete (dup cntrirea

fiecrei componente de materie prim) fiind alimentat cu resturivegetale tocate, provenite de la o toctoare de deeuri forestiere iagricole, iar deversarea se efectueaz pe la gura de evacuare, prin nclinarea benei la un unghi ce permite curgerea materialului


4/8


30

supply tank of the inclined belt conveyor; feeder press carrier (designed in experimental modelphase) which is the thchnical equipment that is operating inthe technological manufacturing line of pellets / agri-pelletsfor acquisition and transport of granular material inagricultural and forestry solid biomass (minced with TRV orTCU-22 chopper) to refining device from the technologicalmanufacturing line of pellets / agri-pellets;

refining device (hammer mill) which is a technicalequipment that is part of the technological line forproduction of pellets / agri-pellets doing chopping ofbiomass and transport it to the cyclone of pelleting press.The supply flow can be adjusted by changing the speed ofrotating lock and of the supply screw conveyor and that forexhaust to the cyclone of pelleting press with a rotary valve.The rafining device is provided with a dynamic and staticbalanced rotor with bearings and special bearings havinghorizontal axes on which is mounted the hammers.Granular material flow in agricultural or forestry solidbiomass from the pelleting press cyclone can be adjustedwith a rotary lock and a and a shutter to the pelleting pressmini bunker;

pelleting press for vegetable scraps and forestry worksin production flow of agri-pellets, being supplied with mincerecipes of solid agricultural or forestry biomass from rotarylock mounted above the press, metering the material insidethe press mini bunker(having 20 dm3 [kg] capacity) providedwith feed screw. The feeding flow of the mini bunker screwpelleting press and pellet length can be adjusted bychanging the screw speeds respectively of the enginecutting at length of the pellets by means of the PLC systemfrom the press control panel.

Determining main parameters of equipmentsScrap forest chopper type Skorpion Specific fuel consumption: 8,4 l/h; Power consumption: 31,1 kW/h; Actual working capacity 8,52 t/h; Separation grade of mince from forestry waste on sieves:

under 6 mm: 7,54 %; between 6,1 7 mm: 7,26 %; between 7,1 14 mm: 27,08 %; between 14,1 16 mm: 7,31 %; over 16,1: 50,81 %;

Specific energy consumption: 3,65 kWh/t.Chopper vegetable scraps TCU - 22) Power consumption: 16,5 kW/h; Actual working capacity 0,56 t/h; Separation grade of mischantus mince on sieves:

under 2 mm: 45,11 %; between 2,1 3 mm: 11,19 %;

between 3,1 4 mm: 21,19 %; between 4,1 5 mm: 11,98 %; between 5,1: 3,39 %;

Separation grade of mince from forestry waste on sieves: under 2 mm: 48,74 %; between 2,1 3 mm: 6,91 %; between 3,1 4 mm: 26,80 %; between 4,1 5 mm: 11,33 %; over 5,1: 6,22 %;

Separation grade of stalks mince on sieves: under 2 mm: 47,22 %; between 2,1 3 mm: 13,38 %; between 3,1 4 mm: 22,74 %; between 4,1 5 mm: 12,08 %; over 5,1: 4,58 %;

Specific energy consumption: 45,36 kWh/tPlant debris chopper TRV-0: Power consumption: 4,5kW/h; Actual working capacity 0,185 t/h;

omogenizat n cuva de alimentare a transportorului nclinat cu band; transportorul de alimentare a presei (conceput n faza demodel experimental) care este echipamentul tehnic ce funcioneaz n linia tehnologic de fabricaie a peleilor/agripeleilor pentrupreluarea i transportul de material granular din biomas solidagricol sau forestier (mrunit cu toctoarea TRV sauTCU -22) ctre rafinatorul din cadrul liniei tehnologice defabricare a peleilor / agripeleilor;

rafinator (moara cu ciocane), care este un echipamenttehnic ce face parte din linia tehnologic pentru obinereade pelei / agripelei efectund tocarea biomasei itransportarea acesteia ctre ciclonul presei de peletizare.Debitul de alimentare poate fi reglat prin modificareaturaiei ecluzei rotative i a transportorului de alimentare cunec, iar cel de evacuare ctre ciclonul presei de peletizarecu ajutorul unei clapete rotative. Rafinatorul este prevzutcu un rotor echilibrat dinamic i static cu lagre i rulmenispeciali avnd axele orizontale pe care se monteazciocanele. Debitul de material granular din biomas solidagricol sau forestier din ciclonul presei de peletizarepoate fi reglat cu ajutorul ecluzei rotative i a unui ibrctre minibuncrul presei de peletizare;

presa de peletizare pentru resturi vegetale i forestiere funcioneaz nfluxul de fabricaie al agripeleilor, fiind alimentat cu reete detoctur din biomas solid agricol sau forestier de la ecluzarotativ montat deasupra presei care dozeaz materialul nminibuncrul presei (avnd capacitatea de 20 dm3 [kg]) prevzutcu nec de alimentare. Debitul de alimentare al neculuiminibuncrului presei de peletizare precum i lungimea peleilorpot fi reglate prin modificarea turaiilor necului, respectiv amotorului de tiere la lungime a peleilor cu ajutorul sistemuluiPLC de la panoul de comand al presei.

Determinarea principalilor parametri ai echipamentelorToctorul de resturi forestiere Skorpion Consum specific de combustibil: 8,4 l/h; Putere consumat: 31,1 kW/h; Capacitate de lucru efectiv 8,52 t/h; Grad de separare a tocturii de resturi forestiere pe site:

sub 6 mm: 7,54 %; ntre 6,1 7 mm: 7,26 %; ntre 7,1 14 mm: 27,08 %; ntre 14,1 16 mm: 7,31 %; peste 16,1: 50,81 %;

Consum specific de energie: 3,65 kWh/t.Toctor de resturi vegetale TCU - 22) Putere consumat: 16,5 kW/h; Capacitate de lucru efectiv 0,56 t/h; Grad de separare a tocturii de mischantus pe site:

sub 2 mm: 45,11 %; ntre 2,1 3 mm: 11,19 %;

ntre 3,1 4 mm: 21,19 %; ntre 4,1 5 mm: 11,98 %; peste 5,1: 3,39 %;

Grad de separare a tocturii de resturi forestiere pe site: sub 2 mm: 48,74 %; ntre 2,1 3 mm: 6,91 %; ntre 3,1 4 mm: 26,80 %; ntre 4,1 5 mm: 11,33 %; peste 5,1: 6,22 %;

Grad de separare a tocturii de coceni pe site: sub 2 mm: 47,22 %; ntre 2,1 3 mm: 13,38 %; ntre 3,1 4 mm: 22,74 %; ntre 4,1 5 mm: 12,08 %; peste 5,1: 4,58 %;

Consumspecific de energie: 45,36 kWh/t.Toctoarea de resturi vegetale TRV-0: Putere consumat: 4,5kW/h; Capacitate de lucru efectiv 0,185 t/h;


5/8


31

Separation grade of wood shavings mince on sieve: under 2 mm: 52,50 %; between 2,1 3 mm: 10,12 %; between 3,1 4 mm: 21,72 %; between 4,1 5 mm: 12 %; between 5,1: 3,47 %;

Separation grade of mince from forestry waste on sieves: under 2 mm: 50,54 %;

between 2,1 3 mm: 11,82 %; between 3,1 4 mm: 20,36 %; ntre 4,1 5 mm: 13,24 %; between 5,1: 4,04 %;

Specific energy consumption: 37,37 kWhInclined belt conveyor TIB-0: Power consumption: 0,155 kW/h; Actual working capacity 0,122 t/h; Specific energy consumption: 1,435 kWh/t.Plant debris and forestry homogeniser AU: Power consumption: 5,92 kW/h; Actual working capacity 0,695 t/h; Specific energy consumption: 18,22 kWh/t.Carrier supply press TAP-0:

Power consumption: 0,27 kW/h; Actual working capacity 0,122 t/h; Specific energy consumption: 3,4 kWh/t.Refining device (hammer mill): Power consumption: 10,14 kW/h; Actual working capacity 0,122 t/h; Specific energy consumption: 130 kWh/t; Air flow 18 m3/h.Pelleting press: Power consumption: 13,19 kW/h; Actual working capacity 0,121 t/h; Specific energy consumption: 167 kWh/t.

RESULTSDetermination of combustibility characteristics

In order to determine the combustibility characteristicsof products obtained through the manufacturing technologyof pellets and agri-pellets from solid agricultural and forestrybiomass were taken for analysis a total of 14 samples invarious mixtures (recipes) as: sample 1: 67% Forestry scrap + 33% wood shavings; sample 2: 80% Miscanthus + 20% wood shavings; sample 3: 33,3% Forestry scrap + 33,3%Cobs + 33,3%

wood shavings; sample 4: 33,3% Forestry scrap + 33,3% Miscanthus +

33,3% wood shavings; sample 5: 33,3% Forestry scrap + 33,3% Straw + 33,3%

wood shavings; sample 6: 100% Cobs;

sample 7: 100% Straw; sample 8: 100% Miscanthus; sample 9: 100% pine shavings; sample 10: 100% Forestry scrap; sample 11: 25% Miscanthus + 50% Forestry scrap + 25%

wood shavings; sample 12: 50% Forestry scrap +50% wood shavings sample 13: 33,3% Miscanthus + 33,3% Forestry scrap +

33,3% wood shavings; sample 14: 100% rape grists.

To achieve determinations was used an equipment"ANALIZOR ELEMENTAL Flash EA 1112" which allowssimultaneous determination of CHSN / O from solid andliquid samples by dynamic instantaneous samplecombustion, followed by reduction, capture, separation anddetection using the thermal conductivity detector (TCD).

The samples (biomass) were subjected to laboratoryanalysis specific to solid fuels to determine the maincharacteristics:

Grad de separare a tocturii de tala pe site: sub 2 mm: 52,50 %; ntre 2,1 3 mm: 10,12 %; ntre 3,1 4 mm: 21,72 %; ntre 4,1 5 mm: 12 %; peste 5,1: 3,47 %;

Grad de separare a tocturii de resturi forestiere pe site: sub 2 mm: 50,54 %;

ntre 2,1 3 mm: 11,82 %; ntre 3,1 4 mm: 20,36 %; ntre 4,1 5 mm: 13,24 %; peste 5,1: 4,04 %;

Consum specific de energie: 37,37 kWhTransportor nclinat cu band TIB-0: Putere consumat: 0,155 kW/h; Capacitate de lucru efectiv 0,122 t/h; Consum specific de energie: 1,435 kWh/t.Omogenizator resturi vegetale i forestiere AU: Putere consumat: 5,92 kW/h; Capacitate de lucru efectiv 0,695 t/h; Consum specific de energie: 18,22 kWh/t.Transportor alimentare pres TAP-0:

Putere consumat: 0,27 kW/h; Capacitate de lucru efectiv 0,122 t/h; Consum specific de energie: 3,4 kWh/t.Rafinator (moar cu ciocane): Putere consumat: 10,14 kW/h; Capacitate de lucru efectiv 0,122 t/h; Consum specific de energie: 130 kWh/t; Debitul de aer 18 m3/h.Pres de peletizare: Putere consumat: 13,19 kW/h; Capacitate de lucru efectiv 0,121 t/h; Consum specific de energie: 167 kWh/t.

REZULTATEDeterminarea caracteristicilor de combustibilitate

n scopul determinrii caracteristicilor combustibilitiiproduselor obinute prin tehnologia de fabricare a peleilori agripeilor din biomasa solid agricol i forestier, aufost prelevate pentru analize un numr de 14 probe ndiferite amestecuri (reete) astfel: proba 1: 67% Resturi forestiere + 33% Tala; proba 2: 80% Miscanthus + 20% Tala; proba 3: 33,3% Resturi forestiere + 33,3%Coceni +

33,3%Talas; proba 4: 33,3% Resturi forestiere + 33,3% Miscanthus +

33,3% Tala; proba 5: 33,3% Resturi forestiere + 33,3% Paie + 33,3%

Tala; proba 6: 100% Coceni;

proba 7: 100% Paie; proba 8: 100% Miscanthus; proba 9: 100% Tala brad; proba 10: 100% Resturi forestiere; proba 11: 25% Miscanthus + 50% Resturi forestiere +

25% Tala; proba 12: 50% Resturi forestiere+50%Talas proba 13: 33,3% Miscanthus + 33,3% Resturi forestiere

+ 33,3% Tala; proba 14: 100% roturi de rapi.

Pentru realizarea determinrilor, a fost utilizat un echipament"ANALIZOR ELEMENTAL Flash EA 1112" care permitedeterminarea simultan a CHSN/O din probe solide i lichideprin combustia dinamic instantanee a probei, urmat dereducerea, capturarea, separarea gaz cromatografic

i detec

ia cu

ajutorul detectorului de conductivitate termic (TCD).Eantioanele de probe (biomas) au fost supuse

analizelor de laborator specifice combustibililor solizi nvederea stabilirii principalelor caracteristici:


6/8


32

through technical analysis was determined moisture [5,6] (Wi

i, Whi, Wt

i), and ash (Ai) by elemental analysis was determined the percentagecontent of Ci, Hi, St

i, Ni using an elemental analyzer FLASHEA 1112 Thermo Fisher Scientific (Model 1112).Determination of oxygen content (O) in the initial state wasperformed by calculation using the following relationship:

prin analiza tehnic s-a determinat umiditatea [5, 6](Wi

i, Whi, Wt

i), i cenua (Ai) prin analiza elementar s-a determinat coninutul procentualde C i, H i, St

i, N i cu ajutorul unui analizor elemental FLASHEA 1112 Thermo Fisher Scientific (Model 1112).Determinarea coninutului de oxigen (O) la starea iniial s-a efectuat prin calcul utiliznd urmtoarea relaie:

O

i

= 100 (W

i

t+ A

i

+ C

i

+ H

i

+ S

i

+ N

i

) [%] (1) determination of upper calorific power (Osi) wasachieved by using a calorimeter system consisted ofcalorimeter Parr Model 6200 with bomb model 1108; puterea calorific inferioar (Qii) was obtained by calculatingdepending on the total moisture (Wt

i) and hydrogen content ofthe sample subjected to determination, according to the formula:

determinarea puterii calorifce superioare (Osi) s-arealizat prin utilizarea unui sistem calorimetric format dincalorimetru Parr Model 6200 cu bomba model 1108; puterea calorific inferioar (Qii) s-a obinut princalcul funcie de umiditatea total (Wt

i) i coninutul dehidrogen din proba supus determinrii, conform formulei:

Qiinf

= Q

isup

(8,94H

i+ W

it) [kcal/kg; KJ/kg] (2)

where: = 5,86, at expression of the analysis results in kcal/kg; = 24,62,at expression of the analysis results in KJ/kg;8,94 - amount of water in grams, corresponding to 1 g hydrogen.

Methods of analysis used in the analytical testing

performed for track indicators (Romanian standards andISO methods) are presented in Table 1.

Analytical test results for samples subjected toanalysis and recalculated in accordance with standardSTAS 398/82 at the initial state of biomass fuel arepresented in Table 2 and Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6.

unde: = 5,86, la exprimarea rezultatelor analizei n kcal/kg; = 24,62,la exprimarea rezultatelor analizei n KJ/kg;8,94 - cantitatea de ap n grame, corespunzatoare la 1 g hidrogen.

Metodele de analiza utilizate la ncercarile analitice

efectuate pentru indicatorii urmrii (standarde romne imetode ISO) sunt prezentate n tabelul 1.

Rezultatele ncercarilor analitice pentru probele supuseanalizelor i recalculate n conformitate cu standardulSTAS 398/82 la starea iniial a combustibilului debiomas sunt prezentate n tabelul 2 i figurile 3, 4, 5 i 6

Table 2 / Tabel 2Analytical results for analyzed samples / Rezultatele analitice pentru probele analizate

Wii

Whi

Wti

Ai

Sti

Ci

Hi

Ni

Oidif Os

iQ

iiSample No. /

Nr. proba % % % % % % % % % kcal/kg kcal/kg1. 4.55 16.24 20.79 2.33 0.039 42.60 5.54 0.42 28.29 4152 37402. 6.25 10.79 17.04 1.32 0.049 42.70 5.56 0.57 32.76 4164 37733. 0 11.64 11.64 2.98 0.043 43.88 5.74 0.58 35.14 4395 4026

4. 0 11.77 11.77 2.37 0.043 44.66 5.72 0.26 35.18 4292 39235. 0 10.72 10.72 5.14 0.042 42.69 5.56 0.43 35.42 4381 40276. 0 10.38 10.38 5.76 0.041 40.67 5.67 1.49 35.99 4057 36997. 0 9.57 9.57 7.78 0.050 40.20 5.41 0.75 36.24 4164 38258. 0 11.17 11.17 6.89 0.044 41.79 5.49 0.58 34.04 4004 36519. 0 6.60 6.60 1.61 0.039 46.11 6.39 1.10 38.15 4354 398110. 1.95 4.14 6.09 2.53 0.047 45.81 5.81 0.76 38.95 4163 382311. 0 7.19 7.19 3.90 0.045 44.66 5.69 0.61 37.91 4210 387012. 0 5.08 5.08 2.26 0.059 46.44 5.84 0.40 39.92 4278 394213. 0 5.26 5.26 3.47 0.043 45.94 5.81 0.38 39.10 4309 397414. 0 5.56 5.56 4.87 0.051 48.26 7.11 4.64 29.51 4976 4571

LEGEND / LEGENDWi

i Imbibition Humidity /Umiditate de imbibaie;Wii Hygroscopic moisture /Umiditate de higroscopic;Wi

i Total moisture/Umiditate total;Ai Ash /Cenua ;St

i-Total Sulphur content /Coninutul de sulf total;Ci -Carbon content /Coninutul de carbon;Hi -Hydrogen content /Coninutul de hidrogen;Ni -

Nitrogen content /Coninutul de azot;Oi dif -Oxygen content /Coninutul de oxigen;Osi-Upper calorific power /Putere calorific superioar;Qi

i-Lowercalorific power /Putere calorific inferioar.

Fig. 3 Graphic representation of lower calorific power valuesfor samples 18 /Reprezentarea grafic a valorilor puterii

calorifice inferioare pentru probele 18

Fig. 4 - Graphical representation of total humidity valuesfor samples 18 /Reprezentarea grafic a valorilor

umiditii totale pentru probele 18


7/8


33

Fig. 5 Graphic representation of lower calorific power values forsamples 914 /Reprezentarea grafic a valorilor puterii calorifice

inferioare pentru probele 914

Fig. 6 Graphical representation of total humidity values forsamples 914 /Reprezentarea grafic a valorilor umiditii totale

pentru probele 914

Solid agricultural and forestry biomass used forexperimentation of manufacturing technology for thepellets / agri-pellets was:forestry:

minced and crumbled forest residue; pine shavings;

agricultural: straw; Miscanthus; cobs.

It was prepared in 22 recipes such as:R1) forestry residues: 100% (two humidities);R2) wood shavings: 100% (two humidities);R3) forestry residues: 33,33%; wood shavings: 33,33%and cobs: 33,33% (one humidity);R4) forestry residues: 33,33%; wood shavings: 33,33%and straws: 33,33% (one humidity);R5) forestry residues: 33,33%; wood shavings: 33,33%and Miscanthus: 33,33% (one humidity);R6) forestry residues: 65% and Miscanthus: 35% (two

humidities);R7) forestry residues 65 % and Miscanthus: 35% (two humidities);R9) wood shavings: 65% and straws: 35% (two humidities);R10) forestry residues: 60% i miscanthus: 40% (two humidities);R11) forestry residues: 60% and straws: 40% (two humidities);R12) wood shavings: 60% and Miscanthus: 40% (two humidities);R13) wood shavings: 60% and straws: 40% (two humidities);R14) forestry residues: 55% and Miscanthus: 45% (two humidities);R15) forestry residues: 55% and straws: 45% (two humidities);R16) wood shavings: 55% and Miscanthus: 45% (two humidities);R17) wood shavings: 55% and straws: 45% (two humidities);R18) forestry residues: 50% and Miscanthus: 50% (one humidity);R19) forestry residues: 50% and straws: 50% (one humidity);R20) wood shavings: 50% and Miscanthus: 50% (one humidity);

R21) wood shavings: 50% and straws: 50% one humidity);R22) forestry residues: 43%; wood shavings: 43% andcobs: 16% (one humidity).

Biomasa solid agricol i forestier, utilizat pentruexperimentarea tehnologiei de realizare a peleilor/agripeleilor a fost:

forestier: resturi forestiere tocate i mrunite; tala de brad;

agricol: paie; miscanthus; coceni.

Aceasta a fost pregtit n 22 reete astfel:R1) resturi forestiere: 100% (dou umiditi);R2) tala: 100% (dou umiditi);R3) resturi forestiere: 33,33%; tala: 33,33% i coceni:33,33% (o umiditate);R4) resturi forestiere: 33,33%; tala: 33,33% i paie:33,33% (o umiditate);R5) resturi forestiere: 33,33%; tala: 33,33% i miscanthus:33,33% (o umiditate);R6) resturi forestiere: 65% i miscanthus: 35% (dou

umiditi);R7) resturi forestiere: 65% i paie: 35% (dou umiditi);R8) tala: 65% i miscanthus: 35% (dou umiditi);R9) tala: 65% i paie: 35% (dou umiditi);R10) resturi forestiere: 60% i miscanthus: 40% (dou umiditi);R11) resturi forestiere: 60% i paie: 40% (dou umiditi);R12) tala: 60% i miscanthus: 40% (dou umiditi);R13) tala: 60% i paie: 40% (dou umiditi);R14) resturi forestiere: 55% i miscanthus: 45% (dou umiditi);R15) resturi forestiere: 55% i paie: 45% (dou umiditi);R16) tala: 55% i miscanthus: 45% (dou umiditi);R17) tala: 55% i paie: 45% (dou umiditi);R18) resturi forestiere: 50% i miscanthus: 50% (o umiditate);R19) resturi forestiere: 50% i paie: 50% (o umiditate);

R20) tala: 50% i miscanthus: 50% (o umiditate);R21) tala: 50% i paie: 50% (o umiditate);R22) resturi forestiere: 43%; tala: 43%i coceni: 16% (o umiditate).

CONCLUSIONSWith this biomass were made 22 recipes of agri-pellets

based on two or three components which did not deprivethe forest biomass (minced branches or pine shavings),varying the amount of agricultural biomass to 50% andhumidity between 10 and 22%, to see behavior ofpelleting press and finally of the produced pellets,depending on humidity.

After testing the equipment and technology forproducing the pellets / agri-pellets have found that: in terms of pellets made from forest biomass were

found: the pellets made from forest biomass: forest residuesand wood shavings / sawdust have an adequatequality at an average humidity between 10,512%;

CONCLUZIICu aceast biomas s-au realizat 22 reete de

agripelei pe baz de dou sau trei componente din carenu a lipsit biomasa forestier (toctura de crengi sautalaul de brad), variind cantitatea de biomas agricolpn la 50%) i umiditatea, ntre 10 i 22%, pentru avedea comportamentul presei de peletizat i n final alpeleilor obinui, funcie de umiditate.

n urma experimentrii echipamentelor i a tehnologieide realizare a peleilor/agripeleilor s-au constatat urmtoarele: n ceea ce privete peleii obinui din biomas

forestier s-au constatat: peleii obinui din biomas forestier: resturiforestiere i tala/rumegu au o calitate corespuztoare lao umiditate medie ntre 10,512%; odat cu creterea


8/8


34

with increasing humidity, the quality of pellets madefrom forest biomass decreased proportionately,reducing the density of pellets produced; pellets quality is good both for recipes from woodshavings and forest residues in different percentage,and the pellets obtained only from wood shavings /forestry residues.

regarding agri-pellets made of different recipes from

solid agricultural and forest biomass were found thefollowing: the agri-pellets derived from three components (forestresidues, wood shavings and straw in a percentage of33.33% each; forestry residues, wood shavings and Miscanthusin a percentage of 33.33% each; forest residues, woodshavings and cobs in a percentage of 33.33% each) havean adequate quality at an average humidity between 1214%; the agri-pellets made from two components(forestry residues 65% and straw 35%; forestryresidues 65% and Miscanthus 35%; wood shavings65% and straw 35%; wood shavings 65% andMiscanthus 35%) obtained at two different humidities :one at 1213% as recommended in the literature for

pellets and other: 1516%, have a good quality, theirdensity decreasing with increasing the humidity of themixture, not having a significant influence on the quality; the agri-pellets quality is strongly influenced by theproportion of plant biomass in the mixture and by themoisture of the mixture. If in case of pellets higherhumidity led to decline in their quality, in case of agri-pellets, increasing moisture up to 15.5% (max. 16%)favor the cohesion of the material from the mixture andthus the quality of the obtained agri-pellets.

The agri-pellets have good quality at a rate ofvegetal biomass in mixture of max. 40% and satisfactoryat 45%. Above this percentage the cohesion in themixture is not achieved properly (because of insufficientlignin) and the obtained agri-pellets crumble. From therecipes of obtained agri-pellets, those who haveMiscanthus in the mix are of better quality(have higherwoody vegetal mass).

umiditii, calitatea peleilor obinui din biomasforestier scade proporional, scznd i densitateapeleilor obinui; calitatea peleilor este corespunztoare att pentrureete din tala i resturi forestiere, n diferiteprocente, ct i pentru peleii obinui numai dintala/resturi forestiere.

n ceea ce privete agripeleii realizai din diferite

reete din biomas solid agricol i forestier s-auconstatat urmtoarele: agripeleii obinui din trei componente (resturiforestiere, talai paie n procent de 33,33% fiecare;resturi forestiere, tala i mischantus n procent de33,33% fiecare; resturi forestiere, tala i coceni nprocent de 33,33% fiecare) au o calitate corespunztoarela o umiditate medie ntre 1214%; agripeleii obinui din dou componente (resturiforestiere 65% i paie 35%; resturi forestiere 65% imischantus 35%; (tala 65% i paie 35%; tala 65% imischantus 35%) obinui la dou umiditi diferite(una: 1213% cea recomandat n literatura despecialitate pentru pelei) i celalat: 1516% au o

calitate bun, densitatea acestora scznd odat cucreterea umiditii amestecului, neavnd o influensemnificativ asupra calitii; calitatea agripeleilor este puternic influenat deprocentul de biomas vegetal din amestec i de umiditateaamestecului. Dac n cazul peleilor umiditarea mairidicat conducea la scderea calitii acestora, ncazul agripeleilor, creterea umiditii pn la 15,5%(max. 16%) favorizeaz coeziunea materialului dinamestec i implicit calitatea agripeleilor obinui.Agripeleii au o calitate bun la un procent de biomas

vegetal n amestec de max. 40%, satisfctoare la 45%,peste acest procent coeziunea n amestec nu se realizeazcorespunztor (datorit cantitii insuficiente de lignin) iagripeleii obinui se frmieaz. Dintre reetele deagripeleii obinui, cei care au n amestec miscanthussunt de o calitate mai bun (au masa vegetal lemnoasmai ridicat).

BIBLIOGRAPHY[1]. Danciu A. (2010) Experimentation of the equipments(plant debris chopper and conveyors) for processingagricultural and forestry solid biomass solids and theproduction technology for the pellets and agri-pellets,Research Report, INMA, Bucharest;[2]. Ion I., Ion D. (2006) - Energy from biomass, no .7 (38),Department of Termotechnics and Thermal Machines,University Dunarea de Jos of Galati.[3]. Koppejan J., van Loo S. et al. (2002) - Handbook of

Biomass Combustion and Cofiring, IEA Bioenergy Task32: Biomass Combustion and Cofiring. Twente University Press;[4]. Nussbaumer Th. (2003) - Combustion and Co-combustionof Biomass: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Primary Measuresfor Emission Reduction. Energy Fuels. 17(6): 15101521;[5]. Womac A.R., Igathinathane C., Sokhansanj S.,Pordesimo L.O. (2005) - Biomass moisture relations of anagricultural field residue: corn stover, Transactions of theASAE. 48(6): 20732083, American Society of AgriculturalEngineers, ISSN 00012351;[6]. Singh R.N. (2004) - Equilibrium moisture content ofbiomass briquettes, Biomass and Bioenergy. 26: 251253,Thermochemical Conversion Division. Sardar Patel RenewableEnergy Research Institute.

BIBLIOGRAFIE[1]. Danciu A. (2010) - Experimentarea echipamentelor(toctor resturi vegetale i transportoare) pentruprelucrarea biomasei solide agricole i forestiere i atehnologiei de realizare a peleilori agripeleilor, Raportcercetare, INMA Bucureti;[2]. Ion I., Ion D. (2006) -. Energie din Biomas, nr.7 (38),Catedra de Termotehnici Maini Termice, UniversitateaDunarea de Jos din Galati.[3]. Koppejan J., van Loo S. et al . (2002) - Manualul de

arederei cogenerare a biomasei, IEA Bioenergy Task 32:Biomass Combustion and Cofiring. Twente University Press;[4]. Nussbaumer Th. (2003) - Arderea i co-arderea biomasei:Bazele, Tehnologiile i msurile primare de reducere a emisiilor,Energy Fuels. 17(6): 15101521;[5]. Womac A.R., Igathinathane C., Sokhansanj S., PordesimoL.O. (2005) - Relaiile de umiditate ale biomasei dinrezidurile agricole din cmp: porumb, Transactions of theASAE. 48(6): 20732083, Societatea American a InginerilorAgricoli, ISSN 00012351;[6]. Singh R.N. (2004) - Echilibrul coninutul de umiditateal brichetelor din biomas, Biomas i Bioenergie. 26:251253, Thermochemical Conversion Division. Institututul decercetare Energii Regenerabile "Sardar Patel".

4_Danciu a Pelletes

Documents

Transcript of 4_Danciu a Pelletes