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Transcript of 4_Allmon History of Life in the Oceans 2014
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History of Life in the Oceans, or
4 billion years in 50 minutes
Warren Allmon
Paleontological Research Institution
and Dept. of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences
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The Paleontological Research Institution,
the Museum of the Earth,
and Cayuga Nature Center
!Cornell students!!
- volunteers
- paid and unpaid interns- research and classes
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The Geological
Time Scale
The Phanerozoic:The age of visible life
The Precambrian
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Milestones in the history
of Earth & life (in the oceans)
The Cambrian Explosion - 550-544 Ma ?
Origin of skeletons - 550 Ma ?
Origin of animals - 800-600 Ma ? Origin of multicellularity >2 Ga ?
Origin of eukaryotes - > 1.8 Ga (> 2.7 Ga ?)
Oxygenation of atmosphere 3.0-2.5 Ga
Origin of life 4.0 [4.2?]-3.8 Ga
Oldest known rocks (as of 9/08) 4.28 Ga
Origin of the Earth ca. 4.6 Ga
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The Cambrian Explosion - 550-544 Ma ?
Origin of skeletons - 550 Ma ?
Origin of animals - 800-600 Ma ? Origin of multicellularity >2 Ga ?
Origin of eukaryotes - > 1.8 Ga (> 2.7 Ga ?)
Oxygenation of atmosphere 3.0-2.5 Ga
Origin of life 4.0 [4.2?]-3.8 Ga
Oldest known rocks (as of 9/08) 4.28 Ga
Origin of the Earth ca. 4.6 Ga
Milestones in the history
of Earth & life (in the oceans)
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Types of Fossils
Body fossils
Trace Fossils
Chemical fossils
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Isua, Greenland
ca. 3.7 Ga
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Carbon isotope ratios as evidence for early life
!ORGANIC INORGANIC!
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Archaean stromatolite from the
Warrawoona Group, Western Australia
The oldest known (trace) fossils: Stromatolites
1 cm
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Archean stromatolites, South Africa
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Modern Stromatolites
Photos courtesy of A.H. Knoll &https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0608/5b1a8f48c873a/5b1a8f500244f.jpg
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Spirulina, a modern cyanobacterium
Cyanobacteria
(aka blue-green algae)
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http://www.uni-muenster.de/GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/seite1.html
The oldest known(body) fossils:Bacterial filaments
Apex Chert (3.465 Ga)Western Australia
Fig Tree Chert (ca. 3.4 Ga)South Africa
http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G331/lectures/331arche.html
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The Cambrian Explosion - 550-544 Ma ?
Origin of skeletons - 550 Ma ?
Origin of animals - 800-600 Ma ? Origin of multicellularity >2 Ga ?
Origin of eukaryotes - > 1.8 Ga (> 2.7 Ga ?)
Oxygenation of atmosphere 3.0-2.5 Ga
Origin of life 4.0 [4.2?]-3.8 Ga
Oldest known rocks (as of 9/08) 4.28 Ga
Origin of the Earth ca. 4.6 Ga
Milestones in the history
of Earth & life (in the oceans)
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Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
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Knoll et al., 2006, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, 361: 1023
The oldest undisputed
fossil eukaryotes:
Roper Group
Australia
ca 1.6 GA
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More Protero oic E kar otes
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More Proterozoic Eukaryotes
(from Porter, 2004)
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More Proterozoic Eukaryotes
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Acritarchs " Vase-shaped microfossils #
More Proterozoic Eukaryotes
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The Cambrian Explosion - 550-544 Ma ?
Origin of skeletons - 550 Ma ?
Origin of animals - 800-600 Ma ? Origin of multicellularity >2 Ga ?
Origin of eukaryotes - > 1.8 Ga (> 2.7 Ga ?)
Oxygenation of atmosphere 3.0-2.5 Ga
Origin of life 4.0 [4.2?]-3.8 Ga
Oldest known rocks (as of 9/08) 4.28 Ga
Origin of the Earth ca. 4.6 Ga
Milestones in the history
of Earth & life (in the oceans)
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When did the first multicellular
eukaryotes arise?
Body fossils
good fossil evidence at 600-800 Ma
Grypaniaat ca 2 Ga
Molecular clocks
wide variety of dates (600-1500 Ma) most dates focus on 800-1000 Ma
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The oldest known multicellular eukaryote?
Grypania, ca. 2.1 Ga from Michigan
1 cm
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h h i i i l
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When was the origin of animals?
Two sources of data
Molecular clocks
The fossil record
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The Cambrian Explosion - 550-544 Ma ?
Origin of skeletons - 550 Ma ?
Origin of animals - 800-600 Ma ? Origin of multicellularity >2 Ga ?
Origin of eukaryotes - > 1.8 Ga (> 2.7 Ga ?)
Oxygenation of atmosphere 3.0-2.5 Ga
Origin of life 4.0 [4.2?]-3.8 Ga
Oldest known rocks (as of 9/08) 4.28 Ga Origin of the Earth ca. 4.6 Ga
Milestones in the history
of Earth & life (in the oceans)
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The Cambrian Explosion:
What is it?
The relatively sudden appearance anddiversification of almost all of the phyla in the earlyCambrian.
Museum of the Earth"
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The Linnean Hierarchy
phylumclass
order
family
genusspecies
Whats a phylum?
!
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Major phyla of the fossil record
Porifera sponges
Cnidaria corals etc
Arthropoda arthropods
Brachiopoda brachiopods
Bryozoa bryozoans
Mollusca mollusks
Echinodermata echinoderms
Chordata vertebrates etc.
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Doushantuo embryos
Bengtson & Zhao 1997, a SEM image depicting a suggested metazoan embryo
possibly Olivooides multisulcatus at approximately the 256-cell stage.http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/fossils0204.html
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Doushantuo
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e acara o a
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Mawsonites
Dickensonia
e acara o a
Tribrachidium
Parvancorina
Cyclomedusa
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Traditional reconstructionsof the Ediacara Biota
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Doushantuo
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Neoproterozoic trace fossils
Simple trace fossils on the upper surface of a sandstone
bed. Neoproterozoic, South Australia. Scale bar is 10 mm
A.Archaeonassa sp. White Sea, north-west Russia. BArchaeonassa isp. in the
Ediacara Member, Flinders Ranges, South Australia, reflecting depth of animal
movement within the sediment. Scale bars = 10 mm.
S. Jensen,Integ. Compar. Biol., 43:219228 (2003)
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Doushantuo
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Th Ch ji F
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The Chengjiang Fauna
Outcrop in the Qiongzhusi Formation near Chengjiang, Yunnan Province. (c) 1997 by E. Landing
!
Discovered in early 1990s!Early Cambrian (ca 520 Ma)!> 150 taxa described!Burgess-style preservation!Many soft-bodied forms!Many taxa in common w/ Burgess!Shows that many taxa first appear
in Early Cambrian
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Microdictyon an onychophoran
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Canadaspis an arthropod
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Haikouella The oldest known vertebrate??
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Doushantuo
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(1989)
Charles D. Walcott-Discovered theBurgess Shale in 1909
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Wi i
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Wiwaxia- a mollusk?
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Hallucigenia an onychophoran
$
Old reconstruction
New reconstruction "
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Marella an arthropod
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Reconstruction of the Burgess Shale fauna49
What caused the
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Doushantuo
Snowball Earth
Cambrian Explosion?
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More Milestones in the history
of Earth & life
Late Devonian mass extinction 364 Ma
First land vertebrates (tetrapods)
380 Ma First land animals ca 420 Ma?
First land plants ca 440 Ma
Origin of vertebrate jaws 420Ma?
Origin of bone 500 Ma?
End-Ordovician mass extinction 450 Ma
Ordovician Radiations 490 Ma
Cambrian Explosion - 550-544Ma
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Marine Phanerozoic diversity
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(the Sepkoski curve)
From Futuyma (2005) Evolution, after Sepkoski
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Phanero oic Marine Di ersit :
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Sepkoski,Paleobiology, 1981, 7(1): 36
Phanerozoic Marine Diversity:
The Sepkoski Curve
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The
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The
Three
Evolutionary
Faunas
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Cambrianfauna
Paleozoic
fauna
Modernfauna
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The Cambrian Fauna
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The Cambrian Fauna
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The Ordovician Radiations
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The Ordovician Radiations
"Brachiopods"Corals"Bryozoans"Cephalopods"Bivalves
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The Paleozoic Fauna: Ordovicianwww.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/link/images/ hist_img_03_ordo.jpg
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Giant orthocone nautiloids
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PRI
(cephalopods)
Ordovician
Harvard MCZ
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The largest known trilobite
Isotelus rex, Late Ordovician,northern Manitoba
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Devonian seascapes
www.palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Devonian/ Images/dev16b.jpg
www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/dev15b.gif
www.fallsoftheohio.org/virtualtour/images/FALLS4.JPG
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Odontochile formosa
Phacops rana
Dipleura dekayi
Terataspis
Devonian Trilobites
Greenops
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Devonian Brachiopods
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The Modern Fauna
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e ode au a
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The
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Three
Evolutionary
Faunas
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The Big 5 Mass Extinctions(i h i l )
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(in the marine realm)
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Still more milestones in the historyof Earth & life:
Vertebrates in the sea
Devonian the Age of fishes
Origin of jaws ca 420 Ma
Oldest known bone ca 500 Ma
Marine reptiles
Marine mammals
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Placoderms: 6 orders, 30 families, 100 genera( S C )
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mostly Devonian (U. Sil. To Carb.)
DunkelosteusDevonian,NY, Ohio
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Dunkleosteus
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Dunkleosteusat Museum of the Earth
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Mesozoic Marine Reptiles:Ichthyosaurs
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p y
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Mesozoic Marine Reptiles: Plesiosaurs
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p
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Mesozoic Marine Reptiles:Mosasaurs
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- Jurassic-Cretaceous- marine
- up to 50 ft long78
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Teleost (Ray-finned fishes (~30,000 living species)
The most diverse group of vertebrates (by far)
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Most Teleosts are marine
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Mil t i th hi t
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Milestones in the history
of Earth & life (continued)
Northern hemisphere glaciation 3.5 Ma
Evolutionary expansion of plankton and
whales ca 35-20 Ma
Beginning of Antarctic glaciation 35 Ma
End-Cretaceous mass extinction 65 Ma
Mesozoic Marine Revolution ca. 130-70 Ma
End-Triassic mass extinction 200 Ma
Origin of dinosaurs and mammals ca 220 Ma
End-Permian mass extinction 251 Ma
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Meanwhile back on the Reef
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C. Johnson (2002)American Scientist, 90(2): 148
Meanwhile back on the ReefReconstruction of a rudist-dominated reef, Cretaceous period
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Rudistid biostrome, Pyrenees, France
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AMMONITES!!
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http://www.nationalgeographic.com/seamonsters/photogallery/ammonites.html
AMMONITES!!
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Giant
Ammonites
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Reconstructions
of HeteromorphAmmonoids
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Giant heteromorph ammoniteUpper Cretaceous
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Seymour Island, Antarctica
(now in the PRI collection)
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crushing crabs
predatory snails
burrowing clams
predatory bony(ray-finned) fish
burrowing urchins
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Chalk
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http://www.greenelectron-images.co.uk/sem/images/chalk-2_web.jpghttp://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/chalkformationfossils.htm
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Phanerozoic Marine Diversity:
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Sepkoski,Paleobiology, 1981, 7(1): 36
The Sepkoski Curve
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Milestones in the history
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Milestones in the history
of Earth & life (continued)
Northern hemisphere glaciation 3.5 Ma
Evolutionary expansion of plankton and
whales ca 35-20 Ma
Beginning of Antarctic glaciation 35 Ma
End-Cretaceous mass extinction 65 Ma
Mesozoic Marine Revolution ca. 130-70 Ma
End-Triassic mass extinction 200 Ma
Origin of dinosaurs and mammals ca 220 Ma
End-Permian mass extinction 251 Ma
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Schematic phylogeny of whales
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http://www.archaeocete.org/Barnes%20PhylogenySuborder3.jpg
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Warren Allmon
Paleontological Research Institutionand
Dept. of Earth &Atmospheric Sciences