48 - e-balbharaticart.ebalbharati.in/BalBooks/pdfs/905000606.pdf · 48 - e-balbharati ... a“¡...

â’dph©rÑ : 2017 © dlpfpóV²$ fpÄe ‘pW$é‘yõsL$ r“rd®rs A“¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^“ d„X$m, ‘yZ¡ - 411004

dlpfpóV²$ fpÄ ‘pW$é‘yõsL$ r“rd®rs A“¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^“ d„X$m ‘pk¡ Ap ‘yõsL$“p b^p l½$ fl¡i¡. Ap ‘yõsL$“p¡ L$p¡C ‘Z cpN k„QpgL$, dlpfpóV²$ fpÄe ‘pW$é‘yõsL$ r“rd®rs A“¡ Aæepk¾$d k„ip¡^“ d„X$m“u g¡rMs ‘fhp“Nu hNf R>p‘u iL$pi¡ “rl.

NyS>fpsu cpjp : kyîu. L$ë‘“p dl¡sp, AÝenkrdrs kv$õe : X$pµ. d^y k„‘V$

îudsu [õdsp v$h¡îu. Bg¡iLy$dpf Apf. Np„^u

NyS>fpsu : kyîu Bgp iy¼gAæepkS|>’ : îudsu cNhsu A¡. ‘„X$ép

X$p¸. qv$àsu iy¼gîudsu S>“L$ v$phX$p,

r“d„rÓsL¡$sL$u r“s¡i Å“u,kv$õe - k„ep¡S>L$

k„ep¡S>L$ âdyM : L¡$sL$u r“s¡i Å“urhi¡jpr^L$pfu NyS>fpsu, ‘pW$é‘yõsL$ d„X$m, ‘yZ¡-4

rQÓp„L$“ A“¡ dyM‘©óW$ : îu. kp¥fc QìlpZ, ‘yZ¡r“rd®rs : îu. k[ÃQsp“„v$ Apam¡,

dy¿e r“rd®rs Ar^L$pfuîu. fpS>¢Ö tQv$fL$f, r“rd®rs Ar^L$pfuîu. fpS>¢Ö ‘p„X$gp¡kL$f, klpeL$ r“rd®rs Ar^L$pfu

Anfp„L$“ : NyS>fpsu rhcpN, ‘pW$é‘yõsL$ d„X$m, ‘yZ¡ - 4.

ap¡V$p¡V$pC‘ k¡qV„$N : kp¡“g A¢V$fâpCS>¡k, dy„bC-13.

L$pNm : 70 GSM Creamwove

dyÖZpv$¡i : N/PB/2017-18/Qty. 5000

dyÖL$ :

âL$piL$ : îu. rhh¡L$ Np¡kphu, r“e„ÓL$‘pW$é‘yõsL$ r“rd®rs d„X$m, âcpv$¡hu, dy„bC - 25.

âõsph“p

râe rhÛp’} rdÓp¡,

^p¡fZ 9 dp„ Ap‘“y„ õhpNs R>¡. "Nfhu NyS>fpsu' Ap ‘yõsL$ Ap‘“p lp’dp„ Ap‘sp Ad“¡ AÐe„s Ap“„v$ ’pe R>¡.

rdÓp¡, qÜsue/s©sue cpjp (k„‘|Z®) A„sN®s sdpf¡ NyS>fpsu“p Ap ‘yõsL$“p¡ Aæepk L$fhp“p¡ R>¡. Ap ‘pW$é‘yõsL$dp„ kpdprS>L$-bp¡^pÐdL$-fd|Æ- cph“pâ^p“- S>“ÅN©rs â¡fL$ A“¡ v$¡iâ¡d k„h^®L$ ‘pW$ Ap‘¡gp R>¡. s¡ kp’¡ S> “¥rsL$ d|ëe h^pf“pfp, õÓu-‘yfyj kdp“sp cph“p ×Y$ L$f“pfp, “hy„ L$fhp“u rS>opkp ÅN©s L$f“pfp A“¡ Æh“dp„ l„d¡ip„ âNrs“u qv$ip sfa S>hp sÐ‘f L$f“pfp L$pìep¡ Ap‘¡gp„ R>¡.

cprjL$ kdS> A„sN®s M|b S> kfm A“¡ kpv$u ‘Ý^rs’u ìepL$fZ Apàey„ R>¡. sd¡ A¡ klS> kdÆ S>ip¡. AgN AgN âL$pf“p õhpÝepe“p¡ Aæepk L$fhp’u sdpfu kS>®“ i[¼s rhL$ki¡, L$ë‘“pi[¼s h^i¡ A“¡ ApL$g“ i[¼s ×Y$$ ’i¡ s¡hp¡ rhïhpk R>¡. ""hp„Qp¡, rhQpfp¡ A“¡ “½$u L$fp¡'' S>¡hp D‘¾$d sdpfu iåv$ k„‘rÑ kd©©Ý^ L$fi¡. rhi¡j hp„Q“ A“¡ g¡M“ L$p¥iëe A„sN®s Ap‘¡gu dprlsu Qp¡½$k op“h^®L$ ’i¡. Ap ‘yõsL$“p L$pfZ¡ “hu“ V¡$L$“p¡gp¡Æ A“¡ CÞV$f“¡V$“p¡ sdpfp rhL$pk dpV¡$ L¡$hp¡ D‘ep¡N L$fhp¡, s¡ ‘Z ÅZ ’i¡.

hjp¯s¡ Ap‘ kp¥ rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ A‘¡rns ndspAp¡ r“ròs âpàs ’i¡ s¡hp¡ rhïhpk R>¡. Ap‘“p k|Q“p¡ A“¡ ârscphp¡“y„ õhpNs R>¡. kh®“¡ iyc¡ÃR>p.

‘yZ¡qv$“p„L$ : 28 A¡râg 2017, AMpÓuS>

(X$p¸. kyr“g dNf)

cpfsue kp¥f : 8 h¥ipM 1939

k„QpgL$‘pW$é‘yõsL$,

r“rd®rs d„X$m, ‘yZ¡ - 4M/s. Bombay Bdg. Works and Printers, Mumbai

A“y¾$drZL$p

‘Û rhcpN :

¾$d ‘pW$/L$pìe“y„ “pd g¡ML$/L$rh“y„ “pd ‘©óW$ ¾$. A‘¡rns r‘qfeX$

1. Æh“ Äep¡s S>Nphp¡ rÓcyh“v$pk gylpf "ky„v$fd¹' 1 7

2. afhp Apìep¡ Ry>„ r“f„S>“ cNs 7 7

3. Qugp¡ “hp¡ X$p¸. cuMy h¡NX$p 11 7

4. v$uL$fp¡ dyLy$g Qp¡L$ku 16 7

5. rinp ipZp“¡ v$epfpd 22 7

6. ^|rme¡ dpfN dL$fÞv$ v$h¡ 28 7

H cprjL$ kdS> L$pm 33 4

H D‘¾$d hp„Qp¡, rhQpfp¡ A“¡ “½$u L$fp¡ 34 2

NÛ rhcpN :

1. cpsp“y„ ‘p¡V$gy„ ^ufS>gpg b°ûcË$ 35 8

2. Y$p¡fp„ Cðf ‘fdpf 41 8

3. Qp¡f“¡ dpg|d ’pe L¡$... S>Nv$ui rÓh¡v$u 46 8

4. “pd hNf“y„ õV¡$i“ “ftklfph qv$h¡qV$ep 53 8

5. ÅN©ssp“u L¡$X$uA¡ rhÌ$g ‘„X$ép 60 8

6. ‘qfhs®“ S>“L$ v$h¡ 61 8

H cprjL$ kdS> kdpk 75 8

H D‘¾$dp¡ hp„Qp¡, rhQpfp¡ A“¡ gMp¡ 77 2

“p¢^ - g¡M“ L$p¥iëe A“¡ rhi¡jhp„Q“ dpV¡$

AgN AgN r‘qfeX$p¡ apmh¡gp R>¡.

22

22

150

A‘¡rns ndsp - ^p¡fZ 9 (qÜsue/s©sue)Eng Medium

n¡Óp¡ A‘¡rns ndsp

îhZ : · Of-‘qfkfdp„ ’sp A“p¥‘QpqfL$ k„cpjZ kp„cmu“¡ kdS>¡.

· L$rhsp“p¡ Ap“„v$ g¡. L$rhsp“p¡ ge-spg kp„cm¡ A“¡ kdS>¡.

· “pV$L$“y„ îhZ L$f¡.

· ‘qfrQs A“¡ A‘qfrQs âk„Np¡ s’p k„hpv$p¡ kdS>‘|h®L$ kp„cm¡.

· bp¡gucpjp A“¡ âdpZcpjp kp„cmu“¡ kdS>hp kd’® b“¡.

· k„v$¡ihl“ (rdqX$ep)“p dpÝed Üpfp rhrh^ kdpQpfp¡ kp„cm¡, kdS>¡ A“¡ v$¡i“u hs®dp“

‘qf[õ’rs’u hpL¡$a fl¡.

cpjZ -

k„cpjZ:· ipmpdp„ Apep¡rS>s rhrh^ L$pe®¾$d / k„hpv$p¡ / âk„Np¡ ApÐdrhðpk‘|h®L$ fS|> L$f¡.

· Nusp¡, L$rhsp, âp’®“p ep¡Áe Apfp¡l-Ahfp¡l A“¡ k|f-spg kp’¡ Ap“„v$’u Npe.

· rdÓp¡ kp’¡ S|>’QQp®dp„ ‘p¡sp“p rhQpfp¡ ìe¼s L$f¡.

· kdõep“u QQp® L$fu kdp^p“p¡ k|Qh¡.

· L$pe®¾$d“y„ k„Qpg“ L$f¡.

· õhpNs âhQ“ A“¡ Apcpfv$i®“ L$f¡.

· ipg¡e L$pe®¾$dp¡ A“¡ kpdprS>L$ OV$“pAp¡“y„ hZ®“ L$f¡.

hp„Q“ : · ep¡Áe Nrsdp„ kdS>‘|h®L$ âL$V$hp„Q“ A“¡ d|L$hp„Q“ L$f¡.

· ‘pW$é‘yõsL$ AõMrgs fus¡ hp„Qu iL¡$ A“¡ hp„Q“dp„ Nrs h^pf¡.

· ‘yõsL¡$Ñf hp„Q“ kdS>‘|h®L$ L$f¡, N°„’pge“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$f¡.

· âñp¡“p DÑf dpV¡$ k„v$c®N°„’“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$f¡.

· NyS>fpsu iåv$L$p¡i hp„Q¡.

· kprlÐe“p rhrh^ õhê$‘p¡“y„ hp„Q“ L$f¡.

· r“Å“„v$ dpV¡$ hp„Q¡.

· kph®S>r“L$ õ’mp¡ ‘f“u k|Q“p kdÆ“¡ hp„Q¡.

n¡Óp¡ A‘¡rns ndsp

g¡M“ : · iåv$c„X$p¡m“p¡ g¡M“dp„ D‘ep¡N L$f¡.

· õhds g¡M“ L$f¡.

· ‘Óg¡M“, r“b„^ g¡M“, âhpk-hZ®“, “p“p k„hpv$p¡ gM¡.

· dprlsu ApL©$rs/QpV®$ Üpfp fS|> L$f¡¡.

· A“yhpv$ L$f¡.

· Ap‘¡gp rhje ‘f V|„$L$p¡ k„v$¡ip¡ gM¡.

· kyhpÃe Anf¡ õ‘óV$‘Z¡ g¡M“ L$f¡.

AÝee“

L$p¥iëe :· NyS>fpsu cpjp kp’¡ AÞe cpjp iuMhp“p¡ ArcNd L¡$mh¡ A“¡ AÞe cpjp kp’¡

A“yb„^ L¡$mh¡.

· cpjp“p L$p¥iëe“¡ ep¡Áe fus¡ âõsys L$fhp“u Apv$s ‘pX¡$.

· ‘pW$ L¡$ L$rhsp“p A„i“¡ hp„Qu, kp„cmu, kdÆ“¡ õhp“yc|rs gM¡.

· r“funZi[¼s, L$ë‘“pi[¼s, kdunL$ h©rÑ s¡dS> kS>®“i[¼s Mug¡.

· õhe„ d|ëedp‘““u ndsp rhL$k¡.

· cprjL$ L$p¥iëep¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ L©$rs L$fu iL¡$.

· Æh“d|ëep¡“¡ kdS>¡ A“¡ s¡ âdpZ¡ hs®“ L$f¡.

cprjL$

kdS> :· Ap‘¡gp iåv$p¡“p tgN-hQ“ Ap¡mM¡ A“¡ bv$g¡.

· r“edp“ykpf iyÙ g¡M“ L$f¡.

· Å¡X$Zu“p r“edp¡ kdS>¡ A“¡ rhfpdrQŒp¡“p¡ ep¡Áe D‘ep¡N L$f¡.

· ìehlpqfL$ ìepL$fZ“u kdS> L¡$mh¡.

· ê$qY$âep¡Np¡“p¡ kp’®L$ D‘ep¡N L$fsp„ iuM¡.

· hp¼e“p âL$pfp¡ Ap¡mM¡, k„r^ rhN°l L$f¡.

· rhi¡jZ ip¡^¡, kdp“p’} - rhfp¡^u iåv$p¡ gM¡.

1

Æh“ Äep¡s S>Nphp¡

‘Û rhcpN

1

rÓcyh“v$pk gylpf "ky„v$fd¹' : Np„^ueyN“p AN°Zu L$rh rÓcyh“v$pk gylpf“p¡ S>Þd cê$Q ‘pk¡“p rdep„dpsf Npddp„ ’ep¡ lsp¡.

"L$p¡ep cNs“u L$X$hu hpZu', "hky^p', "L$pìed„Ngp', "epÓp' hN¡f¡ s¡d“p L$pìek„N°lp¡ R>¡. V|„$L$uhpsp®, âhpkhZ®“, r“b„^

s¡dS> rhh¡Q“ n¡Ó¡ s¡d“y„ rhrióV$ âv$p“ füy„ R>¡. s¡d“y„ sMëgyk "ky„v$fd¹' R>¡.

"fZÆsfpd kyhZ®Q„ÖL$', "“d®v$ kyhZ®Q„ÖL$', "‘Úc|jZ' s¡dS> "“ftkl dl¡sp ‘yfõL$pf' ’u s¡Ap¡ ‘yfõL©$s R>¡.

k|f L©$rs“p¡ - âõsys âp’®“p - L$pìedp„ L$rhA¡ bpmùv$e“u Arcgpjp N|„’u gu^u R>¡. bpmL$ ‘p¡sp“p Æh““¡ h^y

âL$pidp“, h^y bmhp“ b“phhp“u BÃR>p L$f¡ R>¡. Æh“dp„ Aphsu rh‘fus ‘qf[õ’rs“p¡ kpd“p¡ L$fhp“u i[¼s bpmL$ dpN¡

R>¡. bpmL$“p cphrhð“u A“yc|rs L$fhp âcy“p¡ lp’ Tpgu“¡ “uL$mhp“u riiyklS> ×[óV$ Al] Ap‘¡gu R>¡.

Æh“ Äep¡s S>Nphp¡, âcy l¡, Æh“ Äep¡s S>Nphp¡.

V$Q|L$X$u Ap Ap„NmuAp¡dp„ TpTy Å¡f S>dphp¡.

Ap “p“L$X$p ‘N“¡ h¡N¡ cdsp S>Ns b“php¡;

Ad“¡ fX$hX$sp„ riMhpX$p¡ ... âcy l¡.

hZv$uh¡ A„^pf¡ Å¡hp Ap„M¡ s¡S> cfphp¡.

hZS>lpS>¡ v$qfep sfhp bm bplºdp„ Ap‘p¡;

Ad“¡ Tmlmsp„ riMhpX$p¡ ... âcy l¡.

ENsp„ Ad d“dp„ aŸgX$p„“¡ fk’u kcf b“php¡,

Æh““p f„Np¡ âNV$php ‘]R>] sdpfu Qgphp¡;

Ad“¡ dOdOsp„ riMhpX$p¡ ... âcy l¡.

Df“u kp„L$gX$u i¡fu“p¡ ‘„’ rhipm fQphp¡,

l¥ep“p TfZp “p“p“¡ kpNf S>¡hy„ b“php¡;

Ad“¡ NfS>„sp riMhpX$p¡ ... âcy l¡.

Ad Æh““u hpv$mu “p“u Apc rhi¡ S> DX$php¡,

õ“¡li[¼s brgv$p“ - “uf’u cfQL$ ^pf Tfphp¡;

Ad“¡ õ’m õ’mdp„ hfkphp¡ ... âcy l¡.

2

l dpN®v$i®L$ õs„c l

"Æh“dp„ âp’®“p“y„ dlÒh' A¡ rhje D‘f hN®dp„ QQp® L$fu“¡ âp’®“p rhi¡ ÅZL$pfu Ap‘hu. kpd|rlL$ âp’®“p A“¡

k×¹rhQpfp¡’u ìe[¼sÒh“p¡ rhL$pk ’pe R>¡ s¡d S>Zphhy„. rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ AphX$su âp’®“pAp¡ L¡$ s¡d“p Ofdp„ ’su âp’®“p hN®dp„

kpd|rlL$ fus¡ NhX$phu iL$pe. AÞe cpjpdp„ ‘Z âp’®“p L$fphu iL$pe S>¡d L¡$ "Cs“u i[¼s ld¢ v$¡“p v$psp...'

õhpÝepe

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$pìedp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) ùv$e (2) â¡d (3) ‘pZu (4) rsrdf

(5) bphX$p„ (6) Ly$fbp“u (7) fõsp (8) kdyÖ

k. 2 f¡Mp„qL$s iåv$“¡ Ýep“dp„ fpMu A’® “ bv$gpe s¡ fus¡ hp¼e“y„ ê$‘p„sf L$fp¡.

Dv$p. d“¡ AS>hpmpdp„ X$f gpNsp¡ “’u.

S>hpb :- d“¡ A„^pfpdp„ X$f gpN¡ R>¡.

(1) Ap’dsp¡ k|e® ‘ròddp„ Å¡C iL$pe.

(2) d“ kp„L$Xy„$ fpMhy„ “rl.

(3) ApS>“p eyhp“p¡ r“b®m “’u.

(4) L$p¡C“p dfZ hMs¡ vy$:M ’pe R>¡.

k. 3 iåv$p¡ b“phu“¡ gMp¡:

DL$ëep bp¡ëep

’p¼ep„

hZ

g¿ep

v$uW$p„

k. 4 “d|“p âdpZ¡ "“p“y„' rhi¡jZdp„ a¡fapf L$fu“¡ gMp¡ :-

“p“u hpv$mu bL$fp„

‘yõsL$ R>p¡L$fy„

rbgpX$u L$b|sf

k. 5 âpkhpmp iåv$p¡ gMp¡ :-

S>dphp¡ DX$php¡

fQphp¡ b“php¡

3

k. 6 L$p¡“u ‘pk¡’u iuMpe s¡ gMp¡ :-

afsp„ dl¡L$sp„

NfS>„sp hfksp„

k. 7 ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡ :-

Df“u

kp„L$g

X$u

TfÏ„

d“dp„

ENsp„i¡f

ul¥ep“y„ “p“y„

hpv$mu

Æh““u “p“uaŸgX$p„

k. 8 ep¡Áe ‘ep®e ip¡^u rh^p“ afu’u gMp¡ :-

(1) Ap “p“L$X$p ‘N“¡ h¡N¡ -----

(A) lksp„ S>Ns b“php¡.

(b) fdsp„ S>Ns b“php¡.

(L$) cdsp„ S>Ns b“php¡.

(X$) fX$sp„ S>Ns b“php¡.

(2) Æh““p f„Np¡ âNV$php -----

(A) ‘]R>u sdpfu Qgphp¡.

(b) L$gd sdpfu Qgphp¡.

(L$) byqÙ sdpfu Qgphp¡.

(X$) ey[¼s sdpfu Qgphp¡.

(3) õ“¡li[¼s brgv$p“ - “uf’u

(A) A“fp^pf hfkphp¡.

(b) cfQL$ ^pf Tfphp¡.

(L$) dyim^pf hfkphp¡.

(X$) r“d®m ^pf Tfphp¡.

4

k. 9 ApL©$rs ‘|Z® L$fp¡ :-

L$pìedp„ Dëg¡M ’e¡gp ifuf“p A„Np¡“p„ “pd

k. 10 A’® v$ip®hsu ‘„[¼sAp¡ L$pìedp„’u ip¡^u“¡ gMp¡ :-

(1) S>lpS> hNf v$qfepdp„ sfhp“y„ bm lp’dp„ Ap‘p¡.

(2) “p“L$X$u Ap„NmuAp¡“¡ i[¼sipmu b“php¡.

(3) ùv$e“u kp„L$X$u i¡fu“¡ rhipm b“php¡ - Dv$pf b“php¡.

(4) Ap„Mp¡dp„ A¡hy„ s¡S> Ap‘p¡ L¡$ v$uhp hNf A„^pfpdp„ ‘Z Å¡C iLy„$

k. 11 L$rhsp iu¿ep ‘R>u sd“¡ kdÅe¡gu bpbs S>Zphp¡.

k. 12 H ep¡Áe rhfpdrQŒp¡ d|L$u“¡ hp¼ep¡ afu’u gMp¡ :-

(1) bLy$g Al] Aph

(2) sd¡ L$p¡“¡ MyiMbfu Ap‘u

(3) A^^^ ApV$gp b^p ê$r‘ep

(4) “ufh ip„s kdSy> A“¡ W$phL$p¡ R>¡

H ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡.

hp¼ep¡ L$pm

(1) lº„ afhp ÅJ Ry>„. c|sL$pm

(2) bpmL$p¡ bpNdp„ fdsp lsp. crhóeL$pm

(3) sy„ AphsuL$pg’u hp„QS>¡. hs®dp“L$pm

H sdpfu dlÒhpL$p„np rhi¡ hN® kdn fS|>Aps L$fp¡.

âL$ë‘

rhrh^ âp’®“p L$pìep¡ A¡L$W$p„ L$fu “p“L$X$u ‘y[õsL$p s¥epf L$fp¡.

5

rhi¡j hp„Q“

Æh““y„ OX$sf

"r‘spÆ, iy„ Ap‘ d“¡ ‘|“p d|L$hp Aphp¡ R>p¡? NpX$u E‘X$hp“u s¥epfudp„ lsu Ðep„ A¡L$ Ap^¡X$ kÄS>“ v$p¡X$sp„ v$p¡X$sp„ X$åbp ‘pk¡ Apìep A¡V$g¡ bpfu ‘pk¡ S> b¡W¡$gp ‘yÓ¡ r‘sp“¡ Apv$f‘|h®L$ AphL$pfsp L$üy„. ‘yÓ“u kpd¡“u Mpgu S>ÁepA¡ ‘p¡sp“u b¡W$L$ g¡sp„ A¡ kˆ>“ bp¡ëep : "b¡V$p, s“¡ d|L$hp “’u Aphsp¡. fpÄe“p ANÐe“p L$pd A„N¡ lº„ ‘|“p S>C füp¡ Ry>„. L$p¡g¡S>dp„ sp¡ sy„ Ås¡ ‘Z v$pMg ’C iL$ui.' "fpÄe“p ¼ep L$pd A„N¡ Ap‘“¡ S>hp“y„ R>¡?' "Ap‘Zp kp„Ngu fpÄe dpV¡$ âp¡rdkfu “p¡V$p¡“p¡ âb„^ L$fhp lº„ ‘|“p ÅJ Ry>„.' "Apif¡ L¡$V$gp ê$r‘ep“u âp¡rdkfu “p¡V$ sd¡ ‘|“p’u gC Aphhp“p R>p¡!' "ÓZ¡L$ gpM ê$r‘ep“u sp¡ Mfuv$hu S> R>¡.' dpÓ ‘yÓ S> kp„cmu iL¡$ A¡V$gp ^ud¡ õhf¡ A¡dZ¡ L$p“dp„ L$üy„. "r‘spÆ, Ap‘“¡ L$v$pQ Mbf “rl lp¡e, ‘Z “p¡V$p¡“p cph sp¡ R>pihpf¡ bv$gpsp fl¡ R>¡. Ap‘Z¡ Å¡ cph L$ku“¡ gCiy„ sp¡ kõs¡ cph¡ dmu S>i¡.' "b¡V$p, spfu hps lº„ Ýep“dp„ fpMui. kõsu âp¡rdkfu “p¡V$p¡ dmi¡ sp¡ fpÄe“¡ A¡V$gp¡ apev$p¡ ’i¡ “¡!' r‘spÆ DÐkplcep® õhf¡ bp¡ëep. "‘Z r‘spÆ! Ap‘Z¡ fpÄe“¡ A¡“u ÅZ L$fhp“u iu S>ê$f R>¡! fpÄe“¡ sp¡ bÅfdp„ S>¡ cph fl¡ R>¡ A¡ S> S>Zphhp“p¡ lp¡e A“¡ A¡dp„’u S>¡ “ap¡ dm¡ A¡ Ap‘Z¡ S> fpMu g¡hp“p¡.' â‘„Q“p„ kp¡NW$p„ Np¡W$hsp„ ‘yÓ¡ L$üy„. ‘yÓ“u hps ‘f Ýep“ Ap‘hy„ d|L$u v$C, r‘sp lh¡ NpX$u“u bpfudp„’u blpf v$¡Mpsp NN“ sfa spL$u füp. ‘yÓ sp¡ lÆ ‘Z hps L$l¡hp“p DÐkpldp„ lsp¡. ‘p¡sp“u hps ApNm Qgphsp„ A¡ bp¡ëep¡ : "r‘spÆ! Ap dbgM “ap“u L$p¡C“¡e N„^ kyÙp„ “rl Aph¡.' ‘yÓ“u hps“p¡ S>hpb Ap‘hp“¡ bv$g¡ r‘sp sp¡ KX$p tQs“dp„ ‘X$u Nep. ‘yÓ“¡ gpÁey„ L¡$, r‘spÆ ‘p¡sp“u ìehlpqfL$ kgpl ‘f S> rhQpfu füp R>¡. ‘Z r‘sp“u d“-dpV$gudp„ sp¡ rhQpfhgp¡Ï„ TX$‘’u O|du füy„ lsy„. ‘yÓ“p dyM¡’u Aphu hpsp¡ kp„cmu r‘sp“¡ d“dp„ A“lv$ Aakp¡k ’ep¡. ’p¡X$u hpf ‘R>u ‘yÓ kpd¡ A“yL„$‘p cfu ×[óV$ L$fsp„ A¡ bp¡ëep : "b¡V$p ! spfp rhQpfp¡dp„ ApV$gy„ bOy„ ‘qfhs®“ ¼epf’u Aphu Ney„? Ap iy„ bp¡g¡ R>¡ sy„? dp{„$ gp¡lu bp¡g¡ R>¡ Ap? “p, dpfp gp¡ludp„ AâdprZL$sp“y„ A¡L¡$ fS>L$Z âh¡iu iL¡$ “rl. sy„ L$p¡C “pV$L$“p Np¡M¡gp k„hpv$ sp¡ “’u bp¡gsp¡ “¡!' r‘sp“¡ dyM¡’u Aphu Ak„bÙ hps kp„cmu“¡ ‘yÓ sp¡ OX$ucf X$OpC S> Nep¡. rh“ecep® õhf¡ A¡ bp¡ëep¡ : "r‘spÆ! Apd L¡$d L$fp¡ R>p¡! d“¡ Ap‘“u hpsdp„ L„$C S> kdS> ‘X$su “’u'. "d“¡ ‘Z spfp hs®“dp„ L„$B kdS> ‘X$su “’u.' r‘sp N„cuf õhf¡ bp¡ëep : "d¢ õhà“¡ ‘Z A¡hu L$ë‘“p

“lp¡su L$fu L¡$ spfp d““p kfp¡hf“u “uQ¡ ApV$gu b^u lu“sp“p¡ L$pv$h cf¡gp¡ li¡!'

6

r‘spA¡ A¡hp¡ kMs E^X$p¡ gu^p¡ L¡$ ‘yÓ sp¡ kph d|„Np¡ S> b“u Nep¡.

‘p¡sp“u hps ApNm Qgphsp„ A¡ bp¡ëep :

"cpC, spfu kgpl“p¡ lº„ Adg L${„$ sp¡ A¡“p¡ A’® A¡ ’pe L¡$, d¢ dpfp AÞ“v$psp kp’¡ R>¡sft‘X$u L$fu R>¡.

spfu Aphu lgL$u L¡$mhZu ‘f ^|m ‘X$u.

"b¡V$p! gÿdu sp¡ Q„Qm R>¡. L$p¡C“u ’C “’u “¡ ’hp“u “’u. âcyA¡ Ap‘¡gu tS>v$Nu“¡ L$p¡fu õg¡V$ dpaL$ fpMu

Æhhy„. CÄS>sc¡f fl¡hy„ A¡ dp¡V$u hps R>¡. sy„ L$l¡ R>¡ A¡d lº„ dpfp fpÄe“¡ R>¡s{„$ sp¡ d©Ðey ‘R>u cNhp“ kdn lº„

L$e¡ ES>m¡ dp¡Y¡$ Ecp¡ flu iL$ui? sy„ L$p¸g¡S>dp„ Aphy„ S> A“urs“y„ rinZ g¡hp S>C füp¡ lp¡e sp¡ sp¡ ‘R>u Al]’u

S> ‘pR>p¡ hmu Å.'

r‘sp“u hps kp„cmu“¡ ‘yÓ sp¡ õså^ b“u Nep¡.

‘R>u sp¡ A¡“¡ KO S> “ Aphu. fps ApMu ‘X$Mp„ Oku“¡ S> ‘|fu L$fhu ‘X$u.

NpX$u khpf¡ ‘|“p ‘lp¢Qu Ðepf¡ A¡ d„Ng âcps¡ eyhp“¡ d„Ng k„L$ë‘ L$ep£.

"ApS>’u A“urs“y„ ^“ d¡mhhp“p¡ rhQpf L$v$ue¡ “rl L${„$.'

L$p¸g¡S>“u kpQu L¡$mhZu A¡ qv$hk¡ kp„Ngu’u ‘|“p S>sp„ d¡mh“pf A¡ S> eyhp“ crhóedp„ L$pL$p L$pg¡gL$f“¡

“pd¡ rh¿eps ’ep¡.

- k„s ‘yr“s

õhpÝepe

k. 1 L$p¡Z bp¡g¡ R>¡? L$p¡“¡ L$l¡ R>¡?

(1) "L$p¸g¡S>dp„ sp¡ sy„ Ås¡ ‘Z v$pMg ’C iL$ui.'

(2) "b¡V$p ! spfp rhQpfp¡dp„ ApV$gy„ b^y„ ‘qfhs®“ ¼epf’u Aphu Ney„?'

k. 2 kpQy„ L¡$ Mp¡Vy„$ gMp¡.

(1) kp„Ngu fpÄe“p L$pe® dpV¡$ L$pL$pkpl¡b V²¡$“dp„ b¡W$p.

(2) kõsu âp¡rdkfu “p¡V$p¡ dmi¡ sp¡ fpÄe“¡ “ap¡ ’i¡.

(3) ‘yÓ“¡ gpÁey„ L¡$ r‘spÆ ‘p¡sp“u kgpl ‘f “’u rhQpfsp.

(4) ApS>’u A“urs“y„ ^“ d¡mhhp“p¡ rhQpf L$v$ue¡ “l] L$fy„.

k. 3 “urs A“¡ A“urs rhi¡“p sdpfp rhQpfp¡ gMp¡...

hhh

S>¡ L„$C‘Z ùv$e“¡ ‘rhÓ L$f¡ R>¡,s¡ dS>b|s ‘Z L$f¡ R>¡.

7

afhp Apìep¡ Ry>„.2

r“f„S>“ cNs : Ap L$rh õhps„Ôep¡Ñf L$pm“p L$rh R>¡. s¡Ap¡ A„N°¡Æ“p âpÝep‘L$ lp¡hp R>sp„ NyS>fpsu cpjp kprlÐe“p¡

s¡d“p¡ KX$p¡ Aæepk R>¡. “hp ArcNd“u spS>Nu kp’¡ KX$p¡ dp“hâ¡d A“¡ spS>Nucfu dp¥rgL$sp s¡d“p L$pìep¡dp„ âNV$

’pe R>¡. s¡d“p„ L$pìep¡ "R>„v$p¡ge b©ls¹' dp„ k„N°lpe¡gp„ R>¡.

k|f L©$rs“p¡ - âõsys L$pìedp„ L$rhA¡ Æh“ Æhhp“p¡ kL$pfpÐdL$ ×[óV$L$p¡Z bspìep¡ R>¡. k„kpfdp„ Ap‘Z¡ cdhp“y„ R>¡. Al]

L$rh Ap“„v$“u Apfp^“p L$f¡ R>¡. L$p¡C DØ¡i hNf Æh“ Æhhp“u hps Üpfp L$rh "lmhpi' A“ychhp L$l¡ R>¡. "â¡d'“p Nus

Üpfp "hky^¥h Ly$Vy„$bL$d¹'“u cph“p kpL$pf L$f¡ R>¡.

lº„ sp¡ bk afhp Apìep¡ Ry>„!

lº„ ¼ep„ A¡L¡$ L$pd sdpfy„ L¡$ dpfy„ L$fhp Apìep¡ Ry>„?

Al] ‘’ ‘f iu d^yf lhp

“¡ Ãl¡fp QdL¡$ “hp “hp!

- f¡ Qlº„ “ ‘pR>p¡ O¡f S>hp!

lº„ X$N kps kyM¡ cfhp Al] õhà“ dl] kfhp Apìep¡ Ry>„!

Åvy$ A¡hp¡ Åe S>X$u

L¡$ Qplu iLy„$ b¡Qpf OX$u

“¡ NpC iLy„$ b¡Qpf L$X$u

sp¡ Nus â¡d“y„ Ap ‘©Õhu“p L$Z®‘V¡$ ^fhp Apìep¡ Ry>„!

lº„ sp¡ bk afhp Apìep¡ Ry>„!


âõsys L$pìe iuMhsu hMs¡ rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ L¡$V$gp„L$ âï“p¡ ‘|R>hp. L$p¡B‘Z S>ÁepA¡ S>hp dpV¡$ L$p¡C l¡sy lp¡e R>¡. ApS>“p

S>dp“pdp„ L$pfZ hNf L$p¡C ¼ep„e S>sy„ “’u.

Æh“ Æhhp“p¡ ‘Z DØ¡i lp¡e R>¡. ¼epf¡L$ "l¡sy' L¡$ "DØ¡i' rh“p ÆhuA¡ sp¡? A¡hu rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ L$ë‘“p L$fhp L$l¡hy„.

¼epf¡L$ A¡hu fus¡ fl¡hy„ ‘Z S>ê$fu R>¡. AgNpfu fus¡ fl¡hp A„N¡“u hps Üpfp d|m L©$rs“p¡ DØ¡i kdÅhhp¡.

8

õhpÝepe


(1) Np“ (2) õ“¡l (3) ^fsu (4) k‘“y„ (5) X$Ngp„ (6) fdZue (7) rkL$g (8) ‘„[¼s

k. 2 âpkhpmp iåv$p¡ gMp¡.

sdpfy„ - lhp - S>X$u - afhp -

k. 3 A’® bv$ëep rh“p f¡Mp„qL$s iåv$p¡“p rhfp¡^u iåv$p¡ gMu“¡ hp¼ep¡ afu’u gMp¡.

(1) N„Np ‘rhÓ “v$u R>¡. (2) dp„v$p dpZkdp„ i[¼s “ lsu. (3) kyf¡i dl¡“sy R>p¡L$fp¡ “’u. (4) lº„ ‘funpdp„ “p‘pk “ ’C.

k. 4 “d|“p âdpZ¡ L$fp¡.

A¡L¡$e - A¡L$ ‘Z ¼epf¡e - L$iy„e¡ - L$v$ue¡ - L„$Ce¡ -

k. 5 Mpgu S>Áep ‘|fp¡.

(1) lº„ sp¡ bk Apìep¡ Ry>„. (2) A¡hp¡ Åe S>X$u. (3) sp¡ Nus “y„ Ap ‘©Õhu“p L$Z®‘V¡$ ^fhp Apìep¡ Ry>„.

(4) Al] dl] kfhp Apìep¡ Ry>„.

k. 6 ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡.

L¡$ Qp

lu i

Ly„$

b¡Qpf L

$X$u

f¡ Qlº„ “

“¡ NpC iLy„$

Al] ‘’ ‘f

iu d^yf lhp

b¡ Qpf OX$u

‘pR>p¡ O¡f S>hp

k. 7 L$pìe“p¡ cphp’® sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡

9

k. 8 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ip¡^p¡.

(1) Ql¡fp QdL¡$ -----

(A) Ah“hp (b) “hp“hp

(L$) Agb¡gp (X$) “hp S|>“p„

(2) “¡ NpC iLy„$ -----

(A) b¡ Qpf OX$u (b) b¡Qpf L$pìep¡

(L$) OZu ‘„[¼s (X$) b¡-Qpf L$X$u

(3) sp¡ Nus â¡d“y„ Ap ‘©Õhu“p -----

(A) R>¡X¡$ ‘lp¢QpX$hp Apìep¡ Ry>„. (b) rnrsS>¡ ^fhp Apìep¡ Ry>„.

(L$) L$Z®‘V¡$ ^fhp Apìep¡ Ry>„. (X$) ‘¡V$pm¡ d|L$hp Apìep¡ Ry>„.

k. 9

H k„r^ Å¡X$p¡ :

(1) ‘qf + Cnp = (2) v$¡h + A„i =

(3) dlp + Ci = (4) ky + Aë‘ =

H hZp®nf dyS>b Np¡W$hp¡.

eip¡v$p, e„Óp¡, eiõhu, eyNphspf, eo, e’pi[¼s

H sd¡ L$f¡gp âhpk“y„ hZ®“ hN®dp„ L$fp¡.

âL$ë‘

sdpfp il¡f“p Å¡hpgpeL$ õ’mp¡“u dprlsu CÞV$f“¡V$ ‘f’u ip¡^u“¡ s¡“p rhj¡ Qpf-‘p„Q hp¼ep¡ gMu krQÓ “p“L$X$u

‘y[õsL$p s¥epf L$fp¡.

g¡M“ L$p¥iëe

‘Óg¡M“

‘Óg¡M“ A¡ g¡M“ fQ“p“y„ D‘ep¡Nu A„N R>¡. Ap‘Zp„ Æh“dp„ ‘Óg¡M“ dlÒh“p¡¡ cpN cS>h¡ R>¡. ‘Óg¡M““¡

cpjp, rhjehõsy A“¡ L$gp“u ×[óV$’u rhL$kphhy„ S>ê$fu R>¡. ‘Ó“u cpjp hp„Q“pf“¡ Nd¡, kdÅe A¡hu lp¡hu Å¡CA¡. ‘Ó“u

cpjp kfm klS> lp¡hu Å¡CA¡.

‘Ó“p âL$pfp¡

A„Ns L¡$ Mp“Nu ^„^pv$pfu AfÆ

‘Ó ‘Ó ‘Ó

10

H A„Ns/Mp“Nu ‘Ó : rdÓp¡, kNp„k„b„û A“¡ Ap¡mMuspAp¡“¡ S>¡ ‘Ó gMhpdp„ Aph¡.

H ^„^pv$pfu ‘Ó : ìep‘pf L¡$ ^„^p k„b„û S>¡ ‘Ó gMhpdp„ Aph¡.

H AfÆ ‘Ó : “p¡L$fu d¡mhhp dpV¡$ A’hp kfL$pfu L$pdL$pS> dpV¡$ S>¡ ‘Ó gMhpdp„ Aph¡.

‘Ó“p dpmMp“p dy¿e cpNp¡

iê$Aps dÝecpN A„scpN

H iê$Aps : d’pmy„ - ‘Ó gM“pf“y„ ‘|Z® “pd-kf“pdy„ spfuM S>dZu bpSy>A¡. spfuM - k„bp¡^“ - X$pbu bpSy>

H dÝecpN : ‘Ó“u rhNsp¡ / rhjehõsy.

H A„scpN : R>¡hV$“y„ k„bp¡^“ A“¡ ‘Ó gM“pf“y„ “pd S>dZu bpSy>A¡ gMhy„.

ky„v$f ‘yõsL$ hp„Qhp“p Ap“„v$“¡ ìe¼s L$fsp¡ ‘Ó rdÓ“¡ gMp¡.

A b L$

47, A¡d. Æ. fp¡X$,

bp¡fuhgu (CõV$)

dy„bC - 67

a¡b°yApfu 17,2017.

râe v$p¡õs rlf¡“,

L¡$d R>¡ v$p¡õs? spfu ‘funp lh¡ iê$ ’hp“u R>¡ A¡d ÅZhp dþey„. dpfu ‘funpAp¡ ‘Z lh¡ iê$ ’i¡. ‘Ó

gMhp“p¡ dy¿e l¡sy A¡ R>¡ L¡$ spfu ‘pk¡’u gu^¡gy„ ‘yõsL$ "kÐe“p âep¡Np¡' d¢ hp„Ãey„. hp„Ãep ‘R>u d“¡ M|b Myiu ’C.

cpfs“p fpóV²$r‘sp Np„ûÆ“u ApÐdL$’p d¢ hp„Qu. s¡ Üpfp fpóV²$r‘sp“p Æh““u Tp„Mu L$fhp dmu. s¡d“u kpv$Nu dpfp

ùv$e“¡ õ‘i} NC. kpQpbp¡gp Np„ûÆ“p bpm‘Z“p âk„Np¡ hp„Qu“¡ dpfy„ l¥ey„ Nv$¹Nv$¹ ’C Ney„. Mf¡Mf ! dlpÐdp“p„ Æh“âk„Np¡

hp„Qu“¡ lº„ ^Þe ’C Nep¡. dpfu ipmpdp„ ep¡Åe¡g bpmkcpdp„ d¢ Np„ûÆ“p Æh““p¡ "‘¡[Þkg'“p¡ âk„N fS|> L$ep£ lsp¡. s¡“p

bv$gpdp„ d“¡ ApQpe® kpl¡b“u âi„kp dmu. d“¡ Al¡kpk ’pe R>¡ L¡$ Æh“dp„ hp„Q““y„ dlÒh L¡$V$gy„ b^y„ R>¡.

rdÓ, spfu ‘pk¡ buÅ ‘yõsL$p¡ lp¡e sp¡ d“¡ dp¡L$gS>¡. S>¡’u lº„ dpfp op““¡ kd©Ù L$fu iLy„$. spfp dpsp-r‘sp“¡ dpfp

âZpd. “p“u bl¡““¡ àepf. AphS>¡...

rg. spfp¡ râe rdÓ,

A b L$ “u epv$

hhh

lº„ dp“hu dp“h ’pJ sp¡ OÏ„

11

Qugp¡ “hp¡3

X$p¸. cuMy h¡NX$p : s¡d“p¡ S>Þd C.k. 1967dp„ ^p¡mL$p spgyL$p“p hV$pdZ Npddp„ ’ep¡ lsp¡. ‘u.V$u.ku L$ep® bpv$ A¡d.A¡.

bu. A¡X$. A“¡ ‘u. A¡Q. X$u. “u qX$N°u s¡dZ¡ d¡mhu. ^p¡mL$pdp„ s¡Ap¡ lpgdp„ kh® rinp Arcep“dp„ kdÞheL$ sfuL¡$“u kam

L$pdNufu bÅhu füp„ R>¡. kdpS>Æh“dp„ “hp¡ Qugp¡ Qpsfu“¡ L$rhA¡ ‘p¡sp“p dp¥rgL$ rhQp¡fp¡“¡ hpQp Ap‘hp âeÐ“ L$ep£ R>¡.

s¡d“p¡ L$rhsp k„N°l "Ap‘“p¡ ‘fk Ap‘' A“¡ k„ip¡^“pÐdL$ r“b„^ "NyS>fpsu v$rgs kprlÐe' s¡d“p„ dy¿e âL$pi“p¡ R>¡.

k|f L©$rs“p¡ - âõsys L$pìedp„ L$rhA¡ “hp¡ Qugp¡ Qpsfhp“u hps L$fu R>¡. "“hp¡ Qugp¡' A‘“phhp ‘pR>m Akdp“sp“p¡ cph

v|$f L$fu kdp“sp L¡$mhhp“p¡ L$rh“p¡ DØ¡íe R>¡. L$rh “hp Ýe¡ep¡ ‘|Z® L$fhpdp„ Aphsu dyíL¡$guAp¡“p¡ kpd“p¡ L$fu, A¡L$buÅ“p¡

kp’ “ R>p¡X$hp A„N¡ L$l¡ R>¡. dy[¼s“u dipg lp’dp„ gC kss ApNm ^‘hp“u hps L$f¡ R>¡. d„rS>g “ dm¡ Ðep„ ky^u Qpgsp

flp¡ A¡hp¡ k„v$¡i Ap‘u L$rhsp“p dpÝed Üpfp “hu“sp sfa hmhp“p¡ L$rh k„L¡$s Ap‘¡ R>¡.

Qugp¡ “hp¡ Qpsfu“¡ ê$Apbv$pf QpguA¡;

ëep¡, lp’dp„ lp’ rdgphu ip“v$pf QpguA¡;

‘Ng¡ ‘Ng¡ ‘lpX$ lp¡ ep ‘pspm lp¡;

Qpgu âhpl ‘gV$phu“¡ ‘pZuv$pf QpguA¡;

“p fl¡ L$p¡C ApNm, “p fl¡ L$p¡C kv$p ‘pR>m;

Akdp“sp“¡ D’p‘u“¡ Apf‘pf QpguA¡;

R>¡ S>¡ eyNp¡’u b„^ A¡ qv$ip“p Üpf Mp¡gu Ûp¡;

dy[¼s“u dipg S>gphu“¡ Å“v$pf QpguA¡;

L$pNm L$gd lp’dp„ gC b¡ku flp¡ “l] v$p¡õsp¡;

lr’epf iåv$p¡“p kÅhu ^pfv$pf QpguA¡;

R>¡ ¼ep„ ky^u Qpghp“y„ "kpaëe' A¡d “p ‘|R>p¡;

d„rTg dm¡ “rl Äep„ gNu gp¡, gNpspf QpguA¡.

12


L$p¡B‘Z A¡L$ ârkÙ N¡e L$pìe hN®dp„ NpC“¡ rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ s¡“p¡ Apõhpv$ L$fphhp¡. “hu“sp L¡$ ‘qfhs®“ A¡ kdpS>“p

rhL$pk“y„ A„N R>¡ Ap rh^p““u kL$pfpÐdL$ QQp® L$fu, L$pìe“p iuj®L$“u kp’®L$sp kdÅhhu. “hu“sp A¡V$g¡ ‘qfhs®“-

rhL$pk L¡$ S>¡ kdpS> dpV¡$ AphíeL$ S> “rl ‘f„sy Ar“hpe® R>¡ s¡ bpbs k„hpv$ kp^hp QQp® L$fhu A“¡ Ap L©$rs“y„ AÝep‘“

L$fphhy„.

õhpÝepe


(1) rifõsp¡ -

(2) L$f -

(3) Xy„$Nf -

(4) r“f„sf -

(5) v$fhpÅ -

(6) g¡rM“u -

(7) Ýe¡e -

(8) Ap¡Åf -

k. 2 Ap‘¡gp Dv$plfZ dyS>b gMp¡.

Dv$p. S|>“p¡ # “hp¡

b„^“ # vy$íd“ # Myëgp #

ApL$pi # byÌz„$ # kdp“sp #

k. 3 "v$pf' âÐee gNphu iåv$p¡ b“php¡ A“¡ s¡“p¡ hp¼edp„ D‘ep¡N L$fp¡.

v$p. s. : ‘pZuv$pf - kpQp„ dp¡su ‘pZuv$pf lp¡e R>¡.

v$pf

Å“ ‘pZu

ip“^pf

‘Npf ê$Apb

13

k. 4 Dv$plfZ dyS>b hp¼ep¡ blºhQ“dp„ a¡fhp¡.

v$p. s. : sy„ âï“ ‘|R> - sd¡ âï“p¡ ‘|R>p¡.

(1) sy„ S>dhp b¡k -

(2) sy„ v$p¡X$hp Å -

(3) sy„ ‘pZu ‘u -

(4) sy„ âp’®“p L$f -

(5) sy„ L$‘X$p„ ^p¡ -

(6) sy„ am g¡ -


(A) (b)

(1) âhpl ‘gV$phu“¡ (1) Å“v$pf QpguA¡

(2) Akdp“sp D’p‘u“¡ (2) gNpspf QpguA¡

(3) d„rTg dm¡ “rl Äep„ gNu (3) Apf‘pf QpguA¡

(4) dy[¼s“u dipg S>gphu“¡ (4) ‘pZuv$pf QpguA¡

k. 6 iåv$ kp„L$m Å¡X$u“¡ ‘|Z® ‘„[¼s gMp¡.

(1) lp’dp„ rdgphu QpguA¡

(2) L$gd gC b¡ku flp¡ “rl

(3) dm¡ “rl gNpspf

(4) Akdp“sp“¡ Apf‘pf

k. 7 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ‘k„v$ L$fu Mpgu S>Áep ‘|fp¡.

(1) L$gd lp’dp„ gC b¡ku flp¡ “l] v$p¡õsp¡.

(A) L$pNm (b) ‘yõsL$ (L$) “p¡V$byL$

(2) L$p¡C fl¡ “p ApNm, “p fl¡ L$p¡C kv$p

(A) “uQ¡ (b) ‘pR>m (L$) D‘f

(3) ëep¡, lp’dp„ lp’ rdgphu QpguA¡.

(A) ‘pZuv$pf (b) ip“v$pf (L$) Å“v$pf

k. 8 "“hp¡ Qugp¡' L$pìe“p L$rh“p rhQpfp¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

14

k. 9 kdpk“p¡ rhN°l L$fu âL$pf gMp¡.

kpdprkL$ iåv$ rhN°l âL$pf

ApNm ‘pR>m

Apf‘pf

L$pNmL$gd

v$l]hX$p

MpZu‘uZu

k. 10 L$pm Ap¡mMp¡.

(1) N°pçe rhõspf“u dygpL$ps¡ S>C Apìep.

(2) b¡ L$gpL$ hl¡gp EW$u dS|>fu L$fuiy„.

(3) gÿdu Qp„ëgp¡ L$fhp Aphu R>¡.

(4) Q|„V$Zu kde¡ W¡$fW¡$f kcpAp¡ cfpi¡

(5) lº„ v$pMgp¡ ‘|fp¡ L$fui

H sdpfp ‘qfhpf“u â’pdp„ sd¡ S>¡ ‘qfhs®“ CÃR>p¡ R>p¡ s¡ S>Zphp¡.

âL$ë‘

sdpfp d“‘k„v$ A¡L$ L$rh“u dprlsu/rQÓp¡ CÞV$f“¡V$ D‘f’u A¡L$rÓs L$fu, s¡d“u L$rhsp krls “p“u ‘y[õsL$p s¥epf

L$fp¡.

rhi¡j hp„Q“

âdpZ ‘Ó

A¡L$ hMs â¿eps ê$ku g¡ML$ V$p¸ëkV$p¸e“¡ A¡d“p A¡L$ rdÓ¡ ‘|R¹>ey„ : "d¢ spfu ‘pk¡ dpZk dp¡L$ëep¡' sp¡, s¡“u ‘pk¡

OZp„ âdpZ‘Ó lsp„, ‘f„sy s¢ A¡“¡ “p‘k„v$ ¼ep£. d¢ A¡hy„ ÅÎey„ R>¡ L¡$ s¢ A¡L$ A¡hp dpZk“u ‘k„v$Nu L$fu R>¡, S>¡“u ‘pk¡ A¡L¡$

âdpZ‘Ó “lp¡sy„. A¡hp¡ s¡ ¼ep¡ dp¡V$p¡ NyZ A¡“pdp„ lsp¡ L¡$ s¢ dpfu hps“u AhNZ“p L$fu“¡ A¡“u r“dZ|„L$ L$fu?'

V$p¸ëkV$p¸e¡ L$üy„ : " v$p¡õs, S>¡“u d¢ r“dZ|„L$ L$fu R>¡ A¡“u ‘pk¡ Ad|ëe âdpZ‘Óp¡ lsp„. A¡Z¡ dpfp Ap¡fX$pdp„ âh¡isp„

‘l¡gp„ ‘fhp“Nu dpNu. ‘R>u A¡“p ‘N“¡ A¡Z¡ bpSy>dp„ ‘X¡$gp ‘Ng|R>rZep ‘f kpa L$ep®. A¡“p„ L$‘X$p„ kpdpÞe lp¡hp R>sp„

Qp¡¿Mp„ lsp„. b¡ksp„ ‘l¡gp„ A¡ Myfiu kpa L$fu“¡ b¡W$p¡. A¡“pdp„ ApÐdrhðpk lsp¡, dpfp v$f¡L$ khpg“p¡ A¡Z¡ kpQp¡ A“¡ ^¥e®‘|h®L$

S>hpb Apàep¡. dpfp khpgp¡ ‘|fp ’ep ‘R>u ip„rs’u dpfu k„drs dpNu, s¡ EW$u“¡ Qpëep¡ Nep¡. A¡Z¡ L$p¡C‘Z âL$pf“u Qp‘g|ku

L¡$ cgpdZ“u L$p¡rii “lp¡su L$fu. Ap NyZp¡“¡ L$pfZ¡ d¢ A¡“¡ ‘k„v$ L$ep£. Ap A¡hp„ âdpZ‘Óp¡ lsp„ S>¡ blº ’p¡X$p dpZkp¡ ‘pk¡

Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Aphp NyZhp“ dpZkp¡ ‘pk¡ g¡rMs âdpZ‘Óp¡ “ ‘Z lp¡e sp¡e¡ L„$C hp„^p¡ “rl!'

- v$pv$p ^dp®r^L$pfu

15

õhpÝepe

k. 1 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ip¡^u hp¼ep¡ afu’u gMp¡.

(1) â¿eps ê$ku g¡ML$“y„ “pd lsy„.

A) Ab°pld tgL$“

b) V$p¸ëkV$p¸e

L$) Qpëk® NyX$ Cef

X$) r‘L$pkp¡

(2) g¡ML¡$ A¡hp dpZk“u ‘k„v$Nu L$fu S>¡“u ‘pk¡

A) OZp„ âdpZ‘Ó lsp„.

b) Ad|ëe âdpZ‘Ó lsp„.

L$) A¡L¡$e âdpZ‘Ó “lp¡sy„.

X$) gpNhN lsu.

(3) ‘k„v$ ’e¡gp dpZk¡ L$p¡C âL$pf“u

A) dv$v$ L$fu “ lsu.

b) L$p¡rii L$fu “ lsu.

L$) Qp‘g|ku L$fu “ lsu.

X$) gp„Q Ap‘u “ lsu.

(4) A¡Z¡ dpfp Ap¡fX$pdp„ âh¡isp ‘l¡gp

A) b¡g dpfu.

b) v$fhpÅ¡ MMX$pìep¡.

L$) ‘NfMp Dspep®.

X$) ‘fhp“Nu dpNu.

k. 2 sdpfu ×[óV$ A¡ ‘k„v$ ’e¡gp¡ dpZk ep¡Áe R>¡ L¡$ Aep¡Áe? s¡ S>Zphp¡.

k. 3 sdpfu ×[óV$A¡ “p¡L$fu d¡mhhp dpV¡$ AphíeL$ NZpsp lp¡e s¡hp NyZp¡ gMp¡.

hhh

‘qfhs®“ k„kpf“p¡ r“ed R>¡.

16

v$uL$fp¡4

X$p¸. dyLy$g d“p¡lfgpg Qp¡L$ku : s¡d“p¡ S>Þd C. k. 1959dp„ kyfs il¡fdp„ ’ep¡ lsp¡. s¡Ap¡A¡ A¡d.bu.bu.A¡k kp’¡

X$u.‘u. A¡d. “u qX$N°u d¡mhu R>¡. lpgdp„ s¡Ap¡ kpC¾$uApV$uõV$“u âh©rÑ L$fu füp R>¡. ìehkpe¡ X$p¸¼V$f lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡Ap¡“y„

‘ÛkprlÐe rh‘yg A“¡ rhrh^sp cey¯ R>¡. s¡d“p L$pìep¡dp„ s¡dZ¡ ùv$e“u Erd®Ap¡“¡ hpQp Ap‘u R>¡.

s¡d“p„ "spÅ L$gddp„ A¡ S> L¡$', "NTg - k„N°l 2001' “¡ NyS>fpsu kprlÐe AL$pv$du Üpfp ‘pqfsp¡rjL$p¡ âpàs

’ep„ R>¡.

k|f L©$rs“p¡ - âõsys Nusdp„ L$rhA¡ cNhp“ ‘pk¡ v$uL$fp¡ dpNhp“u hps L$fu R>¡. v$uL$fp¡ dpNhp ‘pR>m h„ih¡gp¡ h^pfhp“u

L¡$ h©Ùphõ’p“p Ap^pf“u CÃR>p “’u. bl¡““¡ cpC dm¡, s¡“¡ fpMX$u bp„^¡, s¡dS> ‘pfL$u v$uL$fu hlº b“u“¡ Apìep ‘R>u

s¡ ‘Z ‘p¡sp“u v$uL$fu b“¡ A¡hu CÃR>p R>¡. ‘pfL$u v$uL$fu ‘p¡sp“¡ dpsp-r‘sp NZi¡ A“¡ ‘p¡sp“y„ Æh“ Adpfu kp’¡ Å¡X$i¡

A¡hu d“p¡cph“p Al] ìe¼s ’C R>¡. ‘fpC v$uL$fu s¡“y„ Ly$Vy„$b R>p¡X$u“¡ Adpfp Ly$Vy„$b“p¡ A¡L$ cpN b“i¡, Aphu ‘m“p kpnu

b“hp dpV¡$ L$rh v$uL$fp¡ dpN¡ R>¡. V|„$L$dp„, v$uL$fp“u dpNZu Üpfp ‘fpC v$uL$fu“¡ ‘p¡sp“u L$fhp“u L$rh“u cph“p Ap L$pìedp„

ìe¼s ’C R>¡.

b^p cNhp“ ‘pk¡ v$uL$fp¡ Ap S>Ndp„ dpN¡ R>¡

Æh“ v$uL$fp rh“p L¡$V$gpe“¡ blº Mpgu gpN¡ R>¡

kdyÖ“¡ h„ih¡gp rhõsf¡ A¡hu A‘¡np R>¡

L$p¡CL$“¡ ‘pR>gu Jdf“u A¡L$gsp“u tQsp R>¡

“’u Ap^pf L¡$ rhõspf“u CÃR>p d“¡ Cðf!

lº„ spfu ‘pk¡ v$uL$fp¡ dp„Ny Ry>„ blº Sy>v$p L$pfZkf

L¡$ dpfu gpX$gu v$uL$fu“¡ dmi¡ kp’ cpC“p¡

“¡ A¡“u fpMX$u AS>hpmi¡ A¡L$ lp’ cpC“p¡

li¡ v$uL$fp¡ sp¡ ‘fZu“¡ hlº“¡ gphi¡ Ofdp„

L$p¡C L$p¡X$ugu L$Þep Aphi¡ Ad klº“p Æhsfdp„

Adpfp Mp¡mpdp„ ER>f¡g ìlpgp bpmL$p¡ kOmp

Ad¡ ‘p¡s¡ ER>¡ep® lp¡hp’u blº gpNi¡ ìlpgp

‘f„sy ‘pfL$p Ofdp„ S>¡ ER>fu R>¡ s¡ L$Þep ‘Z

AQp“L$ A¡L$ b¡ nZdp„ b“u S>i¡ Adp{$ S>Z

“’u sp¡ ‘Z A¡ Ad“¡ ‘p¡sp“p dpsp r‘sp NZi¡

Æh“ ApMy„ Adpfu Æ„v$Nu“p ‘p¡sdp„ hZi¡

17

L$p¡C h¡gu EM¡X$pB buÅ Ly„$X$pdp„ ‘p„Nfi¡

S>Nsdp„ Aphu OV$“p“p¡ L$p¡C Å¡V$p¡ “l] S>X$i¡

b“y„ kpnu lº„ Aphu ‘m“p¡ A¡V$gp dpV¡$ l¡ Cðf!

Å¡ v$uL$fp¡ v$¡ d“¡ sp¡ dpÓ v$¡S>¡ Ap S> L$pfZkf


L$pìe“p¡ âpf„c L$fsp„ ‘l¡gp„ Ap‘Zp kdpS>dp„ âhs£gp v$uL$fp¡ A“¡ v$uL$fu hÃQ¡“u kdp“sp A“¡ saphs“u hN®dp„ hps

L$fhu. L$Þep âÐe¡“p c¡v$cph“¡ L¡$hu fus¡ v|$f L$fhp s¡ rhj¡ rhÛp’}Ap¡ kp’¡ QQp® L$fhu. õÓu-‘yfyj kdp“sp“p qL$õkpAp¡“u

ÅZL$pfu Ap‘u b„“¡“p dlÒh rhj¡ âï“p¡Ñf ‘|R>u rhÛp’}Ap¡“p d„sìe ÅZhp. kdp“sp“p¡ cph L¡$mhpe s¡hp k„v$¡i kp’¡

L$pìe“¡ Nrs âv$p“ L$fhu.

õhpÝepe


(1) klL$pf -

(2) b^p -

(3) Np¡v$ -

(4) Å¡X$ -

(5) A¡L$pA¡L$ -

(6) Æh“ -

(7) rhL$khy„ -

(8) cNhp“ -

k. 2 "sf' âÐee gNphu iåv$p¡ b“php¡.

sf

QZ cZ

ÆhS>X$

“h “X$

18

k. 3 Dv$plfZ dyS>b q¾$ep‘v$“y„ ê$‘ b“phu Mpgu S>Áep ‘|fp¡.

v$p. s. : Ad¡ ‘p¡s¡ ER>¡ep® (lp¡hy„) lp¡hp’u blº gpNi¡ ìlpgp

(1) s¡Ap¡“p (S>hy„) Of gpN¡ R>¡ Mpgu Mpgu.

(2) k„Nus“p¡ qfepS> (L$fhy„) s¡dp„ rkqÙ dm¡ R>¡.

(3) Cïhf ‘pk¡ (dpNhy„) b^y„ S> dmu S>sy„ “’u.

(4) v|$^dp„ kpL$f (c¡mhhy„) s¡ duWy„$ gpN¡ R>¡.

(5) Of“y„ Mphp“y„ (Mphy„) õhpõÕe kpfy„ fl¡ R>¡.

k. 4 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡“¡ hp¼edp„ hp‘fp¡.

OV$“p , tS>v$Nu , nZ , Ap^pf , A‘¡np

k. 5 L$p¡óV$L$dp„’u ip¡^u“¡ gMp¡.

v$p. s. qv$hk # fps

h lp gp S>

v$hgp # i A S> s

cf¡gy„ # ‘p ‘¡ su ‘p

ApNgu # f np “ R>

‘p¡sp“p„ # L$p„ f Mp gu


(1) L¡$ dpfu gpX$gu v$uL$fu“¡ dmi¡ kp’ “p¡.

A) dpbp‘ b) bl¡“ L$) cpC

(2) ‘f„sy Ofdp„ S>¡ ER>fu R>¡ s¡ L$Þep.

A) ‘pfL$p b) ‘p¡sp“p L$) cpC

(3) L$p¡CL$“¡ ‘pR>gu Jdf“u “u tQsp R>¡.

A) h©Ùphõ’p b) A¡L$gsp L$) OX$‘Z


(A) (b)

(1) li¡ v$uL$fp¡ sp¡ ‘fZu“¡ (1) L$p¡C Å¡V$p¡ “l] S>X$i¡

(2) S>Nsdp„ Aphu OV$“p“p¡ (2) Ad klº“p Æhsfdp„

(3) b^p cNhp“ ‘pk¡ v$uL$fp¡ (3) hlº gphi¡ Ofdp„

(4) L$p¡C L$p¡X$ugu L$Þep Aphi¡ (4) Ap S>Ndp„ dpN¡ R>¡.

19

k. 8 L$p¡Z? s¡ gMp¡.

(1) gpX$gu v$uL$fu“¡ kp’ Ap‘“pf

(2) klº“p Æhsfdp„ Aph“pf

(3) v$uL$fp¡ ‘fZu“¡ gphi¡

(4) Mp¡mpdp„ DR>f“pf

(5) ‘pfL$p Ofdp„ DR>f“pf

k. 9 âõsys L$pìe“p¡ cphp’® sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

k. 10 kdpk“p¡ rhN°l L$fu âL$pf gMp¡

rhN°l âL$pf

dpspr‘sp -

kyMvy$:M -

ipL$cpÆ -

Æh“d©Ðey -

k. 11 k„rO.

Þepe + Apge = Þepepge

k|e® + = k|ep£v$e

kv$p + A¡h =

Crs + Apqv$ =

H v$uL$fuAp¡ kp’¡ ’sp c¡v$cph rhi¡ QQp® L$fp¡. s¡ v|$f L$fhp“p D‘pe S>Zphp¡.

âL$ë‘

"b¡V$u bQphp¡, b¡V$u cZphp¡' rhje “¡ Ýep“dp„ gC õgp¡N“p¡ s¥epf L$fu hN®dp„ gNpX$p¡.

g¡M“ L$p¥iëe

r“b„^ g¡M“

r“b„^ A¡ NÛ kprlÐe õhê$‘“p¡ A¡L$ âQrgs A“¡ ANÐe“p¡ âL$pf R>¡. r“b„^ L$p¡C‘Z ìe[¼s“p cphrhð“¡ A“¡

L$ë‘“p“¡ kpL$pf L$f¡ R>¡. L$pìepÐdL$ cpjp, L$gpÐdL$ fS|>Aps A“¡ ùv$e“p KX$pZ“u gpNZu“p cph“u fS|>Aps r“b„^dp„ ’pe

R>¡.

20

r“b„^“p âL$pfp¡ :

(1) hZ®“pÐdL$

(2) L$ë‘“pÐdL$

(3) ApÐdL$’“pÐdL$

r“b„^ gMsu hMs¡....

- d“Ndsp¡ rhje ‘k„v$ L$fp¡.

- dprlsu A¡L$W$u L$fp¡.

- kyOX$ aL$fpAp¡dp„ fS|>Aps

- kfm cpjpdp„ fS|>Aps

- Å¡X$Zu, rhfpdrQŒp¡, L$l¡hsp¡, ê$qY$âep¡Np¡“p¡ Ly$“¡l‘|h®L$ D‘ep¡N

- r“b„^ ÓZ rhcpNdp„ lp¡e R>¡.

(1) âpf„c L¡$ âõsph (2) dÝe (3) A„s. Ap ÓZ¡ rhcpN“y„ gMpZ âdpZkf lp¡hy„ Å¡CA¡. âpf„c ApL$j®L$

lp¡e sp¡ s¡ hp„Q“pf“p d“ ‘f kpfu R>p‘ D‘Åh¡ R>¡. s¡hu S> fus¡ A„s V|„$L$p¡ - g¡ML$“p Arcâpe A“¡ r“b„^“p rhje hõsy

kp’¡ kyk„Ns lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡.

- r“b„^ iê$ L$fsp„ ‘l¡gp„ A¡ A„N¡“p dyØpAp¡ rhQpfu s¡“¡ V$p„L$u g¡hp Å¡CA¡. “½$u L$f¡gp v$f¡L$ dyØp dpV¡$ ep¡Áe aL$fp

‘pX$hp Å¡CA¡.

d“¡ Aph¡gy„ õhà“

NCL$pg¡ A¡L$ kpdpreL$dp„ Q„Ögp¡L$ ‘f dp“h hõsu“p¡ g¡M hp„Qu dpfp d“dp„ ÅsÅs“p sf„Np¡ EW$ép. ApMp¡ qv$hk

A¡ rhQpfp¡ d“dp„ O|çep L$fsp lsp. A¡ S> rhQpfp¡ L$fsp L$fsp lº„ k|C Nep¡.

A¡L$ qv$hk lº„ ANpkudp„ b¡W$p¡ lsp¡. Ðep„ ‘pk¡“p A¡L$ d¡v$p“dp„ A¡L$ AhL$piep“ Esey¯. ’p¡X$u S> hpfdp„ Ap AhL$piep“dp„’u

A¡L$ ky„v$f ‘fu“¡ blpf “uL$msu d¢ Å¡C. ‘fu lmh¡ lmh¡ dpfu ‘pk¡ Aphu A“¡ d“¡ â¡d’u ‘|R¹>ey„, ""cpC Ar“g, L¡$d R>¡? spf¡

Q„Ögp¡L$ Å¡hp¡ R>¡? Qpg, dpfu kp’¡ Ðep„“u AS>b-NS>b“u vy$r“ep lº„ s“¡ bsphui.'' d¢ L$üy„, ""sy„ L$p¡Z R>¡?'' s¡Z¡ L$üy„, ""lº„

kp¡“‘fu Ry>„. dpfu kp’¡ Aphui?''

kp¡“‘fu“u hps kp„cmu lº„ Ap“„v$dp„ Aphu Nep¡. d¢ L$üy„, ""lº„ Aphy„ sp¡ Mfp¡ ‘Z d“¡ ‘pR>p¡ Al] d|L$u S>Ci “¡?''

‘fuA¡ lp ‘pX$u. lº„ S>ëv$u S>ëv$u Ofdp„ Nep¡. bp“¡ hps L$fu. ‘l¡gp sp¡ bpA¡ Ap“pL$p“u L$fu. ‘Z ‘R>u fpÆ ’C NC. b^p“u

A“ydrs gC lº„ “uL$þep¡. ‘fuA¡ d“¡ AhL$piep“dp„ ‘l¡fhp dpV¡$“p L$‘X$p„ Apàep„. lº„ A¡ ‘l¡fu“¡ kÄS> ’ep¡.

lº„ bp“¡ ‘N¡ gpÁep¡. ‘fuA¡ d“¡ AhL$piep“dp„ b¡kpX$ép¡. AhL$piep“ EX$éy„. s¡ KQ¡ “¡ KQ¡ S>hp gpÁey„. KQ¡’u ‘©Õhu

d“¡ Q„Ö S>¡hu “p“u gpNu. AhL$piep“ Q„Ögp¡L$ ‘f Esey¯. Ad¡ A¡dp„’u blpf Apìep„. ‘fu“p¡ L¡$V$gp¡ ky„v$f dl¡g lsp¡! ‘fuA¡

d“¡ ApMp¡ dl¡g bspìep¡. ‘R>u Ad¡ S>dhp b¡W$p. cp¡S>““u kpdN°u Å¡C dpfp Ap“„v$“p¡ ‘pf “ füp¡.

Ðepf‘R>u d¢ ‘fu kp’¡ Q„Ögp¡L$ Å¡ey„. A¡ “Nf“u ip¡cp Å¡C“¡ lº„ Apòe®QqL$s ’C Nep¡. M|b Av¹$cys vy$r“ep lsu A¡!

Ðep„ A¡L$ f„Nb¡f„Nu aŸgp¡“y„ TpX$ Å¡ey„. d¢ A¡L$ X$pmu “dphu A¡V$g¡ Ðep„ s|V$u“¡ ‘X$u. lº„ NbX$u ‘X$ép¡. NbX$u ‘X$sp„ S> dpfu Ap„Mp¡

EOX$u NC. Å¡ey„ sp¡ lº„ dpfp Ofdp„ S> lsp¡. KOdp„ ‘g„N ‘f’u NbX$u ‘X$ép¡ lsp¡.

dpfp dp¢dp„’u Dv¹$Npf kfu ‘X$ép¡, ""Af¡, õhà“? ‘Z L¡$hy„ Av$¹cys õhà“!''

21

L$l¡hsp¡

- L|$hpdp„“p¡ v$¡X$L$p¡.

- MpX$p¡ Mp¡v$¡ s¡ ‘X¡$.

- NpÄep d¡l hfk¡ “rl

- Ou Y$p¡mpey„ sp¡ MuQX$udp„

- Q¡ssp “f kv$p kyMu

- R>pidp„ dpMZ Åe “¡ hlº aŸhX$ L$l¡hpe.

- ÅÁep Ðep„’u khpf.

- TpTp lp’ frmepdZp

- V$pY¡$ ‘pZuA¡ Mk Åe.

- W$p¡W$ r“iprmep“¡ hsfZp„ TpTp

- Xy„$Nfp v|$f’u frmepdZp„

- Y$p¡g hpN¡ Y$p„L$ep¡ “ fl¡

- sfs v$p“ “¡ dlp‘|Îe

- v$ep X$pL$Z“¡ Mpe

- v$¡i s¡hp¡ h¡i

- ^ufS>“p„ am duW$p„

- “d¡ s¡ klº“¡ Nd¡.

- ‘pfL$u Api kv$p r“fpi

- af¡ s¡ Qf¡, bp„Ýep¡ c|M¡ df¡

- bphp“p b¡e bNX$ép„

- bp¡g¡ s¡“p bp¡f h¡Qpe

- c¢k ApNm cpNhs

- A¡L$ ‘„’ “¡ v$p¡ L$pS>

- k„‘ Ðep„ S>„‘

- e’p fpÅ s’p âÅ

hhh

kh® Myiu Ap‘hpdp„ R>¡ - g¡hp s’p dpNhpdp„ “’u

22

rinp ipZp“¡...5

v$epfpd : s¡Ap¡ hX$p¡v$fp rS>ëgp“p QpZp¡v$ Npd“p hs“u lsp. s¡dZ¡ X$cp¡Cdp„ hpk L$ep£ lsp¡. Ap L$rhA¡ ‘p¡sp“y„ ApMy„

Æh“ L©$óZk¡hpdp„ kd‘} v$u^y„ lsy„.

s¡Ap¡ NyS>fpsu cpjp“p DÑd Erd®L$rh R>¡. "frkL$ hëgc', "c[¼s ‘p¡jZ', "v$epfpd fkky^p 1 s’p 2', "v$epfpd

fk^pfp 1-2-3 hN¡f¡ s¡d“u h¥óZh k„âv$pe“¡ gNsu fQ“pAp¡ R>¡. s¡d“u L$rh sfuL¡$“u Mfu ârscp NfbuAp¡dp„ TmL$u

fl¡ R>¡.

k|f L©$rs“p¡ - âõsys bp¡^L$pìedp„ L$rhA¡ Æh“ìehlpf Qgphhp dpV¡$ îÙp-c[¼s, kv¹$NyZ-kv¹$rhQpf, D‘v$¡i-riMpdZ“u

AphíeL$sp s¡dS> dlÒh rhi¡ ÅZL$pfu Ap‘u R>¡. "S>¡ kdS>¡ s¡ ipZp¡' A¡hy„ L$lu“¡ L$rh "kdS>v$pf ìe[¼s L$p¡Z?' s¡ sfa

A„N|rgr“v$£i L$f¡ R>¡. gOyspN°„r’ “ bp„^sp S>¡ dþey„ R>¡ s¡dp„’u ApNm h^hp“u kdS>v$pfu L¡$mhhu Å¡CA¡. L©$rsdp„ Æh““p„

d|ëep¡“y„ dlÒh kdÅìey„ R>¡.

kfh L$pd R>p„X$u“¡ ‘f’d îuNyfy Np¡rhÞv$ crS>e¡ Æ;

kL$g L$pd“p-rkqÙ S>¡’u, hpf¡ s¡l¡“¡ srS>e¡.

rinp ipZp“¡...

‘fp¡‘L$pf, âurs, d©vy$ hpZu; dp¡V$p S>“ s¡ ÅZp¡Æ;

r“v$®e, Ap‘õhpf’u, S|>W$p; s¡ “uQp ‘fdpZp¡.

rinp ipZp“¡...

23

Mfu dl¡“s“y„ Öìe Å¡qX$e¡, “uQ “S>f “p L$qfe¡ Æ; ‘pR>m’u ‘õsphp¡ D‘S>¡, lpZ lp„ku’u X$qfe¡. rinp ipZp“¡... rh“p rhQpey¯ L$pd L$f¡ s¡ ‘pR>m’u ‘õspe Æ; bNX$u b|„v$ “ lp¡S>¡ k^f¡, dm¡ “ sL$ S>¡ Åe. rinp ipZp“¡... F>Z L$pY$u“¡ MfQ “ L$qfe¡, v$pV$u “ krle¡ vy$:MÆ; S>¡l¡hu k„‘s s¡l¡hy„ cp¡S>“, kv$p ‘prde¡ kyMÆ rinp ipZp“¡... kyM Apìe¡ R>L$u “ S>¥e¡, vy$:M Apìe¡ “h X$qfe¡ Æ; Ap‘Z’u Ar^L$p„“¡ Å¡C“¡ Nfh ¼g¡i“¡ lqfe¡. rinp ipZp“¡... gpM, Ndphu kpM fpMÅ¡, kpM¡ dmi¡ gpM Æ; gpM MfQsp„ kpM “rl dm¡, kpM Ne¡ klº MpM.

rinp ipZp“¡...


L$rhspdp„ Aphsp "ipZp' iåv$“¡ A“¡L$ fus¡ AgN-AgN k„v$c®dp„ kdÅhu“¡ L$pìedp„ hp„rR>s D‘v$¡i“u QQp® L$fhu. kpfp A“¡ kÄS>“ ìe[¼sAp¡“u rhi¡jsp rhÛp’}Ap¡ ‘pk¡’u d¡mhhu. hN®dp„ QQp® L$ep® ‘R>u kv¹$NyZp¡“u rhõs©s ÅZL$pfu Ap‘u, Æh“dp„ iy„ L$fhp“y„, iy„ “rl L$fhp“y„ s¡“p rhj¡ â¡fZpv$peu hp¼ep¡/kyrhQpfp¡/kycprjsp¡ Üpfp rhÛp’}Ap¡“y„ op“ k„h^®“

L$fu L$rhsp“y„ AÝee“ L$fphhy„.

õhpÝepe


(1) CÃR>p -

(2) Apbê$ -

(3) ‘qfîd -

(4) riMpdZ -

(5) ‘l¡gp -

(6) L$p¡dm -

(7) díL$fu -

(8) Arcdp“ -

24

k. 2 L$pìedp„’u âpkhpmp iåv$p¡ ip¡^u“¡ gMp¡.

(1) crS>e¡ - (2) ÅZp¡ - (3) gpM - (4) vy$:MÆ -

k. 3 iåv$kd|l dpV¡$ A¡L$ iåv$ gMp¡. b^p„ S> iåv$p¡ ""r“'' ’u iê$ ’pe R>¡.

(1) S>¡“pdp„ v$ep “’u s¡ - (2) S>¡Z¡ ‘p‘ “’u L$ey¯ s¡ - (3) S>¡“¡ X$f “’u s¡ - (4) S>¡ L$g„qL$s “’u s¡ - (5) S>¡“¡ õhp’® “’u s¡ -

k. 4 iåv$“u A„spnfu ‘|Z® L$fp¡.

(1) kL$g gN“ “Nf fds sfgp (2) L$pd“p (3) dl¡“s (4) “S>f (5) MfQ

k. 5 “uQ¡ Ap‘¡gp iåv$p¡“p¡ hp¼edp„ D‘ep¡N L$fp¡.

r“v$®e , ‘õsphp¡ , F>Z , rinp


(1) kL$g S>¡’u, hpf¡ s¡l¡“¡ srS>e¡. (AóV$rkqÙ, L$pd“p-rkqÙ, “hr“r^) (2) Mfu “y„ Öìe Å¡qX$e¡, “uQ “S>f “p L$qfe¡ Æ. (dl¡“s, L$dpZu, L$kp¡V$u) (3) L$pY$u“¡ MfQ “ L$qfe¡, v$pV$u “ krle¡ vy$:M Æ. (kde, kpM, F>Z) (4) Ap‘Z’u “¡ Å¡C“¡ Nfh ¼g¡i“¡ lqfe¡. (î¡óW$, DÃQ, Ar^L$p„)

k. 7 L$pìedp„ Aphsp„ Æh“d|ëep¡ gMp¡.

‘fp¡‘L$pfL$fhp¡

Æh“d|ëep¡

25

k. 8 “d|“p âdpZ¡ âï“p¡ b“php¡.

v$p. s. : b^y„ L$pd R>p¡X$u“¡ ‘l¡gp îuNp¡thv$“¡ cS>hy„ Å¡CA¡. (L$p¡“¡?)

b^y„ L$pd R>p¡X$u“¡ ‘l¡gp L$p¡“¡ cS>hy„ Å¡CA¡?

k. 9 Qpgp¡ S>hpb gMuA¡.

(1) L$pìedp„ S>¡“¡ riMpdZ Ap‘u R>¡ s¡ -

(2) dlp“ ‘yfyjp¡“p kv¹$NyZp¡ - 1) 2)

(3) ‘pR>m’u ‘õspe R>¡ s¡ -

(4) kyM’u R>L$u “ S>CA¡ sp¡ vy$:M’u -

(5) Apbfy A“¡ ^“dp„ Ap QqX$epsy„ R>¡ -

k. 10 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ip¡^u rh^p“ ‘|Z® L$fp¡.

(1) rh“p rhQpey¯ L$pd L$f¡ s¡

A) dp¡V$p¡ S>“ NZpe Æ

b) OZp¡ fpÆ ’pe Æ.

L$) ‘pR>m’u ‘õspe Æ

X$) klº“p¡ hlpgp¡ ’pe Æ

(2) gpM MfQsp„ kpM “rl dm¡

A) kpM Ne¡ klº MpM

b) kpM¡ dmi¡ gpM

L$) kpM “rl dm¡ fpM

X$) gpM Nydphu kpM

(3) kyM Apìe¡ R>L$u “ S>¥e¡

A) v$pV$u“¡ vy$:M krle¡ Æ

b) kyM Apìe¡ “h X$qfe¡ Æ

L$) KQu “S>f “p L$qfe¡ Æ

X$) îuNyfy Np¡rhÞv$ crS>e¡ Æ

(4) kfh L$pd R>p„X$u“¡ ‘f’d

A) klº“¡ fpÆ L$qfe¡ Æ

b) L$p¡C’u “h X$qfe¡ Æ

L$) klº kp’¡ lrme¡ drme¡ Æ

X$) îu Np¡rhÞv$ NyZ crS>e¡ Æ

(1) Mfu dl¡“s“y„ Öìe Å¡X$uA¡. (L$ey)

(2) rh“p rhQpey¯ L$pd L$f¡ s¡ ‘pR>m’u ‘õspe R>¡. (L$p¡Z?)

(3) vy$:M’u “ X$fhy„ Å¡CA¡. (i¡“p’u?)

(4) gpM MfQsp„ kpM “rl dm¡. (iy„?)

26

k. 11 L$pìe“p¡ cphp’® sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡ :

k. 12 H k„r^ rhN°l“p ep¡Áe iåv$p¡ gMp¡ :

‘fp¡‘L$pf = ‘f + r“v$®e = + v$e

ìehlpf = rh + L$v$pr‘ = + Ar‘

ep¡NuÞÖ = ep¡N +

H “d|“p âdpZ¡ âdpZ cpjp“p iåv$p¡ gMp¡ :

‘f’d = â’d ‘fÅ =

‘fZpd = ‘fdpZ =

CÞv$f = kdfpV$ =

‘fcy = QÞv$f =

H L$pm Ap¡mMp¡ -

(1) Mfu dl¡“s“y„ Öìe Å¡X¡$ R>¡ -

(2) gpM Nydphu kpM fpMi¡ -

(3) ipZp“¡ riMpdZ Ap‘u -

(4) ‘pR>m’u ‘õsphp¡ D‘Äep¡ -

H L©$óZ“u bpmgugp“p¡ A¡L$ âk„N hN®dp„ fS|> L$fp¡.

âL$ë‘

L$rh v$epfpd“p Æh“QqfÓ“u hpsp¡ CÞV$f“¡V$ ‘f’u d¡mhu“¡ c]s‘ÓL$ s¥epf L$fp¡.

rhi¡j hp„Q“

· fZL$pf ·Æ““dp„ “p“u, dp¡V$u, kpfu, Mfpb, ^pfu, AZ^pfu... v$f¡L$ hpsdp„ A“‘¡rns, AZ^pey¯ A“¡ Q[¼s L$fu v$¡“pfy„ b“u

iL¡$ R>¡. kfk dÅ“p¡ riepmp¡ A¡L$pA¡L$ lpX$ Npmsu V$pY$ b“u iL¡$ R>¡. Tfdf hfksp¡ hfkpv$ fp¥Ö õhê$‘ ^pfZ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.

Aphu bpbsp¡“¡ fp¡L$hp dpV¡$ dpZk“u rhkps “p“u ‘X¡$ A¡dp„ “hpC iu? “hpC Å¡L¡$ A¡L$ dyØ¡ Ahíe lp¡e. s„N ‘qf[õ’rsdp„ L¡$hu

fus¡ rhQpf A“¡ ApQpf L$fu iL$pe R>¡ A¡dp„. hmsu gX$s Ap‘hp“u Mydpfu L¡$V$gu fpMuA¡ R>uA¡ A¡dp„. lpfhp“¡ sp¡ ‘yfy fpÅA¡

lpfhp“y„ S> R>¡. kyr“ròs R>¡ A¡. R>sp„ rkL„$v$f S>¡hp lfua“u kpd¡ dp’y„ KQL$u“¡ dp“c¡f hps L$fu“¡ S> ‘fprS>s fpÅ ‘yfy sfuL¡$

Dcfu Aph¡. v$f¡L$ S>Zdp„ Aphy„ AL$ë‘“ue kplk L$fhp“u AphX$s lp¡e R>¡. L$f¡ R>¡ blº Ap¡R>p gp¡L$p¡. bpL$u dp¡V$pcpN“p gp¡L$p¡“u

27

dlp“ i[¼s h¡X$apC Åe R>¡. “p“u-nyëgL$ vy$Þehu bpbsp¡“¡ ’pm¡ ‘pX$hpdp„. i[¼s“p bNpX$’u S>¡ kÅ®e A¡ kf¡fpi Æh“ A“¡

A¡“p¡ k„Qe L$fu“¡ ^X$pL$p¡ L$fu iL$pe sp¡ b“¡ ×óV$p„sê$‘ Æh“. S>¡ fus¡ A¡L$-A¡L$ kp^““¡ c¡Np„ Np¡W$ìep ‘R>u L$dpg“u L$pdNufu

L$fsy„ D‘L$fZ b“u Åe R>¡ A¡ fus¡. ky„v$f aŸgp¡ Ak„¿e lp¡e A“¡ bNuQp¡ kÅ®e R>¡ A¡ fus¡. sdpfu i[¼s“p¡ ¼epk sdpf¡ ‘p¡s¡

L$pY$hp¡ füp¡. fp¡tS>v$u S>hpbv$pfu ê$‘pmu fus¡ cS>hhp dpV¡$ ApV$gy„ sp¡ L$fhy„ S> füy„ sdpf¡. Qpgp¡, S|>“u rhQpfkfZu M„M¡fu

“pMp¡. s¥epf ’C Åh. sdpfp dpV¡$ ‘Z b^y„ S> i¼e lsy„ A“¡ R>¡. bk, S>¡ i¼e R>¡ A¡“¡ i¼e b“phhp Ai¼edp„’u dpN®

L$pY$hp“u Apv$s ‘pX$hp“u R>¡ lh¡.- L$ë‘“p Å¡iu

õhpÝepe

k. 1 ep¡Áe iåv$ d|L$u Mpgu S>Áep ‘|Z® L$fp¡.

(1) Tfdfsp¡ hfkpv$ õhê$‘ ^pfZ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.

(2) S>¡hp lfua kpd¡ dp’y„ KQL$u“¡ hps L$fuA¡.

(3) sdpfu “p¡ ¼epk sdpf¡ ‘p¡s¡ L$pY$hp¡ füp¡.

(4) S|>“u M„M¡fu “pMp¡.

k. 2 Qpgp¡ gMuA¡.

(1) Æh“dp„ Aph“pfu bpbsp¡.

(2) NÛp„idp„ Dëg¡M L$f¡g dlp“ ìe[¼sAp¡

k. 3 "S|>“u A“¡ “hu rhQpf^pfp' “u syg“p sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

hhh

sdpfy„ L$d® A¡ S> sdpfp¡ ^d®

28

^|rme¡ dpfN6

dL$fÞv$ v$h¡ : fpS>L$p¡V$ rS>ëgp“p Np¢X$g“p hs“u lsp. hjp£ ky^u dy„bC füp ‘R>u s¡Ap¡ hgkpX$ ‘pk¡ “„qv$N°pddp„ hõep.

kprlÐe“u kp^“p“u kp’¡ kp’¡ ApÝep[ÐdL$ n¡Ó¡ Nrs L$fsp füp. Np„^ueyN ‘R>u“p Npmpdp„ ApÝep[ÐdL$ kp^“p“¡ A“ygnsu

L$rhsp fQ“pf s¡Ap¡ dd®o L$rh lsp. s¡d“p L$pìep¡dp„ Æh““p¡ ApÝep[ÐdL$ A“ych kpv$u-kfm cpjpdp„ ‘Z Qp¡V$v$pf fus¡

fS|> ’pe R>¡. s¡d“¡ 1979“p¡ "fZrS>sfpd kyhZ®Q„ÖL$' A¡“pes ’ep¡ lsp¡.

k|f L©$rs“p¡ - ApS>“p eyNdp„ "‘¥kp' ‘pR>m“u v$p¡X$^pd Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. ^““u ‘pR>m hgMp dpep® hNf hs®dp“ [õ’rsdp„,

kpdpÞe dp“hu“¡ õhdp“c¡f Æh“ Æhhp“p¡ k„v$¡i Ap‘sy„ Ap L$pìe R>¡. Æh“ rhi¡“p¡ Sy>v$p¡ S> ¿epg L$rh Al] v$ip®h¡

R>¡. Æh““p b¡ dpNp£ R>¡: A¡L$ ^|rmep¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ kpv$p-kp[ÐhL$ Æh““p¡ dpN® A“¡ buÅ¡ kp¡“p“p¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ^“-k„‘rÑ“u

gpgkphpmp¡ dpN®. L$rh Al] ^|rme¡ dpfN Qpghp dpV¡$ L$l¡ R>¡.

L$p¡Z¡ L$u^y„ Nfub R>uA¡? L$p¡Z¡ L$u^y„ fp„L$?

L$p„ c|gu Å d“ f¡ cp¡mp! Ap‘Zp„ Sy>v$p Ap„L$.

’p¡X$pL$ “’u rk½$p ‘pk¡, ’p¡X$uL$ “’u “p¡V$,

A¡dp„ s¡ iy„ bNX$u Ney„? A¡dp„ s¡ iu Mp¡V$?

D‘fhpmu b¸ÞL$ b¡W$u R>¡ Ap‘Zu dpg„dpg,

ApS>“y„ MpÏ„ ApS> Ap‘¡ “¡ L$pg“u hpsp¡ L$pg,

^|rme¡ dpfN L¦$L$ dm¡ Å¡, Ap‘Zp S>¡hp¡ kp’,

kyMvy$:Mp¡“u hpfsp L¡$'sp bp’dp„ cuX$u bp’.

Myëgp„ M¡sf AX$M¡‘X$M¡, dp’¡ “ugy„ Apc,

hÃQ¡ “p“y„ NpdXy„$ b¡Wy„$, ¼ep„ Aphp¡ R>¡ gpc?

kp¡“p“u sp¡ kp„L$X$u Ngu, l¡sy NZsy„ l¡s;

v$p¡qY$ep„ dpV¡$ v$p¡X$sp„ A¡dp„ Æhsp„ Å¡ “¡, â¡s!

dp“hu cpmu Ad’y„-Ad’y„ Ap‘Ï„ ap¡f¡ ìlpg;

“p¡V$ “¡ rk½$p “pM “v$udp„, ^|rme¡ dpfN Qpg!

29


ApS>“p cp¥rsL$hpv$u eyNdp„ ‘¥kp“u O¡gR>p, dlÑp rhi¡ rhõs©s QQp® L$fhu."kbk¡ bX$p ê$‘¥ep' hp¼e“u Æh“dp„ L¡$V$gu

S>ê$qfeps R>¡? s¡dS> dp“hue k„b„^ A“¡ Æhhp“u hpsp¡“p¡ syg“pÐdL$ Aæepk L$fu, rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ s¡ lL$uL$s’u hpL¡$a L$fhp.

Æh“d|ëep¡“¡ V$L$phhp dpV¡$ k„‘rÑ L¡$ k„õL©$rs“p„ dlÒh A„N¡ rhÛp’}Ap¡“p¡ ds QQp® Üpfp ÅZu“¡ dy¿e rhjehõsy sfa

ApNm h^hy„.

õhpÝepe


(1) S>dZ (2) v$u“ (3) apev$p¡ (4) dlp¡f(5) ApL$pi (6) â¡d (7) l¡d (8) N¡fapev$p¡

k. 2 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡“u kpd¡ Ap‘¡g L$p¡óV$L$dp„’u ep¡Áe iåv$ ip¡^p¡.

v$p.s. Nfub # Aduf A du f Å X$

l sp Z dp¡ k

dp b„ ^ Vy„$ Ap

‘ lp¡ mu “ S>

L$pg #Myëgp #“p“y„ #kp„L$X$u #

k. 3 L$pìedp„’u Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ âpkhpmp iåv$p¡ ip¡^u“¡ gMp¡.

fp„L$ - Ap„L$

k. 4 ep¡Áe rhi¡jZ d|L$p¡.

M¡sf Apc

dpfN NpdXy„$

Ngu d“

b¢L$ â¡s

k. 5 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡“¡ hp¼ep¡dp„ hp‘fp¡.

(1) rk½$p (2) ìlpg (3) NpdXy„$(4) gpc (5) hpsp¡ (6) “v$u

30

k. 6 L$pìedp„’u Å¡X$pnfp¡ ip¡^p¡ A“¡ s¡“¡ hZp®nf“p ¾$dp“ykpf Np¡W$hp¡.


(1) Myëgp M¡sf , dp’¡ “ugy„ Apc. (ApSy>bpSy>, Apk‘pk, AX$M¡-‘X$M¡)

(2) “p¡V$ “¡ rk½$p “pM “v$udp„, dpfN Qpg. (^|rme¡, kpv$p, kp[ÐhL$)

(3) dpV¡$ v$p¡X$sp„ A¡dp„ Æhsp„ Å¡ “¡, â¡s ! (v$p¡L$X$p, v$p¡qY$ep„, “pZp„)

(4) D‘fhpmu b¢L$ b¡W$u R>¡, Ap‘Zu . (õV¡$V$ b¢L$, fpóV²$ue b¢L$, dpg„dpg)

(5) hÃQ¡ “p“y„ b¡Wy„$, ¼ep„ Aphp¡ R>¡ gpc? (NpdXy„$, õhN®, Of)

k. 8 Qp¡L$W$pdp„ ep¡Áe iåv$ gMuA¡.

(1) AX$M¡ ‘X$M¡ -

dp’¡ -

hÃQ¡ -

(2) ’p¡X$pL$ “’u -

’p¡X$uL$ “’u -

(3) ApS>“y„ MpÏ„ -

L$pg“u hpsp¡ -

k. 9 L$pìe“p¡ cphp’® sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.


kdpk âL$pf

‘„Q‘pÓ h¥L$[ë‘L$ Ü„Ü kdpk

dp-bp‘ qÜNy kdpk

Apfpd Myfiu Csf¡sf Ü„Ü kdpk

kyMvy$:M dÝed‘v$ gp¡‘u kdpk

H Ap‘¡gp hp¼ep¡dp„“p L$pm Ap¡mMp¡ A“¡ s¡ S> L$pm dpV¡$ buSy>„ hp¼e b“php¡.

(1) dufp„bpC DÑd L$hreÓu R>¡.

(2) Mfuv$u“p¡ rlkpb gMu fp¿ep¡ lsp¡.

(3) spfp¡ cpN s“¡ Ap‘u v$Ci.

(4) ×íe d“p¡lf gpNsy„ lsy„.

H "il¡fu Æh“ A“¡ N°pçe Æh“ hÃQ¡“y„ A„sf' Ap rhje D‘f hN®dp„ QQp® L$fp¡.

31

âL$ë‘

Np„^uÆ“u ApÐdL$’pdp„’u L$p¡C‘Z A¡L$ âk„N ‘k„v$ L$fu s¡“u PPT b“php¡.

g¡M“ L$p¥iëe

· cpjp„sf ·H “uQ¡“p„ hp¼ep¡“p¡ NyS>fpsudp„ A“yhpv$ (cpjp„sf) L$fp¡.

(1) You cannot believe in God until you believe in yourself.(2) Each person is unique and great.(3) How much time did you spend on studies?(4) My nation, my pride.(5) It was a victory for all of us.(6) Every problem has a solution.(7) Life gives us daily lessons, not to study but to understand.(8) Every black board makes the student's life bright.(9) Always be truthful.(10) Work while you work & play while you play.(11) Sun rises in the East & sets in the West.(12) We play Cricket everyday.

H Sy>Ap¡, rhQpfp¡ A“¡ Ýep“dp„ fpMp¡.

(1) gpc + Agpc = gpcpgpc (2) kh® + DÑd = khp£Ñd

(3) qL$ip¡f + Ahõ’p = qL$ip¡fphõ’p (4) fS>“u + Ci = fS>“ui

(5) dlp + CÞÖ = dl¡ÞÖ (6) frh + CÞÖ = fhuÞÖ

(7) d^y + Erd® = d^yrd® (8) A¡L$ + A„s = A¡L$p„s

(9) hps + AphfZ = hpsphfZ (10) õh + AÝepe = õhpÝepe

D‘f“p v$f¡L$ iåv$dp„ b¡-b¡ iåv$p¡ Å¡X$pep R>¡. b¡ iåv$p¡“p Å¡X$pZ“¡ A“¡ s¡’u b“sp„ A¡L$ iåv$“¡ Ýep“dp„ fpMp¡.

H “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡“u k„r^ R>p¡X$p¡.

(1) kdp„sf (2) A¡L$pL$pf (3) rhÛpæepk

(4) rhh¡L$p“„v$ (5) S>e¡ÞÖ (6) dlp¡v$e

(7) ‘fp¡‘L$pf (8) fpd¡ðf (9) ^d£ÞÖ

(10) L$d£[ÞÖe (11) ‘funp (12) Ah“ui

(13) d„Óp¡ÃQpf (14) DÑdp¡Ñd

kyM A“¡ vy$:M Æh““u OV$dpm R>¡.

32

H “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡“u k„r^ Å¡X$p¡.

(1) tQsp + Apsyf (2) dlp + Ci

(3) ep¡N + CÞÖ (4) dlp + CÃR>p

(5) L$rh + Cðf (6) gp¡L$ + D[¼s

(7) ‘yfyj + DÑd (8) cyh“ + Cðf

(9) “pN + Cðf (10) fpS> + Cðf

(11) S>g + AphfZ (12) bpü + AphfZ

(13) Ap“„v$ + Erd® (14) rkÞ^y + Erd®

k„r^

H Ap‘¡gp Qp¡fkdp„’u k„r^ ip¡û“¡ ep¡Áe S>hpb gMp¡.

(1) kÐe + ApN°l = kÐepN°l (9) Apop + A„qL$s =

(2) k¡hp + Apîd = (10) dlp + Cðf =

(3) “f + CÞÖ = (11) k|e® + Dv$e =

(4) ‘f + D‘L$pf = (12) N°pd + DÙpf =

(5) ârs + Cnp = (13) ‘f + Aû“ =

(6) rióV$ + ApQpf = (14) ×óV$ + A„s =

(7) A¡L$ + A„s = (15) hps + AphfZ =

(8) NZ +Ci = (16) rld + Apge =

k Ðep N° l ‘ fu np N ri

d l¡ ð f × óV$p„ s Z¡ óV$p

rl dp g e f s ‘ i Qp

‘ k¡ hp î d “ f¡ ÞÖ f

fp¡ N°p d hp sp h f Z k

‘ dp¡ A¡ ‘ fp û “ â v$

L$p Ý^p L$p„ k| ep£ v$ e su Ny

f f s Ap op„ qL$ s np Z

rk[Ý^ sw¡“¡ S>C hf¡S>¡ ‘fk¡h¡ Þlpe.

33

L$pm

cprjL$ kdS>

L$pm A¡V$g¡ kde

q¾$ep‘v$ D‘f’u L$pm kdÆ iL$pe R>¡.

L$pm“p âL$pf :-

(1) hs®dp“L$pm : hs®dp“ A¡V$g¡ Qpgy kde ---- q¾$ep Qpgy lp¡e A¡d Äepf¡ v$ip®hhpdp„ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ hs®dp“ L$pm

R>¡.

v$p. s. - · frh ipmpdp„ Åe R>¡.

· ‘|Å Nus Npe R>¡.

· rinL$ bpmL$p¡“¡ cZph¡ R>¡.

(2) c|sL$pm : c|s A¡V$g¡ ‘l¡gp“p kde“y„ ---- q¾$ep ‘|Z® ’C NC lp¡e A¡d Äepf¡ v$ip®hhpdp„ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ c|sL$pm

R>¡.

v$p. s. - · s¡Ap¡ afhp Nep lsp.

· Nep hfk¡ blº hfkpv$ ‘X$ép¡.

· Ad¡ “hp¡ ‘pW$ cÎep„.

(3) crhóeL$pm : crhóe A¡V$g¡ lh¡ ‘R>u“p kde“y„ ---- q¾$ep lh¡ ‘R>u“p kdedp„ ’hp“u R>¡ A¡d Äepf¡ v$ip®hhpdp„

Aph¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ crhóeL$pm R>¡.

v$p. s. - · kusp A“¡ Nusp AphsuL$pg¡ dy„bC S>i¡.

· dpA¡ L$üy„, ""“ufh, L$pg’u hp„QS>¡.''

· L$p¡Z rdS>bp“u Ap‘i¡?

L$pm

hs®dp“ L$pm c|sL$pm crhóeL$pm

q¾$ep Qpgy lp¡e q¾$ep ‘|Z® ’C NC lp¡e q¾$ep ’hp“u lp¡e

ApS>¡ NC L$pg¡ Aphsu L$pg¡

R>¡ lsy„ li¡

34

D‘¾$d

hp„Qp¡, rhQpfp¡ A“¡ “¼L$u L$fp¡

iy„ L$l¡hpe? R>ëg¡ "ê$' A’hp "fy„' Aph¡ s¡hp iåv$dp„ S>hpb “½$u L$fp¡.

(1) ‘peg

(2) R>p¡L$fuAp¡ ‘fZu“¡ Åe s¡

(3) Ap¡õV²¡$rgep“y„ âpZu

(4) OZp hMs’u b„^ ‘X¡$gy„

(5) S>¡dp„’u dp’p“y„ s¡g b“¡

(6) bpfp¡bpf

(7) bp„^L$pd“p dS|>f“y„ kp^“

(8) gp¡L$p¡“p NS>hp L$p‘¡ s¡

(9) A¡L$ hpÆ„Ó

(10) cpCb„^, rdÓ

(11) kp‘“y„ buSy>„ “pd

(12) eS>dp“ dl¡dp““¡ Ap‘¡

(13) ‘pgsy„ hapv$pf âpZu

(14) âÐen dmhy„ s¡

(15) L$uX$uAp¡’u Dcfpsy„

(16) gp¡L$p¡“¡ g|„V¡$ s¡

(17) âhpku, dykpaf

(18) cu“y„ “ lp¡e s¡hy„

(19) A¡L$ ‘h®s“y„ “pd

(20) v$uhp¡ L$fhp“u S>Áep

S>hpb : O|„Ofy„, kpkfy„, L$p„Npfy„, Ahphfy„, L$p¡‘fy„, ‘fbpfy„, sNpfy„, rMõkpL$psfy„, “Npfy„, c¡ê$, A¡ê$, “p¡sfy„, L|$sfy„, ê$bê$,

L$uqX$epfy„, g|V$pfy„, Dspfy„, L$p¡fy„, d¡fy, ‘prZepfy„.

hhh

Æh““y„„ Nus s¡ ‘pd¡, S>¡ Æh““¡ Æhu ÅZ¡.

35

cpsp“y„ ‘p¡V$gy„

^ufS>gpg bûcË$ : Ap‘Zp kprlÐe“p kd’® kprlÐeL$pf ^ufS>gpg b°ûcË$“p¡ S>Þd spfp‘yf rS>ëgp“p„ ApZ„v$dp„ ’ep¡

lsp¡. s¡dZ¡ bu.A¡. A“¡ rlÞv$u cpjp fÐ““u ‘v$hu âpàs L$fu. S>hplfgpg “¡l{ rhÛpge, kyf¡ÞÖ“Nfdp„ rinL$ sfuL¡$

k¡hpAp¡ bÅhu R>¡. s¡dZ¡ lpõe hpsp®dpmp, “pV$L$ s’p bpmkprlÐe n¡Ó¡ Akp^pfZ L$pe® L$ey¯ R>¡. "NyS>fpsu kprlÐe

AL$pv$du' Üpfp s¡d“¡ "lpõe hpsp®dpmp' dpV¡$ ‘yfõL$pf A¡“pes ’e¡g R>¡. s¡d“y„ “pV$L$ "cps-cps L¡$ gp¡L$', bpmkprlÐe

"lku-Myiu hpsp®dpmp', "lpõe : ìe„N, f„N A“¡ h„V$p¡m' ‘Z ârkÙ R>¡. kfm A“¡ klS> i¥gu“u ApNhu fus EX$u“¡

Ap„M¡ hmN¡ s¡hu R>¡.

k|f L©$rs“p¡ - âõsys L©$rs gp¡L$L$’p R>¡. "cpsp“y„ ‘p¡V$gy„' rhjeL$ gp¡L$L$’p "Of“p¡ fp¡V$gp¡ blpf A“¡ blpf“p¡ fp¡V$gp¡ Of'

A¡ D[¼s kp’®L$ L$f¡ R>¡. sp¡ "hphp¡ s¡hy„ gZp¡' A¡ L$l¡hs ‘Z kpQu W$f¡ R>¡. "AprsÕe cph“p' cpfsue k„õL©$rs“u ApNhu

rhrióV$sp R>¡, s¡“y„ Al] ky„v$f A“¡ kQp¡V$ v$i®“ ’pe R>¡.

‘ip ‘V¡$g cpf¡ L„$S|>k. kp¥ s¡d“¡ A¡L$ “„bf“p L$X$L$p NZ¡. ‘p¡sp dpV¡$ b^y„ L$fu R|>V¡$. ‘Z ‘pfL$p dpV¡$

‘¥kp¡ ‘Z “ MfQ¡. ‘pfL$p„ sp¡ iy„ ‘p¡sp“p dpV$¡ ‘Z A¡hp¡ S> hl¡hpf. D“pmpdp„ ‘p¡sp“¡ riM„X$ Mphp“y„ d“

’pe ‘Z ‘V¡$g riM„X$“¡ Of “ bsph¡. Of¡ gph¡ sp¡ Mpõkp¡ b¡ qL$gp¡ Å¡CA¡. s¡’u ‘ipL$pL$p lp¡V$gdp„ S>C

riM„X$“¡ ‘¡V$dp„ ‘^fphu v$¡! Apd A¡L$g‘¡V$p ‘Z Mfp.

s¡d“p„ ‘Ð“u sp¡ OZp„ dpepmy. ‘rs-‘Ð“u“p õhcph hÃQ¡ S>du“ A“¡ Apkdp“ S>¡V$gy„ A„sf. ‘p¡sp“y„

L$pd ‘X$sy„ d|L$u“¡ ‘Z ‘Ð“u ‘pX$p¡iu“y„ L$pd L$fu R|>V¡$. L$p¡C s¡d“u ‘pk¡ L„$C hõsy dpN¡ sp¡ s¡ Nd¡ s¡d L$fu“¡

‘Z s¡“¡ Ap‘¡. ‘ipL$pL$p“¡ ‘Ð“u“p¡ õhcph rhrQÓ gpNsp¡. OZu hMs Nyõk¡ ’C“¡ s¡Ap¡ L$l¡sp ‘Z Mfp

L¡$, "sy„ sp¡ dpfy„ Of g|„Vphp b¡W$u R>¡. spfp Aphp hs®“’u dpf¡ A¡L$ qv$hk cuM dpNhp“p¡ v$lpX$p¡ Aphi¡. Ðepf¡

sy„ Å¡S>¡ L¡$ dpfp Q‘rZepdp„ L$p¡C cuM ‘Z “l] “p„M¡.'

‘ipL$pL$p Nyõk¡ ’pe Ðepf¡ L$pL$u ip„s ’C S>sp„ A“¡ Nyõkp¡ Esf¡ Ðepf¡ lmh¡L$’u L$l¡sp: "sd¡ dp“p¡ L¡$

“ dp“p¡ ‘Z ‘pX$p¡iu S> Ap‘Zp¡ kpQp¡ kNp¡ R>¡. dp“hu dp“hu“p M‘dp„ “ Aph¡ sp¡ dp“h Ahspf“p¡ A’®

ip¡?

L$pL$u“u Aphu X$plu hpsp¡ ‘ipL$pL$p“¡ Nm¡ Esfsu “rl. A¡ sp¡ D‘f’u V$p¡Zp¡ dpfsp, L¡$, "A¡ b^p„ S>

spfp„ kpQp„ kNp„ R>¡. dpf¡ s|V$u dfhp“y„ “¡ spf¡ dp¡V$u v$p“¡ðfu ’hp“y„ !' Å¡ L¡$ L$pL$p“p hQ“p¡“u L$pL$u ‘f Mpk

Akf ’su “l]. A¡ sp¡ A¡d“p¡ r“Ðe r“ed¾$d L$e£ S> fpMsp„, Npddp„ blpfNpd’u dl¡dp“ Aph¡ sp¡ sfs

s¡“¡ O¡f bp¡gphu gph¡. S>¡“¡ Qp ‘php S>¡hu lp¡e s¡“¡ Qp ‘pe. “põsp¡ L$fphhp S>¡hp¡ lp¡e s¡“¡ “põsp¡ L$fph¡

A“¡ S>dpX$hp S>¡hp“¡ S>dpX¡$ ‘Z Mfp„. L$p¡C S>dhp“u “p ‘pX¡$ sp¡ s¡“¡ spZ L$fu“¡ ‘Z S>dpX$ép„ hNf S>hp

S> “ v$¡.

NÛ rhcpN

1

36

L$pL$u“p Ap õhcph“¡ L$pfZ¡ ApSy>bpSy>“p„ Npdp¡dp„ A“¡ kNp„hlpgp„dp„ ‘ipL$pL$p“u Apbê$ h^u NC.

dl¡dp“Nrs L$pL$u L$f¡ ‘Z Of sp¡ ‘ipL$pL$p“y„ S> “¡ ! kp¥ L$l¡sy„, "cpC, ‘ipL$pL$p“y„ Of A¡V$g¡ ‘ipL$pL$p“y„ Of.

A¡d“p Of¡ Ne¡gp¡ spL$ps R>¡ L¡$ S>çep hNf ‘pR>p¡ Aph¡? A¡d“p O¡f’u ‘Z gpM ê$r‘ep“u bpC R>¡. L$p„Xy„$

‘L$X$u“¡ lp¢i’u S>dpX¡$ R>¡.'

A¡L$ qv$hk ‘ipL$pL$p“¡ blpfNpd S>hp“y„ ’ey„, R> kps qv$hk“p¡ âhpk. L$pL$pA¡ L$pL$u“¡ L$üy„ : " Å¡ dpf¡

L$pg¡ ANÐe“p L$pd¡ blpfNpd S>hp“y„ R>¡. dpV¡$ dpfp dpV¡$ gkZ “p„Mu“¡ d¡’u“p„ kfk Y¡$bfp„ b“phS>¡. kp’¡

sm¡gp„ dfQp„ ‘Z d|L$S>¡.'

L$pL$uA¡ L$üy„ : "blpfNpd S>hy„ R>¡ A¡dp„ Y¡$bfp„“u iu S>ê$f R>¡ ? d¢ sdpf¡ dpV¡$ ApNm’u S> cpsy„

‘lp¢QpX$éy„ R>¡.'

L$pL$pA¡ L$üy„ : "ApNm’u L$p¡“u kp’¡ dp¡L$gpìey„ R>¡ ?' ‘V¡$g Nyõk¡ ’ep ‘Z L$pL$uA¡ cpsy„ “ L$fu Apàey„.

bk A¡L$ S> hps ‘L$X$u fpMu. "d¢ cpsy„ ApNm’u ‘lp¢QpX$éy„ R>¡.' ‘V¡$g“¡ ’ey„ L¡$ kpfp L$pd¡ blpf S>sp„ L$L$mpV$

L$fhp¡ W$uL$ “l]. L$pd ‘sphu“¡ Apìep ‘R>u hps.

buS>¡ qv$hk¡ ‘V¡$g sp¡ cpsy„ gu^p hNf S> blpfNpd S>hp E‘X$ép. b¡-ÓZ qL$gp¡duV$f Qpëep li¡ Ðep„

A¡L$ Npd Apìey„. Npd“u cpNp¡m¡ hX$ “uQ¡ b¡-‘p„Q Sy>hp“p¡ b¡W$p lsp. s¡d“u “S>f ‘V¡$g ‘f ‘X$u. ‘V¡$g“¡

Å¡sp„ S> s¡Ap¡ Ecp ’C“¡ ‘V¡$g“¡ c¡V$u ‘X$ép A“¡ L$üy„ : "sd¡ Adpfp Npddp„ ¼ep„’u?' ‘ipL$pL$pA¡ L$üy„ :

"dpf¡ blº v|$f S>hp“y„ R>¡.' Sy>hp“p¡A¡ L$üy„, ‘Z Apd “¡ Apd S>hpe ? Ad¡ L$v$u sdpfp O¡f’u S>çep hNf

37

Apìep “’u. A“¡ sd¡ Apd “¡ Apd ÅAp¡ sp¡ sp¡ Adpfp Npd“y„ “pd gS>hpe.' ‘V¡$g “p... “p... L$fsp

füp ‘Z Sy>hpr“ep s¡d“¡ L$p„Xy„$ ‘L$X$u“¡ M¢Qu Nep.

â¡d’u v$pm, cps, ipL$, gp‘iu b“pìep„. spZ L$fu L$fu“¡ S>dpX$ép. S>du“¡ ‘V¡$g¡ ’p¡X$p¡ Apfpd L$ep£

A“¡ ‘R>u ApNm Qpëep.

Apd ‘V¡$g S>¡ S>¡ Npddp„’u ‘kpf ’sp„ Ðep„ kp¥ s¡d“¡ AphL$pf Ap‘hp gpÁep. Qp“p kde¡ Qp A“¡

“põsp“p kde¡ “põsp¡ dýep¡, sp¡ S>dhp“p kde¡ cp¡S>“ ‘Z dýey„.

lh¡ ‘ipL$pL$p“¡ kdÅC Ney„ L¡$ A¡ L$l¡su lsu s¡ hps kph kpQu R>¡. s¡Z¡ dpfp dpV¡$ ApNm’u S> cpsy„

‘lp¢QpX$ey„ R>¡. Of“y„ cpsy„ sp¡ V$pYy„$ dm¡ ‘Z Ap blpf“y„ cpsy„ sp¡ NfdpNfd dm¡ R>¡. Of“y„ cpsy„ TpX$ “uQ¡

b¡ku“¡ L¡$ smph“u ‘pm¡ b¡ku“¡ Mphy„ ‘X¡$ Ðepf¡ Ap sp¡ Ofdp„ b¡ku“¡ dpZkp¡“u hQdp„ Mphp dm¡ R>¡.

‘V¡$g“¡ O¡f ‘pR>p Aphsp„ kps qv$hk“¡ bv$g¡ ‘|fp ‘„v$f qv$hk ’C Nep. s¡ O¡f Apìep Ðepf¡ s¡d“p

dp¡Y$p D‘f âhpk“p¡ ’pL$ “ lsp¡, ‘Z Ap“„v$ sfsp¡ lsp¡. ‘V¡$g“p¡ MyiMyipg Ql¡fp¡ Å¡C“¡ L$pL$u b^y„ kdÆ

Nep„. s¡dZ¡ L$üy„ : "kps qv$hk“¡ bv$g¡ ApV$gp b^p qv$hk L¡$d fp¡L$pC Nep? ‘ipL$pL$p sp¡ gl¡fdp„ Aphu

Nep lsp. lp’ Dgpmu“¡ L$l¡hp gpÁep, "S>¡ Npddp„ ÅJ s¡ Npdhpmp “uL$mhp S> v$¡sp “lp¡sp. bk kp¥ A¡L$

S> lW$ ‘L$X¡$ L¡$ Ad¡ sdpfy„ blº v$lpX$p Mp^y„ R>¡. Mp^p hNf S>hpe S> “rl.' L$pL$uA¡ L$üy„, "dpfu hps kpQu

“¡!' d¢ ApNm’u cpsy„ ‘lp¢QpX$éy„ lsy„ “¡? A¡ sp¡ Ly$v$fs“p¡ r“ed S> R>¡ L¡$ "Of“p¡ fp¡V$gp¡ blpf A“¡ blpf“p¡

fp¡V$gp¡ O¡f.'

Ap‘Z¡ L$p¡L$“¡ fp¡V$gp¡ MhfphuA¡ sp¡ L$p¡L$ Ap‘Z“¡ MhX$ph¡; “l] sp¡ Äep„ Ðep„ cpsp“p„ ‘p¡V$gp„ D‘pX$u“¡

afhy„ ‘X¡$ !' s¡ qv$hk’u ‘V¡$g“p¡ õhcph bv$gpC Nep¡. Npddp„ dl¡dp“ Aph¡ sp¡ ‘V¡$g ‘p¡s¡ bp¡gphu gph¡

A“¡ dl¡dp““u kp’¡ b¡ku“¡ S>d¡. hmu cpNp¡m ky^u hmphhp ‘Z Åe. s¡d“p Aphp hs®“’u Of“u Apbê$

lsu s¡“p L$fsp„ ‘Z h^u NC.


âõsys ‘pW$“y„ AÝee“ L$fphsp ‘l¡gp "Arsr’ v$¡hp¡ ch' rhj¡ hN®dp„ QQp® L$fhu. cpfsue k„õL©$rsdp„ "Arsr’'“y„ dlÒh rhi¡“u dprlsu rhÛp’}Ap¡ ‘pk¡’u d¡mhhu. "L$f cgp sp¡ lp¡ cgp' L$l¡hs“¡ rhÛp’}Ap¡“p dp“k ‘f ×Y$ L$fphhu. "L$p¡C“¡ MhX$phu“¡ Mph' cpfsue k„õL©$rs“u Ap ApNhu rhrióV$sp R>¡. Ap rhrióV$sp“¡ rkÙ L$fhp rhÛp’} â¡fpe s¡hp¡ âepk L$fhp¡.

38

õhpÝepe

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ ‘pW$dp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ gMp¡.

(1) Nfub - (2) S>ê$qfeps - (3) L$rS>ep¡ - (4) õhp’} - (5) Æv$ - (6) ¾$p¡^ - (7) i[¼s - (8) epÓp -

k. 2 “d|“p âdpZ¡ iåv$ gMp¡.

v$p. s. õhp’® # r“:õhp’® (1) ip„s (2) X$plu (3) Ap“„v$ (4) Sy>hp“ (5) L„$S|>k (6) AphL$pfp¡ (7) dl¡dp“ (8) kpQu

k. 3 "riM„X'$ rdóV$pß R>¡. s¡d AÞe rdóV$pß “pd gMp¡.

k. 4 iåv$kd|l“¡ dpV¡$ A¡L$ iåv$ gMp¡.

v$p.s ' S>¡ kÐe “’u s¡ - AkÐe S>¡ v$p“ L$f¡ s¡ - epÓp dpV¡$ A‘psy„ cp¡S>“ - cuM dp„Nhp“y„ ‘pÓ - S>¡ ‘rhÓ “’u s¡ - S>¡ õhõ’ “’u s¡ -

k. 5 Qpgp¡ gMuA¡ ..............

(1) ‘ip ‘V¡$g“p¡ õhcph - (2) ‘ip ‘V¡$g“u ‘Ð“u“p¡ õhcph - (3) ‘ip ‘V¡$g“p âhpk“p qv$hkp¡ - (4) L$pL$pA¡ L$pL$u ‘pk¡ cpspdp„ dpN¡gu QuÅ¡ - (5) Ly$v$fs“p¡ r“ed -

k. 6 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ip¡^u rh^p“ afu’u gMp¡ :-

(1) ‘ip ‘V¡$g ‘pfL$p dpV¡$ ----- (A) v$p¡X$u“¡ dv$v$ L$f¡. (b) ‘¥kp¡ ‘Z “ MfQ¡. (L$) cp¡S>“ b“ph¡. (X$) ^d®ipmp b„^ph¡. (2) ‘ipL$pL$p“¡ ‘Ð“u“p¡ õhcph ----- (A) ip„s gpNsp¡. (b) d^yf gpNsp¡. (L$) rhrQÓ gpNsp¡. (X$) dmsphX$p¡ gpNsp¡.

39

(3) ApSy>bpSy>“p Npdp¡dp„ ‘ipL$pL$p“u ----- (A) Apbê$ hû NC. (b) spL$ps hû NC. (L$) CÄS>s hû NC. (X$) ârsóW$p hû NC.

k. 7 A“¡ 7 rQl¹“ d|L$u Mp¡V$p hp¼ep¡ ky^pfu“¡ afu’u gMp¡.

(1) ‘ip ‘V¡$g Dv$pf lsp. (2) s¡d“p ‘Ð“u dpepmy„ lsp„. (3) L$pL$u Aip„s ’C S>sp„. (4) L$pL$u“u hps kph Mp¡V$u lsu. (5) ‘ipL$pL$pA¡ L$léy„, ""dpf¡ blº v|$f S>hp“y„ R>¡.

k. 8 sd“¡ dl¡dp“ b“hy„ Nd¡ L¡$ eS>dp“ - k„hpv$ kp^p¡.

k. 9 ep¡Áe rhfpdrQŒp¡ d|L$p¡ :-

(1) dpf¡ s|V$u dfhp“y„ “¡ spf¡ dp¡V$u v$p“¡ðfu ’hp“y„ (2) ApNm’u L$p¡“u kp’¡ dp¡L$gpìey„ R>¡ (3) ‘ipL$pL$pA¡ L$üy„ dpf¡ blº v|$f S>hp“y„ R>¡ (4) Sy>hp“p¡A¡ L$üy„ ‘Z Apd “¡ Apd S>hpe (5) kp¥ s¡d“¡ A¡L$ “„bf“p L$X$L$p NZ¡

k. 10 sd“¡ ‘ipL$pL$p L¡$ L$pL$udp„’u S>¡“y„ ìe[¼sÒh Nd¡ - s¡“p rhi¡ gMp¡.

âL$ë‘

dl¡dp“p¡“p õhpNs“u Sy>v$uSy>v$u ‘ÙrsAp¡“p rQÓp¡ CÞV$f“¡V$ D‘f’u d¡mhu“¡ QpV®$k s¥epf L$fp¡.

rhi¡j hp„Q“

ApS>“u OX$u frmepdZu

ApS>“p qv$hk“¡ lº„ õhõ’ fus¡ Æhhp âeÐ“iug flui “¡ c|s-crhóe“u ‘„Qpsdp„ ‘X$u Æh““p b^p âñp¡ A¡L$kp’¡

DL¡$ghp“u O¡gR>p “l] k¡hy„.

ApS>“p qv$hk¡ lº„ Ap“„v$u flui. "kyMu ’hp“p¡ ×Y$ r“^p®f L$f¡ Ðepf¡ d“yóep¡ kyMu ’pe R>¡' A¡hp Ab°pld tgL$““p

rhQpf“¡ lº„ kss õdfZdp„ fpMui.

ApS>“p qv$hk¡ lº„ dpfp d“p¡bm“¡ ×Y$ L$fui. AÝee“ L$fui “¡ ‘yfyjp’®, rhQpf Np„cue® s’p A¡L$pN°sp dpNu g¡ s¡hy„

kp[ÒhL$ hp„Q“ L$fui.

ApS>“p qv$hk¡ lº„ ‘qf[õ’rs“¡ ‘lp¢Qu hmhp d’ui A“¡ k„Å¡Np¡ kv$pe d“¡ kp“yL|$m fl¡ A¡hp qv$hpõhà“p¡dp„ “l] fpQy„.

âpàsL$d® L$fsp„ klS> fus¡ S>¡ ‘pdui s¡’u Ap“„v$ dp“ui “¡ Mp¡V$p„ lhprsep„ “l] dpfy„.

40

ApS>“p qv$hk¡ lº„ dpfp ApÐdp“¡ rÓrh^ ìepepd L$fphui : L$p¡C“y„ cgy„ L$fui, ‘Z R>sp¡ “l] ’pJ. S>¡ L$pd L$fhpdp„ lº„

Apmku S>sp¡ lp¡Ci “¡ s¡V$gp ‘|fsy„ A¡ L$pep£ L$fhp“y„ lº„ V$pmsp¡ L¡$ dygshu fpMsp¡ lp¡Ci A¡hp„ kl¡S>¡ A¡L$-b¡ L$pd Ahíe L$fui.

S>¡’u dpfy„ OX$sf ’pe; A“¡ ¼hrQs¹ d“¡ d“vy$:M ’i¡ sp¡ ‘Z ApS> dpfy„ d“vy$:M lº„ gpNZuhi ’C âv$ri®s “l] L$fy„.

ApS>“p qv$hk¡ lº„ dmsphX$p¡ A“¡ kp¥çe flui, lº„ õhÃR>, kyOX$ “¡ d“lf v$¡Mphp“u QuhV$ fpMui. lº„ ApS>¡ d©vy$cpju

“¡ kp¥S>Þeiug flui, Ap¾$dL$ A“¡ V$uL$pÐdL$ “rl ’pJ, MZMp¡v$“u âh©rÑdp„ “l] ‘Xy„$ A“¡ dpfu Ås“¡ ky^pfhp“y„ hukfu

AÞe“p L$pÆ b“hp“p AcfMp “l] k¡hy„.

ApS>“p qv$hk“p¡ L$pe®¾$d lº„ OX$u L$pY$ui A“¡ s¡ A“ykpf L$pd L$fhp L$p¡rii L$fui. i¼e R>¡ L¡$ b^y„ ep¡S>“p dyS>b “ ‘Z

’C iL¡$. ‘f„sy Apep¡S>“ Ahíe L$fui; L$pfZL¡$ Apd L$fhp’u lº„ dpfu Ås“¡ fOhpV$ “¡ Ar“ròssp“p L$uX$pAp¡’u rR>Þ“rcÞ“

’su bQphu iL$ui.

ApS>“p qv$hk¡ Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p¡ AX$^p¡ L$gpL$ lº„ A¡L$p„sdp„ Npmui, S>¡’u Cðf“y„ kp„r“Ýe s’p ipfuqfL$ “¡ dp“rkL$

Apfpd d¡mhu iL$pe. k„ch R>¡ L¡$ Ap ‘mp¡dp d“¡ Æh““p¡ kpQp¡ dpN® gpû Åe.

ApS>“p qv$hk¡ lº„ r“c®e b“ui. S>¡ ky„v$f, kyML$f “¡ Ap“„v$v$peL$ R>¡ s¡“¡ lº„ Qplui A“¡ A¡ hps kss fV$sp¡ flui L¡$

S>Ns“¡ Ap‘hp’u S> lº„ S>Ns ‘pk¡’u ‘pdu iL$ui. "VoZ Ë`ºo$Z ^w§{OWm:'&'

õhpÝepe

k. 1 ep¡Áe iåv$ d|L$u Mpgu S>Áep ‘|Z® L$fp¡ :-

(ep¡S>“p; cgy„; MZMp¡v$; õhõ’) (1) ApS>“p qv$hk“¡ lº„ fus¡ Æhhp âeÐ“iug flui. (2) L$p¡C“y„ L$fui ‘Z R>sp¡ “rl ’pJ. (3) “u âh©rÑdp„ “rl ‘Xy„$. (4) b^y„ dyS>b “ ‘Z ’C iL¡$.

k. 2 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ip¡û rh^p“ ‘|Z® L$fp¡ :-

(1) "kyMu ’hp“p¡ ×Y$ r“^p®f L$f¡ Ðepf¡ d“yóep¡ kyMu ’pe R>¡' Ap rhQpf ----- “p¡ R>¡. (Ab°pld tgL$““p¡, V$p¸ëõV$p¡e“p¡, dlpÐdp Np„û“p¡) (2) ApS>“p qv$hk¡ lº„ ----- ‘lp¢Qu hmhp d’ui. (iÓyAp¡“¡, ‘qf[õ’rs“¡, ‘p¡sp“u Ås“¡) (3) ApS>“p qv$hk¡ lº„ dpfp ApÐdp“¡ ----- ìepepd L$fphui. (Qsyrh®^, qÜrh^, rÓrh^)

k. 3 sdpfp d“dp„ Aphsp kL$pfpÐdL$ rhQpfp¡“¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡ :-

hhh

dl¡dp“p¡“¡ AphL$pf, cpfsue k„õL©$rs“p¡ k„õL$pf

41

Y$p¡fp„2

Cðf ‘fdpf : bpm kprlÐeL$pf A“¡ gOyL$’pAp¡“p g¡ML$ sfuL¡$ Cðf v$pdÆcpC ‘fdpf“y„ “pd ÅZusy„ R>¡. s¡d“p¡ S>Þd

L$ÃR>“p fp¡lp Npddp„ ’ep¡ lsp¡. ÜpfL$p“u A¸ÄeyL¡$i“ L$p¸g¡S>dp„ ìep¿epsp sfuL¡$ s¡dZ¡ L$pe® L$ey® R>¡.

A¡d“u bpmhpsp®Ap¡“p¡ k„N°l "blºbu“' A“¡ gOyL$’pAp¡“p¡ k„N°l "sygku“u dpmp' R>¡.

k|f L©$rs“p¡ - âõsys gOyL$’pdp„ Npddp„ fl¡sp fpÆdp“¡ h©Ùphõ’pdp„ A¡d“p„ Y$p¡fp„ - ‘iyAp¡A¡ kp’ Apàep¡ R>¡. s¡d“p

v$uL$fpAp¡ il¡fdp„ [õ’f ’ep R>¡, ‘p¡sp“p k„kpfdp„ fÃep‘Ãep R>¡. fpÆdp“¡ Y$p¡fp¡ h¡Qu cS>“c[¼s L$fhp k|Qhpe R>¡. fpÆdp

Äepf¡ Y$p¡fp„“¡ h¡Q¡ R>¡ sp¡ ‘Z A^} fpÓ¡ fpÆdp“u X¡$guA¡ Aphu Åe R>¡. ‘„X$“p v$uL$fpAp¡ ‘pfL$p ’C Nep Äepf¡ ‘pfL$p„ Y$p¡fp„

fpÆdp“p¡ kp’ k„Np’ T„M¡ R>¡. d|„Np„ ‘iyAp¡“p¡ fpÆdp âÐe¡“p¡ â¡d Ap “p“u L$’pdp„ Æh„s bÞep¡ R>¡.

fpÆdp A¡L$g ‘„X$ “¡ X¡$gub„^ Ofdp„ “p“p„dp¡V$p„ Y$p¡f “h ! dpÆ Y$p¡f kp’¡ bp¡g¡ “¡ bpT¡; ‘pR>p

‘„‘pm¡!

A¡d“p b¡D v$uL$fp cZsp„ cZsp„ ‘fZu“¡ v|$f“p il¡fdp„ [õ’f ’C Nep. s¡Ap¡ s¡X$ph¡ Mfp ‘Z dpÆ

S>hpb gMph¡ : ""cp¡dL$p“u dpep d¡gu “’u d¡gpsu. sd¡ kOqfep„ Ap„V$p¡ v$C Åh h¡g¡fp„.''

afu v$uL$fp“p¡ L$pNm : ""Adpf¡ “p¡L$fudp„ fÅ S>d¡ “’u. AphuA¡ sp¡ R>p¡L$fp“y„ cZsf cp„N¡, sdpfu

hlº“u srbes W$uL$-AW$uL$ füp L$f¡ R>¡. lpg sp¡ “l] Ahpe. ‘¥kp dp¡L$ëep R>¡. lh¡ Y$p¡fp„ h¡Qu“¡ r“fp„s¡ flp¡.

OÏ„ h¡W$éy„. cS>“cph L$fp¡. srbes kpQhÅ¡...''

42

A¡L$hpf Aphp L$pNm“p¡ S>hpb gMphhp dpfu vy$L$p“¡ ‘Ñy„ gC“¡ fpÆdp„ Apìep Ðepf¡ d¢ e L$üy„ :

""dpX$u, h¡Qu v$p¡“¡ Y$p¡f. “pZp„“u ¼ep„ Ap‘v$p R>¡ sdpf¡ ?...''

Ql¡fp ‘f“u L$fQguAp¡ ‘f AV$L$u AV$L$u“¡ kfsp„ Ap„ky’u cu“p ’sp iåv$p¡dp„ fpÆdp L$l¡ : ""NNp,

Y$p¡fp„“¡ h¡Qy„ Ry>„ sp¡ ‘uV$ép„ ‘pfL$p Mugp sp¡X$phu-R>p¡X$phu“¡ A^fps¡ X¡$gubp'f cp„cfX$p„ “p„M¡ R>¡, “¡ ‘„X$“p„

R>p¡fp„... hZh¡Q¡ h¡QpC Nep„ ! “’u gMhp¡ L$pNm dpf¡...''

‘¡gy„ L$p¡fy„ ‘Ñy„ apX$u a¢L$sp hmu L$l¡ :

""cpC, lh¡ sp¡ dpf¡ R>p¡fp„ C Y$p¡fp„ “¡ Y$p¡fp„ C R>p¡fp„...''


âõsys gOyL$’p kdÅhsp ‘l¡gp„ ‘pgsy (‘pm¡gp„) âpZuAp¡ rhj¡ âñp¡ ‘|R>hp„. il¡fdp„ gp¡L$p¡ L|$sfp„ - rbgpX$p„ ‘pm¡,

Npddp„ Npe-c¢k ‘pm¡, S>¡’u Npec¢k“p v|$^dp„’u AphL$ d¡mhu iL$pe. ‘pgsy S>“phf“u hapv$pfu A“¡ dpZkp¡“u hapv$pfu“u

QQp® L$fhu.

"h©Ùphõ’p' v$fçep“ dpbp‘“¡ kpQhhp“u S>hpbv$pfu A„N¡ rhÛp’}Ap¡ kp’¡ rhQpfp¡“u Ap‘-g¡ L$fhu.

õhpÝepe

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ ‘pW$dp„ h‘fpe¡gp„ iåv$p¡ gMp¡.

(1) Aîy (2) õhpõÕe (3) Å“hf (4) hs“

(5) ‘„X$$ (6) dyíL¡$gu (7) hl¡gp (8) ip„rs

k. 2 iåv$p¡“u A„spnfu ‘|Z® L$fp¡ :-

srbes - sfpS|> - - - - -

k. 3 “uQ¡ Ap‘¡gp iåv$p¡ ‘f’u hp¼ep¡ b“php¡ :-

(1) il¡f (2) srbes (3) cS>“ (4) Ap‘v$p

k. 4 ep¡Áe iåv$ d|L$u Mpgu S>Áep ‘|fp¡ :-

(1) “u dpep d¡gpsu “’u.

(2) AphuA¡ sp¡ R>p¡L$fp“y„ cp„N¡.

(3) fpÆdp A¡L$g ‘„X$ “¡ Ofdp„ “p“p„ dp¡V$p„ Y$p¡f “h!

(4) v$uL$fpAp¡ v|$f“p dp„ [õ’f ’C Nep.

43

k. 5 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ip¡^u hp¼e afu’u gMp¡.

(1) fpÆdp Y$p¡f kp’¡ bpT¡, ‘R>u -----

(A) “hX$ph¡ (b) ‘„‘pm¡

(L$) MhX$ph¡ (X$) dpf¡

(2) fpÆdp“p v$uL$fp “p¡L$fu dpV¡$ -----

(A) ‘fv$¡i Nep (b) Ap¸qak¡ Nep

(L$) il¡fdp„ [õ’f ’ep (X$) rhÛpgedp„ Nep

(3) v$uL$fpAp¡A¡ fpÆdp“¡ L$üy„ -----

(A) cS>“cph L$fp¡ (b) âp’®“p L$fp¡

(L$) ‘|Å L$fp¡. (X$) k¡hp L$fp¡.

(4) ‘„X$“p R>p¡fp„ ‘Z -----

(A) L$u^¡ S>sp füp„ (b) bp¡gpìe¡ Aphu Nep

(L$) kp„cm¡ bp¡gu Nep (X$) hZ h¡Q¡ h¡QpC Nep.

k. 6 L$p¡Z gM¡ R>¡ L$p¡“¡?

(1) ""cp¡dL$p“u dpep d¡gpsu “’u''

(2) ""Adpf¡ “p¡L$fudp„ fÅ S>d¡ “’u''

k. 7 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ "“y„' “p ep¡Áe {‘ kp’¡ Mpgu S>Áep ‘|fp¡ :-

v$p.s. ‘„X$“y„ - ‘„X$“p R>p¡fp„

(1) (‘„X$“y„) - dL$p“

(2) (‘„X$“y„) v$uL$fu

(3) (‘„X$“y„) cp„X$fX$p„

(4) (‘„X$“y„) ‘¥kp

(5) (‘„X$“y„) v$uL$fp¡

k. 8 sdpfu v$pv$udp/“p“udp kp’¡ husph¡g sdpfp õdfZp¡“¡ L¡$ A“ychp¡“¡ hN®dp„ L$lu k„cmphp¡.

k. 9 "R>p¡fp„ C Y$p¡fp„ “¡ Y$p¡fp„ C R>p¡fp„' hp¼e“¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ kdÅhp¡.

âL$ë‘

"h©Ùpîd', "rh‘íe“p rirbf', "kplk L¸$ç‘' dp„’u L$p¡C‘Z A¡L$“u qv$“Qep® rhi¡ s¼sp¡ b“php¡.

iåv$p¡ L$fsp„ L$pe® h^y AkfL$pfL$ lp¡e R>¡.

44

g¡M“ L$p¥iëe

Al¡hpg g¡M“

Ap‘Z¡ fp¡S>bfp¡S>“p Æh“dp„ S>¡ L$p„C Å¡CA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ kp„cmuA¡ R>uA¡ s¡“¡ e’p’® õhê$‘dp„ fS|> L$fhy„ s¡“¡

Al¡hpg L$l¡hpe. kQp¡V$, kfm A“¡ k„rnàs Al¡hpg g¡M“ dpV¡$ k|ÿd r“funZ M|b S>ê$fu R>¡.

^fsuL„$‘, Arsh©[óV$, A“ph©[óV$, dp¡V$u ApN, V²¡$“ AL$õdps, bk AL$õdps, ‘|f S>¡hu OV$“pAp¡ s¡dS> hprj®L$

kdpfp¡l, L$rh k„d¡g“, ‘qfk„hpv$ S>¡hp âk„Np¡ b“sp fl¡ R>¡. Aphu OV$“pAp¡“y„ kdQpf‘Óp¡dp„ hZ®“ Aphsy„ lp¡e R>¡

Aphp hZ®“p¡“y„ Apg¡M“ A¡V$g¡ S> Al¡hpg g¡M“... ‘ÓL$pf b“hp dpV¡$ Al¡hpg g¡M““u spgud M|b S>ê$fu R>¡.

Al¡hpg g¡M“ dpV¡$ Ýep“dp„ fpMhp“u L¡$V$guL$ k|Q“pAp¡ :-

h â’d rhcpN → kdN° OV$“p“u k„n¡‘dp„ fS|>Aps

buÅ¡ rhcpN → OV$“p“y„ rhNshpf hZ®“

ÓuÅ¡ rhcpN → kpfp„i / D‘k„lpf

h âk„N“¡ A“yê$‘ fp¡QL$ gMpZ

h Apf„c’u A„s ky^u“u OV$“p“y„ ¾$dhpf Apg¡M“

h kpv$u, kfm, kQp¡V$, AkfL$pfL$ cpjp

h âk„N“¡ A“yê$‘ gp¡L$p¡[¼s, L$l¡hsp¡, ê$qY$âep¡Np¡, sm‘v$p iåv$p¡“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$fhp’u ùv$eõ‘i} Al¡hpg b“i¡.

h L¡$V$guL$hpf AÞeA¡ Å¡e¡gu OV$“p“y„ hZ®“ L$fhp“y„ lp¡e Ðepf¡ s¡“u kÐesp“u QL$pkZu L$fhu, rhNsp¡ d¡mhu“¡

s¡“¡ ¾$dbÙ rhL$kphhu.

rhjep¡ : ApN / vy$L$pm / ‘|f / AL$õdps“u vy$O®V$“p

h rhop“ âv$i®““p¡ Al¡hpg

h ‘pqfsp¡rjL$ rhsfZ“p¡ Al¡hpg

h h©npfp¡‘Z“p¡ Al¡hpg

45

Al¡hpg g¡M“ (“d|“p¡)h sdpfu ipmpdp„ ep¡Åe¡g ‘pqfsp¡rjL$ rhsfZ kdpfp¡l“p¡ Al¡hpg s¥epf L$fp¡ :-

hprj®L$ C“pd rhsfZ kdpfp¡l“p¡ Al¡hpg

õ’m : op“v$u‘ lpCõL|$g, kp„Ngu

kde : khpf¡ 10.00

spfuM : 12 du Ap¸NõV$, 2015

îu NyS>fpsu L¡$mhZu d„X$m, kp„Ngu k„Qprgs op“v$u‘ lpCõL|$gdp„ i¥nrZL$ hj® 2016-

17“p¡ hprj®L$ C“pd rhsfZ kdpfp¡l ipmp“p ‘V$p„NZdp„ ep¡Åep¡ lsp¡. ^p¡fZ - ‘p„Q’u v$i

ky^u“p hprj®L$ ‘funpdp„ DÃQ NyZhÑp d¡mh“pf ‘Qpk rhÛp’}Ap¡“p¡ AÓ¡ kÐL$pf L$fhpdp„

Apìep¡ lsp¡.

L$pe®¾$d“p Arsr’rhi¡j ‘v$¡ kp„Ngu il¡f“p d¡efîu D‘[õ’s lsp„. k„õ’p“p ‘v$pr^L$pfuAp¡,

rinL$p¡, rhÛp’}Ap¡ A“¡ hpguAp¡“u D‘[õ’rs “p¢^‘pÓ lsu.

L$pe®¾$d“u iê$Aps v$u‘âpNV$é A“¡ âp’®“p’u L$fhpdp„ Aphu. Ðepfbpv$ õhpNsNus d^yf

L„$W¡$ Nhpey„. k„õ’p“u V|„$L$dp„ dprlsu ipmp“p D‘dy¿epÝepr‘L$p bl¡“¡ Ap‘u. rhÛp’}Ap¡“p

Ql¡fp ‘f“p¡ DÐkpl S>ZpC Aphsp¡ lsp¡. rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ fp¥àeQ„ÖL$ A“¡ âdpZ‘Ó Ap‘u“¡

“hpS>hpdp„ Apìep lsp. Arsr’rhi¡j¡ rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ â¡fZp Ap‘“pfy„ h¼sìe Apàey„ lsy„.

ipmp“p dy¿epÝepr‘L$pA¡ Apcpfrhr^ L$fu L$pe®¾$d“y„ kdp‘“ L$ey¯ lsy„. L$pe®¾$d“y„ kam

k„Qpg“ Äe¡óW$ rirnL$pA¡ L$ey¯ lsy„.

h “p¢^ : d¡ef, dy¿epÝepr‘L$p, D‘dy¿epÝepr‘L$p, Äe¡óW$ rirnL$p hN¡f¡“p “pdp¡“p¡ Dëg¡M Al¡hpg g¡M“dp„ L$fhp S>ê$fu R>¡.

hhh

46

Qp¡f“¡ dpg|d ’pe L¡$...3

S>Nv$ui gpci„L$f rÓh¡v$u : s¡d“p¡ S>Þd C.k. 1967 dp„ hY$hpZ dyL$pd¡ ’ep¡ lsp¡. A¡d.A¡.‘u.A¡Q.X$u.“p Aæepk“u

‘|Z®sp bpv$ s¡d“u dy¿e âh©rÑ "lkhy„ A“¡ lkphhy„' b“u flu. îu S>Nv$ui rÓh¡v$uA¡ v$¡i-rhv$¡i“p âhpk L$fu gp¡L$p¡“¡

Ad|ëe V$p¸r“L$ê$‘¡ lpõe âv$p“ L$f¡g R>¡. s¡Ap¡“p tQs“pÐdL$ g¡M, “pV$L$, “V$i|Þe A¡L$p„L$uAp¡, kÐe OV$“pÐdL$ A¡L$p„L$uAp¡

Üpfp NyS>fpsu kprlÐe kd©Ù bÞey„ R>¡. "S>Nv$ui“u S>dphV$', "fd|S>“u f„Np¡mu', "lpõe“y„ l¡rgL$p¸àV$f' S>¡hp s¡Ap¡“p ârkÙ

lpõek„N°lp¡ R>¡. NyS>fpsu kprlÐe AL$pv$du Üpfp s¡Ap¡“¡ ‘yfõL$pf A¡“pes ’e¡g R>¡.

k|f L©$rs“p¡ - âõsys lpõeL$’p "fd|S>“u f¡gNpX$u' dp„’u g¡hpdp„ Aph¡g R>¡. g¡ML$“p¡ d|m l¡sy lmhp lpõe“p¡ R>¡. Qp¡f Qp¡fu

L$f¡ sp¡ s¡“¡ L„$CL$ dm¡, ‘f„sy Al] Qp¡f“u v$ip L$ap¡X$u R>¡. Qp¡f Qp¡fu L$fu“¡ ‘õspe R>¡. Qp¡fu ’ep bpv$“u b^u âq¾$epAp¡

rh“p¡v$pÐdL$ fus¡ fS|> L$fu R>¡. S>¡d L¡$ - S>¡“¡ Ðep„ Qp¡fu ’pe R>¡ s¡“u d“p¡v$ip, ‘p¡guk“u L$pe®hplu, ‘pX$p¡iu A“¡ õhS>“p¡“u

ârsq¾$ep...

b¡-ÓZ drl“p ‘l¡gp ÅdM„cpmuep “Nf‘prgL$p Üpfp dpfp¡ L$pe®¾$d fpMhpdp„ Apìep¡. M„cpmuep

dpfy„ kpkfy„ lp¡hp’u lº„ dpfp A¡L$dpÓ ‘yÓ A“¡ A¡L$dpÓ ‘Ð“u kp’¡ Ðep„ Nep¡. s¡ fpÓ¡ lº„ gp¡L$p¡“¡ lkphsp¡ lsp¡.

bfpbf s¡ S> kde¡ kyf¡ÞÖ“Nf dpfp Of“p„ spmp„ s|V$ép„ lsp„. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ d“¡ fX$phhp“u ‘|h® s¥epfu ’su lsu.

dpfp Ofdp„ Mf¡Mf ’e¡gu Qp¡fu“u hps Al] fS|> L$fy„ Ry>„. A“¡ Apip R>¡ L¡$ d“¡ fX$ph“pf Qp¡f ‘Z Ap g¡M

hp„Qsp¡ li¡.

A¡L$ cNs“p Ofdp„ fpÓ¡ Qp¡f Apìep¡. hmu Qp¡fu“p dpg“y„ ‘p¡V$gy„ hpmu gC S>hp dpV¡$ kp’¡ Qpv$f gC

Apìep¡. A¡Z¡ ‘l¡gp Qpv$f ‘p’fu ‘R>u s‘pk Apv$fu. Of“p Qpf¡ M|Zp kfMp lsp. dsgb Ofdp„ L„$C S>

lsy„ “l]. cNs“p Ofdp„ Jv$f ‘Z Ap‘Ops L$f¡ A¡hy„ lsy„. Qp¡f r“fpi ’C ‘pR>p¡ Apìep¡ A“¡ S>¡ ×íe Å¡ey„

sp¡ A„^pfpdp„ Ap„M¡ A„^pfp„ Aphu Nep„. Qp¡f“u ‘p’f¡gu Qpv$f ‘f cNs k|C Nep lsp. Å¡ cNs ‘X$My„ af¡

sp¡ ‘p¡sp“u Qp¡fu“u L$dpZu“u Qpv$f gC“¡ S>sp fl¡hy„ A¡hu NZsfuA¡ Qp¡f ‘fp¡Y$uep ky^u b¡ku füp¡. A„s¡

L„$V$pmu fp¡hp S>¡hp¡ ’C Qp¡f Qpv$frhlu“ Ahõ’pdp„ Qpgsp¡ ’ep¡. S>su hMs¡ bpfÏ„ AV$L$phhp Nep¡ Ðepf¡

cNs k|spk|sp bp¡ëep L¡$ cg¡ EOpXy„$ füy„, sy„ S>¡d ‘p’fÏ„ Ap‘u Nep¡ A¡d L$p¡C Ap¡Y$hp“y„ Ap‘u S>i¡.

ApS>¡ dpZk“¡ kps ê$r‘ep“p spmpdp„ rhðpk R>¡, A¡V$gp¡ gpM ê$r‘ep“p dpZpdp„ rhðpk “’u. s¡

fpÓ¡ dpfp Of¡ hZ“p¡sep® ‘^pf¡gp Qp¡fcpC“¡ (Apip fpMy„ L¡$ cpC S> li¡ - bpL$u AÐepf¡ sdpd n¡Ódp„ õÓu

‘yfyj kdp¡hX$u ’C NC R>¡.) dpfp spmp„ D‘f“p¡ dpfp¡ rhðpk spmp kp’¡ S> sp¡X$u “p¿ep¡ A“¡ d^fps¡ dpfp

Ahphfp Ofdp„ rhS>e âh¡i L$ep£.

Ðepfbpv$ Qp¡f¡ dpfp¡ gp¡M„X$“p¡ L$bpV$ ‘Z Mp¡gu “p¿ep¡. A¡ L$bpV$dp„ A¡L$ Qp¡fMp“y„ R>¡. A¡ A¡hu Nyàs

S>ÁepA¡ R>¡ L¡$ dpfp¡ L$bpV$ lp¡hp R>sp„ d“¡ OZuhpf dmsy„ “’u. A¡hy„ c¡v$uMp“y„ ‘Z Qp¡f¡ c¡v$u “p¿ey„ A“¡

47

S>¡“y„ “pd S> Qp¡fMp“y„ lp¡e A¡ Qp¡f “ Mp¡g¡ sp¡ L$p¡Z iplºL$pf Mp¡g¡ ? Al] iplºL$pf“p¡ A’® AphL$h¡fp

Ar^L$pfu A¡hp¡ L$fhp¡. Qp¡f ìehkpe¡ Qp¡f R>sp„ iplºL$pf L$fsp„ “urshp“ lsp¡. A¡“¡ kp¡“y„ A“¡ fp¡L$X$ rkhpe

L$ipdp„ fk “lp¡sp¡ A“¡ dpfp kv¹$“kub¡ A“¡ Qp¡f“p bv¹$“kub¡ dpfp Ofdp„ A¡L$ ‘Z sp¡gp¡ kp¡“y„ “lp¡sy„ A“¡

‘|fp ‘p„Qkp¡ ê$r‘ep ‘Z “lp¡sp. Ap r“fMu“¡ r“fpi ’e¡gp¡ Qp¡f V$u.hu., V¡$‘, OqX$epm L¡$ kpX$uAp¡“u gpgQ

hNf L„$C S> gu^p hNf Mpgu lp’ S>sp¡ füp¡ A¡“y„ ApS>¡ ‘Z d“¡ Apòe® ’pe R>¡.

L$v$pQ A¡hy„ b“¡ L¡$ L$bpV$ v$i®“ bpv$ r“fpi ’e¡gp¡ Qp¡f gpMp¡ r“fpipdp„ Adf Apip Ry>‘pe¡gu R>¡ A¡d

bp¡gsp¡ bp¡gsp¡ D‘gp dpm¡ Nep¡ li¡ ‘Z dpfp¡ ‘p¡sp“p¡ D‘gp¡ dpm Mpgu R>¡ sp¡ dpfp Of“p¡ ¼ep„’u cf¡gp¡

lp¡e ? D‘gp dpm¡ ‘yõsL$p¡“p Y$Ngp Å¡C Qp¡f“¡ ’ey„ li¡ L¡$ fp¢N “„bf gpNu Nep¡ R>¡ ! S>¡“u ‘pk¡ ApV$gp

b^p ‘yõsL$p¡ lp¡e A¡“u ‘pk¡ kp¡“y„ L¡$ ê$r‘ep ’p¡X$p lp¡e ? ‘yõsL$p¡ L$pev$p“p lp¡e sp¡ A¡“¡ AX$ép hNf ‘Z

ê$r‘ep Aph¡. bpL$u kprlÐe“p„ ‘yõsL$p¡“¡ Nd¡ s¡V$gp hp„Qp¡ R>sp„ b¡ ‘p„v$X¡$ ’hpsy„ “’u.

buÅ qv$hk¡ ap¡“ Üpfp d“¡ cf KOdp„’u EW$pX$u“¡ Aiyc kdpQpf Ap‘hpdp„ Apìep L¡$ sdpfp Of“p„

spmp„ s|V$ép„ R>¡. sdpfp ‘pX$p¡idp„ qv$hpmu S>¡hp¡ dplp¡g R>¡. sd¡ S>ëv$u Aphp¡. Ap kp„cmu“¡ lº„ A¡hp¡ ^p„^p¡

’ep¡ L¡$ g¢Op D‘f iV®$ ‘l¡fu“¡ kyf¡ÞÖ“Nf ‘lp¢Qu Nep¡. ‘Ð“u Dsphmdp„ dp¡S>X$u bv$g¡ õgu‘f ‘l¡fu“¡ b¡ku

NC. dp¥rgL$“¡ sp¡ ApMp fõs¡ A¡L$ S> tQsp lsu L¡$ Qp¡f Å¡ ‘yÓhp“ li¡ A“¡ dpfy„ b¡V$ Qp¡fu Nep¡ li¡ sp¡

kp„S>¡ ‘pX$p¡iu“p Ofdp„ v$X$p L¡$d “pMuiy„?

Ad¡ Apìep A¡V$g¡ ‘pX$p¡iuAp¡A¡ Mp¡V$p vy$:M kp’¡ Ad“¡ ‘p¡¿ep„. ‘Z A¡d“p¡ fpÆ‘p¡ Ap„Mp¡dp„ X$p¡L$pC

S>sp¡ lsp¡. Ad¡ Ofdp„ Aphu“¡ V$u.hu.’u dp„X$u“¡ V$p„L$Zu“p bp¡n kyû bû hõsy s‘pku guû. d¢ i¡fudp„

Aphu“¡ Ål¡fps L$fu L¡$ dpfy„ L„$C S> Ney„ “’u. dpÓ Ofdp„ L„$C S> lsy„ “l] s¡’u Qp¡f ‘pk¡ dpfu Apbê$ NC

R>¡. ‘Z ‘pX$p¡iu“¡ dpfu hpsdp„ rhðpk “lp¡sp¡. s¡Ap¡ A„v$fp¡A„v$f L$l¡sp L¡$ Ney„ sp¡ lp¡e ‘Z L$l¡sp “’u.

48

Ðepfbpv$ dpfp Ofdp„ L$p¡C Ahkp“ ’ey„ lp¡e A¡d MfMfp¡ L$f“pf“u gpC“ gpNu NC. lº„ Ap¡mMsp¡

“lp¡sp¡ A¡hp dpZkp¡ ‘Z dmhp Apìep. v$f¡L$“¡ dpf¡ A¡L$“u A¡L$ L¸$k¡V$ qfhpCÞX$ L$fu“¡ k„cmphhu ‘X$su. A¡

gp¡L$p¡“¡ Qp A’hp W„$Xy„$ ‘phy„, “ÆL$“p lp¡e sp¡ “põsp¡ L$fphhp¡. ÓZ qv$hkdp„ sp¡ Ad¡ ÓZ¡e fp¡hp„ S>¡hp ’C

Nep„. ifbs“p R> bpV$gp, ‘p„Q qL$gp¡ Mp„X$, b¡ qL$gp¡ Qp, “põsp“p ÓZ X$bp Mgpk ’C Nep„. ÓuÅ qv$hk¡

dpfp¡ AhpS> b¡ku Nep¡, S>¡“p D‘f dpfp ^„^p“p¡ Ap^pf R>¡. bp¡Ñ¡fdp cpC Mbf ‘|R>hp Apìep A¡“¡ lº„

A¡V$gy„ S> L$lu i¼ep¡ : Qp¡fu ’C, Ney„ “’u.

‘p¡guk“¡ ÅZ ’sp„ s¡Ap¡ ‘Z Qp¡f“u dpaL$ hNf bp¡gpìe¡ Apìep. ‘yfphpdp„ s|V¡$gy„ spmy„ g¡sp Nep.

d“¡ ÓZ hMs ‘p¡guk õV¡$i“ bp¡gpìep¡. dpf¡ aqfepv$ L$fhu “lp¡su R>sp„ “p¡L$fu“p CÞV$fìey L$fsp„e¡ AOfp

khpg ‘|R>ép. OX$uL$ sp¡ d“¡ A¡d ’ey„ L¡$ d¢ L$p¡C“¡ Ðep„ Qp¡fu L$fu R>¡ ! Of¡ L$p¡C“¡ k|hX$phu“¡ “ S>hp bv$g

W$‘L$p¡ Apàep¡. b^pA¡ ‘p¡guk õV¡$i“dp„ dpfu Qp ‘u^u. lº„ Qp¡f lp¡J A¡d afu Qp¡fu “ ’hu Å¡CA¡ A¡hu

k|Q“p Ap‘u. d“¡ dp„X$ dp„X$ S>hp v$u^p¡.

Qp¡’p qv$hk¡ L„$V$pmu“¡ d¢ v$fhpÅ D‘f dp¡Vy„$ bp¡X®$ dpey¯. A¡ bp¡X®$ b“phhp“p¡ d“¡ ‘p„Qkp¡ ê$r‘ep MQ® ’ep¡

‘Z gp¡luDL$pmp ’C Nep. bp¡X®$dp„ d¢ õ‘óV$ g¿ey„ L¡$ fpÓ¡ dpfp Of¡ Qp¡fu ’C lsu ‘Z lº„ kÐeârsop‘|h®L$,

ip„srQÑ¡, srbes blpg fpMu“¡, rb“L¡$a¡ gMu S>Zphy„ Ry>„ L¡$ dpfp Ofdp„’u L„$C S> Qp¡fpey„ “’u. d“¡ qv$hk¡

L„$C S> S>X$sy„ “’u sp¡ Qp¡f“¡ fpÓ¡ ¼ep„’u dm¡ ? Ap hp„Qu Ap‘“¡ vy$:M ’pe sp¡ cg¡ ’pe ‘Z dl¡fbp“u

L$fu“¡ dpfp Ofdp„ Aphu, Mp¡V$u gpNZu v$¡MpX$u, dasdp„ dpfu Qp ‘u, d“¡ kgpl ‘uhX$phhp ‘^pfip¡ “l].

rgrMs„N Ap‘“p¡ Av$i®“prcgpju S>Nv$ui rÓh¡v$u.

‘p„Qdp„ qv$hk¡ dpfp A¡L$ blº v|$f“p dpku Apìep„. A¡ A¡V$gp b^p v|$f“p lsp L¡$ dpfp bp ‘Z A¡d“¡

Ap¡mMu “ i¼ep. A¡ dpku kp’¡ Qpf ‘yÓp¡ gC“¡ Apìep„. A¡ ‘yÓp¡“¡ Sy>Ap¡ sp¡ A¡d gpN¡ L¡$ A¡ Qpf¡e

hp„v$fpdp„’u dpZk b“hp“y„ c|gu Nep R>¡. dpku“¡ L$p¡CL¡$ Qp¡fu“p kdpQpf Apàep li¡. s¡ d“¡ L$l¡. Äep„ ky^u

Qp¡f ‘L$X$pe “l] Ad¡ ‘p„Q¡e Al]’u S>hp“p “’u. Ap kp„cmu lº„ fp¡hp S>¡hp¡ ’C Nep¡. d¢ b¡ lp’ Å¡X$u“¡

L$üy„ L¡$ dpf¡ Qp¡f ‘L$X$phhp“p¡ “’u ‘Z sd¡ hpl“ ‘L$X$u gp¡.

Ðepfbpv$ d¢ A“¡ dpfu ‘Ð“uA¡ rlkpb L$ep£ sp¡ bp¡X®$“p ‘p„Qkp¡, ifbs“p R> bpV$gp“p A¡L$kp¡ A¢ku,

‘p„Q qL$gp¡ Mp„X$“p ‘„Qp¡Ñ¡f, b¡ qL$gp¡ Qp“p A¡L$ kp¡ A¢ku, “põsp“p AY$ukp¡, kNphlpgp“¡ ap¡““p bkp¡ huk,

b^y„ ’C Apif¡ v$p¡Y$ lÅf ê$r‘ep h‘fpC Nep lsp. Qp¡f cg¡ L„$C S> “ gC Nep¡ ‘Z v$p¡Y$ lÅf ê$r‘ep

Adpfu “S>f kpd¡ Qp¡fpC Nep !

Qp¡f“¡ dpg|d ’pe L¡$ Ap g¡M Å¡ s¡ hp„Qsp¡ lp¡e A“¡ L$p¡C dp¡V$p dpZk“¡ Ðep„ Qp¡fu L$fu lp¡e sp¡ Ap

“p“p dpZk“p v$p¡Y$ lÅf dp¡L$gu Ap‘hp “d° rh“„su R>¡. spfp¡ ^„^p¡ h^¡ A¡hu iyc¡ÃR>p.

49


âõsys lpõeL$’p“y„ AÝee“ L$fphsp ‘l¡gp “hfkdp„“p„ A¡L$ A¡hp lpõefk’u rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ ‘qfrQs L$fphhp. "lpõe“y„ Æh“dp„ dlÒh' A“¡ "lpõe“p apev$p' rhj¡ hN®dp„ QQp® L$fhu. "lpõe L$gb'“u dprlsu rhÛp’}Ap¡ ‘pk¡’u d¡mhhu. lpõe âk„Np¡‘ps Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. fp¡S>bfp¡S>“p Æh“dp„’u ‘Z lpõe dmu Aph¡. "Qp¡fu' S>¡hu A“urs“u bpbs“¡ ‘Z g¡ML¡$ Al] fd|S>“p f„Ndp„ L¡$hu fus¡ f„Nu R>¡ s¡ rhj¡ S>Zphh„y.

õhpÝepe

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ ‘pW$dp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ gMp¡ :

(1) ApÐdlÐep - (2) bpfÏ„ -

(3) Æs - (4) S|>W$u -

(5) R|>‘y„ - (6) CÄS>s -

(7) cfp¡kp¡ - (8) Mbf -

k. 2 “d|“p âdpZ¡ gMp¡.

v$p.s. “d° DÙs

(1) rhðpk (2) kØ“kub

(3) Nyàs (4) iplºL$pf

k. 3 “d|“p âdpZ¡ iåv$p¡ b“php¡ :-

v$p.s. b‘p¡f - cfb‘p¡f

cf

riepmp¡KO

“]v$fQp¡dpky„

‘¡V$Sy>hp“u

fõs¡D“pmp¡

k. 4 "hp“' âÐee gNphu “hp iåv$p¡ b“php¡.

v$p.s : “urshp“, ,

50

k. 5 Qpgp¡ hp¼e ‘|Z® L$fuA¡ :-

(1) dpf¡ aqfepv$ L$fhu “lp¡su R>sp„

(2) L$p¡C dp¡V$p dpZk“¡ Ðep„ Qp¡fu L$fu lp¡e sp¡

(3) i¡fudp„ Aphu g¡ML¡$ Ål¡fps L$fu L¡$

(4) Qp¡’p qv$hk¡ L„$V$pmu“¡ d¢

k. 6 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ip¡^u hp¼e afu’u gMp¡ :-

(1) ÅdM„cprmepdp„ dpfy„ -----

(A) dphsf lsy„ (b) dp¡kpm lsy„

(L$) kpkfy„ lsy„ (X$) Of lsy„

(2) Qp¡f“u ‘p’f¡gu -----

(A) fÅC lsu (b) Qpv$f lsu

(L$) ‘’pfu lsu (X$) kpX$u lsu

(3) ApS>¡ dpZk“¡ rhðpk R>¡ -----

(A) dpZk ‘f (b) rhop“ ‘f

(L$) cNhp“ ‘f (X$) spmp ‘f

k. 7 âk„Np¡“¡ ¾$dp“ykpf Np¡W$hp¡ : -----

(A) g¡ML$ kpkf¡ Nep. (b) g¡ML¡$ v$fhpÅ D‘f bp¡X®$ dpey¯.

(L$) g¡ML$“¡ ‘p¡guk õV¡$i“¡ bp¡gpìep. (X$) g¡ML$“p v|$f“p dpku Apìep.

(B) g¡ML¡$ Qp¡f“¡ v$p¡Y$ lÅf dp¡L$ghp“u hps gMu.

k. 8 “pd gMp¡ :-

g¡ML$“y„ kpkfy„ - g¡ML$“y„ Npd -

L$bpV$ v$i®“ L$f“pf - ‘p„Qdp qv$hk¡ g¡ML$“p Of¡ Aph“pf -

Qp¡f“¡ iyc¡ÃR>p Ap‘“pf -

k. 9 H k„r^ L$fp¡ :-

v$i®“ + Arcgpju = õ’m + A„sf =

kÐe + ApN°l = ‘fd + A’® =

ê$‘ + A„sf = v$¡h + BÞÖ =

51

H b¡hX$psu q¾$ep“p AÞe iåv$p¡ gMp¡ :

v$p.s.- k|sp k|sp

H âõsys lpõeâk„N“¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ hN®dp„ L$lu bsphp¡.

âL$ë‘

NyS>fpsu lpõeg¡ML$p¡“p„ “pd, rQÓp¡ A“¡ dprlsu CÞV$f“¡V$ ‘f’u ip¡^u“¡ QpV®$ b“php¡.

lpõe - V|$QL$p

h v$fv$u : X$p¸¼V$fkpl¡b, d“¡ L$p¡C hps A¡L$ rdr“V$ ‘Z epv$ “’u fl¡su

X$p¸¼V$f : Aphy„ ¼epf’u R>¡?

v$fv$u : iy„ ¼epf’u R>¡ ?

h fpSy> ipL$ g¡hp Nep¡. ipL$hpmp¡ ipL$ ‘f ‘pZu R>p„V$u füp¡ lsp¡. OÏ„ dp¡Xy„$ ’C Ney„ Ðepf¡ fpSy> bp¡ëep¡: A„L$g, Å¡ Ap“¡

cp“ Aphu Ney„ lp¡e sp¡ 1 qL$gp¡ bV$pL$p Ap‘u v$p¡.

h A¡L$ R>p¡L$fp¡ (‘p¡sp“p¡ rdÓ“¡) iy„ s“¡ Mbf R>¡, ApS>¡ rQëX²$Þk X¡$ R>¡.

rdÓ (NcfpC“¡) : L$dpg R>¡, Äepf¡ lº„ Of¡’u “uL$ýep¡ lsp¡ Ðepf¡ sp¡ äpCX¡$ lsp¡.

h b„V$u : lº„ Ap vy$r“epdp„’u spfy„ “pdp¡ r“ip“ rdV$phu v$Ci.

tQVy$ : lº„ s“¡ fbf Ap‘ui sp¡“¡ !

h S>„bp¡ (S>„‘u“¡) sy„ iy„ L$fu füp¡ R>¡?

S>„‘u : lº„ Å„by“y„ h©n hphu füp¡ Ry>„ A“¡ bfpbf s¡“u S>dZu bpSy>A¡ Nygpb“p¡ R>p¡X$ hphu füp¡ Ry>„.

S>„bp¡ : ‘f„sy L¡$d?

S>„‘u : L$pfZL¡$ dpf¡ NygpbÅ„by Mphp R>¡.

h Ap„V$u (A„Ly$f“¡) spfp¡ S>Þd ¼ep„ ’ep¡ lsp¡ ?

A„Ly$f : Æ Ap„V$u rsfyh“„s‘yfd¹dp„

Ap„V$u : W$uL$ R>¡ A¡“p¡ õ‘¡g]N bp¡g Å¡CA¡.

A„Ly$f : kp¡fu Ap„V$u lº„ Np¡hpdp„ S>Þçep¡ lsp¡.

õ‘¡g]N bp¡gy„ ?

52

rhi¡j hp„Q“

Ly$v$fs“u L$fpds

Ap‘Zu Apk‘pk A¡hu L¡$V$gue Ly$v$fs“u L$fpds Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ L¡$ A¡“¡ bpfuL$pC’u Å¡sp„ A¡dp„’u OÏ„ iuMhp-kdS>hp-Adgdp„ d|L$hp S>¡hy„ dmu fl¡ R>¡. ApL$fp riepmp’u bQhp lÅfp¡ dpCg“u dykpafu L$fu“¡ Ap‘Zp„ v$¡idp„ riepmp¡ Npmhp Aphsp„ bNgp âL$pf“p„ ‘nuAp¡ A„N°¡Æ d|mpnfp¡“p V ApL$pfdp„ EX$sp„ sd¡ Å¡ep„ li¡. Ap fus¡ V ApL$pfdp„ EX$u“¡ bNgp“p ApMp kd|l“u EX$hp“u ndspdp„ A¡L$gp EX$hp“u kfMpdZuA¡ 71 V$L$p h^pfp¡ ’pe R>¡. spfZ : A¡L$ qv$ipdp„ A¡L$ V$ud sfuL¡$ L$pe® L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ TX$‘’u A“¡ h^y kfmsp’u d„rS>g¡ ‘lp¢Qu iL$pe R>¡. A¡L$ bNgp¡ kd|ldp„’u R|>V$p¡ ‘X$u Åe Ðepf¡ A¡“¡ lhp“p S>bfv$õs Ahfp¡^“p¡ A“ych ’pe R>¡ “¡ EX$hpdp„ dyíL¡$gu ‘X¡$ R>¡. A¡ ‘R>u sfs S> kpd|rlL$ i[¼s“p¡ gpc g¡hp afu kd|ldp„ Å¡X$pC Åe R>¡. spfZ : k„NqW$s fl¡hp’u âepk Ap¡R>p L$fhp ‘X¡$ D‘fp„s gÿe ky^u ‘lp¢Qhp“y„ h^y kfm A“¡ Ap“„v$cey¯ fl¡. ApN¡hp“u L$fsp¡ bNgp¡ EX$sp„ EX$sp„ ’pL$u Åe Ðepf¡ A¡ V ApL$pf“p R>¡X¡$ Qpëep¡ Åe R>¡ “¡ buÅ¡ bNgp¡ ApN¡hp“u gC g¡ R>¡. spfZ : ApN¡hp“u dpV¡$ Ap‘kdp„ ‘pfõ‘qfL$ kçdp“ lp¡hy„ Å¡CA¡. ApN¡hp“ bv$gpe, ApN¡hp“u“p¡ Sy>õkp¡ “l]. L$p¡C bNgp¡ budpf ‘X¡$, CÅN°õs ’pe L¡$ ’pL$u Åe Ðepf¡ A¡“¡ dv$v$ L$fhp buÅ bNgp ‘Z kd|l’u R|>V$p ‘X$u Åe R>¡ “¡ ‘¡gp¡ bNgp¡ kpÅ¡ ’pe Ðep„ ky^u A¡“u dv$v$dp„ kp’¡ fl¡ R>¡. spfZ : dyíL¡$gu A“¡ ‘X$L$pfp¡“p kdedp„ Ap‘kdp„ kp’¡ flu“¡ A¡L$buÅ“¡ lŸ„a Ap‘hu Å¡CA¡.

- fpSy> A„^pqfep

õhpÝepe

k. 1 “uQ¡“p hp¼ep¡ ‘|Z® L$fp¡ :-

(1) A¡L$ qv$ipdp„ A¡L$ V$ud sfuL¡$ L$pe® L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ -----

(2) k„NqW$s fl¡hp’u âepk Ap¡R>p L$fhp ‘X¡$ D‘fp„s -----

(3) ApN¡hp“u dpV¡$ Ap‘kdp„ -----

(4) dyíL¡$gu A“¡ ‘X$L$pfp¡“p kdedp„ -----

k. 2 kpQy„ L¡$ Mp¡Vy„$ gMp¡.

(1) riepmp’u bQhp l„k EX$u“¡ Ap‘Zp v$¡idp„ Aph¡ R>¡

(2) V$ud hL®$’u d„rS>g Apkp“ b“¡ R>¡

(3) k„NqW$s fl¡hp’u OZp„ âepk L$fhp ‘X¡$ R>¡

(4) ApN¡hp“ bv$gpe, ApN¡hp“u“p¡ Sy>õkp¡ “l]

k. 3 ipmp“u "õhÃR>sp Arcep“' âh©rÑ“p sd¡ ApN¡hp“ R>p¡. sdpfu ep¡S>“p“¡ iåv$ õhê$‘ Ap‘p¡.

hhh

lk¡ s¡“y„ Of hk¡

53

“pd hNf“y„ õV¡$i“4

“ftklfph cp¡mp“p’ qv$h¡qV$ep : s¡d“p¡ S>Þd Adv$phpv$dp„ ’ep¡ lsp¡. “ftklfph“¡ kprlÐe“p k„õL$pf Nm’|’udp„’u S>

âpàs ’ep lsp. DÃQrinZ âpàs L$ep® bpv$ kfL$pfu “p¡L$fudp„ Å¡X$pC“¡ L$g¡¼V$f“p lp¡Øp D‘f ‘lp¢Ãep. kfL$pfu “p¡L$fudp„’u

r“h©Ñ ’C“¡ dy„bCdp„ A¡[ëaÞõV$“ L$p¸g¡S>dp„ NyS>fpsu“p AÝep‘L$ sfuL¡$ kpfu A¡hu L$pdNufu bÅh¡gu. L$pìep¡, rhh¡Q“p¡,

V|„$L$uhpsp®Ap¡, f¡MprQÓp¡ hN¡f¡ kprlÐe“p õhê$‘p¡dp„ s¡dZ¡ ‘p¡sp“p¡ apmp¡ “p¢^phgp¡ R>¡. “ftklfph“p¡ rhi¡j apmp¡ cpjpipõÓu

sfuL¡$“p¡ R>¡. "d“p¡dyLy$f (1-4)', "õdfZdyLy$f', "Ly$kyddpgp', "ùv$ehuZp' hN¡f¡ A¡d“p„ âL$pi“p¡ R>¡.

k|f L©$rs“p¡ - "õhN® A“¡ “L®$' A¡L$ L$pë‘r“L$ S>Áep R>¡. kpdpÞe dpÞesp“ykpf õhN® L$p¡C Sy>v$u S> S>ÁepA¡ ‘©Õhu’u v|$f

R>¡ A“¡ A¡ L$p¡C rhfg ìe[¼s rkhpe AÞe“¡ dpV¡$ s¡ d¡mhhy„ ‘Z dyíL¡$g R>¡¡. ‘f„sy Ap âk„NrQÓ Üpfp g¡ML$ v$ip®h¡ R>¡ L¡$,

õhN® Al] - ‘©Õhu D‘f S> R>¡. d“yóe ‘p¡sp“u Æh„s Ahõ’pdp„ S> s¡ d¡mhu iL¡$ R>¡. Äep„ ùv$e“p¡ iyÙ, r“v$p£j â¡d lp¡e,

v$epcph A“¡ dp“hsp lp¡e, k|T-kdS> lp¡e, Ðep„ b^¡ S> õhN® R>¡. Cðf“p¡ r“hpk ‘Z Ðep„ S> R>¡ A¡hy„ Al] k|rQs

L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.

îÙpmy gp¡L$p¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ rkÙ‘yf n¡Ó’u õhN® A¡L$ h¢s R>¡Vy„$ R>¡, KQy„ R>¡. s¡“p¡ dd® Sy>v$p¡ R>¡. s¡ Al] dpfp

h¼sìe“p n¡Ódp„ “’u. lº„ sp¡, Ap Æh“dp„ A“¡L$ A“‘¡rns õ’m¡, âk„N¡ õhN® âÐenhs ’pe R>¡ s¡ DØ¡iu“¡

bp¡gy„ Ry>„. c¼sp¡ Npe R>¡ :

h¥Ly„$W$ Yy„$L$Xy„$ f¡;

â¡du S>““¡ Yy„$L$Xy„$, vy$S>®““¡ d“ v|$f,

ArhQg“¡ d“ d“kp hpQp

c[¼s’u cf‘|f-h¥Ly„$W$ Yy„$L$Xy„$ f¡.

r“v$p£j bpmL$p¡“u r“d®m âh©rÑAp¡, qv$ìe â¡d’u Å¡X$pe¡gp„ â¡duS>“p¡, hpÐkëecph Tfsu dpsp A“¡ A¡

TfZ Tugsy„ dyÁ^ riiy-Ap kh® A“¡ A¡hp„ A¡hp„ õ’mp¡dp„ sd¡ õhN® “rl sp¡ iy„ Å¡ip¡? Aphy„ A¡L$ õhN®v$i®“

L$fph“pfy„ rQÓ ApS> sdpfu kdn d|Ly„$?

k„ÝepL$pm¡ vy$L$p“v$pfp¡, Ap¸qak“p L$gpL$p£, h¡‘pfuAp¡, ^„^pv$pfuAp¡ hN¡f¡ ‘p¡s‘p¡sp“p L$pd’u ‘fhpf¡gp

A“¡L$ d“yóep¡’u rQ½$pf cf¡gu V²$pdNpX$u g„X$““p A¡L$ dlp¡ëgpdp„ S>su lsu. b¡W$L$“¡ A¡L$ R>¡X¡$ M|Zpdp„ A¡L$

ÅX$u bpC A“¡ s¡“u ‘pk¡ A¡L$ “p“p¡ R>p¡L$fp¡ b¡W¡$gp„ lsp. A¡ b„“¡ A¡V$gp gNp¡gN b¡W$p„ lsp„ L¡$ õÓu“p gV$L$sp

"NpD“'’u R>p¡L$fp“p ‘N Y„$L$pC Nep lsp. A“¡ R>p¡L$fp“y„ r“v$p£j N„cuf dp¢, rhipm N„cuf c|fu Ap„Mp¡ A“¡

Ny„Qmp„hpmp QmL$sp hpm rkhpe bO¡ g|NX$p„“p¡ Y$Ngp¡ L$ep£ lp¡e A¡d S>Zpsy„ lsy„. ‘pk¡ b¡W¡$gp R>p¡L$fp D‘f

s¡ ”u ÅZ¡ L„$C Ýep“ S> Ap‘su “ lsu. gNcN L$gpL$p¡“u dS>g’u R>p¡L$fp¡ L„$V$pmu ‘Z Nep¡ li¡. Ap‘Z“¡

54

klS> A¡d gpN¡ R>¡ L¡$ ”u R>p¡L$fp“¡ Mp¡mpdp„ b¡kpX$u R>psu D‘f dp’y„ V¡$L$hu S>fp hlpg’u hpsQus ‘Z L¡$d

L$fsu “rl lp¡e?

Ap i„L$pâñ“p¡ Mygpkp¡ ’p¡X$u hpf ‘R>u dýep¡:

A¡L$ ‘R>u A¡L$ Dspfy„ ‘p¡s‘p¡sp“¡ W¡$L$pZ¡ Esfhp d„X$ep, A“¡ R>¡hV¡$ s¡ V²$pdNpX$udp„ s¡ ”u, R>p¡L$fp¡, A“¡

L$pmp ‘p¡ipL$dp„ kÄS> ’e¡gu A¡L$ ky„v$f ip¡L$N°õs hv$“hpmu kÞ“pfu A¡V$gp„ S> füp„.

R>¡hV¡$ s¡ ÅX$u ”uA¡ O„V$X$u hNpX$u A“¡ V²$pdNpX$u Ecu flu; s¡ Esfsu lsu A¡V$gpdp„ V²$pd-L$ÞX$¼V$f

bp¡ëep¡ : "bpC ! sd¡ sdpfp R>p¡L$fp“¡ g¡hp¡ c|gu Nep„?'

"dpfp¡ R>p¡L$fp¡? dpf¡ R>p¡L$fp¡ R>¡ S> “rl.'

L$ÞX$¼V$f qv$P¹$d|Y$ ’C kpdy„ Å¡hp gpÁep¡.

"Ðepf¡ ‘¡gp¡ L$p¡Z R>¡? NpX$u “uL$mu Ðepf’u Ad¡ s¡“¡ sdpfu kp¡X$dp„ b¡W¡$gp¡ Å¡ep¡ R>¡. Ad¡ ÅÎey„ L¡$ sd¡

Esfu“¡ s¡“¡ KQL$u g¡ip¡.'

"lº„ s¡“¡ KQL$u Dspfy„?' s¡ ”u S>fp Nyõk¡ ’A¡gu S>ZpC. "d¢ A¡ R>p¡L$fp“¡ ApS>¡ S> ‘l¡gp¡ v$uW$p¡.'

lÆ ‘Z L$ÞX$¼V$f“p Ýep“dp„ hps Esfu “rl, s¡Z¡ R>p¡L$fp“¡ ‘|R>ey„ : "Ap bpC spfu dp “’u ?'

ky„v$f duW$p AhpS>’u bpmL¡$ S>hpb v$u^p¡ : "“p f¡ kpl¡b, dpfu dp sp¡ õhN®dp„ NC R>¡; Ðep„ lº„ ‘Z

s¡“¡ dmhp ÅJ Ry>„. d¢ sd“¡ qV$qL$V$“p¡ ‘¡“u Ap‘hp dp„X$ép¡, ‘Z sdpfu “S>f buÆ sfa lsu. Äepf¡ dpf¡

Esfhp“y„ W¡$L$pÏ„ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ dl¡fbp“u L$fu d“¡ L$l¡ip¡?'

55

L$ÞX$¼V$f“p¡ AhpS> “fd ’ep¡. s¡Z¡ L$üy„ :

"cpC, lº„ qv$gNuf Ry>„. ‘Z Ap V²$pd“¡ fõs¡ õhN® Aphsy„ “’u.'

Ap hMs¡ L$pmp ‘p¡ipL$hpmu ”uA¡ Aphu R>p¡L$fp“¡ hlpg’u KQL$u gu^p¡.

"dpfp hlpgp bQyX$p !' s¡ bp¡gu, "d“¡ bû lL$uL$s dp„X$u“¡ L$l¡, spfy„ “pd iy„ “¡ sy„ ¼ep„ fl¡ R>¡?'

dpfy„„ “pd qX$L$ lsy„ ‘Z lh¡ kp¥ d“¡ “„bf kÑph“ L$l¡ R>¡ A“¡ lº„ Apîddp„ flº„ Ry>„. dpfu dpsp Nep

‘R>u A¡L$ dpZk d“¡ Ðep„ gC Nep¡. Ðep„ OZp„ R>p¡L$fp s’p R>p¡L$fuAp¡ R>¡, ‘Z dp “’u. L$p¡C Ðep„ d“¡ Qy„b“

L$f“pf, L¡$ ‘’pfudp„ kp¡X$dp„ kyhpX$“pf, A’hp k|su hMs¡ âp’®“p L$fph“pf “’u. sd¡ L$v$u õhN®dp„ Nep„ R>p¡?

s¡ Al]’u OÏ„ v|$f R>¡?'

‘¡gu â¡dpÖ bpC bp¡gu : "lº„ Ås¡ sp¡ Ðep„ L$p¡C hMs NC “’u, ‘Z dpfp¡ A¡L$ spfp S>¡hX$p¡ R>p¡L$fp¡ lsp¡

s¡ Ðep„ Nep¡ R>¡. A¡ S>Áep OZu OZu v|$f R>¡. spfp’u Ðep„ A¡L$gp sp¡ “ S> S>hpe.'

"‘Z sdpfp¡ “p“p¡ R>p¡L$fp¡ Nep¡ “¡ ! s¡ fõs¡ c|gp¡ ‘X$ép¡'sp¡?'

"“p s¡“¡ fõsp¡ bsph“pf L$p¡CL$ lsy„'

"Ðepf¡ A¡ "L$p¡CL$' d“¡ ‘Z fõsp¡ “rl bsph¡?'

"bsphi¡ b¡V$p, ‘Z ldZp„ “rl. ’p¡X$p¡ hMs ûfS> fpMu fpl Å¡ep L$f.'

"dpfu dp ‘Z A¡d S> L$l¡su lsu L¡$, "ûfS> fpM, ûfS> fpM' ‘Z lh¡ sp¡ hpV$ Å¡C“¡ L„$V$pmu Nep¡

Ry>„'

"lº„ ‘Z dpfp R>p¡L$fp“¡ dmhp“u hpV$ Å¡C L„$V$pmu NC Ry>„. cpC, sy„ dpf¡ O¡f Aphu“¡ flui? Ap‘Z¡

bÞ“¡ kp’¡ b¡ku“¡ hpV$ Å¡ep L$fuiy„?

L$p¡dm, r“v$p£j c|fu Ap„Mp¡A¡, KX$p ip¡L$hpmu d©vy$ Ap„Mp¡ sfa Ýep“’u ’p¡X$p¡ hMs Å¡ep L$ey¯, k„‘|Z®

rhðpk Apìep¡ lp¡e s¡hp¡ s¡ R>p¡L$fp“p¡ Ql¡fp¡ S>Zpep¡. ‘p¡sp“p “pSy>L$ lp’ s¡ ”u“u Nfv$“ Apk‘pk h]V$u,

dp’y„ s¡“u R>psu D‘f s¡Z¡ r“ròs‘Z¡ d|¼e„y.

L$ÞX$¼V$f¡ L$p¡V$“u bp„e hX¡$ ‘p¡sp“u Ap„M g|R>u.

s¡ ûd¡’u bp¡ëep¡ : "dpfu c|g ’C. Adpfp õV¡$i““p rgõV$dp„ õhN®“y„ “pd “’u. ‘Z d“¡ gpN¡ R>¡ L¡$

Ap fõs¡ S> s¡ Aph¡gy„ R>¡.'

Äep„ R>p¡L$fp“¡ ê$‘p„sf¡ dp dmu, Äep„ bpC“¡ ê$‘p„sf¡ ‘yÓ dýep¡, Ðep„ õhN®c|rd lsu.

56


rhÛp’}Ap¡ kp’¡ õhN®-“L®$“u QQp® âñp¡Ñfu ê$‘¡ L$fhu. Ðepf bpv$ k„L$ë‘“p õ‘óV$ L$fu rhje sfa hmhy„. dps©Ðh A“¡

ddsp S>¡hp iåv$p¡“¡ kfm cpjpdp„ kdÅhu rhje hõsydp„ Aph“pf kÞ“pfu“y„ QqfÓ rQÓZ L$fhy„. "kÐL$pe® A¡ S> õhN®“u

A“yc|rs' “u hps“¡ ‘pW$“¡ Ap^pf¡ Dv$plfZ kp’¡ âõsys L$fu rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ kÐL$pe® dpV¡$ â¡fZp Ap‘u âp¡Ðkprls L$fhp.

õhpÝepe

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ ‘pW$dp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡ :-

(1) L$p¡dm - (2) A„sf -

(3) Apòe®QqL$s - (4) bpmL$ -

(5) Ql¡fp¡ - (6) vy$:M -

(7) â¡d - (8) v|$f -

k. 2 “d|“p âdpZ¡ ‘pW$dp„’u iåv$ ip¡^u“¡ gMp¡ :-

v$p.s. “L®$ õhN®

(1) Ap“„v$ (2) kÄS>“

(3) “afs (4) ‘fp¡n

(5) r“d®m (6) A‘¡rns

k. 3 iåv$kd|l dpV¡$ A¡L$ iåv$ gMp¡ :-

- L$ë‘¡gy„ “ lp¡e s¡hy„

- Ap„M“u kpd¡

- S>¡dp„ v$p¡j “’u s¡

- A‘¡rns “ lp¡e s¡hy„

- S>¡dp„ tQsp “’u s¡hy„

k. 4 S|>’dp„ b„^b¡ksp¡ “ lp¡e s¡hp¡ iåv$ Sy>v$p¡ spfhp¡ :

(1) ‘¡“u , ê$r‘ep¡ , V²$pd , X$p¡gf

(2) rgõV$ , bk , V²¡$“ , V²$pd

(3) bpmyX$p„ , bpmL$ , riiy , ”u

(4) r‘sp , L$gpL®$ , h¡‘pfu , ^„^pv$pfu

(5) hv$“ , Ql¡fp¡ , dyM , N°uhp

57

k. 5 ‘pW$dp„’u A„N°¡Æ iåv$p¡ ip¡^u“¡ s¡“u epv$u s¥epf L$fp¡.

k. 6 Qpgp¡ gMuA¡ .............

(1) R>p¡L$fp“p¡ v$¡Mph → hpm Ap„Mp¡ dp¢

(2) R>p¡L$fp“y„ “pd → gp¡L$p¡ A¡“¡ L$l¡

(3) R>p¡L$fp“u Ap„Mp¡ → (4) ”u“u Ap„Mp¡ →

k. 7 L$p¡Z bp¡g¡ R>¡ ? L$p¡“¡ L$l¡ R>¡?

(1) ""dpfp¡ R>p¡L$fp¡ ? dpf¡ R>p¡L$fp¡ R>¡ S> “rl.''

(2) ""cpC lº„ qv$gNuf Ry>„, ‘Z Ap V²$pd“¡ fõs¡ õhN® Aphsy„ “’u.''

(3) ""dpfp hlpgp bQyX$p —!''

(4) ""“p, s¡“¡ fõsp¡ bsph“pf L$p¡C lsy„.''

(5) ""‘Z sdpfp¡ “p“p¡ R>p¡L$fp¡ Nep¡ “¡?''

k. 8 OV$“p¾$d âdpZ¡ Np¡W$hp¡.

(1) “p f¡ kpl¡b, dpfu dp sp¡ õhN®dp„ NC R>¡.

(2) L$ÞX$¼V$f¡ L$p¡V$“u bp„e hX¡$ ‘p¡sp“u Ap„M g|R>u.

(3) sd¡ sdpfp R>p¡L$fp“¡ g¡hp¡ c|gu Nep?

(4) d“yóep¡’u rQL$pf cf¡gu V²$pd NpX$u g„X$““p A¡L$ dlp¡ëgpdp„ S>su lsu.

(5) lh¡ sp¡ hpV$ Å¡C“¡ L„$V$pmu Nep¡ Ry>„.


(1) rkÙ‘yf n¡Ó’u õhN® R>¡Vy„$ R>¡.

(1) Qpf h¢s (2) ApW$ h¢s

(3) ‘p„Q h¢s (4) A¡L$ h¢s

(2) ”u“p gV$L$sp„ NpD“’u R>p¡L$fp“p„ Y„$L$pC Nep lsp.

(1) hpm (2) ‘N

(3) lp’ (4) b|V$

58

(3) L$ÞX$¼V$f qv$P¹$d|Y$ ’C kpd¡ Å¡hp gpÁep¡.

(1) R>p¡L$fp“u (2) kÞ“pfu“u

(3) ÅX$u ”u“u (4) epÓuAp¡“u

(4) R>p¡L$fp“u hpV$ Å¡C L„$V$pmu NC lsu.

(1) gp„bu ”u (2) vy$bmu ”u

(3) ÅX$u ”u (4) L$pmp ‘p¡ipL$ hpmu ”u

k. 10 qX$L$ A“¡ kÞ“pfu hÃQ¡ ’e¡g hpsQus“¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

k. 11 (A) ep¡Áe rhfpdrQŒ d|L$p¡.

(1) sy„ ¼ep„ fl¡ R>¡

(2) ‘¡gu â¡dpÖ bpC bp¡gu lº„ Ås¡ sp¡ Ðep„ L$p¡C hMs NC “’u

(3) cpC sy„ dpf¡ O¡f Aphu“¡ flui

(4) Ðep„ dlp“ r‘sp“u õhN®c|rd lsu

(b) L$pm Ap¡mMp¡ :

(1) d¢ A¡ R>p¡L$fp“¡ ApS>¡ S> v$uW$p¡.

(2) sd¡ Aphsu L$pg¡ Ðep„ S>ip¡.

(3) lº„ dpfy„ L$pd L$fy„ Ry>„.

(4) Ad¡ ApS>¡ d„qv$f¡ S>iy„.

(5) ‘funp ‘su NC lsu.

(L$) k„r^ rhN°l L$fp¡.

(1) r“d®m - +

(2) r“v$p£j - +

(3) âÐen - +

(4) ê$‘p„sf - +

(5) â¡dpÖ® - +

(6) v$¡hpge - +

k. 12 âõsys ‘pW$“¡ hpsp®ê$‘¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ hN®dp„ L$lu bsphp¡.

âL$ë‘

hpl“ìehlpf“p kp^“p¡“u dprlsu CÞV$f“¡V$ ‘f’u ip¡^u “p¢^‘p¡’udp„ krQÓ Qp¢V$pX$p¡.

59

Ål¡fps g¡M“

Ål¡fps g¡M“ A¡L$ ìephkpreL$ rhje R>¡. v$f¡L$ rhje“u Ål¡fps“u rhNs S|>v$u S|>v$u lp¡C iL¡$. V|„$L$u, kQp¡V$, Ap¡R>pdp„

OÏ„ L$lu v$¡ A¡hu Ål¡fpsp¡ âQrgs b“¡ R>¡.

- Apc|jZp¡“u Ål¡fps - âhpk A„N¡“u Ål¡fps - qfkp¡V®$“u Ål¡fps

- MpÛ‘v$p’p£“u Ål¡fps

- rirbf“u Ål¡fps (f¼sv$p“ rirbf, “¡ÓrQqL$Ðkp rirbf, v$„srQqL$Ðkp rirbf)

- ep¡NhN®“u Ål¡fps - ‘yõsL$d¡mp“u Ål¡fps

“uQ¡“u Ål¡fps hp„Qu Aphu AÞe Ål¡fpsp¡ s¥epf L$fp¡ :-

hp„Qp¡ “¡ “uL$mu ‘X$p¡ !

NyS>fps s’p Apk‘pk“p fpÄep¡“u epv$Npf fp¡X$ V²$u‘

Qpgp¡, "kaf V²$ph¡g' k„Np’¡

Å“v$pf - ip“v$pf - epv$Npf âhpk¡...

fpZL$u hph, dp¡Y¡$fp : Crslpk“p kp¡“¡fu âL$fZ

kyfs : Mp“p-‘u“p Ap¥f Æ“p

“m kfp¡hf : ‘„MuAp¡A¡ L$gip¡f L$ep£ cpC....

L$ÃR> : f„Nf„Nugp fZ“u ApSy>bpSy>

S>e‘yf : ip¡t‘N bpf¡dpk

spfL$fgu buQ : “ufh ip„rs Äep„ rlëgp¡mp g¡ R>¡.

Adpfp V²$ph¡g k„Np’¡ Ap‘“u kyMkNhX$“u k„‘|Z® ìehõ’p, ‘pqfhpqfL$ â¡d

kl, ìepS>bu cph¡, r“f„sf dmsu fl¡i¡. "hl¡gp„ s¡ ‘l¡gp„'. âhpkrhjeu

‘y[õsL$p r“:iyëL$ dmi¡.

hhh

v$ep ^d®“y d|m R>¡, ‘p‘ d|m Arcdp“.

60

rhÌ$g ‘„X$ép : S>Þd kpbfL$p„W$p“p “p“p Npd L$pbp¡v$fpdp„, M¡X|$s b°pûZ ‘qfhpfdp„ ’ep¡ lsp¡. Ap kS>®L¡$ 10 hj®“u Jdf¡

dy„bC Aphu“¡ kprlÐe n¡Ó¡ M¡X$pZ L$ey¯. s¡Ap¡ gp¡L$râe kS>®L$ sfuL¡$ â¿eps ’ep. s¡dZ¡ 51 “hgL$’pAp¡, 10 hpsp®k„N°l,

ApÐdL$’p, k„õdfZ s’p AÞe ‘yõsL$p¡ kp’¡ Ly$g 68 ‘yõsL$p¡ NyS>fpsu kprlÐe“¡ Apàep R>¡. qaëdn¡Ó¡ ‘Z s¡Ap¡ ârkÙ

bÞep. "kpsS>Þd“p v$fhpÅ' “hgL$’p“¡ kprlÐe ‘qfjv$ Üpfp ‘yfõL©$s L$fhpdp„ Aph¡g R>¡. s¡dS> 1953-54“u hpsp®

õ‘^p®dp„ s¡d“¡ kyhZ® Q„ÖL$’u “hpS>hpdp„ Apìep lsp. s¡d“u Dëg¡M“ue kprlÐe L©$rsAp¡ "d“-dp¡su “¡ L$pQ' A“¡ "duW$p„

S>m“p du“' R>¡. ApS>¡ A¡d“p ‘qfhpf“p kæep¡ ‘Z kprlÐe n¡Ó¡ k¡hp Ap‘u füp R>¡.

k|f L©$rs“p¡ - âõsys hpsp®“p¡ Apf„c b¡ rdÓp¡“p i¥ih“p k„õdfZp¡’u ’pe R>¡. ‘Z g¡ML$“p¡ d|m l¡sy N°pçeÆh“/

Apqv$hpku rhõspfdp„ fl¡“pfp gp¡L$p¡“u qv$“Qep® fl¡Zu-L$fZu s¡dS> Æh“ Æhhp“p ArcNd“¡ âõsys L$fhp“p¡ R>¡. khp£v$e

Apîd A“¡ byr“epv$u ipmpdp„ M¡su, ‘iy‘pg“, lp’kpm S>¡hp rhjep¡“y„ âÐen op“ kp’¡ i¥nrZL$ X$p¸¼eyd¡ÞV$fu qaëd Üpfp

Apqv$hpku âÅdp„ ""hV$pm âh©rÑ''“p¡ rhfp¡^ L$fu S>“ÅN©rs gphhp“y„ R>¡. rinZ A“¡ kyMkNhX$“p Acph¡ gp¡L$p¡ ê$n ’C

Åe R>¡ A“¡ Ap^yr“L$sp“¡ A‘“phhp s¥epf “’u ’sp. d¼L$dsp A“¡ ×Y$ r“ïQe’u kamsp Ahíe dm¡ R>¡ A¡hp¡ Dëg¡M

g¡ML$ A¡L$ AcZ L$Þep“p dpÝed’u v$ip®h¡ R>¡. sm‘v$u cpjp“p âep¡N’u L©$rs kfm A“¡ klS> b“u fl¡ R>¡.

S>S>®qfs hõÓ“u S>¡d kNp„hlpgp„“u dpep Espfu “pMu Arh“pi Qpgu “uL$ýep¡ lsp¡. NdNu“

L$p¡qL$gpbp“¡ A¡V$gy„ S> L$üy„ L¡$ ‘p¡s¡ ap¡C ‘pk¡ CX$f Åe R>¡ A¡V$g¡ tQsp “ L$fhu.

Adv$phpv$ R>p¡X$u NpX$u DÑf NyS>fps sfa ApNm h^u. Ad¡qfL$p’u ‘pR>p aep® bpv$ dy„bC“p hpsphfZdp„

A¡“p¡ Æh d|„Tpsp¡ lsp¡ A¡V$g¡ A¡“¡ Ndsu hX$hpAp¡“u c|rd sfa Arh“pi S>C füp¡ lsp¡.

tlds“Nf Esfu A¡Z¡ gp¡S>dp„ S>du gu^y„. CX$f“u bk ‘L$X$hp bkõV$p¡‘ sfa A¡ S>C S> füp¡ lsp¡

Ðep„ A¡L$ õV¡$i“ - h¡N“ A¡“u ‘pk¡ Aphu Ecu flu. A¡“p Apòe® hÃQ¡ X²$pChf“u bpSy>“u kuV$ ‘f “pfpeZ

lsp¡. h¸“dp„’u Esfu “pfpeZ Arh“pi“¡ c¡V$u ‘X$ép¡, "L¡$V$gp hj£ s“¡ Å¡ep¡ Arh !'

"lp, Ad¡qfL$p lsp¡ ’p¡X$p„ hj® ! AÐepf¡ Npd S>C füp¡ Ry>„.' dy„bC R>p¡X$ép ‘R>u “pfpeZ NyS>fps

kfL$pf“p dprlsuMpspdp„ Å¡X$pep¡ lsp¡. Ap hfk¡ A¡“u bv$gu kpbfL$p„W$p rS>ëgpdp„ ’C lsu. “pfpeZ

Arh“pi“¡ Of¡ gC Nep¡. b„“¡A¡ OZu S|>“u hpsp¡ spÆ L$fu.

“pfpeZ“¡ h¸“ gC b¡ qv$hk ipdmpÆ“u ‘¡gu sfa Apqv$hpku rhõspfdp„ S>hp“y„ lsy„. i¥nrZL$

A“¡ âQpfpÐdL$ X$p¡¼eyd¡ÞV$fu Üpfp Apqv$hpku âÅdp„ ÅN©rs gphhp“y„ L$pe® Qpgsy„ lsy„. “dsp b‘p¡f¡ A¡Z¡

Arh“pi“¡ L$üy„, "A¡ âÅ hÃQ¡ ‘Z S>hp S>¡hy„ R>¡, Arh ! X$p¸¼eyd¡ÞV$fu rQÓp¡ (QgrQÓp¡) bsphu fps¡ Ad¡

ipdmpÆ ‘pR>p afsp lp¡CA¡ R>uA¡. Qpg, s“¡ A¡L$ “hu tS>v$Nu“u TgL$ Å¡hp dmi¡.

Arh“pi“¡ e ’ey„, Qpgp¡ A¡L$ “hp¡ A“ych gCA¡. Npd sp¡ b¡ qv$hk ‘R>u S>hpi¡.

ÅNê$L$sp“u L¡$X$uA¡5

61

“pfpeZ kp’¡ b¡ dpZkp¡ lsp. A¡L$ h¡““p¡ X²$pChf A“¡ buÅ¡ âp¡S>¡¼V$f Qgph“pf Ap¸‘f¡V$f. ipdmpÆ

’C fpS>õ’p“ S>sp lpCh¡ ‘f A¡d“u NpX$u v$p¡X$u flu lsu. k|fS> “çep¡ lsp¡ R>sp„ k|L$p A“¡ sàs âv$¡i ‘f’u

‘kpf ’hp“y„ lsy„ A¡V$g¡ Nfd lhp’u Arh“pi“p Npg i¡L$pC füp lsp. v$k¡L$ dpCg bpv$ S>dZu bpSy> ð¡s

dL$p“p¡“u “p“u hkpls v$¡MpC. “pfpeZ¡ L$üy„,

"Ap S>Áepdp„ khp£v$e Apîd R>¡. Mpk sp¡ Apqv$hpku bpmL$p¡“¡ Al] rinZ “¡ spgud A‘pe R>¡.

M¡su, ‘iy‘pg“, lp’ipm S>¡hp rhjep¡“y„ âÐen op“ gC, d¡qV²$L$ ky^u“p¡ Aæepk L$fu bpmL$p¡ s¥epf ’pe

R>¡ !'

"k„Qpg“ kfL$pf lõsL$ R>¡ ?'

"“p, kfL$pf ’p¡X$u N°pÞV$ Ap‘¡ R>¡ A¡V$gy„ S> bpL$u Ål¡f a„X$ Üpfp k„õ’p “c¡ R>¡. Ap k„õ’p buÆ L¡$V$guL$

rinZ k„õ’pAp¡ ‘Z Qgph¡ R>¡ ‘Z A¡d“p dpN®dp„ ‘fv$¡iuAp¡“u lfp¡m dyíL¡$gu Ecu L$f¡ R>¡.

"‘fv$¡iuAp¡“u lfp¡m !' Arh“pi“¡ Apòe® ’ey„.

"lp, Np¡fp rdi“fuT !' “pfpeZ¡ S>hpb Apàep¡. "A¡hp Np¡fp rdi“fuAp¡ hfkp¡’u Al] O|õep R>¡ A“¡

Nfub s’p AcZ Apqv$hpkuAp¡“¡ A“¡L$ âL$pf“u dv$v$ v$C, ggQphu hV$pmâh©rÑ Qgph¡ R>¡ !'

"Ap¡l, ‘Z A¡ dpV¡$ L$p¡C ‘Ngp„ L¡$d “’u cfs„y ?' Arh“pi bp¡gu EW$ep¡. Ðep„ sp¡ NpX$u ipdmpÆdp„

âh¡iu A¡V$g¡ “pfpeZ¡ L$üy„,

"Ap bpSy>“u cug A“¡ Apqv$hpku âÅdp„ ipdmpÆ“y„ dp¡Vy„$ dplpÐçe R>¡.'

62

ipdmpÆ’u bpf¡L$ dpCg A„sqfepm S>hp“y„ lsy„. “p“u “p“u V¡$L$fuAp¡ ‘f Aph¡gp T|„‘X$p kp„S>“p

^|„^mp DÅkdp„ rQÓ S>¡hp gpNsp lsp.

"Ap A“¡L$ V¡$L$fu ‘f“u hkpls A¡L$ Npd sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpe R>¡. v$f¡L$ hkpls“u ‘p¡sp“u Mydpfu R>¡.'

“pfpeZ¡ L$üy„.

"sp¡ Aphu Mydpfuhpmu âÅ ^d®c°óV$ ’hp“y„ L¡$d ‘k„v$ L$f¡ R>¡?' Arh“pi¡ ‘|R>ey„.

"gpQpfu... Apr’®L$ dS>b|fu. Aphp R>¡hpX$p“p rhõspfp¡dp„ “’u ‘lp¢Ãep rinZ L¡$ “’u ‘lp¢Ãep

kyMkNhX$. A¡V$g¡ âÅ kpd¡ v$¡Mpe A¡ dpN® gC g¡ !'

lh¡ A„^pfy„ Esfhp dp„X$éy„ lsy„. A¡L$ V¡$L$fu“p k‘pV$ cpN ‘pk¡ h¸“ Ecu flu. “pfpeZ Arh“pi“¡

A¡L$ T|„‘X$p ky^u v$p¡fu Nep¡. blpf Ec¡gu õÓu“¡ “pfpeZ¡ cNs rhi¡ ‘©ÃR>p L$fu. cNs Þlphp b¡W$p lsp.

Arh“pi v|$f“u V¡$L$fuAp¡“¡ spL$u füp¡,

"“NfÆh“’u dpCgp¡ v|$f A‘|fsp„ kp^“p¡ hX¡$ Ap gp¡L$p¡ iu fus¡ Æh“ husphsp li¡? Al] ky^u

‘lp¢Qhp “ ‘pL$p¡ fõsp¡ R>¡, “ L$p¡C kp^“. ‘pZu cfu“¡ Aphsu ‘¡gu R>p¡L$fu e v|$f“p L$p¡CL$ L|$h¡’u ‘pZu gC

Aphsu li¡.'

"h“hpku“y„ Æh“ S> A¡hy„ R>¡ Arh ! s“¡ S>¡ hõsy AL$mph¡ R>¡, A¡ A¡d“¡ dpV¡$ klS> R>¡.'

A¡V$gpdp„ cNs Aphu ‘lp¢Ãep. ‘¡gu R>p¡L$fu ‘Z L$pMdp„ OX$p¡ A“¡ dp’p ‘f dpV$gp kp’¡ Arh“pi

A“¡ “pfpeZ kpd¡ Å¡su Å¡su cNs“p Ofdp„ NC.

“uQ¡ Ap¡‘f¡V$f¡ gpDX$õ‘uL$f Qpgy L$fu ‘X$v$p¡ gNpìep¡ cNs¡ A¡L$ Sy>hpr“ep“¡ kpCL$g ‘f fhp“p L$fu

Apk‘pk“u V¡$L$fuAp¡ ‘f Al] "qagd' Apìep“p Mbf v$¡h$X$pìep.

“pfpeZ A“¡ Arh“pi h¸“ sfa Esfhp dp„X$ép ‘Z Ðep„ cp„S>NX$ Ecu ’C lp¡e A¡hy„ gpÁey„.

"iy„ R>¡ dldv$, ip“u bp¡gpQpgu R>¡ ?'

"Sy>Ap¡ “¡ kpl¡b, Ap ê$‘Æ L¡$' R>¡ L¡$ b^y„ b„^ L$fp¡ “¡ l¢X$sp ’pAp¡ Al]’u.'

“pfpeZ¡ kpd¡ Ec¡gp hp„L$X$u d|R>p¡hpmp A¡ eyhp““¡ ‘|R>ey„, "L¡$d Npd“¡ qaëd bsphuA¡ A¡dp„ hp„^p¡ ip¡

R>¡?'

"hp„^p¡ k¡. Adpf¡ A¡hu qagd “’u Å¡hu.' ê$‘ÆA¡ dNê$fu’u L$üy„.

"L$p¡Z R>¡ Ap?' Arh“pi¡ AL$mpC“¡ ‘|R>ey„.

"hV$gpC Ne¡gp¡ Al]“p¡ Apqv$hpku R>¡,S>fp dp’pcpf¡ R>¡.' “pfpeZ¡ A„N°¡Ædp„ DÑf Apàep¡.

"ê$‘Æ, kpe¡b“¡ L¡$'“pfp¡ sy„ L$p¡Z?' bp¡gsu V$p¡mpdp„’u cNs“u qv$L$fu bky ApNm Aphu. "spf¡ qagd

“ Å¡hu lp¡e sp¡ lpgsp¡ ’p Ap„C’u !'

ê$‘u“¡ gpÁey„ L¡$ AÐepf¡ A¡“p A¡L$gp“y„ L„$C Qpgu iL¡$ A¡d “’u A¡’u ^|„^hpsp¡, Apk‘pk Ec¡gp“¡

^L¡$gsp¡ V¡$L$fu Esfu Nep¡.

63

"ëep¡, sd¡ lh¡ qagd Qpgy L$fp¡.' bkyA¡ L$üy„.

hV$pmâh©rÑ“p kd’®L$ kpd¡ v$uhpg“u S>¡d Ecu fl¡“pfu Ap eyhsu kpd¡ Arh“pi spL$u füp¡. AphX$u

Adõsu R>p¡L$fu L¡$hu s¡S>õhu R>¡. kpdprS>L$ v|$jZp¡ kpd¡ gX$hp Ap ^fsu Aphu s¡S> R>p¡L$fuAp¡ s¥epf L$fsu

fl¡i¡ sp¡ ̂ dp¯sfZ S>¡hp v|$jZ’u Ap cp¡mu âÅ“¡ bQphu iL$pi¡. âp¡S>¡¼V$f Qpgy ’sp„ ApR>p A„^pfp“¡ Qufsp¡

âL$pi“p¡ i¡fX$p¡ kpd¡“p ‘X$v$p“¡ Tmplmp„ L$fu Nep¡ ! Al] S> fp¡L$pC, Ap âÅ“u kp’¡ flu L$pe® L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡.

A¡hu Arh“pi¡ d“p¡d“ Np„W$ hpmu.


rhÛp’}Ap¡ kp’¡ N°pçeÆh“ A“¡ il¡fuÆh“ rhi¡ QQp® L$fu s¡“u rhõs©s ÅZL$pfu Ap‘hu.

N°pçe A“¡ il¡fu Æh““p¡ saphs kdÅhu, rirns A“¡ Arirns gp¡L$p¡“u kdS>Z bpbs dprlsu Ap‘hu. "rinZ

Üpfp ÅN©rs' Ap dyØp ‘f rhÛp’}Ap¡ kp’¡ hpsQus L$fu dy¿e rhje sfa hmhy„. Ap‘Zp kpdprS>L$ v|$jZp¡ sfa A„Nyrg

r“v$£i L$fu A¡L$ kpQp “pNqfL$ sfuL¡$ s¡ v|$jZp¡“¡ v|$f L$fhp“p D‘pep¡ dpV¡$ rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ âp¡Ðkprls L$fhp. AÞepe rhê$Ù

gX$hp“u i[¼s ÅN©s ’pe s¡hp„ Dv$plfZp¡ Ap‘hp„.

õhpÝepe

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ ‘pW$dp„ h‘fpe¡g iåv$ ip¡^p¡.

(1) Dv$pk - (2) Q¡s“p -

(3) ‘|h®Å¡ - (4) Nfd -

(5) L¡$mhZu - (6) ka¡v$ -

(7) Tp„Mu` - (8) drldp -

k. 2 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ iåv$ gMp¡.

v$p.s. kNhX$$ ANhX$

(1) âÐen$ (2) AcZ (3) Nfub

(4) spÆ (5) DÅk (6) S>dZu

k. 3 (A) ‘pW$dp„ Aphsp A„N°¡Æ iåv$p¡ gMp¡ :

(b) “d|“p âdpZ¡ iåv$p¡ b“php¡.

âQpf → âQpfpÐdL$

(1) âsuL$ (2) L$gp (3) k„ie

(4) “L$pf (5) lL$pf (6) õ‘^p®

64

k. 4 rhQpfu“¡ gMp¡.

(1) Arh“pi Al] S>C füp¡ lsp¡.

(2) Arh“pi“¡ rdÓ dýep¡

(3) “pfpeZ L$pd L$fsp¡ lsp¡

(4) khp£v$edp„ spgud A‘pe R>¡.


(1) dy„bC“p hpsphfZdp„ Arh“pi“p¡

(L$) ip¡M Muëep¡ lsp¡ (M) ^„^p¡ h^y rhL$õep¡ lsp¡.

(N) Æh d|„Tpsp¡ lsp¡ (O) rdÓ dp„v$p¡ ‘X$ép¡ lsp¡.

(2) Apqv$hpku âÅdp„ rinZ Üpfp gphhp“u lsu

(L$) ¾$p„rs (M) ×[óV$

(N) ÅN©rs (O) kdS>

(3) ^fsu Aphu s¡S> R>p¡L$fuAp¡ s¥epf L$fsu fl¡i¡

(L$) kpdprS>L$ v|$jZp¡ kpd¡ gX$hp. (M) ‘p¡sp“y„ ^pey¯ L$fhp.

(N) fpóV²$r“dp®Z L$fhp. (O) õÓuAp¡“u ârsóW$p h^pfhp.

k. 6 ep¡Áe iåv$ gMp¡.

(âh©rÑ, rdi“fuT, bky, kfL$pf, Apîd, rhõspf, rdÓ, dNê$f)

(1) “pfpeZ (2) NyS>fps (3) Apqv$hpku (4) khp£v$e

(5) Np¡fp (6) s¡S>õhu R>p¡L$fu (7) ê$‘Æ (8) hV$pm

k. 7 (A) Ap‘¡g Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ rhi¡jZ“y„ q¾$eprhi¡jZdp„ ê$‘p„sf L$fu s¡“p¡ hp¼edp„ âep¡N L$fp¡ :-

v$p.s. dp¡Xy„$ - dp¡X¡$’u

hp¼e : sd¡ dpfp Of¡ dp¡X¡$’u AphÅ¡.

(1) ‘l¡gy„ (2) KQy„ (3) R>¡ëgy„

(4) hQgy„ (5) “uQy„ (6) kpdy„

(b) Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ c|sL$pm “p¡ "^' âÐee gNphu s¡“p¡ hp¼edp„ âep¡N L$fp¡.

v$p.s. g¡hy„ - gu^y„

hp¼e : dp¡sufpd¡ ‘¥kp gu^p.

(1) Mphy„ (2) ‘uhy„ (3) v$¡hy„ (4) L$l¡hy„

65

(L$) Å¡X$u b“php¡ :

(A) (b)

(1) fph Mpû - bX$bX$pV$ L$fu l¡fp“ L$ep®

(2) dp’y„ Mp^y„ - aqfepv$ L$fu

(3) ‘¥kp Mp^p - “yL$ip“ L$ey¯

(4) cph Mp^p¡ - c|g L$fu

(5) MÑp Mpû - gp„Q guû

(6) W$p¡L$f Mpû - dp“ dpÁey„.

k. 8 (A) kdpk rhN°l L$fp¡ :

(1) kyMkNhX$ (2) ^d® c°óV$ (3) h“hpku (4) kNp„hlpgp„

(5) “f“pfu (6) Mphy„‘uhy„ (7) v$¡i‘fv$¡i (8) gpS>ifd

(b) k„r^ rhN°l L$fp¡ :

(1) ^dp¯sfZ (2) hpsphfZ (3) ‘ep®hfZ

(4) k|ep£v$e (5) Aæepk (6) âÐen

k. 9 Ap ‘pW$é‘yõsL$dp„’u L$C L$C L©$rs“u X$p¡¼eyd¡ÞV$fu qaëd b“u iL¡$ s¡“u QQp® L$fp¡.

k. 10 Apqv$hpku gp¡L$p¡ rhi¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

âL$ë‘

H i¥nrZL$ X$p¸¼eyd¡ÞV$fu qaëd“u ÅZL$pfu CÞV$f“¡V$ ‘f’u d¡mhp¡.

rhi¡j hp„Q“

âv|$jZ rhi¡ kÅNsp

bpmL$p¡, sd“¡ sp¡ Mbf S> li¡, L¡$ hpl“ìehlpf“u âNrs“¡ L$pfZ¡ dpZkp¡ ApS>¡ OÏ„ b^y„ L$pd kfmsp’u L$fsp„

’ep„ R>¡, S>¡ ‘l¡gp„ i¼e “ lsy„, ‘f„sy, dpZk“u Ap âNrsA¡ S> s¡“¡ ApS>¡ âv|$jZ“p cfX$pdp„ cfpìep¡ R>¡. Ak„¿e hpl“p¡“p

^ydpX$p“¡ L$pfZ¡ âv|$rjs ’su lhp dpZkp¡ ðpkdp„ g¡ R>¡. s¡“¡ L$pfZ¡ “p“p„ bpmL$p¡ A“¡ dp¡V$p gp¡L$p¡dp„ fp¡NârsL$pfi[¼s Ap¡R>u

’hp“¡ L$pfZ¡ ðk“ k„b„û fp¡Np¡, Ap„M“p fp¡Np¡, hpf„hpf ifv$u-D^fk-L$a S>¡hp “pL$“p fp¡Np¡, L$p“dp„ ^pL$ ‘X$hu S>¡hp L$p“

k„b„û fp¡Np¡, QpdX$u“p rhrh^ fp¡Np¡ A“¡ dp“rkL$ fp¡Np¡ - S>¡hp L¡$ TX$‘’u ’pL$u S>hy„, L$pd L$fhp“p¡ DÐkpl d„v$ ’hp¡ h¡N¡f¡

budpfuAp¡ ’pe R>¡. dpV¡$ S> Aphu v|$rjs lhp’u Ap‘Ï„ fnZ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡. s¡ dpV¡$ -

66

H ‘l¡gp¡ D‘pe A¡ L¡$ “ÆL$“u AhfS>hf dpV¡$ Qpgsp S>hy„ A’hp kpeL$g“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$fhp¡.

H v|$rjs lhpdp„ S>su hMs¡ dp¡Y$p ‘f L$‘Xy„$ bp„^hy„.

H Ap‘Zp„ ‘ep®hfZrhv$p¡A¡ bsph¡gp¡ A¡L$ D‘pe ku. A¡“. Æ. ‘Z R>¡. sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡, ku. A¡“. Æ. iy„ R>¡?

H s¡“y„ ApMy„ “pd "L$p¡çâ¡õX$ “¡Qfg N¡k' R>¡.

· ‘¡V²$p¡g“u kfMpdZudp„ s¡ M|bS> kõsy„ R>¡.

· buÅ H^Z“u kfMpdZudp„ s¡“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$fsp„ MQ® ‘Z Ap¡R>p¡ Aph¡ R>¡, âv|$jZ Ap¡Ry>„ ’pe R>¡.

· buÅ I^Zp¡’u Qpgsp„ Mp“Nu s¡dS> kph®S>r“L$ hpl“p¡dp„ ’p¡X$p¡ MQ® L$fu“¡ ku.A¡“.Æ. hpl“dp„ a¡fhu iL$pe R>¡.

· âv|$jZ S>¡hu rhL$V$ kdõep“¡ lmhu b“phhpdp„ ku.A¡“.Æ. klpeL$ b“u iL¡$ R>¡.

õhpÝepe

k. 1 ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡ :-

(A) (b)

(1) âv|$jZ (1) lhp

(2) hpl“p¡ (2) cfX$p¡

(3) ðk“ (3) ^ydpX$p¡

(4) v|$rjs (4) fp¡Np¡

k. 2 ApL©$rs ‘|Z® L$fp¡ :-

(1) ku. A¡“. Æ.“p apev$p

(2) âv|$jZ’u ’su rbdpfuAp¡.

k. 3 Al] lhp“p âv|$jZ“p D‘pep¡ v$ip®ìep R>¡ s¡d S>gâv|$jZ“p D‘pep¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

hhh

kh® ^d® dlp“ lp¡e R>¡.

67

S>“L$ v$h¡ : f„Nc|rd kp’¡ ku^p¡ k„b„^ ^fph“pf cph“Nf“p hs“u S>“L$ v$h¡ A¡L$ ‘uY$ A“¡ A“ychu f„NL$d} R>¡.

“pV$éipõÓ“p opsp s’p bpmL$p¡“p kpQp rdÓ A¡hp S>“L$cpCA¡ âõsys âk„N“¡ ky„v$f “pV$épÐdL$ ê$‘ Apàey„ R>¡. s¡d“y„

“pV$ékprlÐe A¡V$gy„ ky„v$f R>¡ L¡$ f„Nc|rd A’hp V¡$rgrhT“dp„ “p“u qaëd“p ê$‘dp„ ‘Z fS|> L$fu iL$pe. s¡Ap¡ ‘p¡s¡ bpm

“pV$L$p¡“u rirbfdp„ bpmL$ b“u Åe R>¡. Adv$phpv$“u NyS>fps L$p¸g¡S>“p “pV$érhcpN“p AÝen sfuL¡$ s¡dZ¡ afS> bÅh¡gu

R>¡. s¡d“u v$f¡L$ fQ“pAp¡ l¡sygnu R>¡. "l¡sygnu A¡L$p„L$uAp¡', "Aphp¡, Nphp¡ “pQp¡, spL$, r^“' A“¡ "fdsp„ fdsp„ “pV$L$'

s¡d“p k„N°lp¡ R>¡. "chpC' “p âL$pf dpV¡$ s¡Ap¡ ApNhu k|T ^fph¡ R>¡.

k|f L©$rs“p¡ : âõsys L©$rs “pV$L$ R>¡. “pV$L$p¡ f„Nd„Q ‘f cS>hu iL$pe R>¡. hmu bp¡^v$peL$ lp¡hp’u gp¡L$p¡dp„ ÅN©rs r“dp®Z L$fu

iL¡$ R>¡. Al] b¡ “hgp¡rlep eyhp“ rdÓp¡ “hp kdpS>“u fQ“p L$fhp L$qV$bÝ^ R>¡. vy$íd“p¡“¡ ‘pW$ cZphhp A“¡ dp-cp¡d“u

fnp L$pS>¡ Ly$fbp“u Ap‘hp ’“N“sp Ap b„“¡ eyhp“p¡ gíL$fu spgud g¡hp“y„ “¼L$u L$f¡ R>¡. ‘f„sy r‘sp“y„ lv$e gpNZuhi ’C

‘yÓ’u AgN ’hp CÃR>sy„ “’u. ApMf¡ kdÅhV$ ‘R>u s¡d“p¡ ‘yÓâ¡d ‘Z v$¡iâ¡d ApNm T|L¡$ R>¡, A“¡ s¡Ap¡ ‘Z ‘yÓ“¡

gíL$fdp„ Å¡X$php Myiu-Myiu k„drs Ap‘hp s¥epf ’C Åe R>¡.

‘qfhs®“6

‘pÓp¡

kyMgpg - h¡‘pfu r‘sp L$dmpb¡“ - kyMgpg“p„ ‘Ð“u

k“s - kyMgpg“p¡ ‘yÓ qL$ip¡f - k“s“p¡ rdÓ

f¡ÏL$p - kyMgpg“u ‘yÓu

õ’m : kyMgpg“y„ Of kde : kp„S>“p¡

68

(k“s Myfiu D‘f b¡ku ‘funp“y„ hp„Q¡ R>¡. hp„Qsp„ hp„Qsp„ rhQpf¡ QX¡$ R>¡, kapmp¡ Ecp¡ ’pe R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ s¡“¡ gÁ“Nusp¡, Y$p¡g A“¡ ifZpC“p¡ AhpS> k„cmpe R>¡.)

k“s : b„^ L$fp¡ Ap Y$p¡g A“¡ ifZpC, L$p¡Z gÁ“Nusp¡ NpC füy„ R>¡? Ap‘Z¡ L¡$hp R>uA¡ ? OX$uhpfdp„ b^y„ c|gu S>CA¡ R>uA¡. “hgp¡rlep S>hp“p¡ M‘u Nep. s¡“u fpM ‘Z lSy> W„$X$u “’u ‘X$u. A¡ iluv$p¡“p ApÐdp lSy>‘Z eyÙ“p„ d¡v$p“dp„ OydfuAp¡ g¡sp afu kÆh“ ’hp âeÐ“ L$fu füp R>¡, Ðepf¡ Al] gÁ“ DÐkh“u dÅ dZpe R>¡, S>dZhpf“u Äepas DX$phpe R>¡. Aphu cph“p R>p¡X$u“¡ Qpgp¡ Ap‘Z¡ A¡L$ “hp kdpS>“u fQ“p L$fuA¡. (qL$ip¡f âh¡i¡ R>¡. s¡Z¡ R>¡ëgp„ hp¼ep¡ kp„cýep„ R>¡.)

qL$ip¡f$ : k“s ! v$p¡õs s“¡ iy„ ’ey„ R>¡ ! Apd AL$mpe¡gp¡ L¡$d v$¡Mpe R>¡?k“s : iy„ “’u bÞey„ ? ApTpv$ R>uA¡ ‘Z b„^pe¡gp A“¡ õhs„Ó R>sp„ S>L$X$pe¡gp. s“¡ L¡$d L$fu“¡

kdÅhy„ ? A„v$f“p DL$mpV¡$ d“¡ Np„X$p¡ b“pìep¡ R>¡.qL$ip¡f$ : ip„s ’p k“s, Apd AûfpC’u Aõhõ’ b“hp’u L„$C S> “rl ’pe. AphsuL$pg“u S>hpbv$pfu

Ap‘Zp rif¡ R>¡. Å¡ kyL$p“u S> ûfS> Nydphu b¡k¡ sp¡...k“s : Ap‘Z¡ ip„rs’u b¡W$p A¡V$g¡ S> vy$íd“p¡A¡ Ap‘Zu ip„rs“¡ “bmpC dp“u Ap¾$dZ L$ey¯ “¡ ?qL$ip¡f$ : ‘f„sy Ap‘Zp S>hpdv$p£A¡ sp¡ vy$íd“p¡“u d¡gu dyfpv$“¡ bf “ Aphhp v$uû “¡ ! vy$íd“p¡“p v$p„s

L¡$hp MpV$p L$fu “p„¿ep ?k“s : ‘f„sy ‘ròd“p fpóV²$p¡“u dv$v$ Å¡ kdekf “ dmu lp¡s sp¡ Ap‘Zu iu v$ip ’ps ? ‘f„sy lh¡

Å¡ ‘pfL$u Apip fpMuiy„ sp¡ afu’u Nygpdu hlp¡fuiy„.qL$ip¡f : bk k“s, Aphp r“fpipS>“L$ h¡Z “ L$pY$. ApS>¡ Ap‘Z“¡ S>ê$f R>¡ ip„rs, ApÐdrhðpk A“¡

fpóV²$ue cph“p“u.k“s : Aphu hpsp¡A¡ S> Ap‘Zu spL$ps OV$pX$u R>¡.qL$ip¡f : L$p¡Z L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap‘Z¡ L$d spL$ps R>uA¡. Ap‘Z¡ sp¡ kdN° rhð“¡ eyÙ“p Apf¡’u A“¡L$ hMs

bQpìey„ R>¡.k“s$ : Ap bû d““¡ d“phhp“u hpsp¡ R>¡. bpL$u L„$CL$ “¼L$f rhQpfuA¡ sp¡ kpfy„.qL$ip¡f : sp¡ lp’ rdgph dpfu kp’¡. Ap‘Z¡ i‘’ gCA¡ L¡$ Äepf¡ dpcp¡d“¡ Ap‘Zu S>ê$f li¡ Ðepf¡

L$ip“u M¡h“p L$ep® hNf Ap dp’y„ h^¡fhp s¥epf ’Ciy„. (Ðep„ S> f¡ÏL$p âh¡i¡ R>¡.)f¡ÏL$p$ : ipbpi, qL$ip¡f, ApS>¡ kde Aphu ‘lp¢Ãep¡ R>¡. R|>‘p O|kZMp¡fp¡ i”krls Ap‘Zp v$¡idp„

Aphu Q|¼ep R>¡. ÅAp¡. ip„rs’u kdÅhp¡ s¡d“¡.k“s : “p, “p kdÅhhp’u L„$C S> hmhp“y„ “’u lh¡ sp¡ “¼L$u L$fhp“y„ R>¡ L¡$ Aæepk ‘|fp¡ L$ep® ‘R>u

rdrgV$fu õL|$gdp„ v$pMg ’hy„.qL$ip¡f :$ lº„ ‘Z spfu kp’¡ Ry>„, rb°N¡X$uef. (kyMgpgcpC“p¡ âh¡i)

69

r‘sp : ApS>¡ sp¡ blº hp„Ãey„, vy$L$p“¡ L¡$d “ Apìep¡ ? M¡f ! gphp¡ sdpfu ‘funp gJ. ¼ep¡ rhje hp„Qsp lsp ?f¡ÏL$p$ : Brslpk. s¡“p OZp„ âñp¡ DL¡$gu “p„¿ep.r‘sp : kfk. sp¡ L$lp¡, tk^y “v$u“u k„õL©$rs rhi¡ iy„ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ ? S>hpb Ap‘p¡.k“s$ : v$¡i“u k„õL©$rs h¡frhM¡f L$fhp A¡ QY$u Apìep.r‘sp : sy„ Ap iy„ bL¡$ R>¡ ? hp„Qp¡ R>p¡ L¡$ Nà‘p„ dpfp¡ R>p¡ ?f¡ÏL$p$ : Ad¡ kpQp¡ Brslpk cZuA¡ R>uA¡.r‘sp : ‘yõsL$dp„ iy„ Mp¡V$p¡ Brslpk R>¡ ?k“s : Ap ‘yõsL$“p¡ Brslpk cZuA¡ sp¡ S> Ad¡ lp¢riepf.r‘sp$ : A¡V$g¡ ? sd¡ L$l¡hp iy„ dp„Np¡ R>p¡ ?qL$ip¡f$ : Ad¡ Aæepk ‘|fp¡ L$ep® ‘R>u rdrgV$fu õL|$gdp„ v$pMg ’hp BÃR>uA¡ R>uA¡.r‘sp : sy„ iy„ bp¡g¡ R>¡ ? s¡“y„ s“¡ cp“ R>¡ ?k“s : qL$ip¡f kpQy„ S> L$l¡ R>¡. lº„ s¡“u kp’¡ klds Ry>„.r‘sp : k“s, s“¡ ApS>¡ iy„ ’C Ney„ R>¡ ?k“s$ : Af¡, ‘à‘p Adpfp DÐkpl D‘f ‘pZu “ f¡X$p¡.f¡ÏL$p : sdpfu h¡‘pfu Apgd¡ ‘Z ifdphy„ Å¡CA¡. R|>‘u fus¡ A“pS> ‘lp¢QpX$u vy$íd“p¡“p lp’ dS>b|s

L$fsp„ ’p¡Xy„$ sp¡ rhQpfhy„ Å¡CA¡ “¡ !r‘sp$ : k“s, v|$f Å dpfu kpd¡’u A“¡ qL$ip¡f ApS> ‘R>u dpfp Ofdp„ ‘N “ d|L$sp¡.f¡ÏL$p : r‘spÆ k“s“¡ kdS>hp“p¡ âeÐ“ L$fp¡.r‘sp$ : sy„ Ap gp¡L$p¡ kp’¡ K^p fhpX¡$ “ QX$ui. spf¡ sp¡ ‘pfL¡$ O¡f S>C...f¡ÏL$p : S>¡Z¡ ‘p¡sp“p“¡ ‘pfL$p NÎep R>¡ A¡ v$¡i“¡ hapv$pf L¡$hu fus¡ flu iL¡$ ?qL$ip¡f$ : Ap‘Zp¡ v$¡i ip„rsdp„ dp“¡ R>¡. s¡’u v$¡idp„ Aip„rs Ecu L$f“pfpAp¡“u sp¡ Ad¡ b|fu hg¡

L$fuiy„.f¡ÏL$p : Ðepf¡ S> Adpfu bl¡“p¡“p¡ kpQp¡ fnpb„^“ qv$“ NZpi¡.k“s : Adpfy„ crhóe Ad¡ S> OX$uiy„. v$¡i“p crhóedp„ S> Adpfy„ crhóe fl¡gy„ R>¡.r‘sp : lº„ afu A¡L$hMs L$lº„ Ry>„ L¡$ kdÅ¡ sp¡ kpfy„.f¡ÏL$p$ : r‘spÆ, ^pfp¡ L¡$ k“s“¡ vy$íd“p¡ kpd¡ gX$sp„ s¡“u hufsp dpV¡$ BëL$pb dm¡ sp¡ sd¡ Myi ’pAp¡

L¡$ “rl?r‘sp : ¼ep¡ r‘sp Myi “ ’pe ?f¡ÏL$p$ : sp¡ ‘R>u sdpfp d““¡ buÅ rhQpfp¡“p QL$X$p¡m¡ QY$phu ip dpV¡$ vy$:Mu ’pAp¡ R>p¡ ?r‘sp : dpfy„ ‘Z r‘sp“y„ ùv$e R>¡ b¡V$p ! v$f¡L$ r‘sp ‘p¡sp“u BÃR>p dyS>b ‘p¡sp“p bpmL$“¡ OX$hp dpNsp¡

lp¡e. s¡ ‘p¡sp“y„ ârstbb bpmL$dp„ Å¡h¡ Ðepf¡ S> s¡“¡ ip„rs ’pe R>¡.

70

f¡ÏL$p$ : Ðep„ S> hX$ugp¡“u c|g ’pe R>¡. bpmL$ iy„ ’hp dp„N¡ R>¡, s¡ rhQpfhp“p bv$g¡ ‘p¡sp“u dpÞesp“p bubpdp„ S> s¡“¡ b¡kpX$u v$¡hpdp„ dp“¡ R>¡.

r‘sp : v$¡i“u tQsp L$f“pfp OZp R>¡. Ap‘Z¡ Ap‘Ï„ rhQpfuA¡.f¡ÏL$p$ : hmu ‘pR>u A¡ S> hps. sd¡ sdpfu Ås“¡ v$¡i’u AgN L¡$hu fus¡ L$fu iL$p¡ ?r‘sp : sp¡ A¡L$ r‘sp“¡ s¡“p ‘yÓ’u AgN L$fhp“p¡ L$p¡C“¡ Ar^L$pf Mfp¡ ?f¡ÏL$p : gp¡L$ipludp„ âÅ ‘p¡sp“u fus¡ rhQpfsu lp¡e, hs®su lp¡e s¡hp hpsphfZdp„ L$p¡C“p D‘f L$iy„

v$bpZ gpv$hpdp„ Aphsy„ “’u. (Ðep„ S> V$u.hu.dp„ kdpQpf Aph¡ R>¡.) "vy$íd“p¡A¡ Np¡mubpf L$fsp„ Ap‘Zp„ S>hp“p¡A¡ Np¡muAp¡’u hmsp¡ S>hpb Apàep¡ R>¡. Ap‘Zp„

Qpf S>hp“p¡ vy$íd“p¡“u Np¡mu“p¡ cp¡N b“u dpcp¡d dpV¡$ iluv$ ’C Nep.' (kdpQpf kp„cmu b^p„ S> [õ’f ’C Nep.'r‘sp : (õhNs) Af¡f¡ ! lº„ iy„ bp¡gu Nep¡ ? lº„ Ap v$¡i“p¡ “’u sp¡ ¼ep„“p¡ Ry>„ ? Ap iluv$ ’“pfp S>hp“p¡

‘Z L$p¡CL$“p sp¡ bpmL$p¡ S> li¡ “¡ ? l¡, cNhp“ ! dpfp vy$óV$ rhQpfp¡ bv$g d“¡ dpa L$fp¡ ! Ap S>hp“p¡ sp¡ dp cp¡d“p k‘|s R>¡.

f¡ÏL$p$ : r‘spÆ, Apd gpNZuhi “p ’pAp¡. r“fpi ‘Z “p ’pAp¡. ÅÁep Ðep„’u khpf dp“u L$pe® Apf„cu v$p¡.

r‘sp : b¡V$p ! sd¡ b„“¡ sp¡ v$¡i“p L$pe®dp„ Å¡X$pe¡gp S> R>p¡. spfu dçdu“¡ N|„’ZL$pd blº aph¡ R>¡. s¡ S>hp“p¡ dpV¡$ õh¡V$f N|„’i¡, lº„ S>hp“p¡ dpV¡$ L¡$ÞV$u“ Qgphui.

qL$ip¡f$ : A„L$g, sdpfpdp„ ApV$gy„ S>gv$u ‘qfhs®“ Aphi¡ s¡hy„ d¢ “lp¡sy„ ^pey¯.r‘sp : k“s, Al] Aph. OÏ„ Æhp¡ b¡V$p. sd“¡ b„“¡“¡ dpfp Apiuhp®v$ R>¡. sdpfp L$pe®dp„ as¡l

d¡mhp¡.k“s$ : r‘spÆ, lº„ L„$C S> bp¡gu “’u iL$sp¡. bk, Ap‘“p Apiuhp®v$ S> dp„Ny„ Ry>„.r‘sp : sd¡ S>¡ Brslpk iu¿ep s¡ Mf¡Mf kpQp¡ R>¡.f¡ÏL$p : Crslpk l„d¡ip„ ‘qfhs®“iug R>¡. “hp a¡fapfp¡ ’ep S> L$f¡ R>¡. Ap‘Z¡ A¡“¡ A“yL|$m b“hy„

füy„. (Ðep„ S> L$dmpbl¡“ âh¡i L$f¡ R>¡.)L$dmpb¡“ : L$p¡“¡ A“yL|$m ’hp“u hps L$fp¡ R>p¡ ?f¡ÏL$p$ : v$¡i“¡ ! Crslpk“¡ !L$dmpb¡“ : iy„ L$l¡ R>¡ sy„ ? d“¡ L„$C kdÅsy„ “’u.r‘sp$ : A¡ bfpbf bp¡g¡ R>¡. d¢ sp¡ lp ‘pX$u v$u^u R>¡. lh¡ spfu S> hpf R>¡.L$dmpb¡“ : Apd Np¡mdp¡m iy„ bp¡gp¡ R>p¡ ? dp„X$u“¡ hps L$fp¡ sp¡ L„$CL$ kdS> ‘X¡$.

71

r‘sp : Ap‘Zp¡ k“s Aæepk ‘|fp¡ L$ep® ‘R>u gíL$fu spgud g¡hp S>hp“u BÃR>p ^fph¡ R>¡. d¢ sp¡ d„S|>fu Ap‘u v$u^u R>¡. lh¡ spf¡ Apiuhp®v$ Ap‘hp“p R>¡.

L$dmpb¡“$ : b¡V$p, lº„ “p ‘pX$u“¡ A‘iyL$“ “rl L$fy„. spgud d¡mhu“¡ v$¡i“u gpS> h^pfÅ¡. (fX$sp„-fX$sp„) dp“u L|$M DÅmÅ¡.

f¡ÏL$p : (Ap„Mdp„ ljp®îy kp’¡) bp, sy„ dp“u NC. sy„ sp¡ A¡L$ “rl A“¡L$ S>hp“p¡“u dp b“ui.L$dmpb¡“ : “¡ Ap spfp r‘sp ?f¡ÏL$p : r‘spÆ, Ad“¡ Ariõscep® hs®“ bv$g dpa L$fÅ¡.r‘spÆ : dpau sp¡ dpf¡ dp„Nhp“u R>¡. lº„ dpfp„ bpmL$p¡“¡ blº dp¡X$p Ap¡mMu i¼ep¡ ? lº„ sd“¡ AÞepe L$fu

b¡ks.qL$ip¡f : Ad“¡ AÞepe ’hp L$fsp„ v$¡i“¡ AÞepe L$fu b¡ks s¡“y„ Ad“¡ vy$:M ’ps.f¡ÏL$p : Qpgp¡, b^u bpbs“p¡ ky„v$f DL¡$g Aphu Nep¡. Ap‘Zp Ýe¡e“p¡ ‘„’ L$ëepZL$pfu b“u flp¡.

Qpgp¡, Ap‘Z¡ klº ‘¡gy„ Nus NpCA¡.b^p kp’¡ : S>e S>hp“, S>e qL$kp“ qv$i qv$i d¢ Ny„S>¡ Np“ v$¡iL$u bY$pAp¡ ip“. sy„ S>hp“ ApN¡ bY$ vy$íd“p¡ L¡$ kp’ gY$ ld l¥ syçlpf¡ kp’ rhS>e l¥ syçlpf¡ kp’

S>e S>hp“


Ap ‘pW$ iê$ L$fsp„ ‘l¡gp„ bpmL$p¡“¡ “pV$L$ rhi¡ ÅZL$pfu Ap‘hu. “pV$L$“p âL$pf, A¡L$p„L$u, qÜA„L$u“u dprlsu Ap‘hu. “pV$L$ A¡ gp¡L$ÅN©rs“y„ kbm dpÝed R>¡. s¡“p Üpfp gp¡L$p¡dp„ L¡$hu fus¡ ÅN©rs gphu iL$pe s¡ kdÅhhy„. i¡fu “pV$L$p¡ Üpfp ‘Z kdpS>dp„ ÅN©rs gphu iL$pe s¡“u hps L$fhu. k¥r“L$p¡ rhi¡ hps L$fu rhÛp’}Ap¡dp„ v$¡i â¡d DÅNf L$fhp¡ A“¡ v$¡i“u kyfnp bpbs rhQpf L$fhp â¡qfs L$fhp.

õhpÝepe

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ “pV$L$dp„ h‘fpe¡gp„ iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

(1) A¡L$pA¡L$ (2) “¡s©Ðh (3) rdS>bp“u (4) lºdgp¡

(5) CÃR>p (6) ‘yfõL$pf (7) kp¡N„v$ (8) Æs

72

k. 2 iåv$ b“phu“¡ gMp¡.

“h

gp¡rlep

fprÓ‘„Qd

r“s

L$pf

eyhp“

k. 3 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ iåv$ gMp¡.

Dv$p : ip„rs$$ - Aip„rs

(1) õhs„Ó (2) DÐkpl (3) rhðpk (4) v$p¡õs

(5) õhõ’ (6) k‘|s (7) klds (8) CÃR>p

k. 4 Ap‘¡gp iåv$p¡“p¡ hp¼edp„ âep¡N L$fu“¡ gMp¡.

(1) ifZpC (2) rdrgV$fu (3) k„õL©$rs

(4) ârstbb (5) gp¡L$iplu (6) iluv$

k. 5 (A) rhcpNdp„ Ap‘¡gp ê$qY$âep¡N“p A’® (b) rhcpNdp„’u ip¡^u“¡ gMp¡.

(A) rhcpN* dp’y h^¡fhy„ * DÐkpl ‘f ‘pZu afu S>hy„* K^p fhpX¡$ QX$u S>hy„ * b|fu hg¡ L$fhu

* L|$M DÅmhu * M‘u S>hy„* QL$X$p¡m¡ QY$hy„

(b) rhcpN* iluv$ ’C S>hy„ * dp’y L$p‘hy„

* r“fpip Aphhu * Mp¡V$¡ fõs¡ hmhy„ * dpsp“y„ “pd fp¡i“ L$fhy„ * vy$v$®ip L$fhu

* rhQpfp¡dp„ AV$hpC S>hy„


(1) S>hp“p¡ M‘u Nep.

(2) Adpfy„ Ad¡ S> OX$uiy„.

(3) dp„ âÅ ‘p¡sp“u fus¡ rhQpfsu lp¡e.

(4) Crslpk l„d¡ip„ R>¡.

(5) S>e S>hp“ S>e .

73

k. 7 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ip¡^u hp¼ep¡ ‘|fp„ L$fp¡.

(1) k“s Myfiu ‘f b¡ku (A$) rhQpf L$fsp¡ lsp¡ (b) ‘funp“y„ hp„Qsp¡ lsp¡. (L$) gÁ“Nusp¡ kp„cmsp¡ lsp¡. (2) iluv$p¡“p ApÐdp lSy> ‘Z (A$) Npddp„ OydfuAp¡ g¡ R>¡. (b) eyÝ^“p d¡v$p“dp„ OydfuAp¡ g¡ R>¡. (L$) smph qL$“pf¡ OydfuAp¡ g¡ R>¡. (3) k“s“¡ Aæepk ‘|fp¡ L$ep® ‘R>u (A) rdrgV$fu õLy$gdp„ v$pMg ’hy„ ls„y (b) “¡i“g õLy$gdp„ v$pMg ’hy„ lsy„. (L$) il¡f“u õLy$gdp„ v$pMg ’hy„ lsy„. (4) vy$íd“p¡A¡ Np¡mubpf L$fsp„ Ap‘Zp (A) v$i S>hp“p¡ iluv$ ’C Nep (b) Qpf S>hp“p¡ iluv$ ’C Nep (L$) R> S>hp“p¡ iluv$ ’C Nep (5) dçdu S>hp“p¡ dpV¡$ (A) L¡$ÞV$u“ Qgphi¡. (b) cp¡S>“ b“phi¡ (L$) õh¡V$f N|„’i¡ (6) Crslpk l„d¡ip„ (A) [õ’f lp¡e R>¡ (b) A[õ’f lp¡e R>¡ (L$) ‘qfhs®“iug lp¡e R>¡

k. 8 Ap¡mMp¡.

(1) h¡‘pfu r‘sp : (2) k“s“p¡ rdÓ : (3) kyMgpg“p¡ ‘yÓ : (4) kyMgpg“p ‘Ð“u : (5) kyMgpg“u ‘yÓu :

k. 9 ‘pW$dp„ h‘fpe¡gp„ rhi¡jZp¡ ip¡^u“¡ gMp¡.

(1) ‘„’ (2) DL¡$g (3) hs®“ (4) S>hp“p¡ (5) O|kZMp¡fp¡ (6) dyfpv$

k. 10 “uQ¡“p„ hp¼ep¡dp„ A’® “ bv$gpe s¡ fus¡ hp¼ep¡“¡ “L$pfpÐdL$ b“php¡ A“¡ afu’u gMp¡.

(1) k“s õhõ’ b¡W$p¡ lsp¡. (2) qL$ip¡f M|b S> DÐkplu lsp¡. (3) S>hp“p¡ sp¡ dp¡-cp¡d“p„ k‘|s R>¡. (4) b„“¡ bpmL$p¡ kp’¡ Þepe ’ep¡ s¡’u r‘sp Myi ’ep. (5) Brslpk A¡ ‘qfhs®“iug R>¡. (6) Ap‘Zp Ýe¡e“p¡ ‘„’ L$ëepZL$pfu b“u flp¡.

k. 11 "ÅÁep Ðepf’u khpf' Ap L$l¡hs“p Ap^pf¡ ky„v$f bp¡^v$peL$ hpsp® s¥epf L$fu“¡ gMp¡.

L$pfNug eyÙ rhi¡ ÅZsp lp¡ s¡ hN®dp„ L$lp¡.

74

âL$ë‘

H dps©c|rd“u k¡hp dpV¡$“p„ õgp¡N“ s¥epf L$fu hN®dp„ gNpX$p¡.

g¡M“ L$p¥iëe

Apd„ÓZ ‘rÓL$p

"Apd„ÓZ ‘rÓL$p' S>¡dp„ rhrh^ L$pe®¾$dp¡dp„, rhrh^ õsf¡ fl¡gu rbfpS>dp“ ìe[¼sAp¡“¡ dp¡L$ghp“u Apd„ÓZ ‘rÓL$pAp¡

s¥epf L$fhu. gÁ“ âk„N¡ s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Aphsu gÁ“‘rÓL$p ‘Z Apd„ÓZ“p¡ S> âL$pf R>¡.

H brnk rhsfZ âk„N¡

H õ“¡l k„d¡g“ r“rdÑ¡

H fdsp¡Ðkh dpV¡$“u

H S>Þdqv$““u DS>hZu r“rdÑ¡

H rhv$pe kdpf„c dpV¡$“u

H ‘yõsL$d¡mp“p Dv¹$OpV$“ kdpf„c“u Apd„ÓZ-‘rÓL$p s¥epf L$fp¡.

îu kfõhsu kp^“p rhÛpge, kp„Ngu.kyoîu ......................................

krh“e S>Zphhp“y„ L¡$ Adpfu ipmpdp„ Np„^u-S>e„rs r“rdÑ¡ A¡L$ cìe A“¡ qv$ìe ‘yõsL$ d¡mp“y„ Apep¡S>“ L$f¡g R>¡. Ap d¡mp“y„ Dv¹$OpV$“ Ap‘Zu k„õ’p“p âdyM îu“p iyclõs¡ ’i¡. sp¡ Ap‘îu rdÓ ‘qfhpf kp’¡ ‘^pfu, ipmp“p Ap iycâk„N“¡ v$u‘phip¡.

ipmp“p¡ Ap Ahkf A¡ aŸg R>¡.

Ap‘“u D‘[õ’rs A¡ aŸg“u ap¡fd R>¡.

õ’m : ipmp“„y kcpN©l spfuM : 02 Ap¸¼V$p¡bf, 2017 hpf : Nyfyhpf kde : khpf¡ 10-00 L$gpL¡$ d¡mp“u rhrióV$sp : - v$f¡L$ ‘yõsL$ ‘f 20% R|>V$ - âpQu“-Ahp®Qu“ eyN“p OZp„ ‘yõsL$p¡ D‘gå^

rg rhÛp’} ârsr“r^ dy¿epÝepr‘L$p

hhh

v$¡ik¡hp Ap‘Zp kp¥“u â’d afS> R>¡.

75

cprjL$ kdS>

kdpk

Äepf¡ b¡ L¡$ b¡’u h^pf¡ ‘v$p¡ kp’¡ Aph¡ A“¡ A’®“u ×[óV$A¡ A¡L$ S> iåv$ b“¡ Ðepf¡ s¡“¡ kdpk L$l¡hpe R>¡. kd A¡V$g¡

kp’¡ A“¡ Apk A¡V$g¡ b¡khy„. kdpkdp„ Aph¡gp„ ‘v$p¡“¡ R|>V$p„ ‘pX$u“¡ s¡d“u hÃQ¡“p¡ k„b„^ v$ip®hpe R>¡, Ðepf¡ kdpk“p¡ rhN°l L$ep£

L$l¡hpe R>¡.

1) Ü„Ü kdpk :

Å¡ kdpk“p„ b^p„ ‘v$p¡ hp¼e kp’¡ kdp“ fus¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp„ lp¡e A“¡ kdpkdp„ Å¡X$pe¡gp„ ‘v$p¡ hÃQ¡ kdp“sp“p¡ k„b„^ lp¡e

s¡“¡ Ü„Ü kdpk L$l¡hpe R>¡.

Ü„Ü kdpk“p ÓZ âL$pf R>¡ :

1) Csf¡Ñf Ü„Ü kdpk

2) h¥L$[ë‘L$ Ü„Ü kdpk

3) kdplpf Ü„Ü kdpk

Dv$p. 1) bpmL$p¡ dpspr‘sp“¡ âZpd L$f¡ R>¡.

dpspr‘sp - dpsp A“¡ r‘sp

2) cpCbl¡“ hÃQ¡ r“d®m õ“¡l lp¡e R>¥.

cpCbl¡“ - cpC A“¡ bl¡“

Al] ‘|h®‘v$ A“¡ DÑf‘v$“y„ kdp“ dlÐh R>¡. Ap kdpk“p rhN°ldp„ "A“¡' h‘fpe R>¡. Ap Csf¡Ñf Ü„Ü kdpk R>¡.

Dv$p. 1) Æh“dp„ kyMvy$:M Apìep„ L$f¡.

kyMvy$:M - kyM L¡$ vy$:M

2) S>Þdd©Ðey Aaf R>¡.

S>Þdd©Ðey - S>Þd L¡$ d©Ðey

Ap kdpk“p rhN°ldp„ "L¡$' h‘fpe R>¡. Ap h¥L$[ë‘L$ Ü„Ü kdpk R>¡.

Dv$p. 1) Ap il¡f“p lhp‘pZu kpfp R>¡.

lhp‘pZu - lhp‘pZu hN¡f¡

2) sdpfp “pdW$pd Ap AfÆ‘ÓL$dp„ cfp¡.

“pdW$pd - “pdW$pd hN¡f¡

L¡$V$guL$ hpf kdpk“p„ b^p„ ‘v$p¡“p¡ R|>V$p¡ A’® ’sp¡ “’u. ‘Z ApMp kdpkdp„’u ‘v$p¡ D‘fp„s buÆ k„b„^ ^fphsu rhNsp¡“y„

L¡$ hõsyAp¡“y„ ‘Z k|Q“ fl¡gy„ lp¡e R>¡. Aphp kdpkdp„’u ApMp kd|l“p¡ A’® k|Qhpsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Aphp Ü„Ü kdpkp¡“¡ kdplpf

Ü„Ü kdpk L$l¡hpe R>¡. Alu "hN¡f¡' h‘fpe R>¡.

76

“uQ¡“p kdpkp¡“p¡ rhN°l L$fu âL$pf gMp¡ :

1) ‘rs‘Ð“u 2) khpfkp„S> 3) AßS>m 4) “f“pfu

4) k|e®Q„Ö 5) b¡ÓZ 6) kgplk|Q“ 8) O¡V$p„bL$fp„

2) dÝed‘v$ gp¡‘u kdpk :

Ap kdpkdp„ A¡L$ ‘v$ dy¿e lp¡e R>¡. buSy>„ ‘v$ A¡“u kp’¡ rhc[¼s - k„b„^¡ Å¡X$pe¡gy„ lp¡e R>¡. ‘Z b¡ ‘v$p¡“u hÃQ¡“u

L$X$uê$‘ L$p¡C ‘v$“p¡ gp¡‘ ’sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡’u A¡“¡ dÝed‘v$gp¡‘u kdpk L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

Dv$p : 1) F>rj ‘pk¡ L$pd^¡“y Npe R>¡.

L$pd^¡“y - L$pd (BÃR>p) ‘|f“pfu ^¡“y.

2) aŸgp¡“u hfdpmp b“¡ R>¡.

hfdpmp - hf“¡ ‘l¡fhp“u dpmp

3) fpÅ tklpk“ ‘f b¡W$p R>¡.

tklpk“ - tkl“u ApL©$rshpmy„ Apk“

“uQ¡“p kdpkp¡“p¡ rhN°l L$fp¡.

1) ApNNpX$u 2) rhfpdõ’p“

3) v|$^L¡$ÞÖ 4) V$‘pg‘¡V$u

3) qÜNy kdpk :

S>¡ kdpk“y„ ‘l¡gy„ ‘v$ k„¿ephpQL$ rhi¡jZ lp¡e A“¡ buSy>„ ‘v$ “pd lp¡e s¡“¡ qÜNy kdpk L$l¡ R>¡.

Dv$p : 1) rÓcyh““u fQ“p ky„v$f R>¡.

rÓcyh“ - ÓZ cyh““p¡ kd|l

2) “hfprÓ Apkp¡ drl“pdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

“hfprÓ - “h fprÓAp¡“p¡ kd|l

3) Ap hj£ Qp¡dpky kpfy„ R>¡.

Qp¡dpky = Qpf dpk“p¡ kd|l

“uQ¡“p kdpkp¡“p¡ rhN°l L$fp¡.

1) jV¹$L$p¡Z 2) kàsrj®

3) rÓv$¡h 4) ‘„QhV$u

77

D‘¾$d

hp„Qp¡... rhQpfp¡ A“¡ “½$u L$fp¡ ...

H iåv$p¡“y„ iujp®k“ L$fp¡ :-

(1) v$ “„ Å r“ (5) f ^p fp “ A

(2) i lp¡ bp (6) L$ õs d s “

(3) j sp¡ k„ (7) f cp fp¡ cp

(4) fu Nu d L$p (8) V$p hp k k|

H DMpZp„ :-

(1) ifuf R>¡ ‘p¡gp hp„k“y„,

Of R>¡ s¡dp„ A“¡L$,

Ap„Nmu d|L$u aŸ„L$ dpfu“¡

õhf gl¡fu b“phu gp¡ A“¡L$

(2) dpfu QpdX$u W$p¡L$u W$p¡L$u“¡

AhpS> “uL$m¡ A“¡L$

lp’ A“¡ [õV$L$’u d“¡ dpfp¡

‘R>u “pQp¡ R>dpR>d R>¡L$

(3) ÓZ Anf“y„ “pd dpfy„

Sy>v$p Sy>v$p R>¡ dpfp âL$pf

b^p“¡ Apifp¡ Ap‘y„ lº„,

v$f¡L$ dpV¡$ lº„ S> Ap^pf

(4) ¼epf¡L$ lº„ ‘|fp¡ ’C ÅJ,

¼epf¡L$ flº„ hmu AX$^p¡,

¼epf¡L$ h^y ¼epf¡L$ OVy„$,

¼epf¡L$ lº„ “ v$¡MpJ

S>hpbp¡ : hp„kmu, Y$p¡g, dL$p“, Q„Ödp

hhh

‘pfL$p„“¡ ‘p¡sp“p b“phhp“u ÓZ Qphu....[õds, kv¹$cph A“¡ õ“¡l

78

“d|“pê$‘ dpN®v$i®L$ L©$rs ‘y[õsL$p

"Qp¡f“¡ dpg|d ’pe L¡$...' ‘pW$dp„’u “uQ¡“p NÛM„X$“y„ Ýep“‘|h®L$ hp„Q“ L$ep® ‘R>u s¡“p Ap^pf¡ Al] Ap‘¡gu L©$rsAp¡ L$fp¡.

NÛM„X$ : Qp¡’p qv$hk¡... hpl“ ‘L$X$u gp¡.

L©$rs - 1 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ gMp¡.

v$p. s. qv$“ - qv$hk

(1) bpfZp -

(2) “pZp„ -

(3) Qp¡¿My„ -

(4) kpQy„ -

(5) Apfp¡Áe -

(6) D‘v$¡i -

L©$rs - 2 Mpgu S>Áepdp„ ep¡Áe iåv$ gMp¡.

(1) A¡ bp¡X®$ b“phhp“p¡ d“¡ ------- êr‘ep MQ® ’ep¡.

(2) rgrMs„N Ap‘“p¡ -------- S>Nv$ui rÓh¡v$u.

(3) ‘p„Qdp qv$hk¡ dpfp A¡L$ blº v|$f“p„ -------- Apìep„.

(4) dpf¡ Qp¡f ‘L$X$phhp“p¡ “’u ‘Z sd¡ -------- ‘L$X$u gp¡.

L©$rs - 3 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ‘k„v$ L$fu rh^p“ ‘|Z® L$fp¡.

(1) Qp¡’p qv$hk¡ L„$V$pmu“¡ d¢...

(A) v$fhpÅ ‘f dp¡Vy„$ spmy„ dpey¯.

(b) v$fhpÅ ‘f dp¡V$u kp„L$m dpfu.

(L$) v$fhpÅ ‘f dp¡Vy„$ bp¡X®$ dpey¯.

(2) ‘p„Qdp qv$hk¡ dpfp A¡L$ blº v|$f“p„...

(A) L$pL$u Apìep.

(b) dpku Apìep.

(L$) dpdu Apìep.

79

(3) dpku“¡ L$p¡CA¡...

(A) Qp¡fu“p kdpQpf Apàep.

(b) dpfpdpfu“p kdpQpf Apàep.

(L$) dp„v$Nu“p kdpQpf Apàep.

(4) Äep„ ky^u Qp¡f ‘L$X$pe “l]...

(A) Ad¡ L$p¡C Al]’u S>hp“p “’u.

(b) Ad¡ ‘p„Q¡e Al]’u S>hp“p “’u.

(L$) R>p¡L$fp„Ap¡ A¡L$gp Al]’u S>hp“p “’u.

L©$rs - 4 “pd, kh®“pd, rhi¡jZ A“¡ q¾$ep‘v$dp„ hN}L$fZ L$fp¡.

dpku, d“¡, dp¡Vy„$, Qp¡fpC, Ap‘“p¡, v$¡MpX$u, Mp¡V$u, ‘p„Qkp¡, S>Nv$ui, Ad¡, S>Zphy„, v|$f“p

“pd kh®“pd rhi¡jZ q¾$ep‘v$

L©$rs - 5 L$lp¡

(1) hp„v$fpdp„’u dpZk b“hp“y„ c|gu S>“pf -------

(2) L„$V$pmu“¡ v$fhpÅ ‘f bp¡X®$ dpf“pf --------

(3) ‘p„Qdp qv$hk¡ g¡ML$“p O¡f Aph“pf --------

(4) dpku kp’¡ Aph“pf --------

L©$rs - 6 “d|“p âdpZ¡ iåv$ b“php¡.

‘|h®L$

ârsop

âeÐ“

r“óW$p

kamsp

80

L©$rs - 7 ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡.

ip„s

“ÆL$

fps

Qp¡fõ‘óV$ qv$hk

kyM

iplºL$pf v|$f

lkhy„ kÐe

Aip„s

AkÐe fX$hy„

vy$:M Aõ‘óV$

L©$rs - 8 ep¡Áe Å¡X$u b“php¡.

A b

(1) g¡ML¡$ L„$V$pmu“¡ (1) v|$f“p dpku dmhp Apìep

(2) bp¡X®$ b“phhpdp„ (2) Qpf ‘yÓp¡ Apìep

(3) ‘p„Qdp qv$hk¡ (3) sd¡ hpl“ ‘L$X$u gp¡

(4) dpku kp’¡ s¡“p (4) v$fhpÅ ‘f dp¡Vy„$ bp¡X®$ dpey¯

(5) dpf¡ Qp¡f ‘L$X$phhp¡ “’u (5) ‘p„Qkp¡ ê$r‘ep MQp®ep

L©$rs - 9 g¡ML¡$ gM¡gp bp¡X®$ ‘f“p hp¼ep¡“¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hp¡.

(1) d“¡ qv$hk¡ L„$C S> S>X$sy„ “’u.

(2) dpfp Ofdp„’u L„$C S> Qp¡fpey„ “’u.

(3) d“¡ kgpl ‘uhX$phhp ‘^pfip¡ “rl.

(4) lº„ kÐeârsop ‘|h®L$ gMy Ry>„.

(5) dpfp Of¡ Qp¡fu ’C lsu.

hhh

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