461Status of women and man in govt. job of Bangladesh

8/13/2019 461Status of women and man in govt. job of Bangladesh

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Title : Status of women and man in govt. job of Bangladesh.


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Preface

Womens development in general and their participation in income generating

activities in particular deserve a special consideration in national development

planning. Experience in developed countries and many developing countries like

Bangladesh has documented varying degrees of inverse relation ship between female

and male employees. In the govt. Job it is also seen the difference of status in

different section. In this term paper I put my best effort to find out the fact/ reality of

status between men and women in govt. job. I believe that I have tried my level best

to gather necessary information and document in very limited scope and time. In thisterm paper it is mentioned that the present job status, discrimination, probable

changes with this century. Term paper preparation is the requirement of the

foundation training course for the BCS cadre officers. As a foundation trainee I also

had to fulfill this requirement and helped me a lot to develop my analytical ability.

Finally, I hope my small effort will be able to meet the curiosity of the interested

researchers students and persons involved in this area,


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Acknowledgement

The greatest thanks to Almighty Allah who helps us every moment. There are a

great number of people to whom I owe thanks for helping with the research and

writing of this term paper Status of women and man in govt. job of Bangladesh.

First of all I express my gratitude to NAEM for including term paper in the syllabus

of FTC. I am indebted to the DG of NAEM who providing required facilities to run the

experimental works. I must express my heartiest thanks and gratitude to my

respectable guide Md. Nurul Huda, Training Specialist of NAEM, for his guidance,

valuable suggestions and sympathetic co-operation. I also great full to the course

director Dr. M.A. Maleque and course co-coordinators. Next I must thanks to all

NAEM faculty members, library authority and computer lab authority for their

earnest co-operation.


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Objectives

To find out the present status of men and women in govt. job of Bangladesh.

To explain issue on employment and the labour force.

To describe gender disparity in labour force of the govt. of Bangladesh.

To meet the need of the interested researchers.

To analyze some educational Institution (General and Technical) for their

work force (Men and Women).


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Statement of problem

Bangladesh has become independent in 1971. But the present job status of

men and women in Bangladesh is not yet reached in perfect condition. The

balance of status in govt. job is fragile. Several times it has taken initiatives

and institutional step for flourishment of labour force of govt. Weak exercise

of law is the only reason for imbalance of rate of employment of men and

women. Discrimination is a very familiar and common concept in the history

of man kind. Through the ages concept of discrimination remained effective

in relation to races, rich and poor, men and women. In recent time United

Nations Organization has taken a bold realistic step towards the elimination

of various discrimination through the proclamation of the charter of equal

rights. Though the rules are available there are many discrepancies between

the status of women and men in govt. job. Some reasons are-

Lack of democratic leadership.

Negative social structure for women and their involvement in the job.

Undemocratic activities of political parties.

Limitation of resources and unequal distribution of wealth.


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Definition

Status:Status means the position of a person by holding power or authority

for a specific time period or for a fixed matter. Word status also implies that

the professional designation of a men or a women in his or her job. Status

helps the men or women to earn and enjoy the authority and financial

benefits. In this writing I assess status of women in Bangladesh in the light of

theoretical understanding and practical understanding. Given complexities in

assessing status in a traditional society, I will still look for some indicators to

measure their status at the household level.

Trained women: Trained women mean the women have been trained

under any specific work or program. They are directly exposed to the

program. They were also in their reproductive years 15-49.

Decision making: Decision making is measured by ascertaining the

information whether or not the women are consulted with the men for

taking any sort of decision for their job or any other problems regarding

office work.


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Scope of the term paper

In the name of caption Status of women and man in govt. job of

Bangladesh, included the present status of women and men in govt. job,

their ratio of participation, comparative study, women status in the family

and house hold. And other things included in this term paper are as follows-

Definition of status, Trained women, Decision making.

Aim and objectives of govt. job.

Educational Institution analysis.

Job research analysis.

Research findings.

Suggestion.

Conclusion.


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Bibliography.

Main body of the term paper

P e r f o r m a n c e o f M e n a n d W o m en i n B a ng l a de s h o n

Selected Gender-Related indicators

As in most countries of the world, women in Bangladesh have

always been in a disadvantaged position in comparison with men.

Women in Bangladesh today are poorer, less healthy and less well

educated relative to men. Women contribute a great deal to the society

but enjoy fewer benefits than men. However, the status of women in

Bangladesh is improving gradually. The 2005 World Economic Forum

Gender Gap Index indicated that Bangladesh ranked highest in South

Asia (39th out of the 58 countries considered), ahead o f I n d i a ( 5 3 r d )

a n d P a k i s t a n ( 5 6 t h ) . i t i s a l s o h i g h e s t M u s l i m - m a j o r i t y

country, even ahead of Turkey (57th).

In the United Nations Human Development Report 2004, Bangladesh

is ranked 138 out 177 countries on the Human Development Index (HDI), 110

out of 144 on the Gender-related Development index (GDI) at-, 76 Out


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Time spent on non-

market activities

65% 30%

Contribution to family

work

81% 19%

Female participation in

National Parliament

02% 98%

Probability of dying

under age 5 per 1000*

73% 71%

Source: United Nations Development Program 2004, Human Development

Report, UNDP. Note: *World Health Orr; 2004, World Health Report, WHO.

I PPP, Purchasing Power Parity

Situation of Women and Men in Bangladesh

This handout deals specifically with Bangladesh statistics and indicators

Sex-disaggregated data may also be collected later by participants from

other secondary sources or through data gathering and research from a study of

their own village.


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Setting

Bangladesh, a sovereign nation in South Asia, carne into existence in

1971 after freedom fighters fought a civil war for 9 months and country obtained

independence. It consists of 133,910 sq km of land and 10,090 sq km

of water and is bordered by the Bay of Bengal (580 km coast line), India

(4063 km) and Burma (193 km). The country's topography is mostly flat

alluvial plains and hilly in southeast. The country is rich in natural gas,

timber and coal as natural resources. The total land available is 36669000

hectares 62.1 percent of which is arable land. Of this 51.4 percent has

permanent crops, 13.5 percent is under forest cover, 23.68 percent

under housing and other permanent structures and 4 percent is reserved

for other land use. Less than one half of a percent (0.47%) iscurrently fallow or

cultivable waste land. Drought, cyclones and floods are common. disasters.

Much of the country is inundated during the summer-monsoon season.

Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy; crops are grown in the rainy

season, and under irrigation during the dry season, about 40,000 sq. km of crop

land is irrigated every year. The main crops of Bangladesh are paddy, jute,

and pulses.

Population

The total population of Bangladesh is 141.3 million (est.), 68.8 millionwomen and 72.5 million men, the age structure is very young, with a

mean age of 21.5 for

women and 25.5for men. (BBS estimate, July 2004).


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Table 2: Population by Sex, Age and Mean Age of

Population, Bangladesh 2004

Population by ageand sex

Population

Number Percent

Women

Number Percent

Men

Number Percent

0-14 years 47372960 (33.5%) 23013811 (16.28%) 24359149 (17.23%)

15-64 years 89183913 (63.1%) 43626950 (30.87%) 45557963 (32.23%)

65+ years 4782603 (03.4%) 2207084 (1.56%) 2575519 (1.82%)

Total 141340476 (100%) 68847845 (48.8%) 72492631 (52.2%)

Mean age 21.5 21.5 25.5

The status of women and men in Bangladesh can be establ ished by

a comparison of indicators on education, health, nutrition and

employment. These show a gap between women and men. AS womens

advancement rights are established in Bangladesh, it will be reflected

th e in cr ea se d similarity of these indicators.

Education

The total primary enrolments for Bangladesh have more than trebled

between 1970 and 2002, from some 5.3 million children in 29,000 institutions in

1970 to a total of 17.6 million children in 78,000 institutions in 2002. The


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proportion, of female enrolments has increased from about 32 percent to

50 percent over the same period, while female teachers increased from just

2 percent in 1970 to 38 percent in 2002. Over the same period there

has been a 4.5 fold increase in the total numbers enrolled in secondary

education, grades 6-12.

Tabel.3 below shows the effect of this remarkable

expansion in:-

Education on national literacy levels - particularly those of women, and

especially of rural women. While even the most recent data still show

the historic pattern of very low female participation in education, it is

evident that this historic Pattern has now changed.

Literacy Rate of Population Aged 5+years by Sex and stat us of

Household, 1961-2000

Year/status National Rural Urban

Women Men Women Men Women Men

1961 10.7 31.4

1974 14.8 32.9 13.2 30.8 33.3 48.6

1981 16.0 31.0 13.7 27.3 30.3

1987 20.3 34.6 16.7 31.0 43.7

1988 20.5 35.5 16.9 31.8 43.7

1991 21.3 36.1 17.6 32.0 44.2

2000 38.0 46.7 34.1 42.7 52.9 62.2


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Sources: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Population Census 1961, 1974, 1981, 1991

and 2001

1365, Systematic Registration System, 1987-; BBS, Househo4 Demographic

Survey. 1995, 1998, 2000,

November 2042

There appears to be little doubt that the female stipend programs have been

a cause of the major increases in female Participation in education that have

occurred in Bangladesh. Yet there are some limitations on the success of the

female stipend programs including the relatively low retention and pass rates of

the participants. The proportions of women going on to tertiary and further

education are much lower and the pattern of female entry at this level is

essentially limited to the socio-economically privileged.

Table 1.4.3.3 shows that in the rural population, there exists severe anaemia and

nutritional deficiency among all pregnant mothers and pre-school children and that

34-36 percent of mothers who are not pregnant are anaemic. School-aged children

(5-11 years) and adolescents (12-19) also suffer from anaemia and nutritional

deficiency.

Table 4: Percentage of Anaemic Children, Adolescents and

Mothers in Rural Bangladesh, 2001


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Chi ldren, Ad ol escent s Mothers Rural Bangladesh

pre-school children (6-59) months 48

School aged children (5-11) years 34

Adolescents (12-19) years 36

Mothers (non-pregnant) 34

Mothers (pregnant) 51

Source: Helen Keller International. Findings of 2001 national Anemla Survey

Employment/ Participation of Women

Women's participation in paid employment is low in urban areas, the

employment scenario is encouraging (52.9% for women versus 62.2% for

men), while in rural areas, women are at a disadvantage when compared with men

(34.1% for women versus 42.7% for men). About two thirds of women are absent

from the employment scenario. The fact that in rural areas, women's level of

education is low and they have fewer skills, culminate in such differences. If

women are to compete in a free market with men, women will need large-scale

capacity-building interventions in order to overcome the economic, socio-cultural

and mobility related constraints they face due to their present differential

capacities.


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Table 5: which details men's and women's employment profile is only concer ned

with the formal sector . Women with l i t t le or no educat ion are

employed chiefly as domestic helper, production and related workers and farmers.


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Table 5:

Extent of Labor Force 10+ Years by Sex, 1961-2000 (in millions)

Source& Period

National Rural Urban

Women Men Women Men Women Men

By usual definition (BBS)

1961 0.9 16.0 0.8 15.2 0.1 .09

1974 0.9 21.0 0.8 19.2 0.1 2.0

1980 1.6 22.8 1.4 22.0 0.2 2.8

1981 1.5 24.4 1.3 21.3 0.2 3.1

1983-84 2.5 26.0 2.1 22.5 0.2 3.4

1984-85 2.7 26.8 2.2 23.2 0.5 3.6

1985-86 3.2 27.7 2.6 23.7 0.6 4.0

1989 3.6 29.7 2.1 25.6 1.5 4.2

1990-91 4.9 31.0 4.0 24.4 0.9 6.6

1995-96 7.6 34.1 5.6 26.8 2.0 7.3

1999 10.0 35.0 7.5 27.3 2.6 7.7

By extended definition

1989 21.0 29.7 19.5 25.5 1.5 4.2


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1990-91 20.1 31.1 18.0 24.5 2.1 6.6

1995-96 21.3 34.7 18.5 27.3 2..8 7.4

1999-00 22.8 37.5 19.4 29.6 3.4 7.8

Source: BBS various. Population Census, 1961, 1974, 1995-96,1999-2000

Generally there is little gender disparity in salaries / wages in public sector or skilled

labour, but there is a, bias towards employing women for low-paid or part-

time service oriented jobs.

Table 6. shows that, gender disparity is clearly evident in wage rates for

semi-skilled and unskilled labor in the agriculture sector.

The rate of female laborers is 25 percent less than the male wages rates. This may

be due partly to women's low level of education, their multiple roles and their

dual burden of household work but also to the perception that, as

women, they can't work as hard,and thus deserve less.

Most women in Bangladesh ignore many difficult situations and social

constraints, trying to educate themselves and become self-sufficient through

employment. The life expectancy at birth of women is now equal to that of

men (61.7 years).

The situation of women and men in employment and agriculture is dealt with indetail in this schedule.

Table 6. Trends in Average Wages Rate (Without Food) of

Agricultural Labourers, 1974-2000


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Year Average Wages in Taka per Day

Women Men Womens wages as % of

men

1973-74 3.23 6.89 48

1980-81 6.75 13.79 48

1984-85 11.85 24.54 48

1989 21.40 25.80 83

1999 49.0 61.63 80

2000 46.0 61.00 75

Source: BBS. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh-2000


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Situation of Women and Men in the World

The following facts and figures are provided about the situation of men and

Women in the world. When comparing selected countries of the world, it becomes

clear that development impacts differently on women and girls than on men and

boys. This is reflected in social, economic and health indicators. The world

population in 2004 was estimated to be over 6 billion 440 million the majority of

whom (4.9billion - 76.9%) live in less developed countries, 1.19 billion (19.8%) in

more developed regions and 644700 (1.1%) live in the least developed countries

(see Table 7) (UNDP, 2004).


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World Population, Fertility Rates and Births with skilled

Attendants by Regions and SAARC Countries, 2004

Total

Population,

2004

Average Pop.

Growth Rate,

1995-2000

Total

Fertility

Rate,

1995-

Births with

Skilled

Attendants

World Total 6,440 1.3 6

More developed 1,188 0.3 1.57 99

Less developed 4,867 1.6 3 53

Least dev. countries 644.7 2.4 5.05 42

Europe 728.9 0 1.42 99

Africa 784.4 2.4 5. 01113 42

Asia 3,682.6 1.4 2.6 54

Japan 126.7 0.2 1.4 100United Kingdom 58.8 0.2 1.72 98

Sweden 8.9 0.3 1.57 100

Canada 31.1 1 1.55 100

U S A 278.4 0.8 1.99 99

Bangladesh 129.2 1.7 3.11 13

Bhutan 2.1 2.8 5.5 12

1,013.7 1.6 3.13 35


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Table 7. Economic Indicators and Population Density of Selected

countries, 2004

Countries GNP per capita

P P P $US 1 99 8

Population per

hectare arable

Japan 23,592 -

United Kingdom 20,314 -

Sweden 19,848 -

Canada 22,814 -

USA 29,240 -

Bangladesh 1,407 8.7

Bhutan 1,438 11.4

-India 2,060 3.2

Iran 5,:121 1

Nepal 1,181

Pakistan 1,652 3.5

Sri Lanka. 2,945 4.6

Source: UNFPA Data Sheet.2004

PPP = Purchase Power Parity

The overall situation shows the highest child mortality rates for

both boys and girls are prevailing in Africa and Asia - Nepal,

Pakistan and Bangladesh (see Table 7). The male: female ratio is

13:10 deaths per 1,000 children in the developed countries and

160:151 for least developed Countries, Specifically, the male:

female ratio 106: 116 in Bangladesh, significantly higher for girls

than boys, reverses the trend in most other countries. This


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may be attributed to disparity in the provision of health care for

women and girls.

Of the 876 million adults in the world who cannot read, two thirdsare

Women. Of the worlds 1 billionpoorest peoplethree-fifth are women

and girls.

Women employed in industries and services typically earn 78percent of what men earn in the same sector. Although women

provide about 70 percent of the unpaid time spent caring for family

members their contribution to the global economy remains

undervalued.

Women's plight is made- even worse by the fact that between10 and 50 percent of adult women have experienced violence at

the hands of their partners (UNDP, 2004). Furthermore, women bear

the brunt of physical and psychological suffering during and after

armed conflict and other forms of crises: an estimated 80

percent of the. world's 35 million refugees and displaced

people are women arid children, particularly vulnerable to sexual

violence.

Capacity Building for Gender Mainstreaming Project

Implemented by Ministry of Women and Children Affairs.


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Figure 1: No. of male and female

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

3540

45

Male

Female

461Status of women and man in govt. job of Bangladesh

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