4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings...
Transcript of 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings...
![Page 1: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Electric lighting
Evolution of lightingAncient times: fire, torches, candles
Greeks and Romans: bronze and pottery lamps with (olive) oil
Middle Ages: oil lamps (with reflectors)
1784: hollow wick, glass cylinder (Argand, Switzerland)
end XVIIIth: kerosene
1800s: gas street lamps (London)
1879: Edison’s patent on incandescent lamps
XXth: mercury vapor lamps in 30ies, fluorescent lamps in 1939, tungsten-halogen lamps in 50ies, metal halide + high pressure sodium in 60ies, electrodeless lamps in 90ies
![Page 2: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Electric lighting
Light emissionIncandescence Filament lamps
Pyroluminescence
Candoluminescence
Carbon arc radiation
Luminescence Photoluminescence (fluo/phosphorescent lamps, Laser)
Electroluminescence (LEDs, cathodoluminescence)
Other luminescence phenomena
![Page 3: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Electric lighting
Lamp typesIncandescent (classic, halogen)
Discharge (fluorescent tubes)
Electrodeless (induction-based)
8 Natural light
7 Low pressure sodium
6 High pressure sodium
5 Mercury vapor
4 Fluorescence
3 Metal halide
2 Halogen
1 Classic incandescent
200
160
180
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 } }}1
3 45
6
7 8
Inca
ndes
cent
lam
ps
Dis
char
gela
mps
Nat
ural
ligh
t
lm/W
Image by MIT OCW.
![Page 4: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps (color °T = 2500 °K)Classic incandescence 15 to 500 W
6 to 17 lm/W
![Page 5: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps (color °T = 2500 °K)Classic incandescence
Halogen incandescence 25 to 2000 W
10 to 22 lm/W
![Page 6: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps
Discharge lampsFluorescent tubes 18, 36 or 58 W
53 to 89 lm/W
color °T between 3000 and 6000 °K
poor to pretty good color rendering
-
-+
Point of Impact
Path of Conduction Electron
Valence Electron
After Impact
Ultraviolet Radiation
Phosphor Crystals
Visible Light
Electron Cloud of Single Mercury Atom
Lamp Bulb Wall
Image by MIT OCW.
![Page 7: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps
Discharge lampsFluorescent tubes
Compact fluorescents 3 to 23 W
33 to 65 lm/W
3000 to 3500 °K
pretty good color rendering
![Page 8: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps
Discharge lampsFluorescent tubes
Compact fluorescents
Metal halides
40 to 150 W for HQI, 250 to 3500 W for HQI-T
85 lm/W for HQI, 80 to 91 lm/W for HQI-T
3500 to 4000 °K for HQI, 3000 °K for HQI-T
pretty good color rendering for both
![Page 9: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps
Discharge lampsFluorescent tubes
Compact fluorescents
Metal halides
Mercury vapor 50 to 1000 W
35 to 60 lm/W
3000 °K
pretty good color rendering
![Page 10: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps
Discharge lampsFluorescent tubes
Compact fluorescents
Metal halides
Mercury vapor
Sodium High pressure: 50-1000 W, 70-130 lm/W, 3000 °K, poor to fair color °T
![Page 11: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps
Discharge lampsFluorescent tubes
Compact fluorescents
Metal halides
Mercury vapor
Sodium High pressure: 50-1000 W, 70-130 lm/W, 3000 °K, poor to fair color °T
Low pressure: 18-185 W, 100-200 lm/W, no color rendering (one λ)
![Page 12: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
UV Fluorescentpowder
Inductioncoil
Molecule ofmetallic vapor
Visible light
Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps
Discharge lamps
Induction lamps (electrodeless)EM induction → discharge 70 to 150 W
65 lm/W
3000 °K
pretty good color rendering
Image by MIT OCW.
![Page 13: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Electric lighting
Kinds of luminairesDirect extensive
Direct intensive
Direct indirect
Indirect
Asymmetrical
Image by MIT OCW.
Image by MIT OCW.
![Page 14: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Electric lighting
Kinds of luminaires
Reflectors
Image by MIT OCW.
Image by MIT OCW.
![Page 15: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Electric lighting
Kinds of luminaires
Reflectors
Emitted flux control
Diffuser up + Louvres down
No cover up + Louvres down
Diffuser up + DownNo cover down + Diffuser up
No cover up and down No cover up + Diffuser down
None
Louver
Diffuser
Images by MIT OCW.
![Page 16: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Electric lighting
Intensity distributionsIES 01
IES12
IES 06
IES 15
IES 02
![Page 17: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Electric lighting
Intensity distributionsWhich luminaire should I choose to illuminate my desk efficiently?
2 m 40
60 cm
1 m 90
1 m
80 cm
30°
![Page 18: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Electric lighting
Intensity distributionsWhich of these luminaires should I choose to optimize my desk’sillumination?
180165
145
125
105
90
75
55
35
195215
235
255
270
285
305
15345
345
6090
120150
180
30
0
180165
145
125
105
90
75
55
35
195215
235
255
270
285
305
3450
15325
120
200
160
80
0
40
Images by MIT OCW.
![Page 19: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Electric lighting
Intensity distributionsWhich of these luminaires should I choose to optimize my desk’sillumination?
140 Cd110 Cd
70 Cd70 °
30 °
2 m 40
60 cm
1 m 90
1 m80 cm
50 °
2 m 40
60 cm
1 m 90
1 m
80 cm
175 Cd
45°
![Page 20: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Electric lighting
Types of luminairesbuilt-in
apparent
on rail
suspended
wall lamps
standing
table lamps
projector
![Page 21: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Electric lighting
Types of luminaires
Examples in-situdirect lighting with diffuser
with grate
no protection
![Page 22: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Electric lighting
Types of luminaires
Examples in-situdirect lighting
direct-indirect suspended
standing
![Page 23: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Electric lighting
Types of luminaires
Examples in-situdirect lighting
direct-indirect
indirect suspended
![Page 24: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Electric lighting
Types of luminaires
Examples in-situdirect lighting
direct-indirect
indirect
pseudo-indirect coffer
suspended
combined
![Page 25: 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 - MIT OpenCourseWare · 4.492 Daylighting in Buildings Class01 Author: Marilyne Andersen Created Date: 8/29/2007 3:24:23 PM ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f397b3a3d4de44601566e23/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Electric Lighting
Reading assignment from Textbook:“Introduction to Architectural Science” by Szokolay: § 2.5
Additional readings relevant to lecture topics:"How Buildings Work" by Allen: pp. 120-123 in Chap 13
"Heating Cooling Lighting" by Lechner: Chap 14