4(3)229–234 para elevar - Pesquisa...

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Para obter mais citações, revistas do Brasil aumentam rigor e recorrem a apoio especializado PERIóDICOS y Táticas para elevar o impacto Repercussão crescente A evolução do fator de impacto das cinco revistas científicas do país que mais se destacaram no ano passado no Journal Citation Reports Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Journal of Materials Research and Technology FONTE JCR 2012 2012 1,363 1,566 1,592 1,789 2,605 2,359 2013 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016 www.dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com j mater res technol. 2015;4(3):229–234 www.jmrt.com.br Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Original Article The moment of inertia method to calculate equivalent ranges in non-proportional tension–torsion histories Marco Antonio Meggiolaro * , Jaime artment of Mechanical Engineeri ic Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 13/12/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited. Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 13/12/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited. www.jmrt.com.br J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90(2):105118 www.jped.com.br ARTIGO DE REVISÃO Gastroesophageal reux disease: exaggerations, evidenc and clinical practice istina Targa Ferreira a,b,c, *, Elisa de Carvalho d,e,f,g , uro Batista de Morais c,h,i , Mário César Vie o de Gastroenterologia Pediát RS, Brasil mento de Ped mento Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 13/12/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited. Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 13/12/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited. www.jped.elsevier.es Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 111(5): 287-293, May 2016 287 Zika virus damages the human placental barrier and presents marked fetal neurotropism Lucia de Noronha 1 , Camila Zanluca 2 , Marina Luize Viola Azevedo 1 , Kleber Giovanni Luz 3 , Claudia Nunes Duarte dos Santos 2 / + 1 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil 2 Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Curitiba, PR, Brasil 3 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Natal, RN, Brasil An unusually high incidence of microcephaly in newborns has recently been observed in Brazil. There is a mporal association between the increase in cases of microcephaly and the Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic. Vir A has been detected in amniotic fluid samples, placental tissues and newborn and fetal brain tissues. h remains to be determined concerning the association between ZIKV infection and fetal malfo we provide evidence of the transplacental transmission of ZIKV through the detecti NA in placental tissue samples from expectant mothers infected at different s placentitis (TORCH type) with viral protein detection by immunohist es in the intervillous spaces. We also demonstrated the neur n glial cells and in some endothelial cells and the o issues. Lesions were mainly located in the w olymerase chain reaction. We belie of ZIKV transmission, inte Key www.memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br UPDATE ARTICLE Mitochondria and the central nervous system: searching for a pathophysiological basis of psychiatric disorders Emilio L. Streck, 1,2,3 Cinara L. Gonc ¸alves, 1,2,3 Camila B. Furlanetto, 1,2,3 Giselli Scaini, 1,2,3 elipe Dal-Pizzol, 1,2,3 Joa ˜ o Quevedo 2,3,4 energetics Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciu ´ ma, SC onal Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. 3 Center of Excell sciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Floriano ´ polis, SC, Brazil. 4 Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate Program C, Criciu ´ ma, SC, Brazil. Introduction: Mitochondrial dysfunction has been postulated to many neuropsychiatric disorders, but there is no consensu review recent studies and to outline the curre mitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric dis Methodology: We reviewed article sorders, with a particular fo mpulsive disorder, a function and ults: Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2014;36:156–167 ß2014 Associac ¸a ˜ o Brasileira de Psiquiatria doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1224 www.rbppsychiatry.org.br

Transcript of 4(3)229–234 para elevar - Pesquisa...

Para obter mais citações, revistas

do Brasil aumentam rigor e

recorrem a apoio especializado

Periódicos y

Táticas para elevar

o impacto

Repercussão crescente

A evolução do fator de impacto das cinco revistas científicas do país que mais se destacaram no ano passado no Journal Citation Reports

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

Journal of Materials Research and Technology

FonTe Jcr2012 2012

1,363

– – – –

1,566 1,592

1,789

2,605

2,359

2013 20132014 20142015 20152016 2016

www.dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com

j mater

restechnol . 2015;4(3):229–234

www.jmrt .com.br

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Original ArticleThe moment of inertia method to calculate

equivalent ranges in non-proportional

tension–torsion histories

Marco Antonio Meggiolaro ∗, Jaime Tupiassú Pinho de Castro

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

ar

ti c

l ei n

f o

Article history:Received 6 November 2012

Accepted 12 January 2015

Available online 16 March 2015

Keywords:Multiaxial fatigueNon-proportional loading

Equivalent stress range

ab

st

ra

ctA critical issue in multiaxial damage calculation in non-proportional (NP) histories is to

find the equivalent stress or strain ranges and mean components associated with each

rainflow-counted cycle of the stress (or strain) path. A traditional way to find such ranges

is to use enclosing surface methods, which search for convex enclosures, such as balls or

prisms, of the entire history path in stress or strain diagrams. These methods only work for

relatively simple load histories, since the enclosing surfaces lose information of the original

history. This work presents an approach to evaluate equivalent stress and strain ranges in

NP histories, called the moment of inertia (MOI) method. It is an integral approach that

assumes the path contour in the stress diagram is a homogeneous wire with a unit mass.

The center of mass of such wire gives then the mean component of the path, while the

moments of inertia of the wire can be used to obtain the equivalent stress or strain ranges.

Experimental results obtained from the literature for 13 different multiaxial histories prove

the effectiveness of the MOI method to predict fatigue lives.

© 2015 Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association. Published by Elsevier

Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

1.IntroductionMultiaxial fatigue lives can be calculated from equivalent

stress (or strain) ranges and their mean components [1].

However, estimating such ranges and mean values for non-

proportional (NP) loading cycles is not an easy task. These

components are traditionally estimated by convex circular,

ellipsoidal, or prismatic enclosures of the entire history path

in stress or strain diagrams [2–9]. But enclosing surface

∗Corresponding author.

E-mail: [email protected] (M.A. Meggiolaro).

methods are not suited for complex NP histories, since they

do not account for path shape dependence of fatigue damage.

Consider a periodic load history formed by repeatedly fol-

lowing a given loading path domain that contains all points

from the stress or strain variations along one of its periods.

Assume that two out-of-phase shear stresses �B and �A act

parallel to the critical plane, where the crack will most likely

initiate. Both �B and �A influence the growth of shear cracks

along the critical plane. To calculate the maximum shear

stress range ��max at the critical plane, it is necessary to draw

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2015.01.004

2238-7854/© 2015 Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 13/12/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.

Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 13/12/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.

www.jmrt.com.br

J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90(2):105−118

www.jped.com.br

DOI se refere ao artigo: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2013.05.009

☆ Como citar este artigo: Ferreira CT, Carvalho E, Sdepanian VL, Morais MB, Vieira MC, Silva LR. Gastroesophageal reflux disease:

exaggerations, evidence and clinical practice. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90:105-18.

* Autor para correspondência.

E-mail: [email protected] (C.T. Ferreira).

ARTIGO DE REVISÃOGastroesophageal reflux disease: exaggerations, evidence

and clinical practice☆

Cristina Targa Ferreira a,b,c,*, Elisa de Carvalhod,e,f,g, Vera Lucia Sdepanianc,h,

Mauro Batista de Morais c,h,i, Mário César Vieira c,j,k e Luciana Rodrigues Silva c,l,m

a Serviço de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica, Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Porto

Alegre, RS, Brasil

b Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

c Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

d Unidade de Pediatria do Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, DF, Brasil

e Hospital da Criança de Brasília, DF, Brasil

f Centro Universitário de Brasília, DF, Brasil

g Departamento de Pediatria e Gastroenterologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria, Brasília, DF, Brasil

h Departamento de Pediatria, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

i Clínica de Especialidades Pediátricas, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

j Departamento de Pediatria, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil

k Serviço de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica, Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brasil

l Serviço de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica e Hepatologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil

m Academia Brasileira de Pediatria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Recebido em 31 de janeiro de 2013; aceito em 23 de maio de 2013

KEYWORDSGastroesophageal reflux disease;

Gastroesophageal reflux;Proton pump inhibitors;

Proton pump inhibitors/therapeutic

use;Infant;Child

Abstract Objective: there are many questions and little evidence regarding the diagnosis and

treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children. The association between

GERD and cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA), overuse of abdominal ultrasonography for

the diagnosis of GERD, and excessive pharmacological treatment, especially proton-pump

inhibitors (PPIs) are some aspects that need clarification. This review aimed to establish

the current scientific evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of GERD in children.

Data source: a search was conducted in the MEDLINE, PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, and

Cochrane Library electronic databases, using the following keywords: gastroesophageal

reflux; gastroesophageal reflux disease; proton-pump inhibitors; and prokinetics; in

different age groups of the pediatric age range; up to May of 2013.

2255-5536© 2013 Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria Publicado por Elsevier Editora Ltda Este é um artigo Open Access sob a licença de CC BY-NC-ND

Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 13/12/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.

Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 13/12/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.

www.jped.elsevier.es

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 111(5): 287-293, May 2016287

online | memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br

Zika virus damages the human placental

barrier and presents marked fetal neurotropism

Lucia de Noronha1, Camila Zanluca 2, Marina Luize Viola Azevedo1,

Kleber Giovanni Luz 3, Claudia Nunes Duarte dos Santos2/+

1Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil 2Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Virologia

Molecular, Curitiba, PR, Brasil 3Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Natal, RN, Brasil

An unusually high incidence of microcephaly in newborns has recently been observed in Brazil. There is a

temporal association between the increase in cases of microcephaly and the Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic. Viral

RNA has been detected in amniotic fluid samples, placental tissues and newborn and fetal brain tissues. However,

much remains to be determined concerning the association between ZIKV infection and fetal malformations. In this

study, we provide evidence of the transplacental transmission of ZIKV through the detection of viral proteins and

viral RNA in placental tissue samples from expectant mothers infected at different stages of gestation. We observed

chronic placentitis (TORCH type) with viral protein detection by immunohistochemistry in Hofbauer cells and some

histiocytes in the intervillous spaces. We also demonstrated the neurotropism of the virus via the detection of viral

proteins in glial cells and in some endothelial cells and the observation of scattered foci of microcalcifications in

the brain tissues. Lesions were mainly located in the white matter. ZIKV RNA was also detected in these tissues by

real-time-polymerase chain reaction. We believe that these findings will contribute to the body of knowledge of the

mechanisms of ZIKV transmission, interactions between the virus and host cells and viral tropism.

Key words: Zika virus - transplacental transmission - Hofbauer cells - neurotropism

doi: 10.1590/0074-02760160085

Financial support: FIOCRUZ, CNPq, CAPES, Fundação Araucária.

LN and CZ contributed equally to this work.

+ Corresponding author: [email protected]

Received 4 March 2016

Accepted 17 March 2016

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that be-

longs to the same family as the dengue (DENV), West

Nile and yellow fever (YF) viruses (Pierson & Diamond

2013). From the time it was discovered in 1947, ZIKV

has been associated with sporadic human infections in

Africa and Asia (Dick et al. 1952, Hayes 2009). How-

ever, since 2007, the virus has been associated with large

human outbreaks and a change in the pattern of the in-

fections has been observed. High rates of infection and

severe presentations, including neurological complica-

tions (Guillain Barré syndrome, meningoencephalitis),

have been reported (Ioos et al. 2014, Oehler et al. 2014).

In early 2015, several patients presenting with dengue-

like symptoms, such as mild fever, rash, conjunctivitis, and

arthralgia, caught the attention of infectious disease physi-

cians in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Although all pa-

tients lived in a dengue endemic area, dengue diagnosis was

negative. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

(RT-PCR) results from patients’ sera revealed autochtho-

nous ZIKV infection in the country for the first time (Zan-

luca et al. 2015). Currently, more than 1,500,000 cases are

estimated to exist in Brazil and ZIKV has spread to other

South and Central American countries (PAHO 2016).

From October 2015 onward, an unusually high inci-

dence of microcephaly in newborns was observed. Most

of the women who delivered these children presented

ZIKV-compatible symptoms during the first months of

pregnancy. By February 2016, more than 5,600 suspected

cases of microcephaly in newborns had been reported,

representing a more than twenty-fold increase compared

to the historical average of the last five years, and 120

suspected deaths due to microcephaly related to ZIKV

have been reported to the Brazilian health authorities

(EBC 2016). Other frequent causes of birth malforma-

tions, such as common viral infections and other infec-

tions, drug and alcohol abuse, preexisting disease, and

genetic history, have been excluded. Moreover, ZIKV

RNA was detected in amniotic fluid samples of two preg-

nant women who had ZIKV disease symptoms and whose

fetuses were diagnosed with microcephaly (Calvet et al.

2016, Melo et al. 2016). Furthermore, viral RNA and pro-

tein were detected in newborn/fetal brain and placental

tissues, which highlights the link between ZIKV infec-

tion in mothers and microcephaly in newborns (Martines

et al. 2016, Mlakar et al. 2016). In this study, we describe

ZIKV infection by anatomopathological, immunohisto-

chemistry (IHC), real-time RT-PCR analysis and serolog-

ical assays in placental tissues from women infected at

different gestational time points (including first and third

trimester of pregnancy) and in necropsy brain tissues

from fetuses and newborns that died just after birth due

to severe neurological disorders. These findings might

contribute to the body of knowledge about the transpla-

cental transmission and the neurotropism of ZIKV.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

IHC - Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FF-PE) tis-

sue samples were stained using a conventional hematoxy-

lin-eosin (H&E) technique (Baurakiades et al. 2011).

www.memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br

UPDATE ARTICLEMitochondria and the central nervous system: searching

for a pathophysiological basis of psychiatric disorders

Emilio L. Streck, 1,2,3Cinara L. Goncalves, 1,2,3

Camila B. Furlanetto, 1,2,3Giselli Scaini, 1,2,3

Felipe Dal-Pizzol, 1,2,3Joao Quevedo 2,3,4

1Bioenergetics Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil.

2National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. 3

Center of Excellence in Applied

Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. 4Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences,

UNESC, Criciuma, SC, Brazil.Introduction: Mitochondrial dysfunction has been postulated to participate in the development of

many neuropsychiatric disorders, but there is no consensus as to its role. The aim of this paper is to

review recent studies and to outline the current understanding of the association between

mitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric disorders.

Methodology: We reviewed articles that evaluated mitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric

disorders, with a particular focus on depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-

compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder, and the association between mitochondrial

dysfunction and development of these disorders.

Results: Evidence suggests that alterations in mitochondrial morphology, brain energy metabolism,

and mitochondrial enzyme activity may be involved in the pathophysiology of different neurop-

sychiatric disorders, given their key role in energy metabolism in the cell.

Conclusions: Understanding the interactions between mitochondrial dysfunction and development of

psychiatric disorders may help establish more effective therapeutic strategies for these disorders and

thus lead to better outcomes for affected subjects.

Keywords: Mitochondria; central nervous system; neuroplasticity; cell death

IntroductionBiological systems cannot be described as random

molecules commanded by physical and chemical laws

of diffusion and casual interactions. 1 It is essential to

understand biological phenomena as part of a large

system; thus, the cell is now understood as an assembly

of molecular machines made of proteins that interact to

preserve their functions. 2 The same occurs with the

structure and function of mitochondria, and the traditional

belief that mitochondria are autonomous organelles is

changing. The current challenge is to understand the

structural and functional cooperation of mitochondria with

the rest of the cell, their relation to the endoplasmic

reticulum, 3 and the cross-talk between nuclear and

mitochondrial genetic machinery. 4

Mitochondria are essential for the life of the cell. They

produce most of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by

oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria have two mem-

branes (outer and inner), an intermembrane space,

and an internal matrix. The inner mitochondrial mem-

brane contains the electron transport chain (ETC), the

molecular machinery for energy production. 5Five protein

complexes form the ETC. Of these, three (I, III, and IV)

pump protons (H +) through the inner membrane, gen-

erating a H +gradient required for the synthesis of ATP at

complex V (ATP synthase). The mitochondrial genome

codes for 13 of the ETC proteins. The cell nucleus

encodes other mitochondrial proteins (more than 1,000),

which mediate processes such as the regulation of ion

homeostasis, stress responses, cell survival, and signal

transduction. 5Neuronal energy supplies are completely dependent on

mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Neurons have

limited capacity to obtain energy through glycolysis when

oxidative phosphorylation is compromised, 6which makes

them particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction.

The aim of this paper is to review recent findings and

outline the current understanding of the association

between mitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric dis-

orders, with a particular focus on depression, bipolar

disorder (BD), anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive

disorder, and autism spectrum disorders.

More than a power station

It is generally assumed that the mitochondrion is the

energy-providing organelle of the cell, but it processes

several other compounds as well. 7Neurotransmitters and

neurotrophic factors control mitochondrial dynamics

Correspondence: Prof. Emilio Luiz Streck, Laboratorio de Bio-

energetica, Universidadedo

ExtremoSul Catarinense, Av.

Universitaria, 1105, Universitario, CEP 88806-000, Criciuma, SC,

Brazil.E-mail: [email protected]

Submitted Aug 01 2013, accepted Oct 03 2013.

Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2014;36:156–167

� 2014 Associacao Brasileira de Psiquiatria

doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1224

www.rbppsychiatry.org.br

peSQUISA FApeSp 263 z 47

Depois, buscou de forma ativa artigos de pesquisadores do exterior. “Quando a re-vista foi lançada, teve classificação desfa-vorável no sistema Qualis, da Capes, que apoia a avaliação da pós-graduação bra-sileira, e encontrou dificuldade em atrair bons autores nacionais. Decidimos ir atrás de estrangeiros”, diz o editor-chefe, Marc André Meyers. Dos 203 autores que assi-naram artigos da revista em 2015, 50 eram brasileiros e 153 estrangeiros de 20 países.

Brasileiro radicado nos Estados Uni-dos, professor da Universidade da Ca-lifórnia, San Diego, Meyers assumiu o comando da revista em 2013 e ajudou a posicioná-la. O corpo editorial foi refor-

mulado. “Atraímos pesquisadores com produção reconhecida de países como Reino Unido, Alemanha e Rússia. O apoio da ABM e do editor-associado Sergio Ne-ves Monteiro tem sido essencial”, diz. O desempenho no JCR aumentou o número de papers submetidos. Este ano, o periódi-co deve publicar 120 artigos, selecionados entre mais de mil submissões.

O periódico com FI mais elevado entre os brasileiros já aparecia em primeiro lugar em levantamentos anteriores do z. Criado há 108 anos e referência em doenças tropicais, o Memórias do Ins-tituto Oswaldo Cruz ampliou seu FI de 1,789 citação por artigo em 2015 para

Um conjunto de revistas científi-cas publicadas por instituições brasileiras conseguiu elevar seu impacto a um patamar que, em-

bora modesto para os padrões internacio-nais, é inédito para o ambiente nacional. Segundo o relatório de 2017 do Journal Citation Reports (JCR), base de dados da Clarivate Analytics, cinco periódicos de acesso aberto entre os mais de 130 do país indexados na base Web of Science tiveram em 2016 um fator de impacto (FI) superior a 2. Significa que, em média, os artigos dessas revistas publicados no biênio an-terior foram citados em outros periódicos pouco mais de duas vezes em 2016. No relatório de 2015, apenas três títulos do Brasil haviam obtido esse desempenho.

Uma novidade foi a ascensão do Jour-nal of Materials Research and Technology, cujo desempenho foi medido pelo JCR pela primeira vez em 2017 e já despon-tou em segundo lugar entre os periódicos do país, com FI de 2,359. A publicação foi criada em 2011 pela Associação Brasilei-ra de Metalurgia, Materiais e Mineração (ABM) e há cinco anos adotou uma estra-tégia agressiva para ganhar visibilidade. Primeiro, associou-se à Elsevier, a maior editora científica do mundo, passando a ser publicada na plataforma da empresa. Fo

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Av

es

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

Jornal de Pediatria Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria

2012 2012 2012

1,924

1,154

1,856

2,500

0.935

1,638

2,173

1,194

1,765

2,119 2,0622,181

2,347

2,081 2,049

2013 2013 20132014 2014 20142015 2015 20152016 2016 2016

48 z janeiro De 2018

2,605 em 2016 e espera crescer ainda mais nos próximos levantamentos. Ocor-re que, em 2016, a Organização Mundial da Saúde declarou emergência em rela-ção aos casos de microcefalia causados pela epidemia de zika e recomendou que os resultados de pesquisa sobre a doença fossem divulgados antes de submetidos a uma avaliação por pares rigorosa. O objetivo era acelerar a circulação da in-formação sobre uma doença pouco co-nhecida. O Memórias criou um sistema de fast track, via rápida em inglês, para receber artigos sobre zika. “Dois artigos que publicamos, um que descrevia a pri-meira identificação do vírus no Brasil e outro sobre a detecção do zika na pla-centa, foram bastante citados”, conta a editora-chefe, Claude Pirmez, pesquisa-dora da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz.

A revista resolveu ampliar o fast track para artigos sobre outras doenças epi-dêmicas, como dengue e febre amarela. “Avaliamos que o futuro da divulgação científica esteja em publicar preprints”, diz a editora, referindo-se ao modelo em que os resultados de pesquisa são dispo-nibilizados na web antes da avaliação de revisores (ver Pesquisa FAPESP nº 254). Ao mesmo tempo, a revista se tornou mais rigorosa: o número de papers rejeitados representa hoje mais de 60% do total e o número de artigos publicados por ano caiu de 180 em 2015 para 120 hoje. “Con-sideramos que é importante ser mais se-letivo para conseguir evidenciar a boa ciência que é feita no país.”

Um denominador comum na estraté-gia das revistas é o esforço para tornar a seleção de artigos mais rigorosa. A Revis-ta Brasileira de Psiquiatria é outro exem-

plo. Como a quantidade de manuscritos submetidos vem crescendo, a proporção de artigos rejeitados chegou a 70% do total em 2017, ante 50% em 2016. “Nos-sa meta é chegar em 2018 a 85%”, diz o editor-chefe, Antonio Egidio Nardi, do Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. O periódico teve FI de 2,049 em 2016, ante 1,391 em 2009, quando entrou na lista do JCR pela primeira vez. A boa evolução, diz Nardi, teve início nos anos 1990, quando a revis-ta passou a publicar só artigos em inglês.

ApoIo edITorIAlAlgumas revistas buscaram apoio edi-torial especializado para melhorar seu desempenho. Há alguns anos, a Elsevier ofereceu a periódicos do Brasil, que em geral pertencem a sociedades científicas e universidades, a oportunidade de ter-ceirizarem seu processo de organização e publicação de artigos. Pouco mais de uma dezena de revistas contratou esses serviços, que, no entanto, não está mais disponível. “Houve uma confusão em se-tores da comunidade científica e surgiram críticas de que estávamos encampando as revistas, o que não era verdade”, diz Dan-te Cid, vice-presidente de relações aca-dêmicas da Elsevier na América Latina.

Mas há outras opções de apoio. Terceira publicação do país no ranking do JCR, com FI de 2,347 citações por artigo, a Diabeto-logy & Metabolic Syndrome associou-se à BioMed Central (BMC), plataforma de re-vistas on-line e de acesso aberto vinculada ao grupo Springer Nature. A BMC adota em suas publicações estratégias para am-pliar o FI, como a designação de um corpo editorial de alto nível e capaz de prospectar

bons artigos, e a alta seletividade no pro-cesso de revisão, mesmo que isso impli-que na publicação de um número peque-no de papers. Uma estratégia recente para atrair bons artigos foi a redução no prazo de avaliação – o periódico demorava 100 dias para dar a primeira resposta a auto-res e hoje toma essa decisão em 45 dias. Segundo Sergio Vencio, editor da revista, a rapidez não levou a um afrouxamento dos critérios de seleção. “Recentemente, eu não conseguia revisores para um artigo e sugeri à BMC dar uma resposta positiva com base em apenas um parecer. Eles não permitiram.” A revista se dedica a temas de pesquisa transversais, que interessam a endocrinologistas, cardiologistas, geriatras e educadores físicos. “O Brasil tem uma co-munidade de pesquisa em diabetes forte, mas seus membros publicavam no exte-rior. Identificamos um nicho”, diz Vencio.

Em comum, as revistas com maior FI investiram em um processo de interna-cionalização e dispõem de editores ati-vos, observa Abel Packer, coordenador da biblioteca SciELO (sigla de Scientific Electronic Library Online). “São periódi-cos que se aperfeiçoaram seguidamente. Os primeiros da lista só publicam artigos em inglês já há bastante tempo, o que am-plia o universo de citantes”, diz. Muitas dessas revistas são das áreas de saúde e de biologia. Segundo Packer, o maior FI se explica, além da qualidade dos perió-dicos, pelo fato de que essas áreas têm um padrão de citações maior do que outras disciplinas. “Entretanto, ao relativizar por área temática, outros periódicos se destacam, como os de ciências agrárias. Scientia Agricola é o melhor exemplo: foi o periódico de maior impacto relativo em 2015 e é o terceiro em 2016.” A SciELO é um programa criado pela FAPESP em 1997, com apoio do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológi-

O perfil das 10 revistas do Brasil de maior impacto

Periódico Fator de impacto

Acesso aberto

Coleção SciELO

Editora internacional

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2,605 4 4 –

Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2,359 4 8 elsevier

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 2,347 4 8 Biomed central/springer

Jornal de Pediatria 2,081 4 4 elsevier

Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 2,049 4 4 –

Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 1,578 4 4 –

Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia 1,496 4 4 –

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1,468 4 4 elsevier

Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins

Including Tropical Diseases

1,447 4 4 Biomed central/springer

Revista de Saúde Pública 1,353 4 4 –

www.dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com

j materres

technol . 2015;4(3):229–234

www.jmrt .com.br

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Original Article

The moment of inertiamethod to calculate

equivalent ranges in non-proportional

tension–torsion histories

MarcoAntonio Meggiolaro

∗ , Jaime Tupiassú Pinho de Castro

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontifícia Universidade Católica

do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

ar t i c l e

i nf o

Article history:

Received 6 November 2012

Accepted 12 January 2015

Available online 16 March 2015

Keywords:

Multiaxial fatigue

Non-proportional loading

Equivalent stress range

ab s t r a

c t

A critical issue in multiaxial damage calculation in non-proportio

nal (NP) histories is to

find the equivalent stress or strain ranges and mean components associated witheach

rainflow-counted cycle of the stress (or strain) path. A traditional way to find such ranges

is to use enclosing surface methods, which search for convex enclosures, such as balls or

prisms, of the entirehistory path in stress or strain diagrams. These methods only work for

relatively simple load histories, since the enclosing surfaces lose information of the original

history. This work presents an approach to evaluate equivalent stress and strain ranges in

NP histories, called the moment of inertia(MOI) method. It is an integral approach that

assumes the path contour in the stress diagram is a homogeneous wire with a unit mass.

The center of mass of such wire gives then the mean component of the path, while the

moments of inertiaof the wire can be used to obtain the equivalent stress or strain ranges.

Experimental results obtained from the literature for 13 different multiaxial histories prove

the effectiveness of the MOI method to predict fatigue lives.

© 2015 Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association. Published by Elsevier

Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

1.Introduction

Multiaxial fatigue lives can be calculated from equivalent

stress (or strain) ranges and their mean components [1].

However, estimating such ranges and mean values for non-

proportional (NP) loading cycles is not an easy task. These

components are traditionally estimated by convex circular,

ellipsoidal, or prismatic enclosures of the entirehistory path

in stress or strain diagrams [2–9]. But enclosing surface

∗ Corresponding author.

E-mail: [email protected] (M.A. Meggiolaro).

methods are not suited for complex NP histories, since they

do not account for path shape dependence of fatigue damage.

Consider a periodic load history formed by repeatedly fol-

lowing a given loading path domain that contains all points

from the stress or strain variations along one of its periods.

Assume that two out-of-phase shear stresses �Band �A

act

parallel to the critical plane, where the crack will most likely

initiate. Both �Band �A

influence the growth of shear cracks

along the critical plane. To calculate the maximum shear

stress range ��max at the critical plane, it is necessary to draw

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2015.01.004

2238-7854/© 2015 Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 13/12/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.

Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 13/12/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.

www.jmrt.com.br

J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90(2):105−118

www.jped.com.br

DOI se refere ao artigo: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2013.05.009

☆ Como citar este artigo: Ferreira CT, Carvalho E, Sdepanian VL, Morais MB, Vieira MC, Silva LR. Gastroesophageal reflux disease:

exaggerations, evidence and clinical practice. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90:105-18.

* Autor para correspondência.

E-mail: [email protected] (C.T. F

erreira).

ARTIGO DE REVISÃO

Gastroesophageal reflux disease: exaggerations, evidence

and clinical practice☆

Cristina Targa Ferreira

a,b,c, *, Elisa de Carvalhod,e,f,g , Vera Lucia Sdepanianc,h ,

Mauro Batista de Moraisc,h,i , Mário César Vieira

c,j,k e Luciana Rodrigues Silvac,l,m

a Serviço de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica, Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Porto

Alegre, RS, Brasil

b Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

c Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

d Unidade de Pediatria do Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, DF, Brasil

e Hospital da Criança de Brasília, DF, Brasil

f Centro Universitário de Brasília, DF, Brasil

g Departamento de Pediatria e Gastroenterologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria, Brasília, DF, Brasil

h Departamento de Pediatria, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

i Clínica de Especialidades Pediátricas, Hospital Isra

elita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

j Departamento de Pediatria, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitib

a, PR, Brasil

k Serviço de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica, Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitib

a, PR, Brasil

l Serviço de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica e Hepatologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil

m Academia Brasileira de Pediatria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Recebido em 31 de janeiro de 2013; aceito em 23 de maio de 2013

KEYWORDS

Gastroesophageal

reflux disease;

Gastroesophageal

reflux;

Proton pump inhibitors;

Proton pump

inhibitors/therapeutic

use;

Infant;

Child

Abstract

Objective: there are many questions and little evidence regarding the diagnosis a

nd

treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children. The association between

GERD and cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA), overuse of abdominal ultrasonography for

the diagnosis of GERD, and excessive pharmacological tre

atment, especially proton-pump

inhibitors (PPIs) are some aspects th

at need clarification. This review aimed to establish

the current scientific evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of GERD in children.

Data source: a search was conducted in the MEDLINE, PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, and

Cochrane Library electronic databases, using the following keywords: gastroesophageal

reflux; gastroesophageal reflux disease; proton-pump inhibitors; and prokinetics; in

different age groups of the pediatric age range; up to May of 2013.

2255-553

6© 2013Socie

dadeBrasi

leirade Pedi

atriaPubl

icadopor E

lsevier Ed

itoraLtda

Este é um artigo Open Access sob a licença de CC BY-NC-ND

Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 13/12/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.

Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 13/12/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.

www.jped.elsevier.es

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 111(5): 287-293, May 2016287

online | memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br

Zika virus damages the human placental

barrier and presents marked fetal neurotropism

Lucia de Noronha1, Camila Zanluca2 , Marina Luize Viola Azevedo1,

Kleber Giovanni Luz3 , Claudia Nunes Duarte dos Santos2 /+

1Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil 2Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Virologia

Molecular, Curitiba, PR, Brasil 3Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Natal, RN, Brasil

An unusually high incidence of microcephaly in newborns has recently been observed in Brazil. There is a

temporal association between the increase in cases of microcephaly and the Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic. Viral

RNA has been detected in amniotic fluid samples, placental tissues and newborn and fetal brain tissues. However,

much remains to be determined concerning the association between ZIKV infection and fetal malformations. In this

study, we provide evidence of the transplacental transmission of ZIKV through the detection of viral proteins and

viral RNA in placental tissue samples from expectant mothers infected at different stages of gestation. We observed

chronic placentitis (TORCH type) with viral protein detection by immunohistochemistry in Hofbauer cells and some

histiocytes in the intervillous spaces. We also demonstrated the neurotropism of the virus via the detection of viral

proteins in glial cells and in some endothelial cells and the observation of scattered foci of microcalcifications in

the brain tissues. Lesions were mainly located in the white matter. ZIKV RNA was also detected in these tissues by

real-time-polymerase chain reaction. We believe that these findings will contribute to the body of knowledge of the

mechanisms of ZIKV transmission, interactions between the virus and host cells and viral tropism.

Key words: Zika virus - transplacental transmission - Hofbauer cells - n

eurotropism

doi: 10.1590/0074-02760160085

Financial support: FIOCRUZ, CNPq, CAPES, Fundação Araucária.

LN and CZ contributed equally to this work.

+ Corresponding author: [email protected]

Received 4 March 2016

Accepted 17 March 2016

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that be-

longs to the same family as the dengue (DENV), West

Nile and yellow fever (YF) viruses (Pierson & Diamond

2013). From the time it was discovered in 1947, ZIKV

has been associated with sporadic human infections in

Africa and Asia (Dick et al. 1952, Hayes 2009). How-

ever, since 2007, the virus has been associated with large

human outbreaks and a change in the pattern of the in-

fections has been observed. High rates of infection and

severe presentations, including neurological complica-

tions (Guillain Barré syndrome, meningoencephalitis),

have been reported (Ioos et al. 2014, Oehler et al. 2014).

In early 2015, several patients presenting with dengue-

like symptoms, such as mild fever, rash, conjunctivitis, and

arthralgia, caught the attention of infectious disease physi-

cians in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Although all pa-

tients lived in a dengue endemic area, dengue diagnosis was

negative. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

(RT-PCR) results from patients’ se

ra revealed autochtho-

nous ZIKV infection in the country for the first time (Zan-

luca et al. 2015). Currently, more than 1,500,000 cases are

estimated to exist in Brazil and ZIKV has spread to other

South and Central American countries (PAHO 2016).

From October 2015 onward, an unusually high inci-

dence of microcephaly in newborns was observed. Most

of the women who delivered these children presented

ZIKV-compatible symptoms during the first months of

pregnancy. By February 2016, more than 5,600 suspected

cases of microcephaly in newborns had been reported,

representing a more than twenty-fold increase compared

to the historical average of the last five years, and 120

suspected deaths due to microcephaly related to ZIKV

have been reported to the Brazilian health authorities

(EBC 2016). Other frequent causes of birth malforma-

tions, such as common viral infections and other infec-

tions, drug and alcohol abuse, preexisting disease, and

genetic history, have been excluded. Moreover, ZIKV

RNA was detected in amniotic fluid samples of two preg-

nant women who had ZIKV disease symptoms and whose

fetuses were diagnosed with microcephaly (Calvet et al.

2016, Melo et al. 2016). Furthermore, viral RNA and pro-

tein were detected in newborn/fetal brain and placental

tissues, which highlights the link between ZIKV infec-

tion in mothers and microcephaly in newborns (Martines

et al. 2016, Mlakar et al. 2016). In this study, we describe

ZIKV infection by anatomopathological, immunohisto-

chemistry (IHC), real-time RT-PCR analysis and serolog-

ical assays in placental tissues from women infected at

different gestational time points (including first and third

trimester of pregnancy) and in necropsy brain tissues

from fetuses and newborns that died just after birth due

to severe neurological disorders. These findings might

contribute to the body of knowledge about the transpla-

cental transmission and the neurotropism of ZIKV.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

IHC - Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FF-PE) tis-

sue samples were stained using a conventional hematoxy-

lin-eosin (H&E) technique (Baurakiades et al. 2011).

www.mem

orias.ioc.fi

ocruz.br

peSQUISA FApeSp 263 z 49

co (CNPq), para melhorar a qualidade de periódicos brasileiros. A biblioteca ofere-ce hoje 283 revistas em acesso aberto na web. Dos cinco periódicos do país com FI superior a 2, três deles estão na SciELO. “O Brasil, com apoio da SciELO, vem de-senvolvendo capacidade nacional de pro-duzir periódicos de qualidade editorial similar à de publishers comerciais, o que enriqueceu o mercado nacional de edi-toração científica com soluções eficien-tes e mais baratas”, diz Packer. “Algumas empresas brasileiras prestam serviços de editoração a periódicos de outros países. Periódicos do Brasil editorados pelos pu-blishers internacionais não apresentam vantagem competitiva em termos de de-sempenho por citações.”

A elevação do FI em geral leva tempo. Para o editor do Jornal de Pediatria, Re-nato Procianoy, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, o crescimento do FI da publicação – na casa de 2 em 2015 e 2016, ante 1,194 em 2014 – é resulta-do de uma estratégia iniciada nos anos 2000, quando a revista foi incorporada à coleção SciELO e passou a seguir pa-drões internacionais de editoração. Mais tarde, ingressou na base Web of Scien-ce. Em 2005, passou a receber artigos só em inglês. “Em 2009 o FI foi medido pela primeira vez e esteve na casa de 1,13. Mantivemos esse nível, até que nos últi-mos dois anos ele chegou a 2, em função da busca ativa por artigos de qualidade.”

mUdAnçASA trajetória do Journal of Venomous Ani-mals and Toxins including Tropical Disea-ses (JVATiTD) é pontuada por estraté-gias para ampliar sua visibilidade. Entre 2007 e 2014, o seu FI variou entre 0,35 e 0,5. Triplicou sua influência e atingiu 1,447 em 2017. “Estávamos em um ponto em que perguntávamos qual era o senti-do de continuar gastando dinheiro públi-co com uma revista que tinha pouca re-percussão mundial. Resolvemos procurar um parceiro para nos ajudar”, informa o editor-chefe, Benedito Barraviera, da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp). A revista, publicada pelo Centro de Es-tudos de Venenos e Animais Peçonhen-tos da Unesp, associou-se à BMC, que recomendou mudanças. Ela reduziu o número de artigos publicados por ano de 70 para 40, foi indexada à base de dados PubMed Central, a mais importante da

área da saúde, e reforçou o corpo edito-rial. “A BMC sugeriu que escolhêssemos pesquisadores de alto nível do Brasil e do exterior comprometidos em colaborar e prospectar bons artigos”, diz Barraviera.

Algumas estratégias envolvem contro-vérsias. Os membros do corpo editorial são estimulados a submeter seus melho-res artigos à própria revista. “Há quem veja nisso conflitos de interesse, embora o manuscrito passe pelos peer reviews como os demais e possa ser rejeitado”, afirma. Barraviera também defende que os membros do corpo editorial citem bons papers do JVATiTD quando publicam seus artigos em periódicos internacionais de alto impacto e até sugiram a inclusão de referências a artigos da revista quan-do são convidados a dar pareceres sobre manuscritos de outros periódicos. “Toda revista deve ter um robusto banco de da-dos com todos os papers publicados para

dar apoio aos peer reviews. O revisor pode encontrar papers interessantes ali e indi-cá-los para leitura, se forem pertinentes”, diz. “O bom revisor sugere modificações do paper, na forma de novas leituras ou inclusão e supressão de textos e de refe-rências, sempre com foco na melhoria do artigo. Essas condutas não modificam o FI do periódico, mas apenas aumentam o prestígio e a visibilidade. A palavra final é sempre do autor, que aceitará ou não as sugestões dos peer reviews.”

A prática de sugerir citações não é re-comendada pelas Diretrizes éticas para revisores, lançadas em 2013 pelo Com-mittee on Publication Ethics, fórum de editores de revistas científicas, entre as quais 69 do Brasil, que é referência em temas ligados à integridade científica. O documento diz que os revisores devem “abster-se de sugerir que os autores in-cluam citações de seus trabalhos ou de associados apenas para aumentar a con-tagem de citações ou a visibilidade desses trabalhos”. Segundo Sonia Vasconcelos, professora da UFRJ e especialista em in-tegridade científica, tais práticas “estão distantes daquelas recomendadas para o referenciamento responsável da litera-tura. Além de eticamente questionáveis, fragilizam a confiabilidade dos artigos”.

Nessa mesma linha, editores de algu-mas revistas do país, embora vejam o FI como indicador de qualidade, conside-ram que ampliá-lo a qualquer preço pode desvirtuar o papel dos periódicos. “Nosso objetivo é fazer uma revista de qualidade. O fator de impacto é uma consequência”, diz o sociólogo Leopoldo Antunes, da Fa-culdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e editor da Revista de Saúde Pública, cujo FI cresceu de 0,862 em 2010 para 1,353 em 2017. Os artigos são publicados em inglês e em português, pois seus editores consideram que o pe-riódico deve conciliar internacionaliza-ção com a missão de divulgar a pesquisa em saúde no país. “A revista é referência para pesquisadores e também para um público formado por profissionais de saú-de e formuladores de políticas públicas”, afirma Antunes. n Fabrício marques

Projetodesenvolvimento e operação da coleção scielo Brasil para o período de 1º de novembro de 2016 a 31 de ou-tubro de 2019 (nº 15/26964-1); modalidade Auxílio à Pesquisa – regular; pesquisador responsável Abel laerte Packer (Fundação de Apoio à Unifesp); Investimento r$ 21.756.884,07 (para todo o projeto).

léo

rA

mo

s c

hA

ve

s

Ser seletivo ajuda a mostrar a boa ciência feita no país, diz Claude pirmez, editora do Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90(2):105−118

www.jped.com.br

DOI se refere ao artigo: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2013.05.009

☆ Como citar este artigo: Ferreira CT, Carvalho E, Sdepanian VL, Morais MB, Vieira MC, Silva LR. Gastroesophageal reflux disease:

exaggerations, evidence and clinical practice. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90:105-18.

* Autor para correspondência.

E-mail: [email protected] (C.T. F

erreira).

ARTIGO DE REVISÃO

Gastroesophageal reflux disease: exaggerations, evidence

and clinical practice☆

Cristina Targa Ferreira

a,b,c, *, Elisa de Carvalhod,e,f,g , Vera Lucia Sdepanianc,h ,

Mauro Batista de Moraisc,h,i , Mário César Vieira

c,j,k e Luciana Rodrigues Silvac,l,m

a Serviço de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica, Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Porto

Alegre, RS, Brasil

b Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

c Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

d Unidade de Pediatria do Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, DF, Brasil

e Hospital da Criança de Brasília, DF, Brasil

f Centro Universitário de Brasília, DF, Brasil

g Departamento de Pediatria e Gastroenterologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria, Brasília, DF, Brasil

h Departamento de Pediatria, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

i Clínica de Especialidades Pediátricas, Hospital Isra

elita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

j Departamento de Pediatria, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitib

a, PR, Brasil

k Serviço de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica, Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitib

a, PR, Brasil

l Serviço de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica e Hepatologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil

m Academia Brasileira de Pediatria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Recebido em 31 de janeiro de 2013; aceito em 23 de maio de 2013

KEYWORDS

Gastroesophageal

reflux disease;

Gastroesophageal

reflux;

Proton pump inhibitors;

Proton pump

inhibitors/therapeutic

use;

Infant;

Child

Abstract

Objective: there are many questions and little evidence regarding the diagnosis a

nd

treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children. The association between

GERD and cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA), overuse of abdominal ultrasonography for

the diagnosis of GERD, and excessive pharmacological tre

atment, especially proton-pump

inhibitors (PPIs) are some aspects th

at need clarification. This review aimed to establish

the current scientific evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of GERD in children.

Data source: a search was conducted in the MEDLINE, PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, and

Cochrane Library electronic databases, using the following keywords: gastroesophageal

reflux; gastroesophageal reflux disease; proton-pump inhibitors; and prokinetics; in

different age groups of the pediatric age range; up to May of 2013.

2255-553

6© 2013Socie

dadeBrasi

leirade Pedi

atriaPubl

icadopor E

lsevier Ed

itoraLtda

Este é um artigo Open Access sob a licença de CC BY-NC-ND

Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 13/12/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.

Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 13/12/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 111(5): 287-293, May 2016287

online | memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br

Zika virus damages the human placental

barrier and presents marked fetal neurotropism

Lucia de Noronha1, Camila Zanluca2 , Marina Luize Viola Azevedo1,

Kleber Giovanni Luz3 , Claudia Nunes Duarte dos Santos2 /+

1Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil 2Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Virologia

Molecular, Curitiba, PR, Brasil 3Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Natal, RN, Brasil

An unusually high incidence of microcephaly in newborns has recently been observed in Brazil. There is a

temporal association between the increase in cases of microcephaly and the Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic. Viral

RNA has been detected in amniotic fluid samples, placental tissues and newborn and fetal brain tissues. However,

much remains to be determined concerning the association between ZIKV infection and fetal malformations. In this

study, we provide evidence of the transplacental transmission of ZIKV through the detection of viral proteins and

viral RNA in placental tissue samples from expectant mothers infected at different stages of gestation. We observed

chronic placentitis (TORCH type) with viral protein detection by immunohistochemistry in Hofbauer cells and some

histiocytes in the intervillous spaces. We also demonstrated the neurotropism of the virus via the detection of viral

proteins in glial cells and in some endothelial cells and the observation of scattered foci of microcalcifications in

the brain tissues. Lesions were mainly located in the white matter. ZIKV RNA was also detected in these tissues by

real-time-polymerase chain reaction. We believe that these findings will contribute to the body of knowledge of the

mechanisms of ZIKV transmission, interactions between the virus and host cells and viral tropism.

Key words: Zika virus - transplacental transmission - Hofbauer cells - n

eurotropism

doi: 10.1590/0074-02760160085

Financial support: FIOCRUZ, CNPq, CAPES, Fundação Araucária.

LN and CZ contributed equally to this work.

+ Corresponding author: [email protected]

Received 4 March 2016

Accepted 17 March 2016

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that be-

longs to the same family as the dengue (DENV), West

Nile and yellow fever (YF) viruses (Pierson & Diamond

2013). From the time it was discovered in 1947, ZIKV

has been associated with sporadic human infections in

Africa and Asia (Dick et al. 1952, Hayes 2009). How-

ever, since 2007, the virus has been associated with large

human outbreaks and a change in the pattern of the in-

fections has been observed. High rates of infection and

severe presentations, including neurological complica-

tions (Guillain Barré syndrome, meningoencephalitis),

have been reported (Ioos et al. 2014, Oehler et al. 2014).

In early 2015, several patients presenting with dengue-

like symptoms, such as mild fever, rash, conjunctivitis, and

arthralgia, caught the attention of infectious disease physi-

cians in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Although all pa-

tients lived in a dengue endemic area, dengue diagnosis was

negative. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

(RT-PCR) results from patients’ se

ra revealed autochtho-

nous ZIKV infection in the country for the first time (Zan-

luca et al. 2015). Currently, more than 1,500,000 cases are

estimated to exist in Brazil and ZIKV has spread to other

South and Central American countries (PAHO 2016).

From October 2015 onward, an unusually high inci-

dence of microcephaly in newborns was observed. Most

of the women who delivered these children presented

ZIKV-compatible symptoms during the first months of

pregnancy. By February 2016, more than 5,600 suspected

cases of microcephaly in newborns had been reported,

representing a more than twenty-fold increase compared

to the historical average of the last five years, and 120

suspected deaths due to microcephaly related to ZIKV

have been reported to the Brazilian health authorities

(EBC 2016). Other frequent causes of birth malforma-

tions, such as common viral infections and other infec-

tions, drug and alcohol abuse, preexisting disease, and

genetic history, have been excluded. Moreover, ZIKV

RNA was detected in amniotic fluid samples of two preg-

nant women who had ZIKV disease symptoms and whose

fetuses were diagnosed with microcephaly (Calvet et al.

2016, Melo et al. 2016). Furthermore, viral RNA and pro-

tein were detected in newborn/fetal brain and placental

tissues, which highlights the link between ZIKV infec-

tion in mothers and microcephaly in newborns (Martines

et al. 2016, Mlakar et al. 2016). In this study, we describe

ZIKV infection by anatomopathological, immunohisto-

chemistry (IHC), real-time RT-PCR analysis and serolog-

ical assays in placental tissues from women infected at

different gestational time points (including first and third

trimester of pregnancy) and in necropsy brain tissues

from fetuses and newborns that died just after birth due

to severe neurological disorders. These findings might

contribute to the body of knowledge about the transpla-

cental transmission and the neurotropism of ZIKV.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

IHC - Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FF-PE) tis-

sue samples were stained using a conventional hematoxy-

lin-eosin (H&E) technique (Baurakiades et al. 2011).