4(3) Industry and Economy of the Country

8/10/2019 4(3) Industry and Economy of the Country

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A. Nature of technology

B. Process in brief

A new wood based product forcommercial purpose

Background of the Pr oblemIn the age of composites, combining

biological fibers and commercial plastics can bring in transition to safer and moreenvironmentally friendly composites. Thesematerials can be used to make lighter, strongerand more durable products that save resources

and energy. Long life and eventual recyclingcan be engineered into these products. Na tural/ Bi o-f ibe r co mpos ite s are no wemerging as a realistic alternative to glass fiberreinforced composites.(i) Fillers

In recent years, use of synthetic polymers has grown tremendously because ofthe capability to mould these thermoplasticsinto desired shapes and engineer desired

properties into them. However, there are somedrawbacks also. These include poor mechanical

properties, e.g. impact toughness and stressrelaxation behaviour. One of the most effectiveway to improve these properties is by additionof reinforcing fibres or particles. For fibrousmaterial there are two classifications: (1)continuous and (2) discontinuous fibres. In thisstudy we had concentrated on discontinuous

fibre composite material, classically defined ascombination of short (chopped) fibres with acontinuous surrounding material (Figure 1).Short fibre filled composites find the bestapplication in moulded products. Mostcommercially important composites use glassfibre as reinforcement.(ii) Advantages of Using Wood Fibres

Advantages of wood fibres as areinforcing element for thermoplastics arisefrom the fact that they are: light weight, damage

tolerant, non corrosive, and less abrasive to processing equipments. Because of low densityof plant fibres, a wood fibre reinforced productwill always be thicker than the one reinforcedwith the same mass of glass fibre. When the

product design is stiffness limited (as isfrequently the case) rather than failing stresslimited, a thicker product could be stiffer andstill acceptably strong for the same mass. Overall performance of any fibre reinforced polymercomposite depends to a large extent on fibrematrix interface. Wood fibre surfaces are fairlyirregular which should in principle enhance thefibre matrix interfacial bond.

Further, high specific strength andmodulus, low cost, and availability in mostgeographic regions makes wood fibres evenmore attractive as fillers. The principaladvantage of natural fibre reinforcedcomposites is their ability to absorb tremendousamount of energy during impact fractures. Thehigher strength is not just due to fibre pull outwork and work done in creating new surfaces

but also due to complex fracture mode of

natural fibre as compared to glass or carbonfibres reinforced composites.The compact design of biological fibres

introduces an element of redundancy which isvery desirable from the safety point of view.They rarely fail in brittle manner because theinteraction between the sub elements is such asto allow non elastic deformation beforefracture. Natural fibres can combine resilience

4.3 Industry and Economy of the countr y

4.3.1. Wood-Polymer Composites: New Age Mater ialAjay Karmarkar, Pankaj K. Aggarwal and Shakti Chauhan

IWST, Bangalore

Fig.- 1 : Optical image of wood four


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but a lot more needs to be done, specially withrespect to processes conditions and properties.

Conventionally in India, fillers such asclay, calcium carbonate, aluminates, silicates,etc are used to reduce the cost and to improve

stiffness of thermoplastics. But this leads to lossin mechanical properties like tensile strengthand modulus of elasticity. As on now, naturalfibers filled plastics are not commercially

popular in India. The technologies used abroadare expensive and often not suited formachineries, production practices and raw-materials available locally.The technology at present: At Institute ofWood Science & Technology Bangalore, a28mm co-rotating intermeshing twin screwextrusion system with volumetric feeders and atwin screw side feeder for force feeding of woodfibers into polymer melt was designed for

production of wood filled composites (Figure2). Studies on processes optimization enabledus to constitute a screw profile which produceshomogeneous dispersion of fillers with leastdegradation of matrix resin and wood fibers. Byusing compatibilizers in the extrusion

processes, a chemical compatibility wasestablished in boundary layer. Mechanical

properties, measured in tensile, flexural andimpact tests, demonstrated that woodfibers/flour acts as effective reinforcing agentsfor PP. Addition of wood fibers, at all levels,resulted in more rigid and tenacious composite,tensile strength of composites with 50% fillingof wood fibers exhibited an increase of 45%whereas an 85% increase in flexural strengthand around 200% increase in the MOE wasachieved. The increase is attributed to superiorinterfacial adhesion and lower thermaldegradation of wood.

A novel coupling agent has beendeveloped for wood and other natural fibersfilled polypropylene composites. Thecomposites prepared with this coupling agentexhibited much superior mechanical propertieswhen compared to conventional coupling agentlike maleated polypropylene.

Natural fiber as reinforcements for both thermoplastics and thermosets are one ofthe fastest growing types of additives in

plastics. According to a recent study by Kline &Company, the North American market forwood and agricultural fiber reinforcementswas estimated to be in excess of USD150million in 2000 with average annual growthexceeding 20% in automotive applications and50% in selected construction applications.

Conventionally in India fillers such as clay,calcium carbonate, aluminates, silicates, etc areused to reduce the cost and to improve stiffnessof thermoplastics. As on now, natural fibersfilled plastics are not commercially popular inIndia. The technologies used abroad areexpensive and often not suited for machineries,

production practices and raw-materials

available locally. Institute has undertaken asystematic study to improve the interfacial

adhesion between natural fibers and matrixmaterials. To study natural fiber filledcomposites, a 28mm co-rotating intermeshingtwin screw extrusion system was designed andcommissioned.

The system is equipped with twovolumetric feeders and a twin screw side feeder.Studies on processes optimization have beencompleted, and this enabled us to constitute aFig.- 2 : Twin Screw Extruder

Fig.- 3 : Barrel section of extruder

Chapter 4 -133-


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screw profile for homogeneous dispersion offillers with least degradation of matrix resin andwood fibers.

The study on wood polymer compositeshas shown that biological fibers and syntheticresins like polypropylene and polyethylene can

be combined to make composites that areequally strong, but environmentally friendly.By using a suitable coupling agent it is possibleto produce advanced composite materials thattake advantages of both natural fibers andsynthetic resins. A novel vinyl monomer withisocyanate functional group was synthesized.The maximum grafting yield achieved in thisnew coupling agent is ~9% as against 1-2%

reported for maleated polypropylene. Thefunctional group in this coupling agent getsgrafted as single monomer unit without anyoligomerization, which further improves itsefficiency as coupling agent. Also theisocyanate group of this coupling agent is lessreactive to water, this is very important, as sidereactions with residual moisture in wood can beavoided. Thus this new coupling agent has

proved to be superior than most of thecommercially available coupling agents.

Under the study, we have also donecomplete characterization of the composites.Mechanical properties, chemical ultra-structure, water absorption, thermal behaviour,non destruction evaluation of mechanical

properties and damping behaviour of thecomposite materials have been systematicallystudied. The study provides completeunderstanding of the material. In conclusion,the coupling agent synthesized during the study

proved to be a much superior coupling agentthan those reported in the literature. Addition ofwood fibers at all levels leads to significantimprovement in stiffness, tensile strength andflexural strength with some loss of impactstrength. The specimen shown in figure 6 were

used to evaluate the mechanical properties ofwood-polymer composites. As an example,Mechanical properties of wood filled

polypropylene composites are shown in figures7 to 11.

Fig.- 4 : Screw profile

Fig.- 5 : Mechanism of coupling

Fig.- 6 : Test specimen for evaluation of mechanical properties of wood-polymer composites

Fig.- 7 : Tensile strength of wood fiber and flourfilled PP Fig composites prepared with and without

coupling agent

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oligomerization, which further improves itsefficiency as compatibilizer. Also the NCOgroup of this coupling agent is less reactive towater, this is very important, as side reactionswith residual moisture in wood can be avoided.Thus this new compatibilizer appears to be a farsuperior than most of the commerciallyavailable compatibilizers.

Using unique screw profile andcoupling agent's composites with uniform

dispersion of filler were prepared. Mechanical properties of composites so prepared weresuperior to what reported in the literature.

1. Prominent beneficiaries / user groupIndustries involved in developing: master batches moulded product

C. Beneficiaries of the technology

Advantages of Improved Technology overTraditional methods

The s tudy on wood po lymercomposites has shown that biological fibersand synthetic resins like Polypropylene and

polyethylene can be combined to makecomposites that are equally strong, butenvironmentally friendly. By using a suitablecompatibilizer it is possible to produceadvanced composite materials that take

advantages of both natural fibers and syntheticresins.

A novel vinyl monomer withisocyanate functional group was synthesized.The maximum yield achieved in this newcompatibilizer is 9% as against 2-4% reportedfor most other compatibilizing agents. Thefunctional group in this coupling agent getsgrafted as single monomer unit without any

Fig.- 8 : Tensile modulus of wood fiber and flourfilled PP composites

Fig.- 9 : Flexural strength of wood fiber and flourfilled PP composites

Fig.- 11 : Effect of type and concentration ofcoupling agent ( m-TMI-g-PP and MAPP) on flexural

strength of40% wood polypropylene composites

Fig.- 10 : Effect of type and concentration ofcoupling agent ( m-TMI-g-PP and MAPP) on tensile

strength of 40% wood polypropylene composites

Chapter 4 -135-


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automobile interiors/panel materials /dash boards etc.

doors and window profiles decking toys Storage Crates/brush Handles/

storage bins Office partitions/railings/floorings furniture components/garden

equipment/benches etc. plastic components for housing

electrical and electronic appliances(e.g. T.V. Cabinet)

2. No. of clients to whom the technology has been tr ansfer red/sold : Sold to one company.

3. Potential for further disseminationIn the age of composites, combining

biological fibers and commercial plastics can bring in transi tion to safer and moreenvironmentally friendly composites. Thesematerials can be used to make lighter, strongerand more durable products that save resourcesand energy. Long life and eventual recyclingcan be engineered into these products.

Natural/Bio-fiber composites are now emergingas a realistic alternative to glass- reinforced andwood-filled composites. The compositesdeveloped have superior mechanical properties(Stiffness, toughness, tensile strength etc.) andcould be moulded to any shaped articles or can

be calendared into sheets or extruded intocomplicated profiles. The applications are in thefie ld of moulded products(Furni turecomponents, automobile interior, electrical/electronic appliances etc.) Agencies which canutilize the results of the project. There istremendous scope of the technology todisseminate and Institute of Wood Science &Technology is having full expertise on thetechnology. It is planned to have interactivemeeting with plastic industries , wood industriesto generate the awareness.

Cost Benefit AnalysisThe following information does,

however, provide some guidance on typicalmanufacturing costs based on current market

D. Economic significance

prices. The figures quoted are purely indicativeand be examined on a company-by-company

basis prior to any decision being made onwhether or not to enter the WPC market.

The principal raw materials required

are :Virgin Poymers (35-50%)

`

25-40/Kg

Recyclate (35-50%)`

0.5-1.5/KgWood (50-60%)

Sawdust`

1-2/KgWood Flour Process additives (2-5%)

`

150/Kg(Average)

Processing and other costs`

5-12/KgThus adding wood fibers to commercial

thermoplastics results in significant costsavings at the same time improving the

properties of the composites. Due to costadvantage plastics can make way into newmarkets currently occupied by wood and metalslike steel and aluminium.Impact of the technology

Wood plastic composite materials willgenerally be comparable on price with premiumwood products. In the USA, for instance,currently, margins on key WPC products, suchas decking, moulding and trims, fencing andwindows are attractive as there is little pricecompetition.

There is a wide range of factors thatneed to be taken into account to estimate cost ofa WPC manufacturing process. This includes. The availability and cost of raw materials(polymer, wood and additives) *Whether or notto use recycled materials*Whether to compound in-house or to buy in

pre-compounded pellets*The end use of the product (decking, fencing.door profiles, etc)*The product performance requirementsWhat processing equipment a potentialmanufacturer currently ownsThe technology / manufacturing background orexpertise of the company

Ajay Karmarkar, Pankaj K. Aggarwal andShakti Chauhan, IWST , Bangalore

E. Developed by

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This can be set up easily in field even wherethere is scarcity of water for use in condenserand other utility purposes. The unit comprises ofa still with a lid on top and vapour outlet at theside. The material to be distilled is placed overthe perforated place inside the still and is heatedfrom a fire box (oven) fixed below, using locallyavailable fuel wood.

The condenser has been modified tocondense faster and more efficiently to yield30% more oil. Portable distillation unit canreduce efforts and cost of transportation of

bulky raw material to the stationary distillationsite.

Aromatic crops, viz- Lemon grass,Citronella, E. hybrid and E.citriodora are ingreat demand in present days. Steam distillation

of these crops produce valuable fragrant products called essential oils, which have got potential market value. Globalization systemhas brought many advantages for export ofthese products. Different essential oils find theirown use in fragrance industry. Essential oilsfind use in manufacture of soap, perfumery,cosmetic, drugs etc.

C. Beneficiar ies of the Technology


1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groupsForest departments, Tribal people, smallfarmers who are engaged in cultivation ofaromatic plants.

2. The technology has been transferred/ soldto Five clients.3. The unit has a good potential to be used by

small scale operators in the field and can begiven wide publicity

1. Potential to address livelihood issues andgenerate add itional income

People living in rural area and tribal people living adjacent to forest areas aregrowing aromatic plants of commercialimportance. Farmers grow these plants in theirlands and tribal people in general depend onforestland for this purpose. They find problemof getting end product, because neither havethey had distillation units with them nor theyfind problem of transporting raw material to the

place of distillation. The developed portabledistillation unit has potential to addresslivelihood and generate additional income.

Approximate expected net income per year from d istillation of different essential oils by por table d istilla tion unit

S.No Aromatic Plant Avg yield of oil /Ha ( in Kg)

Avg Net income / Ha /Year(in )

`

1

2

3.

4.

Citronella

Lemon Grass

Eucalyptus globules ( blue gum)

Eucalyptus citriodora oil

200

200

40 - 45

40 - 50

- 300

20,000 30,000

30,000 35,000

4000-6000

4000-6000

Portable distillation unit Close up of condenser and receiver

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B. Process in br ief

Application of wood preservationtechnology in developing a product (Catamaran)

useful for fishing community of the country.

IntroductionCatamarans (Kattumarams), those

graceful wooden crafts that dot the Indian seas,have served the traditional fishermen so well forcenturies. A vast fleet of these lografts,numbering about 1,00,000 units, sustain the

bulk of over 2 million people dependent on thesmall sector (traditional) fisheries of thecountry. Although a very simple craft, thecatamaran is highly versatile, with a design that

is generally considered 'next to perfect',considering the environmental, technical and economic constraints within which it has tooperate. Basically there are two types ofcatamarans in operation: the 'log' type and the'boat' type. The former is widely used in thecoromandel coast of Tamil Nadu and South

Andhra, and the latter in North Andhra andOrissa coasts. The wood species found useful incatamaran fabrication fall under the category of

'broad leaved soft woods' which are all naturallynon-durable. The timber for catamarans is usedin an unsheathed and unprotected form. It is,therefore subjected to rigorous conditions ofweathering (exposure to sun, hot beach sands,desicating winds), mechanical wear and tearand rapid biodeterioration both on land and inthe sea, as the catamarans are used for about8 hours a day in the sea and are kept on the

beaches the rest of the time.The alternate wetting and drying causes

surface splits, cracks and dimensional changes.

This condition is also favourable for infestationof marine fungi, which renders the timber verysoft, increases water absorption and promotes

borer attack. Although it was thought earlierthat the catamarans are free from marine borers,it is now known that they are attacked by thesedestructive organisms (marine borers are

4.3.3. Treated Catamar ans: A boon to fishermen Pankaj Aggarwal, M. V. Rao and M. Balaji

IWST, Bangalore

Catamarans in service

2. Productivity enhancement and economic benefits over replaced technology

30 % more production of oil, this is because of use of modified condenser system.Here instead of one coil, 5 parallel coil pipes are

used. This ensures 100 % condensation ofvapours without loss, thus more yield.

3. Impact of the Technology

Manufacturing cost is less and can beaffordable by small scale industries or even bygroup of small farmers on cooperative basis.Approximate cost to fabricate one unit is`

45,000/-

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C. Beneficiar ies of the technology1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groups:

F i sh ing communi ty, F i sher iesdepartments.

2. Number of clients to whom the

technology has been transferred: 129fishermen.

3. Potential for further dissemination:The technology is already in the endusers domain and fishermen of

Tamilnadu and AndhraPradesh areaware of that but in small pockets only.It is high time that we try to penetratemore areas. The technology can betransferred to any industry or individual.

There is a need to conduct awareness programme in the filed (coastal areas) by way of organizing demonstration p r o g r a m me , d o c u me n t a r y o ncatamarans.

1. Cost of catamaran of Albizia chinensis `

32000.00

2. Cost of catamaran of Paraserianthes falcataria`

25000.00

3. Cost of catamaran of Bombax ceiba `

12000.004. Cost of treatment per catamaran

`

3000/ - to 4000/`

-

5. Approximate number of catamarans in use 100000

6. Quantity of timber used (@ 1.5 m 2.5 m 3 ) for allcatamarans

150000 to 250000m 3

7. Quantity of timbers required for replacement andfresh constructions ( approximately 10% of 6) peryear

15000 to 25000m 3

8. Total cost of catamarans (about 70% of

A. chinensis @ 30000/- per craft and 30% of

`

other timber @ 20000/`

- per craft)

`

2700 million

9. Cost of annual replacement ( @ 10 % of 8 )`

270 million

10. Life of untreated catamarans 4 to 7 years

11. Demonstrated life of CCA-treated catamarans Over 24 years

12. Economic benefit effected by adopting the IWSTtechnology

`

270 million per years(for fresh timber ) +maintenance expenses

13. Ecological benefit Prevention of continuousdrain of timber resources +forest conservation

(A 10% initial additional investment has assured maintenance free 4 to 5 fold service life)

D.Economic significanceEconomics at a glance

1. Potential to address livelihood issue andgenerate additional income

Quantity of timber used for marinefishing craft is enormous, volume of timberdamaged due to biodeterioration is catastrophic,

the loss to the already economicallyunderprivileged fishermen is crippling,allbecause of the inefficacy and inadequacy ofthe traditional methods (application of fish oil,vegetable oils, gums, resins and lime etc.)

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followed by fishermen to protect their craft. Asagainst this, the tested technology perfected byIWST, is a boon for ameliorating the livingconditions of coastal fishing population ofIndia. By adopting this technology fishermen

can have more choices of timber which are costeffective and will help them in earningadditional income as they will be saving moneyin using conventional timber species as is clearfrom the above table.

A. Nature of Technology

B. Process in Brief

Utilisation of lesser known and plantation grown timbers.

India is bestowed with about 1600timber yielding species out of which about 126species have been commercially exploited.However, wood from all the species are notalike. A few species are preferred over othersdue to their superior properties and this led totheir over exploitation. Unscientific use of suchvaluable timbers also sometimes urges frequentreplacement. Continuous harvest of timberfrom natural forest in the past has resulted inreduction of forest cover and depletion ofexisting stocks. To prevent over exploitation,government/supreme court enforced restrictionon the felling of tree in natural forest in 1997.As a result, there is always a gap betweendemand and supply of timber and this gap isincreasing due to the growing population. To fillthe gap between demand and supply, import oftimber has played a major role. However, this isnot a permanent solution as it incurs a huge flowof money out of the country. From global

perspect ive, import a lso encouragesexploitation of valuable timber in the exportingcountry and in due course of time might comeunder regulations. To meet the ever increasing

Advantages of the technology are : (1)enhancement of service life of catamaransleading to investment reduction and operational(maintenance) costs; (2) widening choice oftimber by utilizing hitherto unutilized or under-

utilized timber species;(3) most importantly,conservation of valuable timber resources byreducing its demand for replacements, therebyallowing forests to grow leading toenvironmental protection.

need of the growing population, the assuredsource of timber is plantation forest. Use oflesser known species will also reduce the

pressure on primary species.Plantations of fast grown and short

rotation timber species were establishedthroughout the country in the last few decades.In this process, a number of exotics have also

been introduced initially on trial basis and later

on large scale plantations including clonal trials by government, public and private sectors. Fast-grown plantation species have different timbercharacteristics from the same species grown innative forests. In plantation forestry, mostly fastgrown and short rotation species are preferred.The rate of growth influences the wood quality

by influencing the relative proportion andarrangement of different cell types which makeup the wood. An understanding of anatomical,

physical, and mechanical properties of suchspecies helps in classifying and grading thetimber for various end uses. In promoting thesespecies as a substitute for the traditional timber,scientific data plays a pivotal role. In thisendeavor, IWST, Bangalore has been workingto evaluate the properties of these timbers. Thisled to generation of scientific data on number oflesser known/plantation grown species.Although all of them are not available for

4.3.4. Impr oved utilisation of lesser known and planta tion grown t imbers fromSouth India

R. V. Rao, S. K. Sharma, S.R. Shukla,P. Kumar, A. K. Sethy and N. C. M. Rajan

IWST, Bangalore

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skilled man power and which can be carried outat felling sites obviating transportation of polesto a centralized pressure treatment plant has

been standardized at Institute of Wood Scienceand Technology, Bangalore. Treatment may

involve an additional cost of about 20-25%.Life of timber and bamboo after treatmentenhances by five to seven folds and therefore,the actual cost of bamboo and poles works out to

be much less than the cost of untreated bambooand poles.

Modified Boucherie Pr ocessThis method is an adaptation of the

treatment process developed and patented byDr. Boucherie of France in 1838 for treating

green timber.The principle of the ModifiedBoucherie Process uses a simple pressure pumpto push a preservative salt dissolved in waterthrough the entire length of the bamboo pole,from the bottom to the top. The sweet sap is

pushed out and replaced by the preservativechemical so that insects do not like to make theirhomes in it; and if they do lay their eggs in thetreated bamboo, the larvae die, because thechemical affects their digestive system.

Modified Boucherie process developed

by IWST is the modification of conventionalBoucherie process to treat green timber poles/bamboo in large numbers quickly by sapdisplacement technique. The conventionalBoucherie process is modified to treat bambooquickly. In the modified Boucherie process, asuitable container is used for keeping thetreating solution which is of water soluble type.The container is provided (at the bottom) withside tubes fitted with stopcocks and rubbertubes to wh ich a re a t t ached g reen

poles/bamboos with branches on. In order tosecure leak-proof contact between rubber tubes

and bamboos, suitable metallic clamps or otherdevices should be used. The tank is also fittedwith a screw cap to which is attached a motorcartyre tube valve. The tank is filled with thetreating water soluble preservative solution toabout two-thirds of the volume and aftertightening the cap, air is pumped in through the

2valve to a pressure of 1.0 to 1.4 Kg/cm whichcould be easily measured by using a pen-gauge.Under this pressure, the treating liquid forces

B. Process in brief

the sap out of the walls and septa of the bamboosthrough the open end and takes its (sap) place incourse of time. After a few preliminaryexperiments, the concentration of the treatingsolution and the period of treatment can beoptimised to obtain requisite absorption of the

preservative.The preservative liquid that is flowing

out of the poles/bamboos and which has gotdiluted with the sap could be reused after

bringing it up to the required concentration and pH value of 4 to 5.

Modified Boucherie Equipment

Preservativ flow from Bamboo

Chapter 4 -147-


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Recently, Institute has developed acompressor based Boucherie equipment inwhich pressure is developed by usingcompressor. This equipment avoids usingmanual pumping of preservative.

II. Simple Sap Displacement TechniqueIt was originally employed for the

preservation of fence posts in India by Tewari et.al (1967). This is an excellent and very simpleon site treatment standardized at Institute ofWood Science & Technology, Bangalore, India.Rural people, who cannot afford to followBoucherie methods, can employ the simple sapdisplacement technique for treating green

poles/bamboos.

In this method, freshly felled poles/bamboos of varying diameter (full as wellas half split) are made to stand on their butt endssubmerging to a height of 30-40 cm in a suitabletank containing preservative solution (6 to 8%CCA or CCB). After 24 48 hrs, depending onthe girth and length of the poles/bamboos, arereversed with the top end submerged in thesolution. They can be removed after 24 48 hrsof reversal. After this operation, all

poles/bamboos should be closely stacked for 2-3 weeks before putting into use. After thetreatment, penetration of chemical can bechecked by cutting sections from treated anduntreated bamboos by usual spot test (semi-carbazide) penetration test.

Green poles/bamboos cut fresh in the

farm can be treated by sap displacementmethods with in 6 to 15 hours from the time offelling. If there is a delay between felling andtreatment the latter can be taken up, by keepingfelled green poles/bamboos soaked in freshwater in a tank, stream, channel or trough for a

period ranging from 1 to 2 days.Fixation of preservat ives

After the poles/culms have been treatedthey are allowed to dry in a covered place toavoid direct wetting and exposure to sun rayswhich may result in leaching of the preservative

and subsequently fungi infestation and insectattack.Drying in a very humid tropical climate

takes a lot of time. It is therefore recommendedto have enough space between the

poles/bamboo pieces and a good distance, fromthe wet soil (not less than 40 cm) for goodventilation.Environmental Health and Safety points to

be taken car e of In order to prevent or minimize the

harmful effects of preservatives/chemicals onthe person using the chemical, knowledge on

proper handling, preparation and application ofchemicals is important.

Safety precautions in preparation,handling and application of chemical treatmentare as following:

1. Wear appropriate protective clothing(made of impervious material) like

Compressor based Boucherie equipment

Simple sap displacement method to treat freshlyfelled bamboos

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Chapter 4 -149-

plastics gloves, safety boots andhelmets. Eye protective goggles areneeded while mixing preservativesolutions.

2. Do not drink, eat or smoke during or

after application of treatment.3. Store preservative in correct manner and

follow instructions of manufacturer.4. Spray along the wind direction.5. Wash hands, feet or take shower after

work. Change work clothes regularly.6. Place containers out of reach of

children. Empty containers can bedisposed by burying them underground.

7. Do not allow sludges to accumulate.

8. Do not remove t reated t imber poles/bamboo material until dripping isstopped.

9. For material treated with water soluble preservatives like CCA,CCB etc., storethe poles/bamboo under cover and useonly after drying.

10. Dispose off treating solutions properly.11. Do not release CCA preservatives in

streams and do not burn treatedmaterials as fire wood.

12. Train staff and display precautionarymaterials and gadgets.Pollution

Pollution can occur from wood preservatives, preservative process and treatedtimber / bamboo. In most cases pollution

probl em or iginates fr om prese rva tivechemicals themselves. The extent of pollutiondiffers widely with the type of preservative andthe treatment process employed. Disposal ofwaste from treatment requires much care. CCA

preservative solutions are toxic and shouldnever be released into streams or canals. CCAtreated timber bamboo should not be burnedand especially it should never be used forcooking or in a barbeque.

1. Prominent beneficiaries/ user groupsPotential beneficiaries/user groups of

this technology are construction industry, forest

C. Beneficiaries of the Technology

department, rural community, NGO's, planters,farmers, fishermen etc.2. No. of clients to whom technology has

been tr ansfer redThe technology has been demonstrated

at several places to NGo's, Forest department,rural community, planters, farmers etc. inKarnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Goa.Following users have used this technology.

Bamboo Pecker Life Style Crafts PvtLtd Bangalore

Uravu Kerala CPRI-Bangalore V Design purple-Bangalore Om Shantidhama- Ramanagaram

3. Potential for fur ther disseminat ion

Being simple and inexpensive, thetechnology has potential to be used byconstruction industry as well as individuals,farmers, fishermen etc. An extensive awarenesscampaign is required.


The technology is inexpensive and doesnot require skilled worker. Interestedentrepreneurs, individuals can generate income

by using this very low cost technology.2. Productivity enhancement and economic benefits over replaced technology

If untreated, non-durable timber/ bamboo is used, the decay is inevitable callingfor loss or early replacement of material.Failure of a piece of timber/bamboo in a

building through decay or insect attack mayinvolve frequent replacement and highmaintenance costs.

Average life of an untreated lowdurability timber or bamboo is not more than2-3 year. Treated timber poles/bamboo postsmay last about 10-15 years. Treatment cost(excluding equipment) including manpower isapproximately

`

50 - 60 per pole of 15 ft lengthand 45cm girth, and for that of bamboo is`

25 -30 for 15 ft length and 10-15cm girth.Treatment may involve an additional cost ofabout 20-25%. However, the service life oftreated poles/bamboo and its products increase



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by 5 to 7 times. This means the cost of poles/bamboo can be decreased significantly oforiginal costs through treatment and the benefitsare obvious.3. Impact of the technology

The availability of conventional highdurability timber like teak, rosewood etc islimited for various industrial and structuralapplications. Therefore dependency on

plantation timbers has increased. These plantation timbers are generally associated with


B. Process in brief

Seed processing equipment thatseparates shell/seed coat from kernel, especiallyin oilseeds like Jatropha curcas. Thisminimizes loss of oil through retention by seedcoat (oil cake) during oil expelling.

Developed a prototype -'Seed Decoater'for processing Jatropha seeds which separateskernel from seed coat. The seed is broken bymilling technique while the separation of seedcoat from kernel is through air suction. The shaftwas designed based on the mean size (length,diameter) of Jatropha seeds collected from

low durability. The adoption of this simpletechnology can play an important role in use ofnon durable timbers which can ultimately leadto conservation of valuable forest resources.

The technology was developed over theyears by several Scientists of IWST involved inthe field of wood preservation. The technologywas improved and popularized by D. Venmalar,IWST, Bangalore.

E. Developed by

different sources. The prototype is driven by a1hp motor and a minimum of 10 kg seed perhour can be processed by this Seed Decoater.The separation in the ratio, 85: 15 for kernel:seed coat enables to restrain loss of oil throughadsorption by seed coat and thereby maximizeoil recovery on crushing oilseeds in an expeller.In addition, the oil from the processed seeds isfound to have better physico-chemicalcharacteristics compared to whole seed oil . Thetechnology also indirectly helped use of oilcakeas cattle feed as the seed coat containing thetoxic components could be removed to a greatextent.

4.3.6. Seed decoater R. Anandalakshmi and V. Sivakumar

IFGTB, Coimbatore

Jatr opha Oil

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C. Beneficiaries of the Technology

1. Prominent beneficiaries / user groups

Farmers/ co-operatives, women-selfhelp groups.

2. No. of clients to whom technology has been tr ansferred/ sold

The technology transferred to tribalwomen-self help group, AHADs, Attapadyand farmers/ foresters of Tamil Nadu.

3. Potential for further dissemination: The prototype can be manufactured andmade available to oil expelling units set

by SFDs/ SHGs where people can have acommon access.


B. Process in brief

Preservative treatment of bamboos byBoucherie process.

To increase the durability of bamboos it

is given preservative treatment using preservative solution. A freshly harvested bamboo is fit ted to the apparatus and preservative solution is passed through the

2 bamboo under pressure of 1 to 2 kg/cm . The pressure is generated with the help ofcycle/vehicle pump in case of Jagriti (for ruraluse) and electric motor and compressor in caseof Pragati (for semi industrial use). The

preservative solution like CCB, which is a broad spectrum preservative, under pressure passes through the vessels in bamboo and

replaces the bamboo sap to enhance itsdurability. The treatment process required totreat a 6 meter long bamboo requires about 30 to45 minutes. However, the treatment timerequired depends on the moisture content andage of bamboo.

Patent application for Jagriti-theapparatus for preservative treatment of bamboowas filed during 2003 through NRDC and was

1. Potential to addr ess Livelihood issuesand genera te add itional income: Yes.

2. Productivity enhancement and economic benefits over r ep laced technology Provides better economic returns

3. Impact of the technologyThe technology supports decentralizationof biodiesel or pure pant oil (PPO)

production from tree borne oilseeds.Quality of oil extracted and oil cake

produced can be improved.

R. Anandalakshmi and V. Sivakumar IFGTB, Coimbatore


E. Developed by

granted patent by the patent authority of India(Calcutta) during 2009 with the patent numberof 231745.

Patent for Pragati, which is semiautomatic has not been filed till date, because of

the need for further improvement.

1. Prominent beneficiaries/ user groups General rural mass using bamboo for

structural purpose, bamboo craftsman.2. No. of clients to whom technology has

been tr ansfer red/ sold The process of selling the patent is

being taken up3. Potential for further dissemination

There is a demand from bamboocraftsman in general; Nagaland BambooDevelopment Agency, Dimapur, Nagalandand Depar tmen t o f Sc ience andTechnology, Govt. of Sikkim in particularfor Jagriti which was demonstrated duringvarious opportunities during exhibition,trainings etc.


4.3.7. Appar atus for pr eservative treatment of bamboosDhruba Gurung

RFRI, Jorhat

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D. Economic significance 1. Potential to address Livelihood issues

and generate additional incomeOn adoption of the treatment process, it

will save cost of material, labour and time

for recurrent replacement of especially bamboo posts, fences, furniture and othersuch items. The treatment cost is verynegligible and comes up to

`

2/- tomaximum of

`

5/- per bamboo. It will alsosave the raw material from forest orhomestead garden i.e. bamboo during theenhance period of treated bamboo. Theseutilized resources may be sold in the marketto earn additional income.

2. Productivity enhancement and economic ben efi ts over r ep la ced tech nology :

Enhanced durability of bamboo underutilization (in any form) will eliminate therecurrent replacement of bamboo; costincurred thereof and thus save the naturalresources and also recurring expenditure. Sell of value added bamboo/product, in

the form of preservative treatment, canearn extra remuneration.

3. Impact of the technology (As the casemay be)

Jagriti and Pragati, both the apparatusfor preservative treatment of bamboo, hadimmense impact on the entrepreneurs andtrainees to whom it was demonstratedduring Kilsan Melas, exhibitions andtrainings conducted in the Institute and


B. Process in brief

Demonstration

Lantana camara was chopped by handcutter of 2-2.5 cm size and cooked in digester for

03 hours at 160 C using sodium hydroxide(8-12%). The pulp produced was washedthoroughly to remove any alkali. The pulp wasrefined in refiner and beaten in valley beater to320 ml CSF. The stock of beaten pulp was madeafter adding 3% Rosin and 6% alum as sizing

outside. There is a huge demand of theapparatus but due to the process of selling of

patent from ICFRE, Dehradun, thisInstitute is not in a position to cater to theirdemand and hence also commercialization.

Dhruba Gurung, A.N. Singh and K.G. Prasad RFRI, Jorhat

E. Developed by

agent. For value addition, different coloureddyes and silk fibres were mixed and handsheetsof 800 GSM were prepared in handmade paperunit of Cellulose and Paper Division.

1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groupsEntrepreneurs.

2. No. of clients to whom technology has been tr ansferred /sold

Twelve participants from different partsof India attended the training programme


4.3.8. Hand made paper fr om L antana camara Sanjay Naithani and S. P. Singh

FRI, Dehardun

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thsponsored by DST from 7-11 June, 2010.3. Potential for further dissemination:

Technology can further be disseminated toother entrepreneurs.

1. Potential to address Livelihood issuesand generate additional income

Yes, the technology demonstrated willcontribute for the livelihood and generateadditional income.



New raw material has been introducedfor Handmade paper industry.

3. Impact of the technology

NA

Sanjay Naithani and S.P.SinghFRI, Dehradun

E. Developed by

Demonstration of handmade paper from Lantana Camara to the users

Chapter 4 -153-


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A. Name of technology

B. Process in brief


Process for the production of eco-friendly natural dyes from forest biomass at pilot plant scale.

Chemistry Division FRI is engaged incarrying out the research on natural dyes fromdifferent plant species for the last one decade. Anumber of plant species have been explored forisolation of dye at higher yield. Encouragingresults obtained at laboratory scale has

prompted us to transfer the laboratory researchon a pilot plant scale. Accordingly a pilot plant

for isolation of natural dyes was designed,fabricated and installed at Chemistry Division,Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun to handleabout forty kilograms of plant materials. The

pilot plant consists of four main components (i)Boiler (ii) Extractor (iii) Evaporator and (iv)Dryer. The batch trials were carried out tooptimize the process parameters for theisolation of natural dyes on a pilot plant scalefrom abundantly available plant material suchas Eucalyptus hybrid (leaves and bark), Populusdeltoides (bark), Lantana camara (leaves),

Pinus roxburghii (needles) and Cassia tora(seeds). The dyes imparted a number offascinating shades on silk, wool and cotton withgood colour fastness properties. TheCIEL*a*b* hue and chroma values of the dyedfabrics were also determined. Research carriedout has led to the development of processes forthe extraction of natural dyes from a number ofwidely occurring plant materials on a pilotscale. The pilot plant studies indicate that thereis a scope for the up scaling of the process for theisolation of natural dyes from the above plantspecies.

1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groupsDyers, Khadi and Village Industries

Board, small scale dyeing units, NGOsengaged in manufacturing naturally dyedclothes for various purposes etc.

2. No. of clients to whom technology has been tr ansfer red/ sold - One

3. Potential for further dissemination

The technology has potential for furtherdissemination to State Khadi and VillageIndustries Boards, dyers, small scale dyeingunits, NGOs and all those who have interestin natural dyes.

1. Potential to address livelihood issues andgenerate additional income

In India coloration of textiles usingnatural dyes has been done mainly bycraftsman, khadi & village industries, small

scale exporters of textile having highmonetary value, small scale dyeing units, NGOs etc. All of these works involves moremanpower in comparison to mills fabrics.Indigenous knowledge and skills in colorextraction, cloth dyeing, embroidery, andweaving may be able to provide a sort oflivelihood to sustain their meager income insubsistence farming of rural people.Furthermore, hand weaving and clothdyeing practices are maintained to preservethe indigenous culture and knowledge ofthe society.

2. Productivity enhancement and economic benefits over replaced technology NA

3. Impact of the technologyDue to stringent environmental

standards imposed by different countries tocheck the pollution caused duringmanufacturing process and theirsubsequent use of synthetic dyes the use of

natural dyes is gaining momentum. Theemphasis has been increasing on findingnew natural color from renewableresources which have the potential to yieldhigh quality dyes. For commercialization ofnatural dyes at large scale it is needed tostudy the isolation of dyes at pilot scale.

Natural dye plant procured, installed andcommissioned for the first time in


4.3.9. Natural Dyes TechnologyRakesh Kumar, Y. C. Tripathi and V. K. Varshney

FRI, Dehradun

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Uttarakhand. Trials were carried out in pilot plant at 20 40 kg batch scale. A number ofshades were produced from the isolateddyes. The dyed fabrics exhibited very goodfastness properties to light, washing,

crocking and perspiration. The studyindicates that dye extracted from thetargeted species on pilot scale is suitable for


B. Process in brief


A black hair dye composition and a

process for preparation thereof, (PatentApplication No. 1910/DEL/2007 datedSeptember 10, 2007).

The process involves using eco-friendly and abundantly available naturallyoccurring biopolymer. The hair dye sodeveloped is fast drying, does not deteriorate in

presence of ai r as compared to othercommercial hair dyes and has shelf life of 4years. It is odourless, easy to apply and wash,

does not stain the skin and impart long-lasting black colour on hair. The hair dye compositionhas para phenylene diamine (PPD) not morethan 1% after dilution with water. As such, thedeveloped black hair dye is non-toxic anddoesn't cause itching sensation on hairs and skinwhile applying. The process is cost effective asit involves use of low-cost and abundantlyavailable raw materials.

1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groupsHair dye manufacturing units, small

scale entrepreneurs, beauty salons etc.2. No. of clients to whom technology has

been tr ansfer red/ sold One

dyeing textile fabrics and is a step ahead forthe commercialization of natural dyes.

Rameshwar Dayal, Rakesh Kumar,Sanjay Naithani, O. P. Bhatt, Praveen Onialand Raj Dev RawatFRI, Dehradun

E. Developed by

3. Potential for further disseminationThe technology has potential for further

dissemination to hair dye manufacturingunits, small scale entrepreneurs, beautysalons, etc .


Yes


The technology provides an easy way to

prepare black hair dye using non-toxiccompounds as the base material. The product is odorless, easy to apply in lowdose without causing irritation to skin andthe color lasts longer as compared to othercommercial dyes.


The impact of the technology beingsimple and cost effective is suitable for theuse by hair dye manufacturing units, smallscale entrepreneurs, beauty salons, etc.

Rameshwar Dayal

FRI, Dehradun


E. Developed by

4.3.10. Hair Dye TechnologyRakesh Kumar, Y. C. Tripathi and V. K. Varshney

FRI, Dehradun

Chapter 4 -155-


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A process for the isolation of Ursolicacid from Eucalyptus hybrid leaves;Patent Application No. 361/Del/2009 dated25-02-2009.

Ursolic acid (3-hydroxy-urs-12en-28-oic acid), an important compound isolated fromdifferent plant species is medicinally regardedas hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatoryantiulcer and cytotoxic. The compound has

been isolated from various plant species by different methods. However, the processesadopted so far are uneconomic and the source

plants are not abundantly available. In view ofthe fact, a process has been developed for theisolation of ursolic acid from leaves ofEucalyptus hybrid (Mysore gum, mainly E.tereticornis) which is extensively grown inIndia under social forestry programme due to itshigh biomass yield. The overall processcomprise chopping of Eucalyptus hybridleaves, subjecting the chopped leaves to thesteps of selective extraction with polar solvents,concentrating the extract on a water bath

0 omaintained at 80 C to 95 C to obtain a modifiedextract, subjecting the solid containing extractto filtration and washing with solvent ofextraction to obtain ursolic acid. The processdeveloped is simple and involves solventextraction of the Eucalyptus hybrid leaves anddoes not involve chromatographic technique forits separation. The Eucalyptus hybrid leaves areavailable in plenty while the other source plantspecies from which ursolic acid has been

B. Process in brief

A. Name of TechnologyA product named as 'Samriddhi' for

sericulture.

reported are not available in such a huge

quantity. These leaves can be an excellentsource for the isolation of ursolic acid.The developed process provided a value addedutilization of Eucalyptus hybrid leavesavailable in plenty and hitherto a wastematerial.

1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groups Pharmaceutical industries, farmers

2. No. of clients to whom technology has been tr ansfer red/ sold - NIL

3. Potential for further disseminationHas po ten t ia l fo r t rans fe r to

Pharmaceutical industries.

1. Potential to address livelihood issues andgenerate additional income: Yes


The developed technology provides asimple and low cost procedure for isolationof ursolic acid from Eucalyptus hybridleaves available in plenty.

3. Impact of the technologyThe technology is simple, utilizes the

abundantly available source material and issuitable for pharmaceutical industry andalso provides additional source of income tothe farmers from plantations.

Rameshwar Dayal and Praveen Kumar OnialFRI, Dehradun



E. Developed by

B. Process in brief A product named as

developed from the weeds and tested it at'Samriddhi'

4.3.11. Technology for isolation of ur solic acid Rakesh Kumar, Y. C. Tripa thi and V. K. Varshney

FRI, Dehradun

4.3.12. Samr idhRashmi

FRI, Dehradun

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Regional Sericulture Research Station,Sahaspur on silkworm, Bombyx mori L.Generally Bombyx mori L. takes 24-36hrs. forcomplete spinning but on application ofSamriddhi, it took only 15-18hrs. Therefore, it

can reduce the time period of spinning i.e. justhalf of the normal time taken for the same. Dueto shortening of time period, consumption ofmulberry leaf was less and uniform spinningwas obtained. Labour cost and feed cost wasalso reduced. It has increased the production ofgood cocoon as quality food is easily available.This will help the ultimate production of silkand also facilitates the farmers to improve theireconomic condition.

1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groups Silkworm farmers and Sericulture

Industry.2. No. of clients to whom technology has

been tr ansferred/sold The product is in process of filing a

patent.3. Potential for furt her dissemination (As

the case may be) - N.A



E. Developed by


The application of ' Samriddhi' reducedthe cost of silk production in terms of cost of

mulberry leaves, less manpower days(Labour cost), space, infrastructure andtime. The product will give edge to thefarmers in terms of competitiveness,financial gain and economic up-liftment.

2. P r o d u ct i vi t y en h a n ce me n t a n deconomic benefits over replacedtechnology - Nil

3. Impact of the technologyPrecisely, Samriddhi has been

established as a promising SilkProductivity Enhancer giving maximumoutput with significantly reduced inputcost. The product will facilitate thefarmers to improve their economiccondition through increased silk

production and high economic gain.

RashmiFRI, Dehradun

A. Name of the technology

B. Process in brief


Reshaping of Exudate gums.

The process utilizes the physico-chemical parameters of the gums. Theknowhow/process is easy to implement by thesmall scale industry.

1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groupsSmall scale industries, NGO's,

entrepreneurs interested in NWFPs valueaddition and trade.

2. No. of clients to whom technology has been tr ansferred/sold - Two1. M/s R.S. Food processes (I) Ltd.,Rajandgaon, Chattisgarh by charging 1.15lakhs

2. M/s Rajput Enterprises Ltd., Bhopal,Madhya Pradesh by charging 1.25 lakhs.

3. Potential for further disseminationThe technology has potential for Small

scale industries, NGO's, entrepreneursinterested in NWFPs value addition and trade.


The process developed may provideadditional income to entrepreneurs andsmall scale industries leading to employmentgeneration and livelihood to local people.

2. Productivity enhancement and economic benefits over rep laced technologyThe product based on the above process ishaving better value due to (a) lesser


4.3.13. Reshaping of Exudate Gums

Vineet Kumar FRI, Dehradun

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B. Process in brief


Development of a green and facile process to isolate hederagenin.

Hederagenin is a potential bioactivecompound known for its anticancer,anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antihy-

perlipidemic, antityrosinase, skin lightening,cure of nephritis and prevention and treatmentof bone diseases alongwith a number of other

biological activities. The processes to isolatethe compound are cumbersome and non-ecofriendly. With an aim to isolate hederageninfrom Sapindus mukorossi a series ofexperiments were carried out to develop an easy

process for isolation of hederagenin. Based onthe number of experiments done by us in thelaboratory, a simple and easy process forisolation of hederagenin has been developed.

1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groups Small scale industries/Large industries

engaged in molecules of pharmaceutical/ biological importance, entrepreneursinterested in NWFPs value addition andtrade. The novel process is being patented.

2. No. of clients to whom technology has been tr ansfer red/sold - NIL

A. Nature of the technologyThis technology is used to plasticize

wood by exposing it to vapour phase ammoniain controlled environment for making bentwood furniture.

3. Potential for further disseminationThe technology has potential for

industries and entrepreneurs engaged inmolecules of pharmaceutical/biologicalimportance, for value addition of NWFPsand its trade.


The process developed may provideadditional income to entrepreneurs andsmall scale/large industries leading to

employment generation and livelihood tolocal people.2. Productivity enhancement and economic

benefits over replaced technologyThe process to isolate the bioactive

compound hederagenin is extremely simple,facile, cost-effective and ecofriendly.

3. Impact of the technologyThe technology is suitable for its use by

small scale industries/Large industriesengaged in molecules of pharmaceutical/

biological importance, entrepreneursinterested in NWFPs value addition andtrade.



E. Developed by

B. Process in brief Use of curved wood in furniture and

housing is prevalent and is of key importance inmany industries in India especially in those thatmanufacture furniture, sports goods, boats,

4.3.15. Development of a green and facile process to isolate hederagenin


4.3.16.Wood bending technology using vapour phase ammonia for making bentwood furnitur e

N.K. UpretiFRI, Dehradun

Chapter 4 -159-


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A. Nature of the technology

B. Process in brief

It is a tool for drying timber and other NWFPs in order to bring down moisture contentfor further processing.

The standard steam heated timber-seasoning kilns with boiler and complement of

boiler operating staff and kiln operators are noteconomically appropriate for all situations.Drying of timber can be appreciablyaccelerated compared to air seasoning and atappreciably reduced seasoning costs comparedto conventional steam heated kilns using solarseasoning kiln. Solar kilns are based ongreenhouse principle. The solar kiln is normally

ships and several decorative and utility articles.Steam has traditionally been used to softenwood for bending. Tests carried out earlier haveindicated that only a few Indian timber speciesare amenable to steam bending. The steam

bending technique has also limitations such as bending at sharp radius of curvature is not po ss ib le , lon g pe ri od is re qu ire d fo r plasticization and drying of stock after bendingetc. The work carried out at Forest ResearchInstitute, Dehradun has shown that the above-mentioned limitations can be overcome byusing vapour phase ammonia plasticizationtechnique. This technique has enabled a widerchoice of species for production of bentwoodcomponents for a variety of commercial

products.

The FRI has designed and developed a pilot scale unit for the plasticization of woodthrough vapour phase ammonia treatment formaking bentwood furniture components andother utility and fancy bentwood articles.

Bending results have indicated thatseveral important timbers which are notamenable to steam bending can be bentsuccessfully even to sharp curvatures by thistechnique. The technique would economize useof wood without affecting the functionalrequirements of the products, as the current

practice to obtain bent wood components isfrom wider sections.

1. Prominent beneficiaries /user groups Wood industry

C. Beneficiar ies of the technology

2. No of clients to whom technology has been tr ansferred/sold

This technology has been sold to twoclients officially as per the availablerecords, but it is seen that some people in

wood industries are already using thistechnology for making bent wood furniture.

3. Potential for further disseminationWood industries may be approached for

solar kilns installations for their woodenfurniture/handicraft making units.

1. Potential to address livelihood issues andgener ate addit ional income

This technology can help in saving

wood and time in the process of making of bent wood furniture and will ultimatelysave maney.


The technology is more efficientthan the boiling water based process beingused by industry at present and definitelyresult in more economic gain by a clientwho adopts it.

3. Impact of the technology Too early to say anything definite on it.

S. N. Sharma and C. N. PandeyFRI, Dehradun


E. Developed by

4.3.17. Modified Solar kiln for dr ying timber and other NWFPs N. K. Upreti

FRI, Dehardun

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operated during day light hours only. A single passed force air-drying arrangement isincorporated making use of the dry air availableon warm summer nights. Wood SeasoningDiscipline of Forest Products Division, FRI hasnow developed a modified solar kiln design having a charge capacity of 250 cft for one-inchthick plank. The design consists of a superstructure of timber frame rested on walls, singlesheathed on the roof, south, east and west wallswith 5.5 mm clear transparent glass. The northwall is sheathed with 9.5 mm BWR grade

plywood. The kiln is oriented east-west alongits length. The roof is tilted towards the south atan angle to the horizontal equal to 0.9 times thelatitude for maximum year round absorption ofsolar energy. Corrugated blackened galvanizediron sheet is used for false ceiling and the entirestructure is painted black on inside to absorbmaximum solar radiation. Two electric fans areinstalled at the floor level in north wall foruniform air-circulation. The improved chimneytype vents in south wall help in recovery of heatloss during venting operation. The modifieddesign kiln is equally efficient andapproximately 30 % cheaper compared to oldversion. The solar kiln can also be used fordrying seeds, bidi leaves, raw material ofayurvedic medicines etc.

1. Prominent beneficiaries/ user groups Wood industry and Forest Development

Corporations2. No of clients to whom technology has

been tr ansfer red/sold This technology has been sold to 18

clients in last twenty years. The modified


design based solar kiln is yet to be installedfor clients. The U.P. Forest DevelopmentCorporation has showed interest in it andhopefully this modified design solar kilnwill be installed for them in near future.

3. Potential for further disseminationMore Forest Development Corporations

and Wood industries may be approached forsolar kilns installations for their woodenfurniture/handicraft making units.

1. Potential to address Livelihood issuesand genera te add i t iona l income

The kiln can be installed for self helpgroups for drying NWFPs for valueaddition in theie produces. They can use itcommercially for providing service tosmall users and earn some extra money.


The new kiln is 30 % cheaper ininstallation cost and its design is simpler inconstruction than the old design kiln.

3. Impact of the technologySo far we have observed that the solar

kiln ais able to dry timber and other NWFPs

efficiently for different clients for whom ithas been installed and doing proper valueaddition to their products.

N. K. UpretiFRI, Dehradun


E. Developed by

Chapter 4 -161-

The modified design Solar kiln for drying timber and NWFPs


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B. Process in brief

C. Beneficiaries of the technologies

Automised Boucherie Process for thetreatment of 24 green bamboos (Patent applied )

Freshly felled bamboos can be treated by Automised boucherie process. The green bamboos with branches are connected to a MStank and treated with a preservative solution

2under a pneumatic pressure of about 1.5 kg/cm .The technology is very simple, adaptable atvillage level and especially suitable for greenround bamboo, which is difficult to treat.

1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groups: Villagers, Farmers, Forest Department,Technology demonstration-cum-trainingfacilities are available at Wood PreservationDiscipline, Forest Research Institute (FRI),Dehra Dun.

2. No. of clients to whom technology has been tr ansfer red/sold

Has been demonstrated to the number oftrainees under various training programme .


B. Process in brief

C. Beneficiaries of the technologies

New eco-friendly, economical and non-hazardous wood preservative ZiBOCcomparable to CCA (Patent applied).

ZiBOC is a fixed composition of threechemicals is environment acceptable.

1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groupsTimber Industries.

2. No. of clients to whom technology has been tr ansfer red/sold

Under process3. Potential for further dissemination

Yes

3. Potential for further dissemination - Yes


Value addition of material will beeconomically good for use of material forlonger time span.


The technology was limited for thetreatment of five bamboos. Now 24

bamboos can be treated simultaneously.

3. Impact of the technologyTreatment of green bamboos with

preservatives to enhance their life 5-8times.

Sadhna Tripathi and Ajmal SamaniFRI, Dehradun


E. Developed by


E. Developed by

1. Potential to address Livelihood issuesand generat e additional income Value addition of material will beeconomical for use of material for longertime span.


The preservative developed isenvironmentally acceptable in nature.

3. Impact of the technologyThe technology will help in increasing

the life of timber and thus help inconserving the forest.

Sadhna TripathiFRI, Dehradun

4.3.18. Automised Boucher ie Pr ocess for the tr eatment of 24 green bamboos

Sadhna Tripa thi, and Ajmal SamaniFRI, Dehradun

4.3.19. New eco-friendly, economical and non-hazar dous wood pr eservat ive ZiBOC compar able to CCAAjmal Samani

FRI, Dehradun

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B. Process in brief


A pet care shampoo composition forcleansing and parasiticidal properties and a

process for preparation thereof.

The invention relates generally toanimal care products and provides a costeffective shampoo composition, as analternative to the commercially available

product containing synthetic biocide. The product is suitable for topical application to pets, specifically dogs, for cleansing and parasiticidal properties. The compositioncleanses away the dirt and excess oils, leavescoat clean, soft, smooth, moist and shiny, has

pH compatible to the pet's skin and containsnatural ingredients of pleasant aroma forremoval of parasites. The composition does notcause irritation, tearing and itching to the petand the owner, and neutral to the pet's behavior.

The invention further provides a simple methodfor preparing such shampoo composition usinglow cost harmless raw materials.

1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groups

Veterinary products manufacturers, Petowners, Herbal industries, etc.

2. No. of clients to whom technology has been tr ansfer red/ sold

NIL

3. Potential for further dissemination - Has potential for transfer to veterinary productsmanufacturers and Herbal industries.

1. Potential to address livelihood issues andgener ate addit ional income

Yes


The invention provides a cost effectiveshampoo composition, as an alternative tothe commercially available productcontaining synthetic insecticide, for topicalapplication to pets, specifically dogs, forcleansing and parasiticidal properties andalso provides a simple method for

preparing such shampoo composition usinglow cost harmless raw materials.


The technology is simple, costeffective, and utilizes the low cost rawmaterial, and is industrially adaptable. The

product is safe to the pet and the owners.

V. K. VarshneyFRI, Dehradun


E. Developed by

4.3.20. Pet car e shampoo composition for cleansing and par asiticidal pr operties

V. K. VarshneyFRI, Dehradun

4(3) Industry and Economy of the Country

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Transcript of 4(3) Industry and Economy of the Country