57

4)

4.1 Introduction

Chapter 4 – Profile of Study Area – Satara District

Having presented the research methodology of the present research work,

and details about consumer durable industry, its strategies in rural areas of

Maharashtra in the earlier chapters, It is now attempted to present the

socio-economic and geographical profile of the area under study, i.e.,

Satara district of Maharashtra State. This is done with a view to providing

all possible details of the district. The information given in this chapter is

based on the secondary data compiled from various sources given at

the appropriate places.

4.2 Broad Features of Maharashtra

Both in terms of area and population, Maharashtra is the third largest State

in India. According to 2001 Census, its geographical area is 3.07.762 sq.

kms. or 9.4 per cent of the total area of the country. The total population of

Maharashtra is 5.04 crores which is 9.2 per cent of India's total populatlon.

The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and the neo-Buddhists

constitute about 18 per cent of the total population of the State. The total

rural population is estimated at 3.84 crores, of which about 43 wr cent are

estimated to be in labour force.

In respect of spread of industry, regional disparity is very significant. We

find that, the organised industries are concentrated mostly in the three

districts of Bombay. Thane and Pune. Such districts alone shared 83 per

cent of the income originating in the Industrial Sector in the State. This has

been one of the major considerations for the State Government to have

proceeded with the District Planning, as a basic component of the State

Planning and Plan Implementation System. As mentioned in the Draft

outline in the State's Fifth Five Year Plan.

The economy of Maharashtra presents a picture of extreme contrasts.

Technological dualism characterises the economy which is the industrial

complex of Bombay-Thane-Pune-Kolhapur in the west which is highly

capital-intensive, technologically advanced and highly productive; while

58

outside this industrial belt, traditionalism, tribalism and low yields and

productivity continue to prevail. .. . On the other hand, the rate of

Maharashtra excluding the pockets of sugarcane areas, is dominated

by rainfed agriculture pursued traditionally in low gear technology of

subsistence and submarginal farmers.

The State is divided into 35 districts spread over 4 administrative divisions

with headquarter at Bombay, Pune, Aurangabad and Nagpur. As a large

number of districts are far flung from the State headquarters located in

Bombay, the problem of administration demands considerable energy and

attention.

For purposes of carrying out periodical socio-economic surveys, the

National Sample Survey Organization of the Government of India in

its 27th round had divided the State into six regions.

Maharashtra also has the country's second largest urban population, with

about 43 persons out of every 100 living in towns and cities. It has a large

migrant population, of which nearly 72 per cent speak Marathi, which is the

most widely spoken language. Other prominent languages are Hindi, Urdu

and Gujarati. Positioned between 16° N and 22° N latitude and 72° E and

80° E longitude, Maharashtra with a 720 km long coastline stretching from

Daman in the north to Goa in the south, is encircled by the States of

Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It

falls in the resource development zone called the Western Plateau and Hill

Regions, one of the 15 such zones into which India is divided on the basis

of the agro-climatic features.

Maharashtra's topography is diverse. It is classified into five broad regional

groups, historically evolved as socio-cultural units-Greater Mumbai,

Western Maharashtra, Marathwada, Konkan and Vidarbha, Mumbai being

the country's prime metropolis. These regions are divided into six revenue

divisions for administrative purposes. Each division has its headquarters at

Navi Mumbai, Nashik, Pune, Aurangabad, Nagpur and Amravati

respectively. The 35 districts are divided amongst these divisions. Konkan

59

division consists of Mumbai, Thane, Raigad, Ramagiri and Sindhudurg

districts on the coast where landholdings are small but more or less evenly

distributed, and has no irrigation facilities worth mentioning. Nashik, Dhule,

Nandurbar, Jalgaon and Ahmednagar districts with a large tribal population,

with large landholdings, high level of landlessness, forests, a few fertile

tracts and good rainfall comprise the Nashik division.

Pune, Sangli, Satara, Kolhapur, and Sholapur districts constitute the Pune

division, and have relatively lower rainfall being in the narrow rain shadow

area though its smaller landholdings are served by canals and wells. The

Nashik and Pune divisions being contiguous, mesh into what is popularly

known as Western Maharashtra, Marathwada's Aurangabad, Jalna,

Parbhani, Hingoli, Nanded, Osmanabad, Beed and Latur together form the

Aurangabad division and are culturally well tied, all of them being from the

erstwhile State of Hyderabad. The region is rocky and dry with low and

uncertain rainfall, large Landholdings and some landlessness. One part of

Vidarbha, comprising Buldhana, Akola, Amaravati, Washim and Yavatmal

is administered by the Amaravati division and the rest of the same region,

comprising Nagpur, Wardha, Bhandara, Gondiya, Chandrapur and

Gadchiroli districts, is assigned to Nagpur division. The two divisions of

Vidarbha cover part of a plateau with deep black soils, assured rainfall and

medium to large landholdings and high levels of landlessness. Bhandara,

Gondiya, Chandrapur and Gadchiroli districts have a large tribal population

and forest cover.

The State has an uneven natural resource endowment. Its soil endowment

is poor in quality, being residual and obtained from the underlying basalts.

Though a beneficiary of the South West Monsoon, which lasts from July to

September, the rainfall is varying; it is as high as 2000 mm in the Western

Ghats and some 600 mm in the plains.

Maharashtra's net sown area is around 17,732,000 hectares of which only

14.5 per cent is irrigated, of which more than half i.e., 55 per cent, is by

wells. This renders agriculture vulnerable to droughts, a fact borne out by

the periodic fluctuations in farm output, which in a normal year produces

60

only about 90 per cent of the State's food grain requirements. The rural

economy is not diversified, though the mineral base is abundant-coal,

manganese, iron ore and tin being some of the important minerals. The

mineral belt stretches across Chandrapur, Gadchiroli, Bhandara and

Nagpur districts. llmenite is found in Ratnagiri district.

Map of Maharashtra State

Mumbai, Maharashtra’s capital city was once the icon of industrialisation in

the country.

With the decline of manufacturing, it is now instead the principal financial

centre and a major commercial hub of the country. A maritime state,

Maharashtra has five districts along the coast with two major ports, Mumbai

and Nhava Sheva; the first is in the city of Mumbai and the other across the

harbour in Raigad district.

61

Despite Maharashtra’s higher level of economic growth and being one of

the higher - income States with growth rates that exceed that of several

States, in terms of Human Development Index (HDI) Maharashtra was

ranked third among all States in 2001 with a HDI value of 0.532.

4.3 Location of Satara District

Satara, one of the 13 districts of Western Malrarashtra (see map for

location of the district) is spread over an area of 10.482 thousand sq. kms.

Amongst the other states in India the Maharashtra State is the third largest

state having 26 districts in all. Satara is one of the important districts. both

historically and politically, in Maharashtra. This district is located practically

in the midst of the State bounded towards the North by Pune district.

towards west by Solapur district and towards the South by Kolhapur and

Sangli, and in the East Ratnagiri district. This district is divided into 11

talukas and these talukas comprise many villages. The total area of the

district is 10,484 sq. kms. It lies between longitude 17.5 to 18.1 1

North and latitude 73.33 to 71.74 East.

It is surprising to note how this district is named as Satara. There are

various opinions on this issue. There is one village in the south of the

district, named Sate having seven vallies so it is called Satara.

According to the second opinion there is a fort named as Ajinkyatara near

Satara city; its original name was and and from this the name Satara is

derived. According to the third version Ajeemshah, the son of Aurangzeb,

had surrounded this fort and according to them this fort has seventeen

doors and bastions (w).so it is Satara and Satara being the capital of

Marathas, the entire area around Satara city was called Satara district for

the administrative purposes. The origin of the district can be traced to the

third century, that is, the reign of Chalukyas. Rashtrakutas, Sindhan,

Sheelahar and Yadeo Kings, then Bahamani, Adilshahis kingdoms and

lastly under the Maratha reign headed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaja.

62

Map of Satara District

Satara, the seat of Chhatrapati dynasty of Maharashtra, is the highest

sugar--producing district in the State, catering to the 12 cooperative sugar

factories functioning in its jurisdiction. The district has taken a quantum

leap in dairy production and development. The massive Koyna

hydroelectric project or the dams at Dhom, Kanheri, Urmodi and Tarali

have made the district fertile though some talukas are still awaiting

irrigation. Satara is called the District of Power due to a chain of windmills,

which dot its mountain ranges. It has won laurels at the national level for

attaining high adult literacy. Mahableshwar is a hill station that is still

unparalleled owing to its pristine beauty and restorative weather. No

wonder, this is the first choice of tourists. Maharashtra’s doyen Y.B.Chavan

made this district well known.

63

1. District Satara 2. Area 10475 sq. kms. 3. Sub-divisions 4 (Satara, Phaltan, Wai, Karad) 4. Talukas 11 (Satara, Karad, Wai, Mahableshwar, Phaltan, Mann, Khatav, Javli, Koregaon, Patan and Khandala) 5. Distance from Mumbai 250 kms. 6. Means of Transport Main Airport-Karad Railway Stations -Satara, Karad, etc. 7. Population Total-28,08,994 Male-14,08,326 Female-14,00,668 8. Literacy Per cent-78.52 Total-78.52 Male-88% Female-68% 9. Area under Irrigation 1,89,000 hectares 10. Irrigation Projects Major-10 Medium-13 Minor-80

11. Industries Big and Medium-2842 12. Languages/Dialects Marathi 13. Folk-Arts Lavani, Gondhli, Dhangar songs 14. Weather Temperature- Max.-37.5 Deg.C. Min.-11.6 Deg. C. Rainfall- 2643 mm (Average) 15. Main Crops Sugarcane, jowar, vegetables 16. Area under Horticulture 33000 hect. 17. Health Infrastructure PHCs-71 Rural Hosp.-10 Dist. Hosp.-1 Big Hosp.-1 18. Tourist Places Mahableshwar, Panchgani, Koynanagar 19. Educational Institutions Colleges - 38 Prim. Schools - 2869 Sec. Schools – 293

(SOURCE : CENSUS OF INDIA 2001 updated up to 2008-09)

64

Situation of Satara District:

The present district of Satara owes its administrative evolution to the several

changes that took place, first during the British rule, and subsequently during

the post-independence period till as late as the year 1960. The core of the

district was supplied by the Satara Principality after its lapse in the year 1848.

Several boundary and sub-divisional adjustments were later on made with the

neighbouring districts and with the lands of the neighbouring Indian princes.

With the merger of the Princes' territories in 1947, the district was enlarged

and divided into North Satara and South Satara. in 1960, the North Satara

reverted to its original name Satara, South Satara being designated as Sangli

district. The district, accordingly, has eleven talukas and petas.

4.4 Administrative Divisions And Population break up of Satara District

SATARA AT THE WESTERN LIMIT OF THE DECCAN TABLE LAND,

lies between 16° 50' and 18° 10' North, and 73° 45' and 15° 00' East. It has

an area of 4,022.6 square miles, a population of 28,08,994, according to

2001 census, with 15 towns and 1,152 villages. The following table brings

out the salient features of the administrative aspects of the district:—

65

Table 4-1 Administrative Division & Population

Division Name of Taluka

or Peta.

Area in Sq.

km,

Number

of

villages.

Number

of towns,

including

cities.

Population.

Satara

(i) Satara 876.24 210 5 451870

(ii) Koregaon 921.80 139 1 253128

(iii) Jaoli 864.53 218 0 124600

Mahabaleshwar

(i) Wai 619.10 120 1 189336

(ii)

Mahabaleshwar 223.01 55 2 54546

Patan (i) Patan 1320.92 203 0 298095

(ii) Karad 969.20 343 1 543424

Phaltan

(i) Phaltan 1199.43 123 1 313627

(ii) Khatav 1129.60 141 0 260951

(iii) Man 1449.11 104 1 199598

(iv) Khandala 523.72 66 1 119819

Total 10480.00 1739 15 28,08,994

The district has a compact shape, with an east-west stretch of about 90

miles and north-south about 75 miles. Administratively it is bordered by the

Poona district on the whole of the northern side, by the Sholapur district on

the east, by the Sangli district on the southeast and south, and by the

Ratnagiri district on the west; only over a length of about 15 miles the

Kolaba district borders on the northwest. Although the boundaries of the

district are mainly administrative, along several lines these coincide with

physical features, in that the Nira river practically forms a border over the

entire north, the main Sahyadrian range on the west and south-west, and

the Shikhar Shingnapur section of the Mahadeo hills on the east to

demarcate to some extent the lands of the Sholapur district.

66

4.5 Main Physical Features of Satara District

Relief and Drainage.

Residual hill ranges and the intermediate valleys, all well-developed on a

tableland surface, form the main element of landscape in the Satara

district. On the west, it has the Sahyadrian scarp with its major peaks,

usually flat topped, and intervening saddles. The Mahadeo Range, which is

the next major well developed range;, begins as an off-shoot of the

Sahyadries, in the north-western part of the district. Eastwards, it runs as a

main range and sends off several minor ranges south-eastwards and

southwards. The Sahyadrian range and its minor hill chains on the plateau

surface, and the Mahadeo range and its minor ranges, enclose between

them the major river svstems of Satara.

From the point of view of the peninsular drainage, the entire land of the

district belongs to the larger drainage system of the Krishna river. In this

district there are four distinct river basins: the Krishna draining the major

portion to the south, the Yerla also draining to the south the mid-east

portions, the Man draining the eastern parts to join the Bhima river outside

the limits of the district, and the Nira draining the northern belt of the

district.

Hills.

The Sahaydries.

The two major ranges, the Sahyadries and the Mahadeo, form, as

mentioned above, the major hill complex of the district, and these and their

several transverse members together with many isolated hill features and

knolls give Satara its dominant relief forms.

The Mahadeo.

The second chain of Satara hills is the Mahadeo range. In the north of the

district the range emanates from the Sahyadrian complex from about ten

miles north of Mahabaleshwar and stretches east and south-east across

67

the whole breadth of the district. The trend of the range for the first thirty

miles, to a little beyond the Khambatki pass through which runs the Satara-

Poona road, is towards the east.

Hill Forts.

Within Satara limits there are several notable hills and hill-forts. The names

of the major hills in the Khandala-Wai tract are, Baleghav. Dhamna, Harli.

Kamalgad, Kenjalgad, Mandhardev, Panchgani, Pandavgad, Pipli, Sonjai.

Vagdera, Vandan. Vairatgad and Eruli. Of these hills Sonjai, the lowest is

3.287 feet and Eruli, the highest, is 4.531 feet above the sea.

Rivers.

Within Satara limits there are four distinct river drainage areas; the Nira in

the entire northern belt, the Man in the south-east and the Yerla and the

Krishna in the south. The narrow belt beyond the Mahadeo hills is drained

north into the Nira which flows east into the Bhima, and the eastern part of

the district beyond the Mahimangad range is drained south-east along the

Man which afterwards flows east and north-east to join the Bhima.

Krishna.

The Krishna is one of the three great sacred rivers of Southern India. Like

the Godavari and Kaveri, it flows across almost the entire breadth of the

peninsula from west to cast and flows into, the Bay of Bengal. In length it is

less than the Godavari, but its drainage area, including the drainage of its

two great tributaries, the Bhima and Tungbhadra, is larger than that of

either the Godavari or the Kaveri. Its length is about 800 miles and its

drainage area is about 94,500 square miles. Of its 800 miles, about 110 lie

within Satara limits. The Krishna rises on the eastern brow of the

Mahabaleshwar plateau four miles west of the village of for in the extreme

west of Wai. The source of the river is about 4,500 feet above the sea in

18° 1' north latitude and 73° 41' east longitude. On the plateau of the

Mahabaleshwar hill near the source of the river stands an ancient temple of

Mahadeo. Inside the temple is a small reservoir into which a stream pours

68

out of a stone Gomukh. This is the traditional source of the river which

Hindus lovingly call Krishnabai the Lady Krishna". Number of pilgrims

crowd to the spot which is embowered in trees and flowering shrubs. From

its source the Krishna runs east for about fifteen miles till it reaches the

town of Wai. It receives the Kudali, from the right about two miles south of

Panchvad in South Wai. After meeting the Kudali, the river continues to run

south through the Satara Sub-Division by Nimb and Vaduth, and after

fifteen miles receives the Vena on the right near Mahuli, about three miles

east of Satara. As the confluence of the Krishna and Yenna, Mahuli is a

sacred spot. A fair is held five times in the year, once in Kartik, October-

November, in Chaitra, March-April, and in Ashadh, June-July, and twice in

Shravan. July-August. Alter meeting the Vena, the Krishna curves to the

south-east and separates Satara Sub-Division from Koregaon tor about ten

miles till it reaches the border of Karad. In Koregaon, after a course of forty

miles, about a mile east of Mangalpur, the Krishna receives the Vasna from

the left, and after a course of about fifty-five miles in the extreme south of

the Satara Sub-Division, about two miles south-west or Vanegaon. it

receives the Urmodi from the right. In Karad the river runs nearly south, it

receives from the right, two tributaries, the Tarli near Umbraj after a course

of about sixty-five miles and the Koyna near Karad after a course of about

seventy-five miles. Below Karad, it flows for about 30 miles and then enters

the limits of the Sangli district. Within Satara limits the Krishna is unfit for

navigation. The channel is too rocky and the stream too rapid to allow even

of small local craft. The banks are twenty to thirty feet high and generally

sloping, earthy and broken. The river bed, though in parts rocky, as a rule

is sandy. In Wai and Satara in the north-west except that melons are

grown, in its bed, the water of the Krishna is being increasingly used for

irrigation. In Karad, crops of sugarcane, groundnut, chillies, and wheat are

raised by watering the soil from recently made canals. During the fair

season the Krishna is everywhere easily forded, but during the rains there

is considerable body of water, and a bridge has been thrown over the

Krishna at Mahuli, three miles east of Satara, at Dhamner in the South of

Koregaon, at Umbraj, in Karad. Within Satara limits the Krishna is bridged

at Bhuinj on the Poona-Bangalore road, at Wai on the Poona-

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Mahabaleshwar road, and at Vaduth on the old Poona road, and at Karad

to connect the town with the railway station on the east.

Kudali.

The Kudali, a small feeder of the Krishna in the north, rises near Kedamb in

Jaoli. and after a south-easterly course of about sixteen miles through Jaoli

and Wai. flanked by the Vairatgad range on the left or north and the

Hatgegad-Arle range on the right or south, joins the Krishna from the right

about two miles south of Panchvad in Wai.

The Vena or Yenna one of the Krishna's chief feeders, rises on the

Mahabaleshwar plateau and falls into the Yenna valley below the Lingmala

plantation, on the east point of the Mahabaleshwar hills about three miles

cast of Malcolmpeth. It flows between the Hatgegad-Arle range on the left

or north and the Satara range on the right or south, and after a south-

easterly course of about forty-miles through Jaoli and Satara, it joins the

Krishna at Mahuli about three miles east of Satara. In the hot season the

stream thins down and the water stands in pools. It is crossed by no ferries.

Besides a foot-bridge at Medha in Jaoli, it has four road bridges, one on the

Poona-Bangalore road at Varya, three miles north of Satara, two on the

Satara-Malcolmpeth road at Kanhera eight miles and at Kelghar twenty

miles north-west of Satara, and one on the old Poona road at Vadha-

Kheda, three miles north-east of Satara.

Urmodi

The Urmodi. a small feeder of the Krishna, rises near Kas in Jaoli. It passes

south-east along a valley flanked by the Satara range-on the left or north

and the Kalvali-Sonapur range on the right or south. After a south-easterly

course of about twenty miles, mostly through Satara, it joins the Krishna

about two miles south-west of Venegaon in the extreme south of the Satara

Sub-Division. The banks of the Urmodi arc high and steep. The flow of

water ceases in the hot season. There is no ferry, and only one bridge on

the Poona-Kolhapur road at Latna, nine miles south of Satara.

70

Tarli.

The Tarli, a small feeder of the Krishna, rises in the north-west of Patan

about ten miles above the village of Tarli. It flows south-east along a valley

flanked by the Kalvali-Sonapur range on the left or north-east and the Jalu-

Vasantgad range on the right or south-west. After a south-easterly course

of about twenty-two miles through Patau and Karad. it joins the Krishna

from the right at Umbraj in Karad.

Koyna.

The Koyna, the largest of the Satara feeders of the Krishna, rises on the

west side of the Mahabaleshwar plateau near Elphinstone Point in 17° 58'

north latitude and 73" 43' east longitude. Of its course of eighty miles within

Satara limits, during the first forty it runs nearly south, and during the next

forty it runs nearly east. During its forty miles to the south the Koyna flows

along a beautiful valley' with the main line of the Sahyadris on the right and

on the left the Bamnoli-Gheradategad branch of the Sahyadris which runs

parallel to the main line at an equal height. In Jaoli the river passes by

Bamnoli and Tambi and receives the Solshi from tut-left about three miles

north of Bamnoli and the Kandati from the right about two miles south of

Bamnoli. At Helvak in Patan, after a course of forty miles, the river

suddenly turns east, and, after a further course of forty miles flowing by the

town of Patan, where it receives the Kera from the north, and on receiving

down stream the waters of Morna and Vang from the south it falls into the

Krishna at Karad. In the first forty miles the Koyna is seldom more than 100

feet broad; but in the last forty miles the bed is 300 to 500 feet wide.

Especially in the first forty miles the banks are broken and muddy and the

bed is of gravel.

To-day however the Koyna has become, probably the most important river

in Maharashtra on account of the Hydro-Electricity Project that is being

developed near Helvak.

71

Vasna.

The Vasna, a small left bank feeder of the Krishna, rises in the Mahadeo

range near Solshi in the north of Koregaon. It flows south along a valley

flanked by the Chandan-Vandan range on the right or west and by the

Vardhangad range on the left or east. It runs south for about twenty miles,

and from the left, joins the Krishna about a mile east of Mangalpur in

Koregaon.

Yerla.

The Yerla, the largest of the left bank or northern feeders of the Krishna,

rises in Solaknath hill in the extreme north of Khatav. It flows along a valley

flanked by the Vardhangad range on the right or west, and by the

Mahimangad range on the left or east. It runs south for about seventy-five

miles through Khatav in this district and through Khanapur and Tasgaon. In

Khatav it passes by Lalgun, Khatav, Vaduj, and Nimsod. After a south-

westerly course of about seventy-five miles the Yerla falls into the Krishna

within Sangli limits about six miles south of Bhilavdi. Its bed is sandy, and

its banks are sloping, earthy and muddy. The stream holds water

throughout the year and crops of sugarcane, groundnut, wheat, potatoes,

and onions are raised by bhudkis or wells sunk near the banks.

Nira.

Of the Bhima drainage, the two chief Satara representatives are the Nira in

the north and the Man in the north-east. The Nira which separates Satara

from Poona in the north, rises on the Sahyadri range within the lands of the

Bhor taluka of the Poona district. From its sources in Bhor the river runs

east to the north of the talukas of Wai and Khandala and Phaltan. After

leaving Phaltan, it runs north of Malsiras in Sholapur and falls into the

Bhima about five miles east of Tambve in the extreme north-east of

Malsiras. The Nira is bridged on the Poona-Kolhapur highway at Shirwal in

the Khandala taluka. The river has acquired great economic importance on

account of the Bhatgar dam (Poona district) and the newly constructed Vir

dam, both of which support an extensive net-work of canals for irrigation.

72

Manganga.

The Manganga, a tributary of the Bhima, rises in the Tita hill in the north-

east of Man. Of a total length of about 100 miles, about forty lie in Man

within Satara limits. In Man the river runs southeast by Malvadi, Andhli,

Dahivadi, and Mhasvad. Beyond Satara limits the Manganga continues to

run south-east through Atpadi, and from Atpadi it turns north-east through.

Sangola and Pandharpur in Sholapur, and falls into the Bhima at Sarkoli

about ten miles south-east of Pandharpur. During the rains within the Man

sub division the water of the Manganga runs two to six feet deep. In the fair

season it is about two feet deep in some places and almost dry in others.

The bed is sandy and the banks highly eroded. In some parts near the river

banks crops of sugarcane, groundnut, wheat, sweet potatoes, and onions

are raised by pats or fair-weather channels.

4.6 Industries in Satara District

DURING THE LAST CENTURY SATARA WAS INDUSTRIALLY

BACKWARD, having only a few crafts. The chief crafts [Gazetteer of

Bombay Presidency (Satara), Vol. XIX, 1885, pp. 220-23.] were making

gold and silver ornaments, copper and brass pots and iron tools, stone-

cutting, pottery, carpentry, cotton-weaving, dyeing, blanket-weaving,

tanning and shoe-making. Besides working in gold and silver a few Sonars

(Goldsmiths) were well known for their skill in stone-setting. Tambats and

Kasars (copper and brasssmiths) were found in almost all towns. Copper

and brass pot-making was one of the chief local industries. Blacksmiths,

stone-cutters (Patharvats), potters (KutnbJiars), carpenters (Sutars),

weavers (Salis, Koshtis and Khatris) and blanket weavers (Sangars) were

found to flourish in almost all towns and large villages.

History of industrialisation in Satara dates back to 1916 when a glass

manufacturing factory was established at Ogalewadi. The year 1916 also

gave birth to an electricity generation plant in the district. The pace of

industrialisation was, however, very slow. No new industries were started

during the period following the First World War. A groundnut decorticating

73

factory was established in 1928. Increase in the area under sugarcane

cultivation gave impetus to the starting of a sugar factory in 1933. The

sugar factory was a landmark in the history of industrialisation of the

district. Two electricity generation plants were established in 1933 and

1940, respectively. The other industries like extraction of edible oil, copper

and brass rolling and general engineering came into existence after India

became politically free.

Sugar industry is one of the important industries in this district. It gives

employment to a large populace of sugarcane cultivators, skilled and

unskilled workers in factories and a number of technicians. There are at

present, three sugar factories in this district. The Cooper Engineering

Works at Satara Road have established a countrywide reputation for the

manufacture of engines, spare parts, machine tools, powerlooms and

agricultural implements.

In the small scale industries sector, general engineering, gul manufacture,

oilseeds crushing, weaving and pharmaceutical industries are important.

It is difficult to indicate the extent of industrialisation of Satara district in

comparison with other districts of Maharashtra. Such an appraisal will

necessitate the consideration of complicated issues such as availability of

raw materials, capital, private initiative and cntreproneurship, economies of

localisation, etc. It may be said however, that the district has not achieved a

high degree of industrialisation. There remains much to be accomplished.

The available resources regarding raw materials and supplv of labour are

not exploited to the fullest extent.

As regards mineral deposits, Satara does not enjoy a favourable position.

However, some of the tracks were found to possess deposits of iron ore,

lime stone and salt. Near the Sahyadris, in twenty villages of Javli and thirty

of Patau, iron ore [Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency (Satara District), Vol.

XIX, 1885. Mining has. however, been abandoned since the beginning of

this century.] was found in the murum or crumbled trap below the lalerite.

The iron one was smelted by a class of Musalmans called Dhavads. In

74

fixing where to dig for ore the Dhavads looked first to the presence on the

surface of small lime nodules or pieces of kankar of the size of a masur

bean. The next best sign of ore was a heavy blackish-yellow earth. The

methods of mining and smelting the ore were very crude. It was not

economic and, hence was abandoned.

Because of its nearness to the Sahyadris and the rocky nature of much of

its soil the district is well supplied with stone for building and for road metal.

The prevailing stone is trap in the plains and lalerite on the hills. The trap is

dark in colour and weighs 180 to 185 pounds per cubic foot. It is a hard

compact stone well suited for masonry purposes. Lime stone is found all

over the district in the plains, especially near Wai. It is either nodular called

kankar, or it occurs in seams along river banks. Kankar, if properly burnt,

makes good mortar, but the river seams yield the best lime for building.

Before the passing of the Salt Act of 1873, considerable quantities of salt

were produced from earth deposits in Man in the north-east of the district.

Koyana Electric Grid

The Koyna Electric Grid Scheme is a unique feature of the district. It is an

important landmark in the industrial development of the district and the

areas of southern Maharashtra. It is one of the biggest hydro-electric

projects in Maharashtra. It will encourage industrial growth and rural

electrification in the areas. The programme of rural electrification forms an

integral part of the Koyna Scheme.

The project is estimated to generate about 5,00,000 k.w. power on

completion. But initially in the first stage, it would generate about 2,40,000

k.w. Under this scheme it is proposed to construct the following major

transmission lines from Koyna Power House to Karad, Satara Road and

Vishrambag. It will serve Satara, Pancngani, Wai, Mahabaleshwar, Karad

and Satara Road.

The Koyna Electric Grid Scheme will have a considerable impact oh the

industrial development in this area. It will also fulfil the long-felt need of

rural electrification.

75

The following statement gives statistics of the economically active (i.e. self-

supporting) persons engaged, in industries which might be grouped under

'Processing and Manufacture' and Construction and Utilities'.

NUMBER OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE (i.e., SELF-SUPPORTING)

PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRIES UNDER "PROCESSING AND

MANUFACTURE" AND "CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES" IN SATARA

DISTRICT IN 1951.

Table 4-2 Classification of Industries Division 1

Classification of Industries Total Employers Employees Independent Workers

males females males females males females males females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1.

Processing and manufacture of foodstuffs, textiles, leather and products thereof.

10,840 1,271 278 33 2,140 292 8,422 946

2. Food industries otherwise unclassified

165 13 6 -- 4 4 155 9

3. Grains and pulses 411 15 70 2 237 7 104 6

4. Vegetable oils and dairy products 649 127 32 4 132 17 485 106

5. Sugar industries 966 40 2 -- 864 32 100 8. 6. Beverages 34 -- 5 -- 26 -- 3 -- 7. Tobacco 85 47 9 -- 39 14 37 33

Cotton textiles 8. 2,164 273 17 3 588 98 1,559 172

9

Wearing apparel (except ready-made footwear) and textile goods

1,720 99 47 4 97 4 1,576 91

10. Textile industries otherwise unclassified

2,958 425 42 8 23 24 2,893 393

11. Leather, leather products and footwear

1,688 232 48 12 130 92 1,510 128

76

Division 2

Classification of Industries Total Employers Employees Independent

Workers

males females males females males females males females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. Processing and

manufacture of metals, chemicals and products thereof.

2,832 94 63 -- 1,483 31 1,286 63

2. Manufacture of metal products otherwise unclassified.

1,333 63 43 -- 164 4 1,126 57

3. Iron and Steel 15 3 1 -- 14 3 -- -- 4 Non-ferrous metals 38 -- -- -- -- -- 38 -- 5. Transport

equipment 126 2 5 -- 65 -- 56 2

6. Electrical machinery apparatus, appliances and supplies.

1 -- -- -- -- -- 1 --

7. Machinery (other than electrical machinery) including engineering workshops.

1,217 16 3 -- 1,164 16 50 --

8. Basic industrial chemicals, fertiliser and power alcohol.

10 2 1 -- 7 2 2 --

9. Medical and pharmaceutical preparations

4 3 -- -- 4 2 -- 1

10 Manufacture of chemical products otherwise unclassified.

88 7 10 -- 65 4 13 3

77

Division 3

Classification of Industries 1 Total Employers Employees Independent

Workers

males females males females males females males females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1. Processing and manufacture not elsewhere specified 5,905 332 126 6 1,266 59 4,513 267

2. Manufacturing industries otherwise unclassified 971 20 16 -- 26 3 929 17

3. Bricks, tiles and other structural clay products 105 15 11 -- 50 7 38 8

4. Cement, cement pipes and other cement products 9 -- -- -- 9 -- -- --

5. Non-metallic mineral products 2,040 123 29 1 854 40 1,157 82 6. Rubber products manufacture 1 -- -- -- 1 -- -- --

7 Wood and wood products other than furniture and fixtures 2.537 166 46 4 132 4 2,359 158

8. Furniture and fixtures manufacture 11 -- -- -- 1 -- 10 --

9. Paper and paper products manufacture 31 4 -- -- 31 -- -- --

10. Printing and allied industries 200 4 24 1 156 1 20 2

Division 4

Classification of Industries 1 Total Employers Employees Independent

Workers

males females males females males females males females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. Construction and Utilities 3,024 317 74 2 834 40 2,116 275

2. Construction and maintenance of buildings. 2,053 278 73 2 140 16 1,840 260

3. Construction and maintenance of bridges, roads and other transport works.

268 14 -- -- 107 4 161 10

4. Construction and maintenance operations— irrigation and other agricultural works.

369 5 -- -- 297 5 72 --

5. Works and services—electric power and gas supply. 118 2 -- -- 112 1 6 1

6. Works and services—domestic and industrial water supply. 57 4 1 -- 21 -- 35 4

7. Sanitary works and services including scavengers. 159 14 -- -- 157 14 2 --

78

4.7 Standard Of Living

Any attempt to study the standard of life of the people of a particular place or

region necessitates the consideration of its physical aspects over and above

its socio-economic factors.

The population of the district in 2001 was 28,08,994 of which 14,08,326 were

males and 14,00,668 females. The occupational distribution of the population

was as follows:—

Persons depending on agriculture 12,07,165

Persons depending on production other than

agriculture 2,04,422

Persons depending on commerce 1,42,923

Persons depending on transport 56,277

Persons depending on miscellaneous

occupations 3,13,522

The following pages give a brief description of the standard of living of

the people in both the urban and the rural areas of the district, for which a

sample survey on a small scale was conducted in Satara, Karad and

Phaltan regions of the districts.

Urban Areas.

The urban families were classified into the following three groups on the

basis of their actual income;— (This is as per the Gazzeter of Satara

District )

High Income Group with income of Rs. 250 and above per

month-

Middle Income

Group

with income ranging between Rs. 101

and Rs. 249 per month.

Low Income Group with income of Rs. 100 and below per

month.

79

High Income Group.

For classifying a family in one of the income-groups, the total family income

is related in the following way. The standard size of a family is taken to be

four full units. A person below the age of 12 years constitutes half a unit

and a person above that age signifies one full unit. If the size of the family

to be classified is bigger than the standard one, the total income is adjusted

down-wards by relating it to a family of a standard size, for example, for a

family consisting of 6 units and having a total monthly income of Rs. 120,

the computed total income will be 4 X 120 /6 = Rs. 80

Hence the family will be classified as if the total family income was Rs. 80.

The computed monthly income of this group comes to Rs. 250. The group

consists of persons who follow such professions as education, engineering,

medicine, law, goldsmithy, lodging and boarding, etc. Included in this group

are also Class I and Class II Government Officers- Twenty-five families of

this category from Satara, Karad and Phaltan were investigated for the

purposes of this survey.

Generally every family possessed nearly 7.43 acres of land worth Rs.

7,130 of which only a small portion was mortgaged to the tune of Rs.

217.39. Most of the families in this group had their own houses and the

average value of the house did not exceed Rs. 2,500. Only four families

possessed cattle such as cows, buffaloes, etc.

Generally a family had only one earning member who was the head of the

household. The percentage of female earners was almost negligible. The

total income of a family on an average came to Rs. 376.48 per month,

while the expenditure of each family was Rs. 263.78. The surplus was

invested in banks, post-office, insurance, etc. The extent of indebtedness in

this group was very negligible and of the families investigated only one was

found to' have incurred debt to the tune of Rs. 1,500.

Commensurate with its higher standard the level of education of this group

was quite high, while the percentage of illiteracy was as low as 7.55. Nearly

80

20.75 per cent, of the population belonging to this category had taken

college education, 29.25 per cent, had reached the stage of secondary

education and the percentage of people taking primary education came to

42.45. Expenditure on education was found to be Rs. 442.42 per family per

year. The size of the family was quite small, each family having on an

average 2.91 adults and 1.73 minors or children.

Expenditure.

The average yearly expenditure of a family was Rs. 2,70,926, while its

income was Rs. 2,800.50 of which Rs. 971.46 were spent on articles of

food. The next important item of expenditure was clothing which accounted

for Rs. 107.73 per year. The other important items of expenditure were

housing, medicine, fuel land lighting, servants and miscellaneous. Yearly

expenditure on them came to Rs. 209.23, Rs. 100.30, Rs. 107.73, Rs.

115.73 and Rs. 442.42 respectively. Expenditure on entertainment was Rs.

33 per year.

Indebtedness.

The bedding of the family consisted of a few mattresses and chaddars,

while the household utensils consisted mostly of brass. These families also

had some stainless steel vessels and utensils.

As the economic conditions of these, families were somewhat satisfactory

there was little need for them to borrow for the purposes of their

maintenance. Loans were raised mostly for production on agricultural lands

as well as for business. Of 28 families investigated from this group about 8

had contracted debts amounting to Rs. 26,850. The amount of loans taken

by individual families varied between Rs. 250 and Rs. 5,000. In most of the

cases the source of loan was. banks and co-operative societies while their

duration was one year and the rate of interest varied between 7 per cent,

and 9 per cent.

81

Middle Income Group.

The families with an average income of between Rs. 100 and Rs. 249 per

month belong to this group. The family budgets of forty-eight families from

this group were examined. Each family constituted on an average five

members of whom 2.97 were adults and 2.06 minors or children. The

number of male earners per family was 1.21 and that of female earners

only 0.04. The average monthly income from the principal and allied

sources was Rs. 159 per month while its expenditure came to Rs. 142.37

per family.

Expenditure.

Annual expenditure of an average family on food was Rs. 921.15. The

expenditure on milk and milk products and on vegetables was small in

comparison with the expenditure on similar items in case of higher income

groups. As regards expenditure on items other than food an average family

spent about Rs. 200 per year on clothing, Rs. 78 on medical aids, Rs. 17

on domestic services and Rs. 62 on education. Entertainment accounted

for Rs. 17 per year.

Indebtedness.

Of the 47 families investigated, 18 were found to be in debt. The total debt

incurred by the families was Rs. 15,086, which worked out at an average of

Rs. 838 per family. The purposes of the debt were specified as follows: Of

the total sum borrowed, 21.5 per cent, was borrowed for maintenance, 8.1

for marriage and other rituals, 45.00 for business, 14.5 for construction of

buildings, 1.9 for purchase of machinery, etc. Banks, businessmen,

insurance companies, co operative societies and relations were the main

sources of loan. Interest rates varied between 5½ per cent, and 8 per cent,

and debts were repayable within periods varying between one and three

years.

82

Education.

More that one -fourth the population from this group was found illiterate.

Illiteracy in this group was more pronounced than in any other group.

Percentage of secondary and college education dropped quite steeply

while the percentage of people who had taken or were taking secondary

education was only 10.58. Percentage for college education was only 5.29.

There was lack of sufficient funds to provide for the education. Out of 11

persons who had taken college education only 2 were females.

Low Income Group

This group includes families with incomes of Rs. 1,200 or below per

annum. The average number of members in a family belonging to this

group was found to be 7.8 consisting of 5.11 adults and 2.57 children. Both

the male and the female members of the family worked. A few had

ownership in land which worked out at an average of 1.63 acres valued at

Rs. 1,200. In some cases the land was found mortgaged or pledged as

security for contracting loans. Very few families were in possession of

valuables and even such possessions were not worth Rs. 300. Only a few

families owned cattle-heads worth Rs. 120 only.

The average income of a family in this group was about Rs. 133 per month.

The low income and the large number of members in the families made it

difficult to the families in this group to make both ends meet. Their major

items of expenditure were food and clothing. The family from this group

spent Rs. 900 per year on articles of food alone. Expenditure on clothing

was another significant item in the budget on which the family could not

afford to spend more than Rs. 200 per year. The expenditure over other

items was allocated thus: Rs. 47.76 for housing, Rs. 56.23 for medicine,

Rs. 78.28 for education, Rs. 14.88 for entertainment and Rs. 43 for

domestic services.

83

Indebtedness.

Debt was a normal feature of the families in this group. Of the 11 families

surveyed for this purpose it was found that the total amount borrowed by

them was Rs. 19,460, the average working out at Rs. 1,769 per family. The

debts were contracted for numerous purposes such as clearing off old

debts, construction of houses, marriages, education, investment in

business, etc., mostly from private sources such as merchants, relatives,

petty traders and such others. The share of responsibility for loans in

respect of co-operative banks was negligible. The rates of interest varied

from six per cent, to nine per cent., the incidence of interest being very high

when the loan was contracted from private institutions and relatives. The

repayment was spread over from one to ten years. Immovable property

normally served as security but in many cases loans were granted on

personal credit and mutual relationship also.

In the matter of education progress made by this group of families was not

far from satisfactory. The general tone of literacy was quite high with

asmuch as 70 per cent, knowing reading and writing. About 40 per cent, of

the literates had primary education. Nearly 8.45 per cent, of the literates

had attained the level of secondary and only 3.02 per cent, the level of

college education. Poverty and necessity to earn in early childhood

deprived a large part of populace from getting benefits of higher education.

However, there is found to be a major educational build up in this group

due to the implemention of the new policy of Government to grant free

education at all levels in case of those families whose annual income is

below Rs. 1,200.

Rural Areas.

The rural standard of life offers a picture in contrast as compared to its

urban counterpart. The ruralites do not get the same amenities as urbanites

due to general rural backwardness, lack of proper transport and

communication.

84

Classification of people in rural areas into various income-groups is made on

lines similar to those on which grouping of urban population is based. And the

villages from which these people come are selected in the same way as is

done in the urban areas so that they can faithfully represent the conditions of

the people in the whole district.

High Income Group.

Most of the families in this group were those of agriculturists owning vast

tracts of land and with an income exceeding Rs. 3,000 a year.

The amount of security and stability generally enjoyed by this class by virtue

of its ownership over land and other property is greater than any other class

of the rural society. For example, an average family of an agriculturist from

this group was found to have owned land worth Rs. 20,000 or above, a house

worth Rs. 8,500, cattle-head worth Rs. 4,000 and gold and silver ornaments

costing over Rs. 1,200 or so.

The average number of members in the family of this group was five of whom

three were adults. The monthly income and expenditure of these families

amounted to Rs. 450 and Rs. 370, respectively.

Expenditure.

On food the family had to spent as much as, Rs. 1,200 whereas on clothing

the average expenditure was Rs. 250 per year. Expenditure on fuel and

lighting was Rs. 80.3, repairing of houses Rs. 87.0, medical aids Rs. 65.0,

entertainment Rs. 21.7, education Rs. 39.5, miscellaneous Rs. 36.0. The

expenditure on entertainment was negligible due to the semiabsence of

theatres in the villages.

The level of education of the rural population was low compared to that of the

urban population in the district. Among all the three groups, however, this

group stood quite high as far as general literacy and the tone of education

was concerned. Only 23.5 per cent, of the rural population from this group

85

was found illiterate, while more than 50 per cent, had completed primary

education and more than 23 per cent, had taken secondary education.

Percentage of those who had reached the level of higher or college

education, of course, was as low as 2.90.

Inventory.

The family possessions of this group were as under — utensils (mostly brass

and some stainless steel) to the value of Rs. 315.5, furniture worth Rs. 66,

cotton and silk clothes worth, Rs. 244, bedding material worth Rs. 88.6 and

bicycles, bullock cart worth Rs. 860. Many families also had radio, valuable

religious books, old photo-frames, etc. estimated to cost about Rs. 500 to Rs.

800. People in rural areas had a fascination for gold and silver and the

families in this group were not an exception. The survey revealed that on an

average each family possessed gold and silver ornaments to the tune of Rs.

1,100.

Middle Income Group.

The average family in this group consisted of five members of whom four

were adults. In each family the number of earners was more than one even

though the head of the family was the principal earning member. The total

earnings of the family from all sources were about Rs. 228 per month. Nearly

every family owned a house worth Rs. 3,000 or above and land admeasuring

about 14 acres, and six heads of cattle valued at about Rs. 1,000. The value

of gold and silver possessions by some families could be placed at Rs. 1,300.

The monthly expenditure which an average family had to incur was calculated

to be Rs. 115.7, and the annual savings were Rs. 493.4 This does not mean

that all the families in this group had a sound financial position or could very

well balance their budgets.

86

Indebtedness.

A number of households were running into debts, the aggregate amount of

their debts came to Rs. 24,130 and the average worked out at Rs. 1,856 0.

These loans were contracted for various purposes such as, maintenance,

business, construction of houses and wells, improvements on land, marriage,

sickness, etc. The creditors be longed to different categories which included

merchants, friends and relatives. The agriculturist also received assistance by

way of tagai loans and credits from the co-operative societies. Variations in

the rates of interest were remarkable, depending upon the source from which

loan was taken and the purpose of its utilization as could be seen from the

following figures:—

Tagai 0.48 per cent

Private Sources 7.8 per cent.

The period covered by these loans also differed, as in the case of Tagai it

was one year, in case of private loans it was two years or more and in some

cases ranging over a period of even 15 years also.

Nearly a third section of the population from this group in the district was

illiterate. About sixty per cent, had taken only primary education, while

persons going in for secondary education formed as low a percentage as ten.

College education was almost rare.

Inventory.

Most of the family possessions were in the form of gold and silver ornaments.

An average family had ornaments worth Rs. 638 or above. Besides this, it

had all the necessary domestic utensils, mostly of brass, worth Rs. 97,

bedding worth Rs. 108, and clothes worth Rs. 325. It was also found that

nearly half the number of families also possessed vehicles such as bicycles,

bullock-carts, etc., the cost of which ranged from Rs. 150 to Rs. 500. A

family, besides its house or land, possessed other property valued at Rs.

2,000.

87

Low Income Group.

This group is economically the most handicapped section of the rural

community. With a limited income capacity it finds extremely difficult to

make its both ends meet. The following account attempts in brief to assess

the economic position of the group manifested through the available

statistical data and on-the-spot personal impressions.

The computed income of the family unit in this group came to about Rs. 84.

per month. An average family was composed of five members, of whom

three were adults. Inspite of the fact that some of the families did possess

agricultural lands their average income was too small to make sizable

additions to the total resources of the family. The total area of land in

possession of an average family worked out at less than 10 acres while its

value was about Rs. 4,000, Instances of lands mortgaged were, however,

very rare. Besides landed property, the family on an average possessed a

house worth Rs. 1,200, about three heads of cattle, the value of which

could well go over Rs. 1,200, and gold and silver ornaments worth Rs. 200.

Expenditure

Of the total expenditure, 47 per cent. was earmarked for food items,

consisting mostly of cereals like Bajri or Jowar and meagre quantities of

milk, tea, vegetables, etc. Milk did not form either a part of the regular

meals of the family or a drink even for children. The average family had to

spend 17. 6 per cent, on clothing. Besides this expenditure on clothing, the

family had to spend 9 per cent, of its total expenditure on fuel and lighting,

2.4 per cent, on medical aids, 4.5 per cent, on education and 0.4 per cent,

on entertainments and nearly 14 per cent, on miscellaneous items.

The educational standards of this class were very low with more than 50

per cent, above five years of age being illiterate. Among the literates 88 per

cent, had studied up to primary level and the rest up to the secondary level.

Very few persons had taken college education.

88

Indebtedness.

The income—expenditure pattern of this group reveals deficit budgeting. To

fill up this gap borrowings were resorted to. Of the total families surveyed

more than 62 per cent, had borrowed money and the average debt per family

worked out at Rs. 742.

Loans were mostly borrowed from relatives and friends, co-operative

societies, money lenders, merchants and petty shopkeepers. The high

incidence of indebtedness can be directly attributed in a large number of

cases to the insufficient income of these families. The rates of interest

charged by the money lenders ranged from 7.50 to 12 per cent. The duration

of loans varied from one year in the case of loans taken from money lenders

to about five years in case of loans from friends and relatives.

Planning and Standard of Life

Among the manifold schemes included in the "five-year plans" nothing

concerns the village life as closely as the Community Development and the

National Extension Service Schemes. The Community Development

Programme was started in this district in 1952 with a view to building up a

new life and to create a new pattern of society in rural areas. Later on, the

programme of Community Development was broadened in its application

under the name of National Extension Service. Objectives of both these

programmes are identical. They seek to bring about a social change by

arousing the enthusiasm of the rural people for a new way of life and to put

an end to poverty and starvation by initiating a process of growth in which

every family in the village will be enabled to participate. The aim of the

programme is not only confined to material development such as provision of

food, clothing, shelter, health and recreational facilities but it extends to more

important aspects of changing outlook of the people, instilling in them an

ambition for higher standards of life and the will and determination to work for

such standards. In this district the talukas of Karad, Patan, Satara, and

Khandala have been covered by National Extension Services and Community

89

Development Block Schemes. Of these, Karad taluka is made a Post

Intensive Block, the talukas of Patan and Satara fall under Community

Development Block, while Khandala alone falls under the National Extension

Services.

(These are indicative income levels as per Gazeteer of Satara District

published by Government of Maharashtra.)

4.8 Literacy & Educational Standards

The Educational standards in the district are in keeping with the general

educational pattern in the country. The gradual increase in the number of

literates from 33,161 (for the former Satara district comprising the present

Satara and Sangli districts) in 1911 to 2,21,231 in 1951 is a sufficient

testimony to the fact that in the recent past conscious effort was being made

by the State Government and some voluntary organisations for the spread of

literacy and education. The percentage of literates to the total population

came to 20.60 in 1957-58. However, as compared to some other districts of

the State. Satara district has a comparatively large number of educational

institutions. There were in 1957-58 the following educational institutions in the

district: seven for higher education; 64 for secondary education; 1,347 for

primary education and 922 other educational institutions. The following few

figures give an idea of the level of literacy prevailing in the district according

to the 2001 census: -

90

Table 4-3 Urban Rural Population & Literacy Rate of Satara District. (Census 2001 updated 2008) Sr.No.

Taluka Urban /Rural

Population Dencity

Male Female Ratio

Towns Citie

Literacy

Total

Male

Female

1 Satara Total 516 973 210 5 85 92 77 Rural 325 1004 210 0 82 91 73 Urban 22055 922 0 5 89 94 84 2 Javali Total 144 1100 218 0 76 89 64 Rural 144 1100 218 0 76 89 64 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Patan Total 226 1089 343 1 72 86 60 Rural 218 1095 343 0 72 86 59 Urban 2010 940 0 1 89 95 82 4 Karad Total 561 961 220 2 79 88 69 Rural 500 963 220 0 78 88 68 Urban 23478 941 0 2 86 91 80 5 Mahabaleshwar Total 245 873 55 2 85 93 75 Rural 145 962 55 0 81 92 69 Urban 967 785 0 2 89 94 82 6 Wai Total 306 1021 120 1 80 90 71 Rural 257 1033 120 0 78 89 69 Urban 7606 957 0 1 87 93 81 7 Khandala Total 229 960 66 1 80 89 71 Rural 206 965 66 1 79 89 70 Urban 0 915 0 0 84 90 78 8 Phaltan Total 261 953 123 1 76 85 66 Rural 220 952 123 0 74 84 63 Urban 7095 959 0 1 85 91 78 9 Man Total 138 995 104 1 69 80 58 Rural 131 996 104 0 69 80 57 Urban 246 984 0 1 71 82 60 10 Khatav Total 231 1024 141 0 77 87 67 Rural 231 1024 141 0 77 87 67 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Koregaon Total 275 1000 139 1 81 90 73 Rural 279 1003 139 0 81 90 72 Urban 228 965 0 1 82 90 75

91

Table 4-4 Age Wise Distribution of Satara District Population Sr.No Age Total Male Female 1 0-6 3686 3216 470 2 7 to 14 4886 4191 695 3 15 to 19 2677 2268 409 4 20 to 24 2363 1986 377 5 25 to 29 2185 1835 350 6 30 to 34 1976 1662 314 7 35 to 39 1960 1662 298 8 40 to 49 3081 2628 453 9 50 to 59 2081 1802 279 10 Above 60 3172 2839 333 11 Not Known 21 19 2

Total All Age Group 28088 24108 3980

In the post independence period the district has made a distinct progress

[The information has been supplied by the District Educational Inspector.]

in the spread of literacy amongst the village population. In the year 1958-59

about 10,000 illiterate adults were turned literate, while during 1959-60 the

number was almost doubled (i.e. rose upto 21,000) and in 2001 census it

has increased up to average 88% of total population . The success

achieved in the field of social education was due to untiring efforts on the

part of social workers, inspecting officers, local bodies and institutions;

propaganda by means of pamphlets, speeches, bulletins, etc. and co-

operation and enthusiasm of the villagers. (Directorate of Economics &

Statistics, 2009) (Directorate of Economics & Statistics, 2006-2007)

This all review gives details about the study area profile and it establishes its

relevance with the present study.