411817_634117579586513750.ppt

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

1/33

ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH

METHODS

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

2/33

Areas for DiscussionMeaning of Research.

Definitions of Research.Significance of Research.

Aims and Objectives of Research.

Motivation for Research.Research as Method of Science.

Characteristics of Research.

Functions of Research.Scope of Research.

Classification of Educational Research.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

3/33

Meaning of ResearchA search for knowledge.

A scientific and systematic search for pertinent

information on a specific topic.

A careful search or inquiry, endeavour todiscover new ideas by scientific study, - a

course of critical investigation.

A careful search for solutions to the problems

that plague and puzzle the mankind.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

4/33

Definitions of Research

Advanced Learners Dictionary

A careful investigation or inquiry speciallythrough search for new facts in any branch of

knowledge

Redman and Mory

A systematized effort to gain new knowledge.

Clifford Woody

A careful inquiry or examination in seeking

facts or principles, a diligent investigation to

ascertain something.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

5/33

Definitions of ResearchC.C. Crawford

A systematic and refined technique of thinking,

employing specialized tools, instruments and

procedures in order to obtain a more adequate

solution of a problem than would be possible

under ordinary means. It starts with a problem,

collects data or facts, analyses them critically

and reaches decisions based on the actual

evidence.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

6/33

Significance of Research

All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often

better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry,and inquiry leads to invention.Hudsons Maxim

1.For educationists in studying various educational

problems and in seeking answers to variouseducational problems.

2.For social scientists in studying socialrelationships and in seeking answers to various

social problems.

3.Provides the basis for nearly all governmentpolicies in our economic system.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

7/33

Significance of Research

4.For solving various operational and planning

problems of business and industry.

5.It inculcates scientific and inductive thinking.

6.It promotes the development of logical habits of

thinking and organization.

7.To understand the new developments in ones

filed in a better way.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

8/33

**Significance of Research**

An outlet for new ideas and insights to

philosophers and thinkers.

For the development of new styles and creative

work to literary persons.

For the generalizations of new theories to

analysts and intellectuals.

For research scholars it is a way to attain a high

position in the social structure.

A source of livelihood to professionals in

research methodology.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

9/33

Aims and Objectives of ResearchGeneral Aims

To find out the truth which is hidden and

which has not been discovered as yet.

To discover answers to questions

through the application of scientific

procedures.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

10/33

Objectives of ResearchTo gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to

achieve new insights into it. (Exploratory orFormulative)

To portray accurately the characteristics of a

particular individual, situation or a group.(Descriptive)

To determine the frequency with which

something occurs or with which it is

associated with something else. (Diagnostic)

To test hypothesis of a casual relationship

between variables. (Hypothesis-testing)

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

11/33

Motivation for Research

Desire to get a research degree.

Desire to face the challenge in solving the

unsolved problems.

Desire to get intellectual joy of doing

some creative work.

Desire to be of service to society.

Desire to get respectability.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

12/33

Motivation for Research.

Desire to understand casual relationships.

Directions from government.

Employment conditions.

Curiosity about new things.

Social thinking and awakening.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

13/33

Research as Method of ScienceEvolution of Human Thinking

Man has appealed to the following sources of evidence

in his search for truth.

Custom and tradition.

Authority. Personal experience.

Reasoning from self-evident propositions.

Scientific inquiry.

Inductive thinking.

Deductive thinking.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

14/33

Research as Method of Science.

Characteristics of Scientific Thinking

Science is based on facts.

Science employs the method of analysis.

Science employs hypotheses.

Science is free from emotional bias.

Science employs objective measurement.

Science uses quantitative methods in the

treatment of data.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

15/33

Research as Method of Science

Steps in the Process of Scientific Thinking

1. Location of a problem.

2. Survey of past experiences with the problem.

3. Formation of hypothesis.

4. Collection of data for checking hypothesis.

5. Analysis, classification and summarization of

the data collected.

6. Formulation of new generalizations, or scientific

law.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

16/33

Characteristics of Research

Research is expert, systematic and accurate

investigation.

Research is logical and objective.

Research gathers knowledge or data from

primary or first had sources.

Research endeavours to organize data in

quantitative terms as far possible.

Research is highly purposive.

Research maintains rigorous standards.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

17/33

Characteristics of Research

Research places emphasis upon the discovery of

general principles and scientific generalizations.

Research requires courage.

Research is patient and unhurried.

Research usually involves, as a step, a hypothesi

or a set of hypotheses.

Research is carefully recorded and reported.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

18/33

Specific Characteristics of EducationalResearch

A sound philosophy of education forms the

basis of educational research.

It needs imagination and insight as much as

scientific attitude of mind.

It requires an interdisciplinary approach.

It usually employs deductive reasoning.

It is not as exact as research in physical

science.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

19/33

Specific Characteristics of EducationalResearch..

It comes out of a desire to do things better. It is not the field of the specialist only.

It generally requires inexpensive material.

It is incapable of being dealt through empirical

methods. (Qualitative)

It is based on interdependence of causes and

effect.

Educational research cannot be a mechanical

process.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

20/33

Functions of Educational Research

General Functions

Help the man to enhance his abilities and

powers freeing him from the limitations imposed

by ignorance.

Development and reconstruction of the theories.

Test the validity of the theories.

Generate knowledge and promote educational

practice.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

21/33


Functions for a teacher

Increase the efficiency of the teachers.

Make the teachers aware of the ways in which

psychological laws governing educational

practices.

Enable the teachers to understand and evaluate

the professional literature critically.

Keep the teachers abreast of new trends in the

field of education.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

22/33


Functions for a teacher..

Help in making wise educational decisions.

Improvement of the over-all system of education.

Invention of and testing new educational

experiments.

Realization of the goal of universalisation of

education.

Bringing a new social order.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

23/33

Scope of Educational Research

Two questions to determine the scope;

a) What are the limits of its field ofoperations?

b) What is to be included in its study?

Scope of Educational Research can beviewed from;

1. Types of Research

2. Area of Education

S f Ed ti l R h

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

24/33


Types of Research

I. Classification based on goal or objective

1. Fundamental Research.

2. Applied Research.

3. Action Research.

II. Classification based on methodology.

1. Historical Research.2. Descriptive Research.

3. Experimental Research.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

25/33


Types of Research

Classification based on goal or objective

Fundamental Research (Basic/Pure)

Aims at obtaining empirical data that can be

used to formulate, expand or evaluate a theory.

Creation of knowledge solely for the sake of

knowledge.

Not concerned with the solution of immediatepractical problems.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

26/33

Scope of Educational ResearchTypes of Research..

Classification based on goal or objectiveApplied Research. (Field)

Directed towards the solution of a specific

and practical problem.

Testing of theories or laws in the actual field

setting.

Devoted to the solution of the problems of

filed workers or other affected individuals.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

27/33


Types of Research..

Classification based on goal or objectiveAction Research

Focused on the immediate application and not

on the development of a theory.

Purpose:- Improvement of institutional practices.

Emphasis on decentralization of decision

making and action.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

28/33


Types of Research..

Classification based on methodology.Historical Research

Describes Whatwas.

Purpose:- to arrive at an exact account of the

past, to build a perspective about the present,

to predict and control our future activities.

Process:- Investigation Analyzing --

Interpretation Generalization -- Recording.

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

29/33


Types of Research..

Classification based on methodologyDescriptive Research

DescribesWhat is.

Purpose:- To discover the relationship between

the existing variables.

Process:- Description Analysis Interpretation -

Recording.

S f Ed ti l R h

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

30/33

Scope of Educational ResearchTypes of Research..

Classification based on methodology

Experimental Research

Describes What will be when certain variables

are carefully controlled or manipulated.

Purpose:- Examine the impact of one set of

variables on another set of variables.

Process:- Experiments Analysis

Interpretation Generalization Recording.

S f Ed ti l R h

7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

31/33


II. Area of Education

Pre-primary education.Primary education.

Secondary education.

Higher Secondary education.

Higher Education.

Professional Education.

Technical Education.

Vocational Education.Distance Education.

Teacher Education.


7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

32/33

Scope of Educational ResearchArea of Education..

Psychology of Education.

Philosophy of Education.

Technology of Education.

Sociology of Education.

Economics of Education.

Language Education.

Science Education.

Mathematics Education.

Social Science Education.

Commerce Education.

Adult Education.

Continuing Education.

Women Education.

Comparative Education.


7/29/2019 411817_634117579586513750.ppt

33/33

Scope of Educational ResearchArea of Education..

Special Education.

Guidance and Counseling.

Educational

administration.

Curriculum.

Instruction.

Learning.

Evaluation.

Non-Formal Education.

Moral Education.

Art Education.

Physical & Health

Education.

History of Education.

Environment Education.

411817_634117579586513750.ppt

Documents

Transcript of 411817_634117579586513750.ppt