4104-_sabyasachi_mukhopadhyay

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NSave Nature to Survive

4 (1) : 19-24, 2010QUARTERLY

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN OPENCAST COAL MINING AREAS OF

BANKOLA AREA (UNDER EASTERN COAL FIELD LTD.) OF

ASANSOL-RANIGANJ REGIONS

SABYASACHI MUKHOPADHYAY, SANDIPAN PAL, ALOKE K MUKHERJEE AND APURBA RATAN GHOSH*

Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713 104, WB (INDIA)E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Opencast mining operations contribute the major air pollutants to the atmosphere

and are responsible for environmental degradation by deteriorating the air qualityin respect to dust and other gaseous pollutants. The phenomenal increase in coalproduction from opencast mines brings forth India as a third major producer(Chaulya and Chakrabarty, 1995). The bulk of the coal reserves are restricted tothe south eastern quadrant of the Country in West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa andChattisgarh states. The excavator, loader, dumper, conveyer belt etc., and theremover of overburden are the causative agents of discharging massive amountof fine dust particles in the air (Yocom, 1976; Ghosh and Majee, 2000). Themagnitude and significance of mining pollution depends on mineral type, methodapplied, scale and concentration of mining, geological and geomorphologicalfeatures of the area. During combustion of coal as fuel it gives off CO

2; burning of

coal also produces emissions such as sulfur oxide (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NO

x)

and lead particles. The oxides of sulfur (SOx) occur in ambient air as a specific

pollutant particularly in the form of sulfur dioxide (95%) and sulfur trioxide (5%).

The nitrogen oxides exist in ambient air in various forms viz., nitrous oxide (N2O),nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO

2), nitrogen trioxide (NO

3), nitrogen

tetraoxide (N2O

4) and nitrogen pentaoxide (N

2O

5). Only nitric oxide and nitrogen

dioxide exists freely in air and are the important primary air pollutants in miningarea. Generally, the atmospheric concentration of nitric oxide and nitrogendioxide are clubbed together and called as oxides of nitrogen (NO

x). The nitric

oxide in ambient environment is less stable and rapidly gets converted to nitrogendioxide.

According to Zelleret al., (1979) the normal operations in opencast mining likeremoval of top soil, excavation, size reduction, water removal, transportation,loading, stock-piling etc., generate and emit particulate matter. Due to increasingactivities in opencast coal mining and its significant modernization the ambientair quality of the surrounding areas become seriously affected as it contains huge

amount of fine dust and different gaseous pollutants. Sinha and Banerjee (1997)reported that major air pollutants produced by opencast mining are SPM andRSPM. Study of air quality parameters are considered as the important factors inthe mining areas (Viohl and Kenneth, 1974) particularly for opencast coal miningwhere the generation of air pollutants is excessive in comparison to undergroundcoal mining which is considered as less detrimental to environmental damage.Although coal mining is one of the major industries in India and plays positiverole in the economic progress of the country but its environmental impact cannotbe ignored (Tichy, 1996; Corti and Senatore, 2000). Most major mining activitiescontribute directly or indirectly air pollution (Kumaret al., 1994). Different authorsstudied the reduction of air quality as well as effects on flora and fauna in andaround mining areas (Chaudhari and Gajghate, 2000; Crabbe et al., 2000; Wheeleret al., 2000; Nanda and Tiwary, 2001).

Received : 12.10.2009

Revised : 21.12.2009

Accepted : 19.01.2010

*Corresponding author

KEY WORDSAir Quality, Monitoring

Bankola

Opencast coal mineAsansol-Raniganj regions

ABSTRACT

The major air pollutants in the opencast coalmining areas are dust and fine coal particles,

oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulphur. The

phenomenal increase in opencast mining tocater the need of the energy demand is the

root cause of environmental degradation in

and around Asansol-Raniganj Coalfield areas,

commonly called RCF regions. RCF area isconsidered as one of the coking coal reserves

in India extending up to a depth of about 600

m. The air quality monitoring was carried outfor three seasons winter, summer, and rainy

for consecutive two years (2006 07 and

2007 08) in the RCF area to identify the

major sources and subsequently monitoringthese emissions to get an idea about the

quantum of pollution load in that area. Here

ambient air monitoring stations in RCF area

were identified as per recommendations ofSPCB encompassing operation zone, residential

area and commercial zones. It is revealed that

even the average concentrations of SPM, NOx,

and SOx

were in highest level in all samplingsites as observed during winter followed by

summer and the rainy season. It is also observed

that out of four sampling sites, the SPMconcentration was highest at Shankarpur Area

Office and the minimum value was at Bankola

ECL Colony, during winter. The concentration

of NOx

was maximum during winter atBankola Area Colony and lowest value was at

Nabagram Gram Panchayet Office during rainy

season. Shankarpur Area Office shows the

maximum level of Sox in winter and maximum

at Bankola Area Colony during rainy season.


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S. MUKHOPADHYAY et al.,

Reports on air quality parameters in the different coal fieldareas viz., Raniganj Coal Field Area (Ghose and Sinha, 1990)Jharia Coal Field (Majee and Ghose, 1996; Ghose and Majee,2000, 2002; Ghose, 2002); Banerjee and Hussain, 1989) areavailable. But no such work has been done in Asansol Raniganj coalfield regions. Fugitive dust due to paved and

unpaved type of road at the site of surface mining contributes50% of total dust emissions, out of which 3-4% or more isRSPM (Nair and Singh, 1990). Therefore, the present studywas carried out for two consecutive years to analyse theambient air quality standard in the RCF areas.

Details of the study area

Bankola ECL area is located within the RCF area and wasestablished on 31st January 1973 as a coal mining sites inIndia. This area includes nine collieries viz., Bankola,Shyamsunderpur, Kumardihi, Kumardihi - B, Tilabani,Nakrakanda, Sankarpur, Moira and Khandra Colliery. Thesecollieries are controlled by six Agent Offices. Several otherOCPs are also situated very near or within 5 km from the

sampling sites.Four sites were chosen for sampling in Bankola ECL areacovering all nine collieries for the two consecutives years 2006- 07 and 2007 - 08 in summer (March to June), rainy (July toOctober) and Winter (November to February). Thegeographical positions of the sampling sites are as follows Shankarpur Area Office (Shitalpur) (233947.3N latitude and8713 14.9E longitude), Bankola Area ECL Colony(2340 12.9N latitude and 8714 03.5E), NabagramPanchayet Office (234017.46N latitude and 871419.93Elongitude) and Ukhra Bajpayee More (233915.6N latitudeand 871417.6E longitude). The sampling sites have beenchosen on the basis of their distance from mines and,categorized as per State Pollution Control Board, West Bengal.

Shankarpur Area Office and Bankola Area Colony are verynear to Opencast Mines, which are now in operation/working,and the remaining two sites (Nabagram Panchayet Office andUkhra Bajpayee More) are within 5 km from these OCPs.Among these sampling sites, Shankarpur Agent Office, andUkhra Bajapyee More are lying under Category A, i.e.,Industrial and mixed areas (as per SPCB recommendation),Nabagram Panchayat Office and Bankola ECL Area Colonyare Category B type respectively as per SPCBrecommendation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sampling is done by the using of High Volume Sampler (Model:NPM HVS; manufactured by Environment & ProcessInstrumentation Division). The air quality was monitored twicea week for consecutive three days in each season and location.The samples were collected at an interval of 8 hr shiftcorresponding to day time (6 to14 hrs), evening time (14 to 22hrs) and night time (22 to 6 hrs). The average rainfall wascollected during the study period of two years.

Analytical procedures

The methods adopted for measurement SPM, Nitrogen oxides,Oxides of sulphur are as follows:

a) Suspended Particulate Matter [IS 5182 (Part IV): 1991]

b) Nitrogen oxides [IS 5182 (Part VI): 1976]

c) Oxides of Sulfur [IS 5182 (Part II): 2001]

RESULTS

In Shankarpur Area Office, the maximum concentration of

SPM in winter was 285.787 g/m

3

and minimum concentrationwas 184.754 g/m3; in summer season, the highest and lowestvalues were 241.058 g/m3 and 177.493 g/m3 respectively.

During summer, the maximum concentration of NOx

was

113.383 g/m3 and the minimum concentration was 64.375g/m3; during winter, the maximum value was 121.90 g/m3

and the minimum value was 80.182 g/m3. The maximum

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Winter S ummer Rainy

ECL quarter

Nabagram

Ukhra

Shitalpur

CONC

Season

Figure 2: Concentration of NOx

in different seasons of the four

areas

0

50

100

150

200

250

Winter Summer Rainy

ECL quarter

Nabagram

Ukhra

Shitalpur

CONC

Season

Figure1: Concentration of SPM in different seasons of the four areas

CONC

Season

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Rainy

ECL quarter

Nabagram

Ukhra

Shitalpur

Winter Summer

Figure 3: Concentration of SOx

in different seasons of the four areas


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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Winter Summer Rainy

ECL Colony

NabagramShitalpur

Ukhra

Figure 4: Average concentration of SPM in different seasons of the

four study areas

ConcentrationofSPM

Figure 5: Average concentration of NOx

in different seasons of the

four study areas

ConcentrationofNOx

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1

Winter Summer Rainy

ECL quarter

NabagramShitalpur

Ukhra

Sample no Winter Summer Rainy

Spm NOx

SOx

Spm NOx

SOx

Spm NOx

SOx

1 176.835 81.893 72.540 187.567 62.906 76.690 160.772 63.798 12.901

2 194.444 81.736 80.188 141.414 59.284 68.319 141.414 31.870 33.7393 193.809 84.837 75.134 195.217 55.980 55.495 146.413 41.092 32.287

4 169.360 128.240 112.995 116.953 86.418 78.278 125.960 39.824 33.5525 164.000 88.096 102.641 168.753 63.110 59.202 168.753 42.287 35.521

6 154.321 76.443 67.124 148.876 89.006 70.547 108.876 41.152 35.2737 188.889 86.406 61.765 - - - - - -

8 159.321 91.299 64.549 - - - - - -

Min 154.321 76.443 61.765 116.953 55.830 55.495 108.876 31.870 12.901

Max 194.444 128.240 112.995 195.217 89.006 78.287 168.753 63.798 35.521Average 175.115 89.869 79.617 159.79 69.426 68.090 142.031 43.337 30.546

Sd 15.839 16.146 18.580 29.661 14.438 9.183 22.101 10.709 8.726

Table 1: Ambient air quality at Bankola area colony during different seasons

Table 2: Ambient air quality at Nabagram gram panchayet office during different seasons

Sample no. Winter Summer Rainy

Spm NOx

SOx

Spm NOx

SOx

Spm NOx

SOx

1 141.844 144.539 120.613 177.469 74.455 67.124 155.741 46.303 18.562

2 170.068 133.538 90.912 140.940 75.756 58.073 73.826 41.817 24.218

3 170.285 88.978 91.688 167.754 64.459 52.178 109.102 41.625 35.5444 278.788 117.382 91.123 205.261 84.220 73.260 151.099 40.004 37.753

5 252.525 106.308 80.749 158.998 85.450 55.863 118.246 31.444 11.727

6 227.273 144.144 142.246 184.502 75.004 60.525 167.729 37.720 20.175

7 144.444 113.386 80.188 - - - - - -Min 141.844 88.978 80.188 140.940 64.459 52.178 73.826 31.444 11.727

Max 278.788 144.538 142.246 205.261 85.450 73.260 167.729 46.303 37.753

Average 197.890 121.182 99.646 172.487 76.557 61.171 122.624 39.819 24.663

Sd 54.660 20.652 23.103 22.104 7.637 7.754 33.094 4.978 10.146

concentration of SOx

in winter was 114.938 g/m3 and the

minimum value was 89.424 g/m3, during summer, the

maximum and minimum values were 91.723 g/m3 and61.477 g/m3 respectively. In rainy season results obtained

for SPM, NOxand SO

xwith maximum and minimum range of

186.726 g/m3 and 114.943 g/m3, 75.342 g/m3 and 42.917

g/m3 and 70.734 g/m3 and 45.021 g/m3 respectively whichare comparatively lower than other two seasons in all the

sites.

In Bankola Area ECL Colony, the maximum and minimum

concentration of SPM, during summer was 195.217 g/m3

and 116.953 g/m3 respectively; the maximum concentrationof and NO

xwas 89.006 g/m3 and the minimum concentration

was 55.830 g/m3; during winter, the maximum value of NOx

was 128.240 g/m3 and the minimum value was 76.443 g/m3. The maximum concentration of SO

xin winter was 112.995

g/m3 and the minimum value was 61.765 g/m3; duringsummer, the maximum and minimum values were 78.287 g/

m3 and 55.495 g/m3 respectively. During the rainy seasonthe max. - and minimum values for SPM, NO

xand SO

xwere

lower than other two seasons as compared.

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN OPENCAST COAL MINING AREA


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In Nabagram Panchayet Office, the maximum concentrationsof SPM in winter and summer were 278.788 g/m 3 and205.261 g/m3; and the minimum concentrations were141.844 g/m3 and 140.940 g/m3 respectively. The maximumconcentration of SO

xin winter was 142.246 g/m3 and the

minimum value was 80.188 g/m3; during summer, themaximum and minimum values were 73.260 g/m3 and52.178 g/m3 respectively. During summer, the maximumconcentration of NO

xwas 85.450 g/m3 and the minimum

concentration was 64.459 g/m3; during winter, the maximumvalue was 144.539 g/m3 and the minimum value was 88.978g/m3. In rainy season the maximum and minimum values for

SPM were 167.729 g/m3 and 73.826 g/m3; for NOX

thesewere 46.303 g/m3 and 31.444 g/m3 respectively and forSO

Xthe concentrations were 37.753 g/m3 and 11.729 g/m3

respectively.

In Ukhra Bajpayee More, during summer, the maximumconcentration of NO

xwas 63.229 g/m3 and the minimum

concentration was 39.504 g/m3

; during winter, the maximumvalue was 96.314 g/m3, the minimum value was 77.753 g/m3. In winter the maximum concentration of SPM was 224.152g/m3 and minimum concentration was 164.391 g/m3; insummer season, the highest and lowest values were 209.401g/m 3 and 161.684 g/m3 respectively. The maximumconcentration of SO

xin winter was 83.851 g/m3 and the

minimum value was 60.285 g/m3; during summer, themaximum and minimum values were 59.399 g/ m3 and41.924 g/ m3 respectively. In rainy season the maximum andminimum values for SPM were 192.308 g/m3 and 108.927g/m3; for NOX these were 55.790 g/m3 and 36.682 g/m3

respectively and for SOX

the concentrations were 44.412 g/m3 and 34.301 g/m3 respectively.

DISCUSSION

Opencast coal mining is intensive in the RCF Area due to easyavailability of thick coal seams at shallow depth. In ShankarpurAgent Office, and Ukhra Bajpayee More, which are industrialareas, the concentration of SPM, SO

x, and NO

xfall within the

National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Bankola ECL AreaColony is basically a residential area here the SPM, SO

x, and

NOx

concentrations exceeded the Standard value. Sample,collected from Nabagram Panchayet Office, also a residentialarea, shows more SPM, SO

x, and NO

x, than the Standard values.

In this study it was also observed that concentrations of SPM,

Figure 6: Average concentration of SOx in different seasons of the

four study areas

ConcentrationofSOx

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Winter Summer Rainy

ECL quarter

NabagramShitalpur

Ukhra

Table 4: Ambient air quality at Ukhra Bajpayee more during different seasonsSample no. Winter Summer Rainy

Spm NOx

SOx

Spm NOx

SOx

Spm NOx

SOx

1 164.391 77.753 77.104 166.542 55.180 53.973 192.308 45.147 41.122

2 212.401 92.981 72.413 161.684 63.229 41.924 163.371 55.790 34.301

3 224.038 78.032 73.106 168.036 60.196 59.399 108.927 44.590 41.122

4 224.152 81.829 83.851 194.742 39.504 54.937 120.192 36.682 40.4805 204.975 96.314 66.618 209.401 57.788 56.794 184.615 38.526 44.412

6 185.623 81.853 60.285 206.314 51.158 49.801 108.956 38.369 39.317

Min 164.391 77.753 60.258 161.864 39.504 41.924 108.927 36.682 34.301

Max 224.152 96.314 83.851 209.401 63.229 59.399 192.308 55.790 44.412Average 202.597 84.794 72.230 184.453 54.509 52.797 146.395 43.184 40.126

Sd 23.544 7.906 8.17 21.517 8.438 6.203 38.338 7.098 3.319

Table: 3 Ambient air quality at shankarpur area office (Shitalpur) during different seasons

Sample no. Winter Summer Rainy

Spm NOx

SOx

Spm NOx

SOx

Spm NOx

SOx

1 184.754 94.446 105.671 229.885 101.192 61.477 114.943 60.715 45.021

2 247.956 82.740 94.237 180.577 64.375 83.766 126.115 42.917 70.734

3 220.482 95.937 107.676 199.509 91.874 73.838 138.122 54.228 51.8264 285.787 94.257 89.424 177.493 67.710 88.848 147.493 43.283 60.964

5 211.640 121.900 114.938 193.335 113.383 86.203 143.335 75.342 54.906

6 265.178 80.182 102.154 241.058 71.273 91.723 186.726 47.515 51.387

Min 184.754 80.182 89.424 177.493 64.375 61.477 114.943 42.917 45.021Max 285.787 121.900 114.938 241.058 113.383 91.723 186.726 75.342 70.734

Average 235.966 94.910 102.350 203.643 84.968 80.976 142.789 54.000 55.806

Sd 37.238 14.800 9.282 26.183 20.138 11.347 24.609 12.493 8.966



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SOx, and NO

xof all monitoring sites have a maximum value

during winter followed by summer and rainy. Ukhra is atownship, and the maximum value of SPM was 224.152 g/

m3 where as in Bankola Area Colony the concentration was

194.444 g/ m3. At Nabagram Panchayet Office, it was 278.788g/m3 but in Sankarpur Area Office it was highest 285.787 g/

m3

. Similar results were also recorded by various researchers(Nanda, and Tiwary, 2001; Soni, and Agarwal, 1997) for Indian

coal mining areas. Actually, in winter, anti-cyclonic conditionsprevailed, which was characterised by calm or light winds

and restricted mixing depth due to a stable or inversion

atmospheric lapse rate, resulting in little dispersion or dilutionof pollutants, which, in its turn, helped in the build-up of

pollution concentrations to the higher levels. Theconcentrations of particulate matter at most of the monitoring

stations were reached maximum during winter as also studiedin Lb Valley area by Chaulya (2004). The average SPM

concentration was also found to be much higher during winter

in comparison with the summer. The mining activity generatesa huge amount of dust which is directly related with coal

production, therefore, it is considered as one of the mainparameters of air pollution. During transportation through haul

road adds huge amount of dust load as fugitive dust. It is

estimated that 0.02% of the coal is lost as fugitive dust duringloading for transportation (Cowherd, 1982). It is recorded that

in the mining operation-zone haul road is covered by 3 - 5"thick dust on the surface. One of the important sources of

fugitive dust is from coal stock piles caused due to wind flow,shoveling and trucking. Drilling is another major source of

fugitive dust which may generate dust at a concentration of 20

- 25 mg/m3 (Nair and Sinha, 1987). Dust emission from haulroad and side debris was reduced by spraying water on haul

road near office, Nabagram Pancheyet Office. The maximumconcentration of SPM observed in the daytime from (9 to 16

h) of the industrial area may be due to the mining activities in

the general shifts. During the monsoon SPM concentrationwere found to be the lowest due to washing by rain water but

in some places it exceeds the permissible limits asrecommended by WBSPCB.

The maximum value of SOx

was observed during winterseasons at Nabagram Panchayet Office, and lowest value wasdetected at Bankola Area Colony. At Nabagram PanchayetOffice and Sankarpur Area Office have maximumconcentrations of SO

2, i.e., 142.246 g/m3 and 114.938 g/

m3 respectively. The burning of coal produces about 60% ofall sulphur oxides emissions. A good amount of SO

2is also

released from spontaneous heating of coal from waste dumps

as well as instant or occasional mine fires. During winter,maximum concentration of SO

xwas also observed by Ghosh

and Majee, 2000. The high concentration of SO2

is due tocoal fires in the patches left with dump where there is substantialamount of coal bends causing smoke and fumes.

At Nabagram Panchayet Office maximum value of NOX

wasobtained during winter, the minimum concentration in otherseasons, summer and rainy. The sources of nitrogen oxidesare from combustion of coal at a very high temperature,emissions from transportation vehicles, blasting bynitrogenous compounds etc. Bankola Area Colony andNabagram Panchayet Office are residential areas, showing

maximum NOx

concentration in winter, i.e., 128.240 g/m3

and 144.538 g/m3 respectively.

From this study it may be concluded that the concentration ofSO

x, NO

x, and SPM of industrial areas are within the National

Ambient Air Quality Standard, but at residential areas, thevalue exceeds the Standard. Since, residential areas have higher

concentration of air pollutants, so as remedial measures,plantation, water spraying on unpaved roads should beadopted. The present study revealed that the yearly averageexceeded the permissible limits recommended for industrialzone (500 g/m3), residential area (200 g/m3) and commercialarea (250 g/m3) in the three seasons.

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