40694358

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Leibniz and Schelling

Author(s): EDWARD BOOTH O. P.Source: Studia Leibnitiana, Bd. 32, H. 1 (2000), pp. 86-104Published by: Franz Steiner VerlagStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40694358.

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Leibniz and

Schelling

By

EDWARD

BOOTH .

.

(CAMBRIDGE)

Zusammenfassung

Leibniz wie SchellingentwickeltenmLaufe ihres Lebens sich verndernde hilosophische

berzeugungen

im

folgenden

ind

Leibniz'

jeweilige

Positionen an

Schellings

Zeitachse

verankert: r

hielt Leibniz zunchst fr Kants

,enantiomorphes'

Bild

-

einen

empirischen

Idealisten

und

objektiven/transzendentalen

ealisten

fr

die

Vernunft,

icht r en

Verstand',

vgl.

Kritik er reinen

Vernunft:

1

1-12,

293-298,

25,

349-355),

Dogmatiker

m Kantschen

Sinne. ndem

er

sich auf Leibniz'

Monadologie

bezog

und derenwesentlichenKern da alles

absolut

in

seiner

Singularitt

nd

singular

ls Absolutes ist

-

zuspitzte,gestaltete chelling

diesen Gedanken zum Schlssel nichtnur

hinsichtlich es

Zugangs

zur

Philosophie

absoluter

Identitt,

ondern uch

frmanche

Aspekte

seiner

Naturphilosophie:

chellings

metaphysi-

sche

Deutungen

von

Gravitation nd

Kohsion,

Licht,

Raum und Zeit berhrten ierLeibniz-

sche Positionen.

Nach

Hegels

schonungslosemAngriff

uf hn und dem erforderlich

eworde-

nen

Neubeginn

rat ie

Monadologie

fr

chelling

als

,lusus

ngenii'

-

die Monaden und deren

Krperwaren o geistig4wie ihreVorstellungen strker n denHintergrund,nderwandte

sich

nun eher Leibnizens

Thodice

zu. Bestimmte

tellen

in

Schellings spteren

Arbeiten

zeigen,

da ihm

Leibniz'

Denken

stndig gegenwrtig

lieb: Noch

seine letzte

Schrift,

ie

Abhandlung

ber die

Quelle

der

ewigen

Wahrheiten,

ehandelte in Problem

aus Leibnizens

Thodice.

To relate he

philosophy

f

Leibniz to that f

Schelling

annotbe to relate

one fixed

position

o

another,

ecause the

positions

f both volved.

Here

we

relate

he

position

f

Leibniz to the

hronology

f

Schelling,

which ontuined

majorchange

n

relation o

Leibniz. Leibniz's small

treatises nd

correspond-

ence are

really

essays,

with

particular

nds in

view;

Schelling'

workswere

longer nd,even in hisearlyphilosophies fnature,wereconsciously rtistic

productions

which,

ven when

chronologically

lose,

varied

considerably

n

form,

ven

while the

contents

were

cognate.

When

handling

he

thought

f

others

e reliedon

insight

nd

artistry

o reduce t to an overall

characteristic,

about

which he

was often

trongly

ritical.He was

certainly

ery

riticalof

Leibniz,

but

ookhis

thought

ontinually

nto ccount rom he

beginning

o the

end

of his career.

He was

prepared

o

give

a

greater

niversality

o

matters

which

Leibniz

had

expressed

riefly

n

his

treatises,

nd for hat

eason,

unlike

many

ince,

was not

uerulous

bout he

fragmentary

uality

fthoseworks:he

also

had too much

respect

for

the

thought

tself.

With the

example

of

Kant

before im,he fell nat first ith he raditionhat egarded eibniz's Monado-

logie

as his

key

work,

nd

presumed

hat he

position

hat he

reality

f

things

are

simple

ubstances,

r

monads,

n

comparison

ithwhichmaterial

hings

re

really

phenomena,

was Leibniz's

final,

unequivocal

and

thereforerue

posi-

Studia

eibnitiana,

and

XXII/1

2000)

Franz

teiner

erlag

Wiesbaden

mbH,

itz

tuttgart

http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

8/9/2019 40694358

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Leibniz nd

Schelling

87

tion1. ut neither ant2whoseview he tookseriously)norhe agreedwith t.

To

uphold

his

consistency,

eibniz

was,

and even now

is,

presumed

o have

sanctioned

retrospective

e-interpretation

f material nd

bodies,

as

pure

phenomena; hough,

ow as

then,

ome

feel

uneasy

boutthis.

Schelling's

earliest

lassification

f

Leibniz's

thought

Schelling'

philosophy

was bornwithin

he

nterrelationships

e had made

fromwithinhis

overall

characterisationsf the other

great

philosophers.

is

ber

die

Mglichkeit

inerForm der

Philosophie

berhaupt

1794)

and Vom

Ichals PrincipderPhilosophie1795) were -centredhilosophies, otfollow-

ing

Fichte

as

is

normally

upposed),

ut

orrecting

im

nd

going

muchfurther

than

him,

nd,

n

the

ight

f that

einterpretation,ynthesising

ith t a

more

essential

ystematic

einterpretation

f

Kant's transcendental

esthetic. n the

latterwork

the I is

absolute and

unconditional;

ll other

reality

akes

up

a

position

n

relationship

o the as

absolute,

nd takesfrom t

"eine

bergetra-

1 It

emerged

hrough ublication

f his

later

orrespondence,

specially

n

Recueilde

diverses ices, ur a philosophie,a religion aturelle,'histoire,esmathmatiques,

etc.,

par

Mrs.

Leibniz,

Clarke,

Newton t autres

uteurs lbres.

ubli

par

P.

Des-

Maizeaux,

vols.,

Amsterdam

1720, 1740,

nd

contrasted ith

nnumerable

revious

textswhich

aw bodies s

having

hysical

roperties.

n

the earch or

onsistency

ne

theory

upposes

hat e

gives

scientific

ccount fvision.

venwithin is

phenomenal-

ism

there re

discrepancies.

heir

eality

s

"in

percipientium

ecum

psis"

letter

o

de

Voider,

0 June

704;

GP

I,

270).

To

other

orrespondentshey

were

phnomnes,

ais

bien

onds"

letter

o

Remond,

0 Jan

714;

GP

III, 605-608,

ere

06

first

ublished

n

DesMaizeaux);

he

Abb

Conti,

Dec

1715,

n:

C. I.

Gerhardt

Hrsg.):

Der

Briefwechsel

von

Gottfried

ilhelm

eibniz

mit

MathematikernBd. 1

vol.

2

never

ppeared),

erlin

1899,

pp.

263-267,

here

265

(first

ublished

n

DesMaizeaux).

Yet in

adjusting

is

monadic

heory

o

transsubstantiation

e wrote

o

pre

des

Bosses S. J. hat

withouthe

monadss a "substantialeinculum"here ould e "nihil liud ...]quam"well-founded

phenomena

letter

f5 Feb

1712;

GP

II,

435).

That his

ypothesis

ecamemore

nsistant

just

before nd

fter is

Monadologie

nd

Principes

e a

nature tde

la

grace, onds

n

raison

both

f

1714)

suggests

hat twas

a

counterpart

o

reducingeality

o

monads s

simple

ubstances.

owever,

he

ecent

ublication

fmuch

arlier

ersonal

apers

with

such

xpressions

H.

Breger)

uggests

t

had

ong

been

personal

soteric

osition:

a)

"Corpora

unt

pparitiones

ohaerentes"

"Calculus

ratiocinator"

early

1679?);

A

VI,

4A,

279);

b) "[...]

corpus

mne ore

antum

haenomenon

eale,

ule

est ris"

"Divisio

terminorum

c

enumeratio

ttributorum"

between

683 nd

1685?);

A

VI,

4A,

559).

2 With

eibniz's

final

osition

n

mind,

Kant

had

nterpreted

im

s

making

ubstances

"einfache

ubjecte,

mit

Vorstellungskrften

egabt,

mit inem

WorteMonaden"

Kritik

der

reinen

Vernunft:

266,

322;

cf.A

283-284,

339-340),

which den

Grundstoff

desganzenUniversumusmachenollen"A 274, 330).Kant onsidered hetherhe

monad

ouldbe

the

Ding

an

sich',

nddecided

gainst

t. Kant

etained eibniz'sterm

'substantia

oumen' or

t,

but

detached t from

he

unacceptable

monad-reality.

he

other

lement f

Leibniz's

final

position:

matter s

'substantia

henomenon',

hich

becameKant's

Phenomena',

erives rom

eibniz's

description

f

matter.


8/9/2019 40694358

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88

Edward Booth .

.

gene gleichsam eliehene) ubstantialitt"3.nlynow,hesays, nachdem er

Begriff

on Nicht-Ichm

Gegensatz egen

das absolute ch bestimmbar

st",

s

it

possible

to

give

idealism and realismtheir

proper

meaning4.

And in

this

context,

nd with

reference

basically)

to Kant's contrast etween

riticism

and

dogmatism,

nd his division

etween

mpirical

nd transcendentaldealism

and

realism5,

e

imposed

a

composite

lassification n Leibniz's

thought

n

contrast o

the

corresponding

enantiomorphic)

elf-characterisationf

Kant's

own: a

logical

pairing,

ut both

surpassedby

reference o the

reality

f an

absolute

-

"[...]

indem

er das

Daseyn

der uern

Gegenstnde

ls

Krper

leugnete,

agegen

berdas

Daseyn

einesNicht-Ichs

berhaupt nabhngig

om

Ichannahm,nRcksicht ufenesempirischerdealist,nRcksicht ufdieses

reiner,

bjektiver

Realist"6.

ndeed,

said

Schelling,

Leibniz

was,

in

Kant's

sense,

a

'dogmatist',

ecause

"[er]

siehtdie

Erscheinungen

ls ebenso viele

Einschrnkungen

er

unendlichen

ealitt es

Nicht-Ichs n"7.For

Kant,

Dog-

matismus'

was

"[die]

Anmaung,

mit

einerreinen

Erkenntnius

Begriffen

(der

philosophischen)

ach

Principien,

o

wie sie die

Vernunft

ngst

m

Ge-

brauch

hat,

hne

Erkundigung

er

Artund des

Rechts,

womit ie

dazu

gelangt

ist,

allein

fortzukommen"8.n

perfect

onsistency

withthis

view,

Schelling

thought

hat

Leibniz

had done

ust

this with

he

conception

f

God,

and had

brought

n

incorrect

rientationo ts

ultimate nd:

"Ich glaube,da mitLeibniz eigentlich as Mittelalter erPhilosophie begonnenhat obgleich

die

Scholastiker

chon den

Weg

dazu

gebahnt

hatten),

a man

nmlich uch

in

der

Philosophie

anfing,

as

Absolute zu

einem bloen

Wesen der

Abstraktion u

machen,

und

Gott nicht ls

das

Wesen aller

Wesen,

sondern

populrer

Weise)

als

Wesen ausser

allen Wesen zu

betrach-

ten.

Die

ltesteund

heiligste

dee

der

Philosophie

war ohne

Zweifel das allem

Existirenden

u

Grunde

iegende

unwandelbareSein.

Erst als

Spinozas

vermeinter theism

Theologie

und

Philosophie

aufschreckte,

ahm

man

in

der

Philosophie

seine

Zuflucht u einem Gott ausser

allem

Existirenden,

essen

Idee nun

nichtsmehr

ls

ein

Compositum llgemeiner

Abstraktio-

nen war"9.

In

so far s

Leibniz's

supposed

ranscendental

ealism

ttributed

eality

o

the

monads,

his

position

till

acked

authentic

ealism,

ven

by Schelling'measure f thederivation freal and deal fromhe as absolute eality;ndhis

3

"Vom Ich

als

Princip

der

Philosophie

oder ber das

Unbedingte

m

menschlichen

Wis-

sen"

(1795),

in:

Friedrich

Wilhelm

oseph

von

Schellings

SmmtlicheWerke

SW),

Bd.

I,

1,

Stuttgart Augsburg

1856,

pp.

149-244,

here 194.

4

Ibid.,

p.

211.

5 Kritik er

reinen

Vernunft,

n

his

critique

of the fourth

aralogism:

A

366-380.

6 "Vom

Ich als

Princip

der

Philosophie"

(see

note

3),

pp.

212-213.

Kant

in

fact

treats

transcendental

ealism as

objective

realism

contrary

o

his

normal

practice):

"[...]

der

transcendentale

Realismus

[sieht]

die

Gegenstnde

uerer

Sinne fr etwas von

den

Sinnen

selbst

Unterschiedenes

nd bloe

Erscheinungen

r

elbstndige

Wesen

an[...],die sich auerunsbefinden ...]" (Kritikder reinenVernunft: 371).

7 "Vom

Ich als

Princip

der

Philosophie" see

note

3), p.

215.

8

Kritik er

reinen

Vernunft:

XXXV.

y

urart

etter o

uoereit or

Maren,

l

/yo,

n: . L.

Flitt

Hrsg.):

Aus

chellings

Leben. In

Briefen,

d.

I

(1775-1803),

Leipzig

1869,

p.

88. The

latter

art

ontains theme o which

Schelling always

returned.


8/9/2019 40694358

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Leibniz

nd

Schelling

89

fault n separating od from ll otherWesen', andtreating is reality s an

abstraction,

ould

be

aligned

with his

position.

Yet

Schelling

xploited

facility

aken

rom he

Monadologie

at thenodal

point

f

his

philosophies

f

nature nd absolute

dentity

Schelling

ligned

the

principle

f

multiplicity-in-unity,

hichhe found n

the articulation nd

structuring

f Leibniz's

Monadologie,

with the ancient

principle

f

,

recently iven

new life

by Lessing,

and took

it far

beyond

hat: ar

beyond

lso

multiplicities-

nd

dualities-in-unity

f Plato and

theneo-Platonists. hemust e identified ith very ealitywithin he,

and the

ollectivity

f

the

must e identified

ith

he. He treated

t

as

a

general rinciple,

hich ould be

applied

o

real and

deal,

or both

ogether.

e

attributed

his

to Leibniz

in

his Fernere

Darstellungen,

within n

appeal

to

philosophical

radition:

riginally

nited,

hen

roken

p

into

eparated

hemes

whichhe was

reuniting.

Specifically

n his

philosophies

f absolute

dentity,

nd

implicitly

n

his

philosophies

f

nature10,

e

'constructed' ll

things

n the

absolute,

n

a mode

which tself s

absolute11.

hilosophy,

e

said,

does not

go

outside he

bsolute,

which s the

-sich'

of

everything.

hat

entailednot

merely

hat uthentic

philosophy hould relateeverythingo theabsolute,but it shouldprimarily

express

its

"Einheit und

ungetheilte

ollkommenheit",

nd within

this its

presence

n

things,

which

re determined

y

it12.

ut thatdoes not

forget

he

enormous

ariety,

ven actual

haos,

which xists

mongst

he

pparently

eal

"liegt

nicht

...]

alles

in

einer

gttlichen erwirrung

or dir?"13 t

makes

up

a

unity,

n which

he

mposition

f divisions nd

distinctions

hought p by

the

human "Verstand"

s in vain.

However,

a construction hich

grasped

the

totality

n

its

unity,

which

aw

everything

ogether

n

its

particularity

nd its

absoluteness,

would reveal

"die absolute Harmonie

des Universums nd die

Gttlichkeitller

Wesen14". t had

always

been his intention o make this

intelligible,yrelatingt to the bsolute rinciples romwhich t derives15. he

principle

hemes f a

select eriesof

philosophers

eflect n

original ystem

f

wisdom,

which re

brought

ack

into

unity

n

his

philosophy:

"Die

vortrefflichstenller

Erkenntnisse

erdet

hr

eicht nter en

Bruchstckener ltesten

Weisheit

ntdecken;

...].

Diese

Quellen

lieen

r

edermann,

nd inddoch

n

wenigen

ur

Erkenntni

eworden,

eil

diesenur us

innerer

ebendiger

orm

nd

m

Trieb

igner

unst

geboren

ird.

Diese sind]

nichts

nderes

...]

als nach

erschiedenen

ichtungen

erschobene

10 Works f

both inds

re isted

n

note19.

1

1

See "Fernere

arstellungen

us dem

ystem

er

Philosophie"

1

802),

n:SW

,

4,

Stuttgart

- Augsburg859,pp.333-510, ere 09.

12

Ibid.,

p.

407;

cf.

pp.

397,

409.

13

Ibid.,p.

400.

14

Ibid..d. 402.

15 See

ibid.,

.

400.


8/9/2019 40694358

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90

Edward ooth.

.

Bilder eseinzigwahrenystems,as,wiedieewigeNatur, ederungnoch lt, ndnicht er

Zeit,

ondern

erNatur ach as Erste st16".

These are

the

teaching

on

ideas

in

Pythagoras

nd

Plato,

Heraclitus's

teaching

n

unity

n

opposition,

eibniz's

teaching

n

monads,

nd

Spinoza's

teaching

n

unity.

Whathe

says

about

Leibniz

s most

mportant,

nd he claims

to

express

ts

deepest

ssence:

"Die

gedoppelte

inheit ller

Dinge,

und wie

edes

ursprnglich

n

seinerBesonderheit

absolut

nd

n

seiner

Absolutheitesonder

ey,

werdet

hr

eicht

n

der Monadenlehrees

Leibniz

rblicken,

eren

Ursprung

hr

elbstwieder

n

eine unbestimmbareerne

verfolgen

knnt

...]"17.

By

Leibniz's

principle

f

indeterminables,

verything every

monad and

body

-

is

different,

nd

therebyabsolutely)

particular,

nd

Schelling gnores

both

he

mperfection

f the

monads'

representation

f the

totality

f

monads,

and the

influence

rom

he

physical

plenum

on each

body,

to attainto

the

corresponding

nantiomorph,

hat

verything

s

particular

s identicalwith

he

absolute. Absolute

philosophising

not

a

philosophy

f

the

absolute)

is the

discernment

f

this

double

dentity:

"[...]

die

verschiedenen

inheiten

aben ls verschieden

eine

Wesenheitn

sich,

ondern

ind

nur

deelleFormen

nd

Bilder,

nter

elchenm

absoluten rkennen

as Ganze

ausgeprgt

wird,

nd

nsofern

ie

in

diesem

ind, ind ie dieganzeWelt elbst, ndhabennichts uersich,mitdem sie

verglichen

derdem sie

entgegengesetzt

erden nnten. Das

ganze

Universum

st m

Absoluten

ls

Pflanze,

ls

Thier,

ls

Mensch,

berweil n

edem

das Ganze

ist,

o ist s nicht

ls

Pflanze,

icht ls

Thier,

icht ls Mensch

der

ls

die besondere

inheit,

sondern

ls

absolute

inheit

arin;

rst

n

der

Erscheinung,

o es

aufhrt

as

Ganze

zu

seyn,

die Form

twas

r ich

eyn

willund

us der

ndifferenz

it

em

Wesen

ritt,

ird

edes

das

Besondere

nddie

bestimmte

inheit.

Mit dem

Besonderen

lso,

auch

der Art

nach,

st

nichtsm

Absoluten:s

gibt

eine

flanze n

sich der hier n

sich;

was wir flanze

ennen,

ist

nicht

as

Wesen,

ie

Substanz,

ondern]

lo

Begriff,

lo deelle

Bestimmung,

nd lle

Formen

rlangen

ealitt

ur,

nsofernie

das

gttliche

ild der

Einheit

mpfangen;

adurch

aber

werden

ie

selbst

Universa,

ndheien

deenundhren

ede

auf

ine

besondereu

seyn,

indem ie sich

ener

gedoppelten

inheit

rfreuen,

ufweicher ie

Absolutheiteruht"18.

He safeguardedhedynamismfthe wholebyfractionallyisplacing,n

different

ays,

he

deepest

principles

rom

total

dentity

ith

he bsolute.

o

from

ne

direction,

he

power

behind

he

plurification

f those

principles

eft

the

absolute as

absolute n

itself,

nd from he other

direction he

principles

manifestedheir

ower

n

their

mulation f the

implicity

f the

bsolute.An

authentic

nderstanding

f

Schelling

emands

stereoscopic

rasp

f

this

unity

and

fractional

isplacement,

n

what

s

primarily

dentical19. ut the

single

16

Ibid.,

p.

401.

17

Ibid.

18

Ibid.,p.

394.

1 Traces f his isplacementppearmarked*)) in he ollowingllusionsothis eibniz-

facility.

1)

Philosophies

f

nature:n

an

embryonic

ormn

his

Einleitung"

o"Ideen

u

einer

hilosophie

er

Natur ls

Einleitung

n

das Studium

ieser

Wissenschaft"

1797),

in:

SWI, 2,

Stuttgart

Augsburg

857,

p.

1-343

gives

heZustze

f

21803with he

irst

edition

ext,

with

lterationsn

nn.;

the

Einleitung"

s

sometimes

eparated

rom

he


8/9/2019 40694358

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Leibniz

and

Schelling

91

maintext, s in Schrter' reprintndrearrangementf SW: SchellingsWerke.Nach der

Original-

usgabe

in

neuer

Anordnunghrsg.

von

M.

Schrter,

Mnchen

1927-1929,

1956-1960

(6

Bnde

und

6

Zusatzbnde),

here

54:

"[...]

das Einzelne

konnteweder ohne

das

Ganze,

noch das Ganze

ohne das Einzelne wirklich

werden".

n

"Von der

Weltseele,

eine

Hypothese

der

hheren

Physik

ur

Erklrung

es

allgemeinenOrganismus"

1798),

in:

SWl, 2,

pp.

345-583,

each

separateportion

f matter s "fr ich

Abdruckdes

ganzen

Universum",

n which

"die

reine Wesentlichkeit

elbst" can be

recognised;

without he

corresponding

initude,

he

'Wesentliche' could not be the

'Wesentliche';

there s an

eternal

union of

infinite nd

finite,

which he

calls "das absolute

Band,

oder die

Copula"

(pp.

359-360).

In

"Allgemeine

Deduktion

des

dynamischen

rocesses

oder der

Katego-

rien der

Physik"

1800),

in:

SW

I, 4,

pp.

1-78

he

expects

that die

Natur,

nachdem wir

diesen

allgemeinen

Schlssel

gefunden

haben,

uns allmhlich auch

das Geheimni hrer

einzelnenOperationen nd dereinzelnenErscheinungen, elche dendynamischen roce

begleiten,

und

welche doch

alle nur

ModificationenEiner

Grunderscheinung

ind,

auf-

schlieen werde"

(p.

49). (2)

Works

which see a

reciprocal working

between deal and

real: In

"System

des

transcendentalen

dealismus"

(1800),

in:

SW

I,

3,

Stuttgart

Augsburg

1858,

pp.

327-634 the

process

is:

ideal->real,

but it

posits

also a

process

real-

ideal. This

posits

an

original

absolute

act of human

self-consciousness

pp.

388-

389):

outside time

pp.

396,

482),

which

precedes,

and

persists

n,

all

individual acts:

knowing pp.

481-482),

willing (p.

573),

and

acting:

all men come

together

n

(one)

species;

the act

recapitulates

verything

nto one

absolute

reality,

onstituting

t. The all

in one-ness

and one in

all-ness

s truefor

ach man

pp.

597-600;

cf. "Zur

Geschichteder

neueren

Philosophie"

(1827?),

in:

SWl,

10,

Stuttgart

Augsburg

1861,

pp.

1-200,

here

94). (3)

Complete ystems

f

the

bsolute

identity

f

real

and ideal:

Schelling's

use of the

facilitys heremoreextensive; hematerial f a philosophy f nature s moresuccessfully

brought

within

ategories

common

to both

except

in

"Darstellung

meines

Systems

der

Philosophie"

(1801),

in: SW

h

4,

pp.

105-212,

whose

part

n

a

philosophy

of

naturewas

truncated,

nd

which,

ike

Fernere

Darstellungen

see

note

1 1

,

lacks a

corresponding

ideal

section).

In

the

otherworks

Schelling

explained

the data of

space,

time and

gravity

(having

in

mind

Kepler,

Newton

and

Leibniz)

fromhis

philosophy

of absolute

identity.

His

"Darstellung

meines

Systems

der

Philosophie" posited

the

bsolute as the

single,

true

and total

reality,

n

which

everything

xisted n

identity.

Whilst t

remainedone

itself,

t

was

-

in

-fashion

plurified

within

tself,

y

a

branching

ut from

ts

original

division nto

deal and

real: "Das

Wesen

der absoluten

dentitt st

untheilbar"

34

1,

p.

130),

but

the

ultimate

ivision

appears

n

its distinction

etween the

Wesen' as under

the forms f

subjective

real

and

objective

deal. Yet he wants

their ifference n

all finite

realities (expressed as A=B) to be (*) simultaneously n absolute

equality

(as A=A)

(

41

z,

p.

133),

and

yet

be

relativised o the

absolute

-

depicted

as a

line

(

46,

pp.

137-

139).

Here,

in

consequence

of

this

finitudereduced to

equality,

the

full

identity

f

absolute and

particular

annot be

allowed:

"Jedes

einzelne

Seyn

ist als

solches eine

bestimmte orm

des

Seyns

der

absoluten

dentitt,

icht ber ihr

Seyn

selbst,

welches nur

in der

Totalitt ist"

(

38,

p.

131).

However,

he

attributes his

full

identity

o the

potencies:

"Die absolute

Identitt st

nur unter

der Form aller

Potenzen"

(

43-44,

p.

135).

Leibniz

had

posited

a less

rigorous

dentity

han

Schelling; yet

for

higherpurposes,

he and

Hegel posited

an

identity

f

identity

nd

non-identity.

ecause of

the

ncompati-

bility

of

so

many

real

factors,

he task of

establishing

convincingrelationship

was far

greater

han the

classical

theodicean task

of

identifying

he

multiplicity

f

compatible

ideas in

God.

The

essential

passages

for

he

rigorous dentity

f absolute

and

particularsin the

elegant

and

comprehensive

ernere

Darstellungen

are

given

in the text

tself;

he

Darstellung

meines

Systems

er

Philosophie,

as also the

"System

der

gesammten

Philo-

sophie

und

der

Naturphilosophie

nsbesondere"

1804),

in:

SWl, 6,

Stuttgart Augsburg

1860,

pp.

131-576,

were

open

for the

absolute at

least to be

thought

n

separation.

The

latter

his

Wrzburg

1804-1805

course)

is the

most

comprehensive

f

the three.Given as

lectures,

nd

bringing

ata from

nature,

hought,morality

nd

art,

nto

unity,

emanded a


8/9/2019 40694358

8/20

92

Edward ooth

.

.

realityf the bsolutehadreplaced he ndividualmonads, heirimited ne-in-

allness n

knowing

eplacedby

an

unlimited

ne-in-allnessn

being.

Other

hemes f

Leibniz n

Schelling's

philosophy

f

nature

Already

n

the

part

on the

philosophy

f

nature n

the

complete

figures,

other

hemes ad

arisenwhich

ouched n

Leibniz's

positions,

nd

especially

n

Schelling's

metaphysical

nterpretations

f

gravity

nd

cohesion,

ight,

pace

and

time,

n

relation o

absolute

dentity20.

hile he

agreed

with

Leibniz's

position

that

"[die]

Trgheit

der

Materie das

Beispiel

einer

ursprnglichenUnvollkommenheitist],einer

ursprnglichen

rivation n den

geschaffenen

simplicityreater

han

he ther

wo.

Besides he

printed

ersion,

here

s a MS

version

(less

polished)

aken

own

y

listener

"Gesammte

hilosophie";

Wrzburg

B MS M

ch

q.

306),

whichhas

more

eferenceso

Leibnizthan

he

printed,

olished

ersion,

though nly

ne to

the

acility

hich e

used: Im

Universum

stnichts

eer,

ngekannt

oder todt.

Jedem

heil

der

Materie

st die

Totalitt

ingebildet;

eder

st

ein

ganzes,

Leibniz

agt"

f.

46v).

Following

he W

text,

od s

"kraft

er

Selbstaffirmation

einer

Idee

absolutes ll"

24,

p.

174),

nd he

ourse s a

sustained

editationn

tsmonistic

reality,

*)

yet

with

displacement:

n

tself,

das All"

s the

mmediate

onsequence

der

IdeeGottes"; he deal andtherealAllmust otbeas A=A,for hen beide A=Aand

A=B]

lsen

sich

[...]

in

der

absoluten

dentitt

nd eben

damit

uch

wechselseitig

ineinander

uf;

they

re

an

enantiomorph

f

unequal

potencies

f

dynamic

Affir-

mierendes'

A)

and

tatic

Affirmirtes'

B):

the

eal

being

=A,

and

the deal

A=B,

with

the

ffirmed

reponderant

n

the

real,

nd

the

ffirming

n

the

deal

51-52,

p.

208).

The

enantiomorph

xists n

a

third

otency

whereA

and

"sich

durchdringen

nd

multipliciren"

nd re

reduced

zum

uantitativen

leichgewicht"

55

Erl.,

.

210).

The

potencies

elong

xclusively

o

the

ppearance

orld,

where,

ithout

bsolute

dentity,

they

re

"Nicht-

esen"

57,

p.

21

1).

Neverthelessheres a

Leibniz-derived

lement

expressed

s: "In

der

Allheit

ind

...]

alle

Formen

...],

der

Idee

nach,

n

gleicher

Absolutheit

esetzt"

60,

p.

212),

even

hough

hings

ave

differing

egrees

f

appro-

ximation

o t

61

bid.).

Finally,

his

Wrzburg

S

includes

at

the

eginning)

otes n

a short,npublishedourseprobably iven efore esammtehilosophie):Einleitung

in

Naturphilosophie"

ff.

r-6v):

hilosophy

lone s the

cience

f he

One,

nd

like f

theAll

f.

3r-v);

ndhe

expresses

he

acilityiven

y

Leibniz's

monadsn an

equivalent

form

f

ncient

rovenance:

Das

Centrum

iederholtich n

llem

inzelnen"

f.5r).

20

Gravity

s

absolute

dentity

f

he

orces f

ttractionnd

xpansion

A

and

B):

"Darstel-

lung

meines

ystems

er

Philosophie"

see

note

19)

54,

p.

146. As

such t

conserves

every

elative

A=B)

product

n

ts

Seyn",

ut

his

roduct

eeds

ight

whose

eality

s

absolute

dentity:

bid.

93,

pp.

162-165)

s the

determinanto

bring

orthhe

relative

totality

ibid.

63 zz

1,2,

p.

151;

with

das erste

inschlagen

es Lichts n

die

Schwer-

kraft

uf

mpirischen

ege

darzustellenls

das

erste

inschlagen

es

deellen

rincips

n

das

reelle

berhaupt":

145

3,

p.

205);

cohesion

an be

represented

s a

line,

t

every

point

f

which

and

as

forces f

ttraction

nd

xpansion

re n

relative

dentity

ibid.

67,p. 153),havinghe ormfmagnetismibid. 68,p. 153).His"Fernerearstellun-

gen"

see

note

1

1)

sees

the

bsolute

s the

eciprocal

Ineinsbildung"

f

ts

finite)

orm

in

infinite)

Wesen"

as ideal)

and Wesen"

n

form

as

real;

p.

417),

with ime

erived

from he

former,

nd

space

from

he

atter;

et

wholly

ndivided

p.

422).

They

come

together

nto

union

hrough

ravity

Schwere),

which

osits

hem

ogether:

[...]

das


8/9/2019 40694358

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Leibniz nd

Schelling

93

Dingen", hatwasonlymatters mass: n tself ndifferentorest rmovement,

and

"blo Passives":

the

phere

f dead mechanism. ut

all movement erives

from he dilationof

the absolute nto

space

and time21: ime as "die Offen-

barung

es

All

an dem

besonderen eben der

Dinge",

"die Formdes Beseelt-

seyns

der

Dinge

fr

hr

besonderes

eben".

The ideal of

physicists

inevitably

including

eibniz

-

to

regard

heuniversal rder s reducible o

passive

deter-

minations

lone was

"unmglich"22.

e was convinced

hat,

o

explaingravity,

neither ewton's

conception

f attraction

Anziehung)

s a

"qualitas

occulta",

nor

Kant's of the

opposed

forces f

attractionnd

repulsion,

or Leibniz's of

'impulsive

hrust':

Sto",

were

dequate

o reverse he

merely

ommon-sense

principle f actio in distans pugnt'23.orSchelling hewhole ofspacewas

occupied

with he

dilation f

the bsolute

ubstance,

mediating

heforceswhich

unite ts

contents,

hich,

n

t,

re notdistant

rom ach

other24;

nd each

thing

gravitates

n

relationship

o theAll

bygravitating

n

relationship

o

the

One,

and

in

relationship

o theOne

by

gravitating

n

relationship

o

the

All25.

Gravity

an

be attributed

o "keinem

inseitigen

Causalverhltni

iner Masse

zu

einer

andern

Masse"26;

it arises

from die

unerforschlicheiefe der

Natur

selbst,

Setzendeder dritten

imension,worin,

ls dem

dentischen er beiden

Einheiten,

ie beiden

ersten

ynthesirt

erden,

emnach as

Realitts-Bestimmendem

Raum"

ibid.,

p.

428).

21 Cf. nn.33, 35.

22

"System

der

gesammten

Philosophie"

(see

note

19)

86-89,

pp.

242-249;

MS version

(see

note

19)

lOV^o

corrig.)-108,

f.

9r-5Or.

n

MS,

Schelling

refers

"Bemerkun-

gen"

after

79,

ff.

40v-41r

(no

SW

parallel))

to Leibniz's

use of

Kepler's

(and

Descartes')

"parfaite

mage"

of

inertia,

eing

slowed down

by

"des

imperfections

t

des

inconveniens

...]

dans la

substance"

"Thodice"

30;

GP

VI,

1

19).

He inferred

)

the

correctness f

the

scholastics'

privation:

causa ...

deficiens' as the

cause of

physical

and

moral

evil,

and

thathere

at

least : cf.

at and in

note

9) b)

"Gott das

unendliche

n

allen

Dingen

ist

...].

Das reelle in

allen

Dingen

wahr

sic :=war]

ihm

Gott,

das nicht eelle die

Begrnzung"

-

another

eason

"Leibniz nichtvon

Spinoza

loszureien": see note

41,

at

and

in

note

48;

cf.

"Thodice"

380;

GP

VI,

341.

23

Whereas

Leibniz

denied the

principle

"Specimen

inventorum

e admirandis

naturae

generalisarcanis" (c. 1686); GP VII, 309-318, here317-318), Schelling' conceptionof

the

omnipresence

of

absolute

identity

endered t irrelevant

nd

superfluous.Schelling

regarded

t

as "ein

Schande der

wahren

Philosophie"

MS

"Gesammte

Philosophie"

(see

note

19)

115,

f.

53r);

what

takes

place

in

the universe n

a divine fashion

cannot be

understood

mechanically "System

der

gesammten

Philosophie"

(see

note

19)

95,

p.

255).

"Sto" sees

material s

purelypassive,

without oul

(cf.

ibid.

89

end,

p.

249;

MS

version

109

end,

ff.

51r-v;

Sto" and

Leibniz: ibid.

115,

p.

52v,

cf.

"System

der

gesammten hilosophie" 95, d. 254).

24

Ibid.

95,

pp.

253-255.

Leibniz is

only

mentioned

y

name in the

MS version:

1

15,

ff.

52v-53r.

r>

"System

der

gesammten

Philosophie"

(see

note

19)

95,

p.

253;

MS version

115,

f.

52v: a

mathematical

elationship nvolving

he

quare

of

thedistance s

irrelevant;

MS

118, f. 53v,

quotes

Leibniz as

saying

that

gravity

aries

according

to the

square

of the

distance;

"System

der

gesammten

Philosophie"

98,

pp.

257-258,

corrects this to the

inverse

proportion

f

the

square

of the

distance,

ttributing

his to Newton.

26

Ibid.

93

Folg., p.

252:

attributed

o

Newton;

MS version

1

12-113,

f. 52r:

attributed

to Leibniz.


8/9/2019 40694358

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94

Edward ooth.

.

[which s] das mtterlicherincipder Dinge"27.Schelling's conceptionof

absolute

identity

emanded the

presence,

n

some

way,

of

'everything

n

everything',

nd he did

notflinch rom

sserting

n

thiswork he

consequence

that Alles im

Universumst

beseelt"28.

ccordingly,

e is interestedn Leib-

niz's

approximations

o this:

very

part

f

nature s a

totality,

ike a

garden29;

"Leibniz mitRechtden

Zustandder

unorganischen

aterie ls den Schlafzu-

standder Materie

bezeichnet": his

ntailed

continuity

ith

ther

ealities30;

"die

groe

Menge

Lichtes,

die nach

Leibniz wie eine Chaterackt uf die Erde

strzt",

ndicates tsmaterial

ature31.

chelling

onstructed

unity

f time nd

space,

of which

hesewere

dimensions,

nd

n

consequence

ne cannot

ay

that

theuniverse s either inite r nfinitentime; ime nvisages hingss abstract-

ed from he

All,

in

which

ach

thing

s

eternal;

he

onception

f "Dauer" sees

them

s

belonging

o a line:

seeing

them n

"der

[Dauer]

einer

Weltuhr",

he

"Urheber"

s to

accept

hat t will

wearout and

that e "selbst

verbeern,

elbst

repariren

mte",

which

Schelling

ttributes

o

Leibniz32. or

Schelling,

ime

and

space

are

conjoint

ilations f

the

dentity

nd

totality

fthe

bsolute:

pace

of

tself ould

notbe a

vacuum33;

hings

re a

metamorphosis34

f the

bsolute,

27 Ibid. 97 z,pp.256-257;MS version 117z,f.53v.

28

Ibid.

65,

p.

217;

MS version

84,

f.42r.

Buthis

conception

f oul n

naturencludes

sound, ight,

eat ndfire:

bid.

181.o. 370: MS version 205. f.77v.

29 See

"Monadologie"

64-67;

GP

VI,

607-623,

here 18:

see MS

"Gesammte hiloso-

phie"

see

note

9)

99,

f.46

v;

"System

er

gesammten

hilosophie"

see

note

9)

79,

pp.

231-232

briefer,

ithout

eference

o

Leibniz).

30

Ibid.,

before 1

18

"Oberste

rundstze

derAxiome er

Naturphilosophie"

III),

p.

280;

theMS

version:

xiomVIII

(following

142,

.

62r)

has

variant

xpression:

Die

Natur

ls

Einheit es

uern

nd nnern

ebens

rumt

leichsam

m

Schlafe,

ie

Leibniz

sagt,

o

ungefhr,

ie der

Mensch

rume

at".A

whole f which his

s a

part

but

f.

note

51)

is in

"Zur

Geschichte er

neueren

hilosophie"

see

note

19),

p.

54: bodies:

sleeping

monad

world;

ouls

of

plants

nd nimals:

reaming;

ationaloul:

awake.

31 MS "Gesammtehilosophie"seenote 9) 124,2, .55v;the omparisonndreference

are

dropped

n

"System

er

gesammten

hilosophie"

see

note

9)

103: cf.

penultimate

paragraph,

.

264. H.

Schepers

uggests

hat Lichtes

...]

wie eine

Chaterackt"

ouldbe

an

mpromptu

ranslationf

Fulgurations

ontinuelles"

and,

f

o,

a

materialistorrec-

tion

"Monadologie"

47;

GP

VI,

614: cf.

t and n nn.

8,

49).

32

In

MS

"Gesammte

hilosophie"

lone:

142,

f.

61r

cf. also

141

with)

System

er

gesammten

hilosophie"

117,

pp.

276-277).

33

Leibniz's

position:

ee,

e.

g.,

Correspondence

ith

larke'

1715-1716);

GP

VII,

345-

440,

here

Leibniz's

fourthetter

7-11,

pp.

372-373.

Schelling rgued

hat

Die

[absolute]

ubstanz

st

allgegenwrtig,

s

gibt

keineLeere im

Universum";

ecause

"Alles st

Mittelpunkt",

t s

the niversal

ediatorf

ctivity

nd

Seyn",

die dentittn

der

Totalitt

nd ie

Totalitt

n

der

dentitt":

System

er

gesammten

hilosophie"

95

Weit. rl., p.254-255;MS version 115,f.52v. DerRaum st ...]eineTotalitthne

Identitt,

ie

die

Zeit

eine

dentitthne

Totalitt,

ber ben

dehalb,

weil nmlich lle

wahre

otalitt

dentitt

st,

uch

keine

otalitt":

System

er

gesammten

hilosophie"

83,

p.

239;

MS version

103,

f.

48r.

34

"System

er

gesammten

hilosophie"

133

3,

p.

299;

MS

version

158

3,

f.

66v.


8/9/2019 40694358

11/20

Leibniz nd

Schelling

95

bywhichthey ookon their wn space and their wn time35: hecontraryo

Leibniz's 'each

thing

oes nothave its own

time,

nd it does not

keep

its own

space'36.Schelling

lso made some

generalisations

bout,

nd corrections

o,

Leibniz's

position,

s

he understoodt. He

had re-activated lato's

teaching

n

ideas with n

identity

f God

and

every

monas',

and an allness of

individual

monads n

pre-established

armony37.

his

pre-establishedarmony

s an

nter-

mediary

etween

ubject

nd

object;

their

dentity

ould

make t dentical

with

his

own

position:

Die

Realitt ller

Erkentni eruht

arauf,

a es abs. Ein

und dasselbe

ist

welches

erkennt,

nd welches

erkannt

ird.Nehmenwir

ein

drittes

n,

das

Subj.

und

Obj.

vermittelte,

o mtenwir

mit

Leibniz

unsere

Zufluchturpraestabilirtenarmonienehmen"38. utLeibnizgave theobjec-

tive the

same nature

s

the

subjective;

he

consequent

isappearance

f their

distinction

made of

the

whole "ein

bewutlos

Vorstellendes,

lind

Percep-

tives",

which

had

ost ts

distinctionf

subject

nd

object.

This was the

bsolute

opposite

f

Descartes'

duality

f

thought

nd

extension,

whose

complete

dis-

tinction

endered

mechanical he

functioning

f

the

whole. That

this

Percep-

tives"

was

effectedn

a

subject-object

made t

cognate

o his own

position,

ut

in

fact

more

ike the

subject-object

n

animal

perception,

n

which

nstinct

followed

mechanically39.

35

"System

er

gesammten

hilosophie"

83

,

pp.

239-240:

pace

s not

determination

f

theuniverse;imensionsreonly pure ppearancefthe bsolutedentityn a particu-

lar

hing;

MS version

103 and

,

ff.

7v-48r.

n time:

bid.

109

Allg.

RefL,

.

51r:

"[...]

die

Zeit ist in

den

Dingen

elbst,

der

diese

haben

ie

in

sich";

"System

er

gesammten

hilosophie"

89,

pp.

246-249. f. lso

"Bruno der

ber as

gttliche

nd

natrliche

rincip

er

Dinge.

Ein

Gesprch"

1802),

n:

SWl, 4,

pp.

213-332,

here

51,

283;

"Fernere

arstellungen"

see

note

11),

p.

389.

Especially

Einleitung

n

die

Philo-

sophie"

Munich

830

ourse;

artlyepeated

836);

Schelling:

erlin-Nachla

SS

108

I-

VI,

109

,

II

(quite

unlike he

ext

sedforW.

E.

Ehrhardt

Hrsg.):

F.

W.J.

Schelling:

Einleitung

n

die

Philosophie

=

Schellingiana

),

Stuttgart

Bad

Cannstatt 989:

also

dated

1830,

but

learly

rom

chelling'

faulty

memory,

s

this

ranscription

as

many

signs

f

greater

uthenticity),

ereMS

109

,

f.

135,

mmo:

Alleshat

eineZeit

undnur

die

Zeit,

der

egliches ing ngehrt".

36 'Correspondenceith larke' here eibniz'sfifthetter 46); GP VII, 399.Leibniz's

distinction

etweenhe

xtension

f

hings

nd

heir

pace,

nd he

urationf

hings

nd

their

ime,

ccording

o

which ach

has

tsown

extensionnd

duration,

utnot

tsown

time

nd

space,

was not

necessary

or

chelling.

ach

thing

was

essentially

dentified

with

he

imeless

nd

spaceless

bsolute,

nd

time

nd

space

were

onstituted

y

exten-

sion

nd

durations

its

dilations.

37

See

"Geschichte

er

deenlehre",

n:

MS

"Gesammte

hilosophie"

see

note

19),

placed

after

47,

f. 29v

no

SW

parallel).

latonic

deas s in

the

f

Plotinus's

:

Enn.

V

1, 8,

especially

I

2,

20.

38 From

he

first f

a

supplementary

ormulationf

37

"Hauptstze

ber

chelling'

Natur

Philosophie

on

hm

elbsten

ictirt",

n

MS

"Gesammte

hilosophie"

tself

f.

1

r);

but

corresponding

o

1

neither

n

t,

nor n

"System

er

gesammtenhilosophie"see

note

19).

39 Ibid.

235,

specially

p.

58-459;

MS

version

261,

f.

1v-92r

which

ttributesll this

o

Leibniz).

he

knowing

s

blind

ecause fthe

upposed

piritual

dentity

f the

resenting

monad's

ature

nd ts

presentations;

contrasts

needed

utside his

dentity.

his

xplana-

tion

nticipates

hat ewill

ater

ay

bout

eibniz's

monads: f.

t nn.

8,

49.


8/9/2019 40694358

12/20

96

Edward

ooth. .

However,Schelling'sconfident roliferationf figures f the absolute

identity

f real and ideal came to an

unexpected

nd with ts

lampooning y

Hegel

-

his

supposed

collaborator nd friend

in

his

Phnomenologie

es

Geistes

n 180740.

Deeply

wounded,

he made a fresh

tart;

e

published

ittle

more n his

ifetime,

hough

e lectured

easelessly.

His interestn the

facility

from

eibniz's

Monadologie

ceased therewith.

Schelling's

llusions o

Leibniz after

is

new

beginning

From his

Freiheit-Schrift

nwards,

eibniz

appears

to

Schelling

often s

the nti-dualist,hoconsidered he ssence of bodies to be a confusion n the

power

of

presentation

f the

monads themselves41.

he

logic

of Leibniz's

rational

rdering

f

themonads

was

consistent ith is

conception

f

God,

seen

from nside

theodicy

s

falling

nder

necessity,

ostulated

rom n

axiomatic

inner

onsistency

f

his

action42.

hough

Leibniz's

name s not

always

men-

tioned,

chelling roposed,

gainst

philosophy

ith

his

ogical

necessity,

n

'historical'

hilosophy43.

ence his

nterestn

Leibniz's debatewith

Bayle

on

40 Cf.

"Philosophie

er

Offenbarung"

1841 ff.),

n: SW

Bd.

II,

3

(=

XIII),

Stuttgart

Augsburg858,pp. 1-530 I), SW I, 4 (= XIV), StuttgartAugsburg858,pp. 1-334

(II);

here

, pp.

14-15.

41

See

"Philosophische

ntersuchungen

ber

as Wesen

ermenschlichen

reiheit

nddie

damit

usammenhngenden

egenstnde"

1809),

n:

SW1, ,

Stuttgart

Augsburg

860,

pp.

331-416,

ere

56

(together

ith

pinoza's

ystem,

nicht inen

ebendigen

ealis-

mus ur

Basis

erhlt");

Stuttgarter

rivatvorlesungen"

1810),

n:

SWl, 7,

pp.

417-484,

here

43-444;

Einleitung

ndie

Philosophie

er

Mythologie"

1842-1852?),

n:

SW

I,

1

(=

XI),

Stuttgart

Augsburg

856,

here

pp.

425-426;

"Zur

Geschichte

er neueren

Philosophie"

see

note

19),

pp.

48-54

the

principle

lace):

"Leibniz

agt:

Sowohl

das,

was wir

das

Ausgedehnte

ls

das,

was

wir

Denkende

ennen,

beides st an

sich

nur

geistige

ubstanz"

p.

48).

4z b.

g.

ot

uod s

necessity:

/

existe

oint,

arce

qu

il

veut

xister,

ais

par

la

ncessit

de sa naturenfinie""Thodice" 183;GPVI, 224); and"AinsiDieu seul ou l'Etre

Necessaire)

ce

privilege,

u'il

faut

u'il

existe,

'il

est

possible"

"Monadologie"

45;

GP

VI,

614);

cf.

"Specimen

nventorum

e

admirandis

aturae

eneralis

rcanis"

see

note

3):

"Ens

necessarium,

i

modo

possibile

st,

utique

xistit"

GP

VII,

310).

Of

the

state f

the

world:

Mundus nim

praesens

hysice

eu

hypothetice,

on

vero bsolute

seu

Metaphysice

st

necessarius.

Sed]

ultima

adix

dbetesse in

aliquo, quod

sit

Metaphysicae

ecessitatis

...]"

("De

rerum

riginatione

adicali"

1697);

GP

VII,

302-

308,

here

03).

For

Schelling,

od's

"a se

esse"

entailed o nner

ecessity,

ecause t

was

sponte':

ohne

Grund"

"Grundlegung

er

positiven

hilosophie,

nchner or-

lesung

WS

1832/33

nd S

1833",

n:

H.

Fuhrmans

Hrsg.):

Philosophica

aria

ndita

vel

rariora

.1

3.2:

notes,

ever

ublished),

orino

972,

.

127).

43

Geschichtlichof

what

s

"geschehen".

chelling:

pure

Denknotwendigkeit"

roduc-

es a "nichtwissendesissen":bid., p.95-96 cf. bid., .96:Wolff'systmatisationf

Leibniz's

fragmented

hilosophy

ad

only

die

geistvolle

eibnizische

hilosophie

nt-

geistet").

he

search or

"geschichtliches"

ystem

s

ancient,

nd

preceded

die

objek-

tiv-logischen

ysteme",

nd

s

part

f a

striving

or

higher

ositive

cience

ibid.,

p.

100).

See

especially

is

"Philosophie

er

Offenbarung"

(see

note

40),

p.

317):

"Ich


8/9/2019 40694358

13/20

Leibniz

nd

Schelling

97

God's freedomndthesourceof evil inhisThodice 1710); hence, oo,his

own

different

ositions,

hat

God wills

freely

ithout

hoosing,

nd,

lsewhere,

finding

n

impregnable

ondition or

truly

ree

will,

in

a will

which

wills

absolutely

nothing44,

nd

finally

within

philosophy

which

began

with the

historical

rocesses

f

theogony

nd

cosmogony,

nterpreted

s

the

outcome f

thefree

nterplay

f the

same

potencies

f

universal

fficacy45

residing

ver

the

mergence

f

even evil)

possibilities46.

In

his

Munich

ectures,

ntitled

y

his

editor ur

Geschichte er

neueren

Philosophie

circa

1827),

which

counts as

his verdict

n

philosophers

ince

werde brigensndernun olgendenuseinandersetzungicht lo diephilosophische

Nothwendigkeit

eigen,

ondern

as

aufdem

Weg

der

philosophischen

olgerung

e-

fundene

mmer

uch

ogleich

eschichtlich,

nd

war

rkundlich,

mlichn

den

Urkunden

der

Offenbarung,

achweisen".

44

"An

ich st

nur as

Ewige,

uf

ich

elbst

eruhende,

ille,

reiheit.

...]

nur as

Freie,

und oweit

s frei

st,

n

Gott

st

...]"

"Philosophische

ntersuchungen

ber

as

Wesen

der

menschlichen

reiheit"

see

note

1),

p.

347).

(Cf.

pp.

396-398: In

der

nur

u sehr

vom

Geistder

Abstraktion

eherrschten

eibnizischen

hilosophie

st

die

Anerkennung

der

Naturgesetze

ls

sittlich-,

icht

ber

geometrisch-nothwendiger,

nd

ebensowenig

willkrlicher

esetze,

ine der

rfreulichsten

eiten".

He

quotes

and

translates)

eib-

niz's

"Thodice"

345;

GP

VI,

319:

"Daher

sind

diese

Gesetze

der

Beweis

eines

hchsten,

ntelligenten

nd reien

Wesens

egen

as

System

bsoluter

othwendigkeit".)

God willswithouthoicebecauseHis absolute reedoms at the ame time bsolute

necessity.

f

God

were

o

choose

from

mong

n

nfinite

umberf

possibilities

o

make

the est f

ll

possible

worlds

as

Leibniz

ad

upposed),

e

would

ave he

owest

egree

of

freedom:

Stuttgarter

rivatvorlesungen"

see

note

1),

p.

429. Non-

willing

s

the tate

of

eternity,

lso a

human

spiration:

Die

Weltalter"

1811?),

n: SW

I, 8,

Stuttgart

Augsburg

861,

pp.

195-344,

ere

35-236;

Ein

solcher

Wille st

nichts

nd

st

Alles"

("Die

Weltalter"

Druck

,

1811),

n:

Schellings

Werke.

ach

der

Original-

usgabe

n

neuer

Anordnung

rsg.

von

M.

Schrter

see

note

19),

Nachlaband

Die

Weltalter,

Fragmente),

nchen

966,

p.

15);

"ein

auterer

ille

berhaupt

...]

sey

derWille

der

nichts

ill"

"Die

Weltalter"

Druck

I,

1813),

n:

bid.,

.

132

this

olume

ontains

our

fragments

f

other

ersions,

f

which

Druck

and

II

are

printer's

roofs

riginally

published

y

chrtern

Munich,

946 in

Druck

and

I,

thiswill

s

paired

with

nother

will).Leibnizhad onceived f uch: Une imple olont ans ucunmotifa merewill)

est

une

fiction

...]"

'Correspondence

ith

larke'

here

eibniz's

fourth

etter

2);

GP

VII,

371).

45

"[D]er

bsolute

roce"

mong

he

otencies:

Einleitung

n

die

Philosophie

er

Mytho-

logie"

see

note

1),

p.

217.

That

he

otencies'

rocesses

n

mythology

re he

ame s in

nature,

nd

of

his

philosophy

f

mythology

s

a

valid

example

for

ll

sciences,

ee

"Philosophie

er

Mythologie"

1

42

ff.),

n:

SW

I,

2

(=

XII),

Stuttgart

Augsburg

857,

pp.

1-674,

here

670-674.

Potency

A

is 'rein

Seynknnendes':

t

retains

ts

force nd

position

o

long

s it

does

not

ealise

tself

s

(deviant,

vil)

B. If

t

does,

A

reemerges

(now

as

A2,

ts

former

tate

being

designated

1)

to

reduce

back to

this

in

a

free,

undetermined

ontest),

ith

heir

ltimate

quilibrium

s A3:

seen

together

s

A*A2A3;

though

1

an

be

expressed

s

(-B).

The

basic

nterplay

s

between

A:

nicht

eyendes'andpure ubject; A itsobjectifications 'reinSeyendes'; A their quilibrium:een

together

s

-A+AA.

See

"Einleitung

n

die

Philosophie

er

Mythologie",

p.

390-391.

46

Cf.

Philosophie

er

Mythologie"

see

note

5),

p.

439:

research

he

possibilities,

hen

see

whether

here

s a

corresponding

eality;

nd

bid.,

p.

526: the

Weltgeist'

ulfilsll

true

ossibilities.


8/9/2019 40694358

14/20

98 Edward

Booth .

.

Descartes,chellingound he ontrastogreat etweeneibniz'smonadolo-

gy:

not

nly

he

Monadologie

tself,

ut he vidence rom is

orrespondence

about ischaracterisationf matters

phenomenon47,

nd

his other

writings,

and

especially

is

Thodice,

s to need a new

nterpretation.

chelling'

realism

eacted

gainst

eibniz's

osition,

hich ehad

brought

nto

simplic-

ity

nd

unity

hichwent

eyond

he atter'

privatelyxpressed henomenal-

ism,

s to

deny ny uality

f

body

nd Geist". ot

nly

were he Vorstellun-

gen'

of

Leibniz'smonads

piritualgeistig),

ut heir

ccompanying

odies s

well:

thereforeNur

dasjenige

st,

was

vorstellt";

eibniz

was "ein

absoluter

Unitarier

...].

Er

kennt

ichts ls Geist".He was

therefore

o

advance n

Spinoza48,ecauseGod, s theprimalmonad,s a single ubstance,he ther

monads

eing

ts

fulgurations,

ust

as

things

were

ogical

emanations or

Spinoza49.

eibniz's

Thodice as a

review f discussionsn the

ustice

f

God n

relationship

o

the reedom

f

man,

ndon the

rigin

f

evil,

which e

had

discussed n

earlier

horter

ritings.

e

displayed

imself here s

an

expert

cholar:

proponent

f a

coherent

olution,

nd

judicious nalysis

f

others'.

he

figure

fnatural

hilosophy

ithin

twasthat fmaterial

ubstanc-

es and

predication,

ith n

ncompletely

eparated

oul nd

body

elated

y

a

predetermined

armony50.

ith ll of

this

chelling

eltmore t

ease,

andhe

judged

ot hat eibniz

adbeen

nconsistent,

ut,

more

omplementarily,

hat

hismonadologyadbeen genial astime51:

47

See note 1

48

"Zur Geschichte

der

neueren

Philosophie"

see

note

19),

pp.

49-50;

repeated

n

"Einlei-

tung

n

die

Philosophie

der

Mythologie"

see

note

41),

p.

425,

together

with choes of

the

same idea: "'Ein Krner st ...1 in zusammen eronnenes eistiaes Wesen'"

49 "Zur

Geschichteder

neueren

Philosophie"

see

note

19),

p.

51.

50 Cf.

"Thodice"

59;

GP

VI,

135: He

accepted

a

metaphysical

ommunicationwhich

"fait,

ue

ame et le

corps composent

un

mme

suppt".

He

acknowledged

the

reality

f

appearances

(

124;

GP

VI,

178-179),

that

Aussitost

qu'il y

a un

melange

de

penses

confuses,

voil les

sens,

voil la

matire

...]

il

n'y

a

point

de

Creature

raisonnable

sans

quelque corpsorganique, tqu'il n'y a pointd'espritcrequi soitentirementtach de

la matire".

Cf., also,

"Thodice"

64,

130,

291,

300;

GP

VI,

137-138, 182-183,

289-

290,

295-296.

51 He

has

good

words to

say

about

"Principes

de la

nature t de la

grace,

fondsen

raison";

GP

VI,

598-606:

see "Zur

Geschichte der

neueren

Philosophie"

(see

note

19),

p.

54,

referring

o it

under he

titleTheses

in

gratiam

principis

Eugenii.

The

description

f the

world of

inorganic

bodies

as a

sleeping-monad-world,

hat

of

plants

and animals

as

dreaming,

nd

the

reasonable soul

as

awake,

(*)

was "der

erste

Anfang,

das Eine

Wesen

der Natur n

der

notwendigen

Stufenfolge

eines

zu-sich-selbst-Kommens u

betrach-

ten,

und

kann

insofern

gelten

als

der erste Keim

spterer,

ebendigerer

Entwicklung.

Diese

Seite ist

noch die

schnste

und beste der

Leibnizischen

Lehre;

von dieser

Seite

vorzglich

st sie

dargestellt

n

den

bekannten

hesibus"

(ibid.).

Schelling

does

not here

interprethematerialworld s "Vorstellkraft"s he does inthe amepassage, drawing n

the

Monadologie.

-

(*)

The

origin

of

this

precise

formulation

oes not

come to

light,

o

we must

provisionally

conclude

that it is a

reformulation n a

traditionof

Leibniz

interpretation,

ossibly

based on

"Monadologie"

19-24;

GP

VI,

610-611

(H.

Breger

and H.

Schepers).


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Leibniz nd

Schelling

99

"Sollte chdarberineMeinunguern,owre cheher eneigtnzunehmen,a Leibniz

seine

Monadologie

ls

einen loen

usus

ngenii

etrachtet

abe,

ieernur en

Vorstellungen

anderer

leichzeitiger

der hm

orangegangener

hilosophenntgegenstellte,

ndda es ihm

vielmehr it erTheodicee

rnst

ewesen.

eibnizwar in viel

zu erfahreneronder inen

und in u

genialer

Mann

ufder ndern

eite,

ls

da er elbst eineMonadenlehrer twas

mehr ls eineblo

vorbergehende

orstellung

tte alten nnen"52.

But Leibniz

himself ad added the

cross-referencesrom he

Thodice o

paragraphs

n a

manuscript

f his

Monadologie53,

which

demonstrates

hat t

was,

n

part,

n

extension f

his

previous

hought.

here re other

hemes

n

the

Thodice which

are relatable

o

deeper

speculative

hemes n

Schelling,

of

whichhe

musthave

taken

note;

we

list ome ofthese na note54.

52 "Zur

Geschichte er

neueren

hilosophie"

see

note

19),

p.

56.

A

position ubsequently

reversedn

his

Einleitung

n

die

Philosophie

er

Mythologie"

see

note

1),

pp.

278-279.

By

then

chelling

ad

changed

is mind

bout lettern

which eibniz aid

that he

Thodicewas

writtende tout

iriger

l'dification",

hich e had

previously

onsid-

ered o

be

unreliable,

temming

rom

ein,

freilich

egen

einer

roen

itelkeit

enig

glaubwrdiger

ann"

"Zur

Geschichte er

neueren

hilosophie",

.

56).

Thisreferso

the etter

o

Remond

see

note1

see

"Einleitung

n

die

Philosophie

er

Mythologie",

.

279,

.

1).

But

chelling'

taking

his s

later

elf-criticism

"das

darin

nthaltene

ystem

[konnte]

inen

o

allbefhigten

eist

llerdings

icht

efriedigen")

s

exaggerated.

eib-

niz ntendededification"n ts riginal,ot trivializing,ense: Outre ue 'ay eusoin

de tout

iriger

l'dification,

'ay

tach

de dterrer

t de reunir

a vrit

nsevelie t

dissipe

ous es

opinions

es

diffrentes

ectesdes

Philosophes

...]" letter

o

Remond;

GP

III,

606).

53 He did

thishimself

n a fair

opy

f

the

riginal

much

orrected

S,

made

by

omeone

else:

H.

Breger.

54 Leibniz's

reference

o "la

grande

Question

u Libre et

du

Necessaire"

"Thodice",

Preface;

P

VI,

29)

in

that orm

s

probably

n

allusion o

Ralph

Cudworth's,

he

True

Intellectual

ystemf

he

Universe

London

678;

f.

Thodice",

reface;

P

VI,

40).

Cf.

Cudworth's

Preface"

beginning:

3.1r):

[...]

I

intended

nely

Discourse

on-

cerning

iberty

nd

Necessity

...],

Against

he atall

Necessity

f ll

Actions nd

Events

[...]".

Both

Leibniz

nd

Schelling

were

ppreciative

f

Cudworth;

ee

Leibniz,

GP

III,

336-343; f.Grua , 327. InSchelling,esides wodirectllusions oMosheim's atin

translation

"Einleitung

n

die

Philosophie

er

Mythologie"

see

note

1),

pp.

27,

85),

there

re

innumerable

oints

f

contactwith

his

later

hought.

is

"Geschichte

es

Gnosticismus"

1795

(-1796?))

*)

lists

t

f. 168)

n

his basic

bibliography;

he

nony-

mousGreek

ranscription

ibid.,

f.

70-171),

ctually

rom

lutarch's e

hide et

Osiride

(

45-46,

69B-E),

was

transcribed

rom

Mosheim's

atin

ranslation

evidence

rom

hapax),

howing

e

studied t

carefully.

or

Schelling

'logical'

philosophyubjected

God to an

unwarranted

ecessity;

'geschichtliche'

hilosophy

espected

is

freedom.

Leibniz's

"Vrits

...]

Positives"

which

we know

posteriori

"Thodice",

iscours

prliminaire

2;

GP

VI,

50)

allude

to what

Schelling

ook

up

in his

later

positive

philosophy.

eibniz

was radical

n

describing

reedoms

"combattue

en

apparence) ar

la

determinationu

par

a

certitude,

uelle u'elle

soit"

"Thodice"

2;

GP

VI,

102;

cf.

LH IV, 8,74-77 pitreur a libert,. 1689));a solution fSchelling,qually adical,

wasto

dentify

twith

total

bsence f

willing

see

at nd n

note

4).

Leibniz

peculated

on the

origin

f evil:

"[...]

il

y

a

une

mperfection

riginale

ans la

creature

vant e

pch,

arceque

a

creaturest

imite

ssentiellement"

"Thodice"

20;

GP

VI,

1

15);

Schelling'

later

otency

heories

ave

place

for

t

n

their

ree

nterplay;

is

transcrip-


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Leibniz

nd

Schelling

101

included vil, not mputable o the divine will57.But his conceptionneeded

expansion.

f

God

is

"reine Wirklichkeif'

nd

without

otency,

das All

der

Mglichkeit wiger

Weise" in Him will

notbe

capable

of

being selbst-Seyn';

possibilities

re

"nicht-Seyende",

od is

selbst-Seyendes';

e is "actus

purus"

to it: as

pure

"Da"

(=

that

it is))

corresponding

o its

universal Was"

40694358

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