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T A B L E S 2 33 -2 36 .- PR O P E RT IE S

OF

F I B E R S

*

241

T h e values of the proper t ies

of

natu ral fibers a re influenced by their source ,

extent of process ing or pur i f ica t ion, age , tempera ture and mois ture content

when tested, an d method of test . Th ose of man-made fibers not only reflect

these influences but they can be and comm only a re varied to m eet the require-

m en ts of use by suitable niodifications in com position and m anipu lation of t he

fibers du ring produ ction. Th ese fa cts and the lack of s tr ict ly comp arable

data for al l the principal f ibers led to the decis ion to show in the tables the

range in values of the propert ies reported in recent l i terature rather than

selected values . T h e az lons , mad e f rom di f ferent proteins , a r e lumped together

a nd

so

are the ordinary, medium, and high- tenaci ty rayons and the severa l

varieties of resin fibers of each kind.

References to l i te ra ture giving more

informat ion and more deta i led informat ion are as fol lows

:

Textile Worlds synthetic fiber table, 1949 rev., compiled by C. W. BENDIGO, ditor,

Textile World, September 1949. Chemical engineering materials of construction, Ind.

and Eng. Chem., 2d ed., vol. 40, p. 1773, 1948; 3d ed., vol. 41, p.

2091,

1949. Fiber prop-

erties chart-1948, Plastics Catalogue Corporation, New York.

SMITH,H.

DEWITT,

Tex tile fibers-an engin eering appr oach to

a n

understanding

of

their properties and utiliza-

t ion, Proc. Amer.

SOC.

est. Mat., vol. 44,

p.

543, 1944. A.

S.

T. M. standards

on

textile

materials. Amer.

SOC.

est. Mat., October 1949. Die Unterscheidung der Textilfasern,

2d ed., Ve rlag Leeman , Zurich, 1949. MOREHEAD,. F., Some comparative data on the

cross-sectional swelling of textile fibers, Textile Res. Journ., vol. 17, p. 96, 1947.

PRESTON,. M., The temperature of contraction of fibers as an aid to identification, Journ.

Texfile Inst., vol. 40, p. T767, 1949. ARBOTT . J . , and GOODINGS, . C., Moisture

absorption, density, and swelling properties

of

nylon filaments, Journ. Textile Inst., vol. 40,

p.

T232, 1949.

HUTTON, .

A., and GARTSIDE,O A N ,The moisture regain of silk,

Journ . Textile Inst., vol. 40, p. T161, 1949. HU TTO N,E. A., and GARTSIDE,OAN,T h e

adsorption and desorption of wate r by nylon at 25 C, Journ. Textile Inst. , vol. 40, p. T170,

1949. MACMILLAN,W. G. , MUK HERJEE, . R., and SE N, M.

K.,

The moisture relation-

ships of jute , Journ . Te xt il e Inst., vol. 37, p. T13, 1946. ALBRIGHT,

.

G., Spider Silk,

Science Teacher, October 1944.

*

Prepared by W. D. Appel, of the National Bureau of Standards.

SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES

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v

2

TA BL E 233.-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NA TUR AL FIBERS

N

z Co t to n F lax

Density (g/cm*) ............................. 1.50-1.55 1.50

c omega .................... 1.529-1.534 1.528-1.532

4 Tensile strength (1000 lb/in.2) ................. 42-125

. . .

2 Tenacity: dry (g/denier *)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-6.3

. . .

Ln

wet (% of dry) ....................

110-130

. . .

Elongation to break

(%)

..................... 3-10

. . .

2

2 Refractive index : epsilson ...................

1.573-1.581 1.594-1.596

Recovery from strain

Elongation (%)

............................

2

Elongation

............................

5

Recovery ............................ 74

Recovery

............................

45

. . .

...

...

...

Average stiffness

f

...........................

57 270

Toughness index$ ........................... 14 6

Moisture regain at 65% R.

H.

and 70F (% of

bone-dry weight)

........................

6.0-8.5 7.0-8.5

(8.-11. mercerized)

Swelling in water, cross-section swelling (%)

...

21 47

Heat stability

:

emperature C a t or above which

fiber

contracts .................................. . . .

loses strength ............................... ...

softens ............................

.... . . . . .

...

melts

......................................

. . .

decomposes

.................................

...

H e m p

1.48

1S85-1.591

1.526-1.530

. . .

...

...

...

...

...

200

4

8.0

...

...

...

...

...

...

Ju te

1.48

1.577

1.536

...

...

...

...

...

...

185

2

10.6-13.6

...

...

...

...

...

...

R a m i e

1.51

1.595-1.599

1.527-1.540

...

...

...

. .

...

...

...

...

167

8

6.0

37

...

. . .

Si lk f

1.25-1.35

1.591-1.595

1.538-1.543

45-83

2.9-5.2

75-95

13-31

2

92

20

33

15

40

8.1-15.5

19

Does not

contract

..

chars

Wool

1.28-1.33

1.553-1.556

1.542-1.547

15-28

1.0-1.7

76-97

20-50

2

99

20

63

4

20

13.0-16.2

26

240

...

...

chars

Denier is t h e weig h t in g ram s of 9,000 m eters

of

the fiber.

t Th e v a lu e fo r s t i f fn es s i s a m easu re

of

the abil i ty of the fiber substance to resis t deformation.

$ Th e to u g h n ess in d ex

is

a m easu re

of

the abil i ty of the fiber substance to absorb work.

Sp id er

silk

h as a d en s i ty

of

1.30 1.37 an d t en s i l e s t ren g th of 60 (fr om

golden garden spider).

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TA BL E 234.-PHYSICAL PROPER TIES O F RESIN AND RAYON FIBERS

Resins

Rayons

Cupra-

ammonium

Densi ty (g/cm3)

........................

1.52-1.54

Refractive index : epsilon ............... 1.548-1.552

omega ............... 1

S20-1.527

Tensi le st rength

(1000

Ib/in.*). . . . . . . . . . . .

33-42

Tenacity

:

dry (g deni er t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.7-2.3

wet

70of

d r y ) ............... 59

Elongat ion to break 7 c ) .

................

10-17

Recovery from st rain

Elongatioii 70).......................

5

Elongat ion

........................

15

Recovery ........................

32

Recovery I ........................

48

Average st i ffness ......................

14

Toughness index

II

.......................

13

Moisture regain at 65% R. H. and 70F

Swelling in water, cross-section swelling

Heat s t ab i l it y ; tempera ture C a t o r above

(% of bone-dry weight). ........... 11.0-12.5

YO)

..............................

41-62

which fiber

contracts

..............................

loses st rength

..........................

softens ................................

melts ............................... 149

decomposes ............................

Saponified

acetate

1.50-1.52

1.547

1.513

136138

7.0

85

6

2

82

5

67

105

19

9.8-1 1.5

22

...

100

...

...

...

Viscose

1.50-1.54

1.514-1.523

29-88

1 . 5 4 0

44-65

9-30

2

82

15-20

30-37

10-23

1.539-1.550

17-20

11.5-16.6

35-66

...

130

...

i

i-204

Acrylic

1.17

. . .

. . .

59-75

. . .

. . .

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

.9-2.0

...

Does not

cont rac t

125

235

chars

...

Vinyl chlo-

ride acetate

copolynier t

1.33-1.36

1.536

1.536

34-80

2.0-4.4

100

1 4 3 5

2

99

20

63

7-22

25-30

.@ .5

. 2 4 . 3

66-83

77

200-260

...

...

~~

Vinyl

chloride-

acrylonitrile

copolymer t

1.22-1.28

1.536

1.536

65-75

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

.0 .5

...

70-145

170

190-200

...

...

Vinylidine

1.68-1.75

1.60-1.63

1.60-1.63

15-60

1.1-2.9

100

15-30

...

...

...

...

18

56

.O

.O

71-155

iikm

150-160

...

Including regular and high-tenacity varieties. t Including several varieties.

t

Denier

is

the weight in grams of 9000 meters of the fiber fi The value

It

h e toughness index is a measure of the ability of the fiber substance to

iven for stiffn ess is a measure of the ability of the fiber substance to resist deformation.

absorb work. * Staple 10-17. At 60%

R.H.

e

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244

TA B L E 235.-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES O F MISCELL ANEOUS

FIBERS

Acetate

(cellulose)

Density (g/cma) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3S1.35

Refractive index

:

epsilon .... 1.476-1.478

omega . . . . . 1.470-1.473

Tensile strength

(1000

Ib/in.2).

20-30

Tenacity

:

dry (g/denier

1) ... 1.2-1.5

wet (70of dry). ... 60-65

Elongation to break (%) ...... 23-50

Recovery from strain

Elongation (%)..

. . . . . . . . . . 2

Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Elongation ::

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

Recovery

............. 23

Average stiffness

0

. . . . . . . . . . .

3-7

Toughnens index

II ........... 16-32

Moisture regain at

65%

R.

H.

and

70'F (% of

bone-dry

weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.0-6.5

Swelling

in

water, cross-section

swelling (%)

. . . . . . . . . 7.9

Heat stability

;

temperature C

at or above which fiber

contracts

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

loses strength

...........

90-107

softens .................. 177-208

melts ......................

decomposes ................

Azlon (casein.

soybean

pro

tein, zein

1.25-1.31

1.537-1.545

1.537-1.545

10-19

.6-1.0

35-50

12-15

5

60

20

30

2

14

10.0-15.5

5.c-10.0

i00-171

...

232-246

Glass

2.54-2.56

1.541-1.548

1.541-1.548

204-220

6.3-6.9

99

2.0-3.7

3

100

. . .

...

290

6

o

.O

. . .

316

816

...

...

Nylon t Polyethylene

1.14

1.570-1.580

1.520-1.530

65-1 17

4.5-8.0

85-90

14-25

2

100

20

75

22-41

45

3 .54 .5

3.2

Does not

contract

140

220

...

...

.92

...

...

11-30

...

. . .

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

O

...

74

104

...

...

. . .

Acetate rayon or estron. t Including regular and high-tenacity varieties. Denier is the weight

in grams of 9000 meters of the fiber. Th e value given for stiffness is a measure

of

the ability of the fiber

substance to resist deformation. ll The toughness index is a measure

of

the ability of the fiber substance

to absorb work.

SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES

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TA B L E 236.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

OF

FIBER ROPES *

245

I

A

l%

3

Y B

+ ''

A

1:

l&

14

14

133''

14

13''

2

2$

24

3

34

ti

,,

1:

Linen yacht rope

r f

+.

ge

.

__

2.02

2.98

4.42

6.00

8.00

10.3

u s

A

- f i

--

ec

t i e

2 %

__

925

1400

1950

2425

3200

4050

4920

2.4

15.4 5910

19.0 7075

23.2

8460

27.3 10,020

32.9 11,000

37.8 12,300

43.5 14,500

Manila bolt rope

__h_

1.27 460

1.71 605

2.32 1045

3.56 1400

5.59 1925

7.05 2920

8.61 3800

11.0 4850

13.0

5950

. .

16.2 7150

19.2 8470

23.0 9900

27.0 11,550

31.8 13.200

36.9 14;850

42.5 16,500

53.5 20.400

Ny lon yacht rope

-

.929 850

1.66 1200

2.59 1900

3.75 2700

5.15 3700

6.71 4700

8.41 6000

10.2 7500

17.7 13,300

20.3 15,600

27.0 19,000

30.0 23,000

34.0 26,000

41.0 32,030

15.0 11,000

-- --

__

-_ __

__ __

__ __

__ -_

__ -_

__

-_

Sara n rope

t

5

s

..--

1.47

2.73

3.93

5.66

10.3

14.0

17.7

23.2

32.0

42.5

67.0

__

__

_-

__

__

__

__

__

_-

_

_-

2

5 %

d e

E

.*

- A

* E

.

260

560

730

990

1770

2630

3120

4020

5700

8000

12,000

--

__

__

--

--

--

-_

-_

__

__

__

__

Sisal rope

1.47 36

. . .._

1.96 480

2.84

800

4.02 1080

5.15 1400

7.35 2120

10.2 2760

13.1 3520

D at a from the Plymouth Rope Co. and M r. Axelss on of Columhian Rope Co. Data on cotton rope

furnished by Mr. Moss, Southeastern Cordage Co. t Excellent resistance to acids, alkalis, and most

chemicals.

SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES