4 – Storey Dormitory with Natural Light, Ventilation

and Rainwater Cistern

Project by:

ALMANDUS, Jhamina Zarrah J.

ICASIANO, John Matthew B.

VALENZUELA, Rafaela A.

Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and

Geological Engineering

(SCEGE)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Mapua Institute of Technology

Manila City

September 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Problem Statement 1

1.2 Project Objective 2

1.3 Design Norms Considered 2

1.4 Major and Minor Areas 2

1.5 Project Beneficiary 3

1.6 Innovative Approach 3

1.7 Research Component 3

1.8 Design Component 4

1.9 Sustainable Development 4

Chapter 2: Environmental Examination Report

2.1 Project Description 5

2.1.1 Project Rationale 5

2.1.2 Project Location 5

2.1.3 Project Information 6

2.1.4 Description of Project Phases 6

2.1.5 Pre-Construction/Operational Phase 6

2.1.6 Construction Phase 7

2.1.7 Operational Phase 8

2.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment 8

2.2.1 Physical Environment 8

2.2.2 Biological Environment 8

2.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Environment 8

2.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project 8

2.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation 9

2.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental

Issues/Impacts and their Level of Significance at

Various Stages of Development 9

2.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts

on the Physical and Biological Resources 9

2.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic

Effects/Impacts of the Project 9

2.4 Environmental Management Plan

2.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and

Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and

Responsibilities 10

2.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and

Enhancement Measures 10

2.4.3 Monitoring Plan 11

2.4.4 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements 11

2

Chapter 3: The Research Component

3.1 Abstract 12

3.2 Introduction 12

3.3 Review of Related Literature 12

3.3.1 Green Engineering 12-13

3.3.2 Green Building 13

3.3.3 Natural light and Ventilation 14

3.3.4 Rainwater Cistern 14-15

3.4 Methodology 15

3.4.1 Flow Chart 16

3.5 Results and Discussion 16

3.6 Conclusion and Recommendations 17

Chapter 4: Detailed Engineering Design

4.1 Loads and Codes 18

4.1.1 Introduction 18

4.1.2 References and Standards 18-19

4.1.3 Design Loads 19-22

4.1.4 Slab Design 22-25

4.4.4 Stair Design 25-29

4.2 Structural Engineering 30-38

4.3 Water Resources Engineering 39-44

4.4 Environmental Engineering 45-47

4.5 Plan Set 48-56

Chapter 5: Promotional Material 58

Chapter 6: Budget Estimation 59-65

Chapter 7: Project Schedule 66-75

Chapter 8: Conclusion and Summary 76

Chapter 9: Recommendation 77

Chapter 10: Acknowledgements 78

Chapter 11: References 79

Appendices

Appendix A: Article Type

Appendix B: Original Project Report Assessment Sheet by Panel Members

Appendix C: English Assessment and Evaluation Rubric

Appendix D: Accomplished Consultation Forms

Appendix E: Compilation of Assessment Forms

Appendix F: Drawing and Plans

Appendix G: Soil Report

Appendix H: Project Poster

Appendix I: Photocopy of Receipts

Appendix J: Other Required Forms

Appendix K: Student Reflections

List of Tables

Table 2.2 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/ 9

Impacts and their Level of Significance at Various

Stages of Development

Table 2.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement 10

Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities

Table 2.3 Monitoring Plan 11

Table 6.1 Preliminaries 59

Table 6.2 Site Works 60

Table 6.3 Formworks and Scaffoldings 60

Table 6.4 Steel Works 61

Table 6.5 Concrete Works 61

Table 6.6 Masonry Works 62

Table 6.7 Electrical Works 62

Table 6.8 Plumbing Works 63

Table 6.9 Specialty Works 63

Table 6.10 Project Costs 64

Table 6.11 Estimated Gross Income 64

Table 6.12 Estimated Expenses 64

List of Figures

Figure 3.1 Flow Chart 16

Figure 4.1 Footing Schedule 35

Figure 4.2 Slab Schedule 36

Figure 4.3 Beam Schedule 36

Figure 4.4 Beam Schedule 37

Figure 4.5 Column Schedule 38

Figure 4.6 Cistern Section Detail 42

Figure 4.7 Cistern Foundation Detail 43

Figure 4.8 Gutter Guards 44

Figure 4.9 GRID 1 from ETABS 48

Figure 4.10 GRID 2 from ETABS 49

Figure 4.11 GRID 3 from ETABS 50

Figure 4.12 GRID 4 from ETABS 51

Figure 4.13 3D View from ETABS 52

Figure 4.14 Sample Moment Diagram 53

Figure 4.15 Ground Floor Plan 54

Figure 4.16 2nd-4th Floor Plan 55

Figure 4.17 Room Plan 56

Figure 7.1 S curve 69

Figure 7.2 Gantt Chart 1 71

Figure 7.3 Gantt Chart 2 72

Figure 7.4 Gantt Chart 3 73

Figure 7.5 Gantt Chart 4 74

Figure 7.6 Gan

tt Chart 5 75

1

Chapter 1

Introduction

Civil Engineers believe that building structures are not limited for aesthetics. The

importance of satisfying standards which mostly conform to the economy and environment should

be considered in order to reach goals without sacrificing one from the other. The perfect concept

that can attest to this would be the technology behind green buildings. It has been around for

centuries which combines economic and environmental standards while providing aesthetics.

The focus on optimizing system efficiency is where today’s climate of sustainable design

is headed. For instance, high occupancy buildings such as office and dormitory premises have

issues in their heating, cooling and air conditioning systems which are well known energy

consumers. Energy efficiency measures are then proposed to reduce excess consumption.

Processes such as natural ventilation and cistern are key features that can help the industry in

building more refined building structures.

Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space

without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. It uses outdoor air flow caused by pressure

differences between the building and its surrounding to provide ventilation and space cooling.

Significant energy savings are also achieved through the use of natural lighting and ventilation.

A cistern is a large vessel used to hold a reserve of water. It can either be above or below

ground, ranging in all sorts of size and shape with varying features. As mentioned, it acts like a

reservoir for rainwater used for cleaning, flushing and serves as tap water to households. If

intended to use for drinking, a filtration system must be added.

1.1 Problem Statement

One of the country’s top notching school, University of the Philippines (UP) in Diliman

has a total land area of 493 hectares (1,220 acres). Majority of the property has been utilized by

the university through building infrastructures and research facilities. Meanwhile, a remaining

portion of the land is forested, reserved for development and residential use or simply unoccupied.

Sustainable development can be divided into two categories; (1) social development and

poverty alleviation, and (2) natural resources and environment regeneration and protection.

With the continuous construction of various buildings within the vicinity, a proposed green

building/structure is the perfect solution to limited dormitory spaces of the university. Priority is

given to students from more distant homes and lower income bracket. The project will be located

within the UP campus. Adherence to the increasing awareness towards protecting the environment,

the structure will use natural ventilation and rainwater cistern. This way, the occupants will pay

less since electricity and water bills nowadays are very expensive.

2

1.2 Project Objective

The project aims to:

Provide students with the luxury of saving time and maximizing every opportunity

available

Lessen the utility cost of the occupants regarding the electricity and water bills

Design a cistern for storing rainwater which will provide sanitary water for the whole

dormitory. The cistern acts like a reservoir for rainwater.

1.3 Design Norms Considered

The group believes that being efficient, economical and sustainable are the most relevant

norms to base the design and construction of the structures for this study.

Considering the design norm of being efficient, the group will focus on the capabilities and

competence of the materials. This will be used in the structure since cleaning and treating water

through series of filters will take lesser time and effort compared to other complex and expensive

treating processes. At the same time, the group will be economical since it will focus on the least

possible cost of materials needed in the design process. Finally, the design will be sustainable by

using the principle of natural light and ventilation with cistern.

In addition, the design will be governed by the National Structural Codes of the Philippines

(NSCP) (2010, 6th Edition, Volume 2) for structural analysis and the Uniform Building Code

(UBC) (1997) for seismic analysis.

1.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering

The major area of civil engineering in this project will be structural engineering. The focus

of the project is to design an eco-friendly dormitory for students. Considerations in designing it

thoroughly is very important to save building construction and operation costs.

Water resources engineering and environmental engineering are the minor areas of civil

engineering in this project. It will be provided through a cistern for storing rainwater to provide

sanitary for the whole dormitory. The cistern acts as a reservoir for rainwater. At the same time,

environmental engineering is concerned because we are using natural resources as a daily basis

while saving electricity and water.

3

1.5 Project Beneficiary

The direct beneficiary of this project is Architect Jun Chan of DPWH district office, owner

of the planned four storey dormitory.

The indirect beneficiary of this project will be the students of UP. Given that the number

of dormitory spaces are very limited, we reiterate that students who live distantly and those coming

from the lower income bracket are given top priority to avail of this service. UP plans to innovate

their dormitories by building and adding more in the succeeding years around the campus. If this

thesis project will be implemented, students and other immediate parties concerned will benefit

from it.

1.6 Innovative Approach

Innovative approach is accessible for this type of project. AutoCAD 2013 will be used to

design the structure while E-tabs are essential for the design and computation of loadings. Google

Sketch Up 8 on the other hand will conceptualize the project and become available in three

dimensional function. The researchers will provide an inverted roof design with openings from

frontal and posterior angles of the structure. It will provide ecological benefits. At the same time,

the green building will go with a rainwater cistern that will provide sufficient utility water for the

building.

1.7 Research Component

The researchers will pursue studying the effectiveness of green building concept in the

Philippines. The existing green engineering design systems or methods will be evaluated if they

are viable for the design of the proposed infrastructure.

The main research component of this project is to construct a dormitory with green features,

identifying proper placement of the building on site so that natural light and ventilation can be

achieved on the structure. A rainwater cistern installed at the side of the dormitory will be available

to serve as a water source for drinking and sanitary use.

The plan of the project is to provide students with the luxury of saving time and maximizing

every opportunity available for them. UP plans to innovate their dormitories by building and

adding more of its kind near the campus area.

4

1.8 Design Component

The design component will cover the design of the superstructure and substructure. It will

include the design of structural members which are the roof truss, slabs, column, beams and walls;

while the substructure is composed of the foundation. The project will follow the most economical

design which will be referred to the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) (2010).

Also, the design of a rainwater harvesting system will be provided.

Natural light & ventilation

Through openings on the front and the back of the structure, there are airways or

breezeways located on the left and right wing of every floor, free – flowing light

and air permeates around the structure.

Rainwater cistern

A cistern is purposed for storing rainwater to provide sanitary water for the whole

dormitory. The cistern acts like a reservoir for rainwater. This will be used for

cleaning, flushing and as tap water. If intended to use for drinking, a filtration

system must be added. The roof will be designed to be an inverted gable roof. This

will easily harvest rainwater leading to the underground cistern through pipes.

1.9 Sustainable Development

Rainwater cistern

o Stores water to provide drinking and sanitary for the dormitory

Partially open structure

o For natural light and ventilation - supplying and removing air through an indoor

space by natural means

5

Chapter 2

Environmental Examination Report

2.1 Project Description

This project proposal aims to design a four storey dormitory with natural light, ventilation

and rainwater cistern. A green building that reduces impact to the environment through

management of energy, air and water. This project strives to design an eco-friendly structure. This

project will benefit the students and/or employees of UP as it requires minimal cost compared to

others. The design will meet economical standards, continually benefiting all concerned consumers

in terms of drinking water and sanitary purposes.

2.1.1 Project Rationale

The idea of the project is to be a model construction. Sustainable design focusing on

optimizing system efficiency, partially involving structures for the flow of light and

ventilation based on the location’s basic wind speed. Rainwater cistern which is responsible

for storing rainwater throughout the whole building is designed based on the area of

catchment.

2.1.2 Project Location

The project will be implemented at Emilio Jacinto Street corner C.P. Garcia,

Quezon City, Philippines.

6

2.1.3 Project Information

The structure will have openings on the front and the back, there are airways or

breezeways located on the left and right side of every floor, through this free – flowing

light and air permeates around the structure.

A cistern is purposed for storing rainwater to provide sanitary water for the whole

dormitory. The cistern acts like a reservoir for rainwater. This will be used for cleaning,

flushing and as tap water. If intended to use for drinking, a filtration system must be added.

The roof will be designed to be an inverted gable roof. This will easily harvest rainwater

leading to the underground cistern through pipes.

2.1.4 Description of Project Phases

This project is to be done in four phases: (1) Pre-construction/operational phase is

the preparation before starting the construction of the building, (2) construction phase is

the actual construction of the building, (3) operational phase discusses the works done

within the construction period of the building, and (4) abandonment phase is the final

checking or assessment of the building.

2.1.5 Pre – Construction/Operational Phase

2.1.5.a Planning Stage

This part is used before actual construction starts. Visitation of the project location,

observation and inspection is done in this part. The engineers assess the given location to

come up with a design of a suitable structure.

2.1.5.b Preparation of Construction Documents

The construction documents are essential for engineers before executing the said

project. A building permit from the Quezon City Hall is the first important document, then

comes the bidders and their estimated price on the said project.

The bidding documents and the contract has the list of responsibilities on what the

contractor’s roles should be on the said project and so thus the owner. The documents are

then signed by both parties.

2.1.5.c Selection of Contractor

The contractor having the lowest price on their bid will be presented with the

project contract. The price of the winning contractor should not go beyond the price limit

given by the owner.

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2.1.5.d Construction Planning

The construction planning consist of site investigation, site management, obtaining

permits, scheduling, excavation planning, estimating, value engineering and quality

control.

2.1.5.e Surveying and Staking

Before anything else, the lot must first be surveyed to know the restrictions and the

terrestrial distances. When staking out is done, mark the limits or periphery of the lot.

2.1.6 Construction Phase

2.1.6.a Clearing and Grubbing

This phase includes the removal/clearance of trees, slumps, roots, logs, rubbish and

other objectionable matter.

2.1.6.b Excavation

This phase pertains to the excavation and cut/fill of land.

2.1.6.c Building Structure

This phase will be the construction of foundation footings, columns, beams, slabs,

walls, roof truss, up to the method finishing.

2.1.6.d Water and Sewer Lines

This phase pertains to the installation of water and sewer lines.

2.1.6.e Rainwater Cistern

This phase includes the following processes:

Installation of water harvesters and pipes

Construction of rainwater cistern

2.1.6.f Power Distribution System

This phase will be managed by MERALCO

8

2.1.7 Operational Phase

During this period, the contractor is in charge for corrections of any identified

defects. Liability period within twelve months is applied to the completed structure.

2.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment

2.2.1 Physical Environment

The project is resided in one of the main roads of Quezon City. Sunlight is strongly

present in the area. The site has establishments in front of it which makes it an ideal place

to construct a dormitory.

2.2.2 Biological Environment

The environment is an open place. No existing structure on its vicinity so it is a

good area to incorporate natural lighting and ventilation.

2.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Environment

The project location is a university community which means that the vicinity

consists mostly of students or employees in nearby establishments. The area is not that big

and plenty of establishments are located around it.

2.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project

There will be a nominal effect on future environmental conditions without the

project. It will create job opportunities for the residents and will ease student’s adjustment

to college life, providing them with maximum opportunities to interact with their fellow

students, and to put them close to the school buildings and libraries.

9

2.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation

2.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level

of Significance at Various Stages of Development

STAGE ENVIRONMENTAL

ISSUE/IMPACT

LEVEL OF

SIGNIFICANCE

Pre - Construction Noise

Air

Traffic / Passage

Mass Population

Moderate

Low Moderate

Low Moderate

High Impact

Construction Noise

Air

Traffic / Passage

Mass Population

Low Moderate

Low Moderate

Moderate

High Impact

Table 2.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level of

Significance at Various Stages of Development

2.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and Biological

Resources

2.3.2.a Air

There will be an effect on the air quality by the vehicles passing through.

2.3.2.b Noise The project will have effect on noise pollution by the machines that will

be using.

2.3.2.c Traffic / Passage

There will have no effect on the traffic or passage because of the

location is huge and the machines will be placed not on the road.

2.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio Effects/Impacts of the Project

Since the project is a residential building therefore it can also be a source of

business which promotes employment opportunities, there will be an increase in the

revenue.

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2.4 Environmental Management Plan

2.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures,

Estimated Cost and Responsibilities

Impacts Mitigation Responsibilities

Noise Transportation of

machineries to check

on noise & vibration

Contractor

Air Dust Control (Net

and water sprinklers

will be provided);

Mask for laborers;

Regular maintenance

of heavy equipment;

Distribute system of

Deliveries;

Contractor

Mass Population Guarantee safety of

the project to avoid

accidents to people

Contractor

Table 2.2 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures,

Estimated Cost and Responsibilities

2.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

First, the noise is measured during construction. The use of equipment/machineries

can create noise commotion to other establishments. Therefore, the equipment/machineries

must be carefully selected and prepared accordingly.

Second, the air is measured in the construction. Since the project location is a busy

road, many commuters will be affected. The construction of the project must avoid dust

control, providing net and water sprinklers.

Lastly, mass population that refer to the people coming in and out of the area. We

have to control the crowd for us to not have a problem on overcrowding the premises.

11

2.4.3 Monitoring Plan

Table 2.3 Monitoring Plan

2.4.4 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements

The researchers considered the environmental effects of the project, as well

as the structural codes to be followed. Once it thus comply with the requirements of the

Engineering Office of the Quezon City Municipal, in the case of building an establishment

in the area.

ENVIRONMENTAL

PROBLEMS MITIGATION MONITORING

WORKER’S SAFETY

Execution of

personal protective

equipment;

Providing Gadgets;

Readiness of First

Aid

Daily

NOISE Proper scheduling of

construction Daily

DUST

Net and water

sprinklers will be

provided

Daily

TRAFFIC No Weekly

12

Chapter 3

Research Component

3.1 Abstract

This Proposed 4 storey dormitory is for the occupancy of students in the UP campus. The

structure design will feature green engineering. It will be provided with natural light, ventilation

and rainwater cistern. This proposed project strives to design an eco-friendly structure.

3.2 Introduction

Natural ventilation is becoming a gradually important design strategy for many buildings.

With careful design, such buildings can be inexpensive both to construct and to operate than more

heavily serviced equivalents. Many occupants prefer natural light and ventilation. Both of which

are structures of well-designed eco-friendly buildings. Low construction, running costs and a high

level of occupant satisfaction are key requirements for efficient buildings.

Natural rainfall can provide some of the cleanest occurring water that is accessible

anywhere. The most sustainable development to contribute is to provide a rainwater cistern that

can be used for storing rainwater. Through this technology, it can provide sanitary water for the whole structure.

This project aims to denote building structures considering not just aesthetics. It will satisfy

different standards compatible to the economy and the environment.

3.3 Review of Related Literature

3.3.1 Green Engineering

Green engineering is the design, commercialization, and use of processes and

products, which are feasible and economical while minimizing:

1. Generation of pollution at the source

2. Risk to human health and the environment

Green engineering embraces the concept that decisions to protect human health and

the environment can have the greatest impact and cost effectiveness when applied early to

the design and development phase of a process or product.

Principles of Green Engineering

1. Engineer processes and products holistically, use systems analysis, and integrate

environmental impact assessment tools.

2. Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while protecting human health and well-

being.

3. Use life-cycle thinking in all engineering activities.

13

4. Ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs are as inherently safe and

benign as possible.

5. Minimize depletion of natural resources.

6. Strive to prevent waste.

7. Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being cognizant of local

geography, aspirations, and cultures.

8. Create engineering solutions beyond current or dominant technologies; improve,

innovate, and invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability.

9. Actively engage communities and stakeholders in development of engineering

solutions.

3.3.2 Green Building

Green building is an approach towards a buildings’ design, construction and

operation that conserves resources while it protects human health. Green buildings use less

energy, consume fewer natural resources such as water and forest products, and omit

pollutants into the environment. Because they are designed to make use of natural light and

good ventilation, green buildings provide a healthier indoor environment for their

occupants. Studies show that students in green buildings learn better and workers in green

buildings are more productive.

Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to

reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human

health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight

through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic equipment, and using plants and trees

through green roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other

techniques are used such as the use of low-impact building materials or using packed gravel

or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance

replenishment of ground water.

Sustainable or green building design and construction is the opportunity to use our

resources more efficiently, while creating healthier and more energy-efficient homes.

Although there is no magic formula, success comes in the form of leaving a lighter footprint

on the environment through conservation of resources. At the same time, balancing energy-

efficient, cost-effective, low-maintenance products for our construction needs. In other

words, green building design involves finding the delicate balance between homebuilding

and the sustainable environment.

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3.3.3 Natural Light and Ventilation

Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor

space without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. It uses outdoor air flow caused

by pressure differences between the building and its surrounding to provide ventilation and

space cooling. Significant energy savings are also achieved through the use of natural

lighting and ventilation. The use of natural ventilation is definitely an advantage with the

raising concerns regarding the cost and environmental impact of energy use.

Natural ventilation can reduce building construction and operation costs. At the

same time it can reduce the energy consumption for air-conditioning and circulating fans.

An additional bonus is that no noisy fan will be of your concern.

Advantages of Natural Ventilation

o A fresh air supply for workers - proven to increase productivity & reduce staff

sickness

o Naturally ventilated - reduce your energy costs and carbon footprint without the

need for mechanical ventilation

o Night time purge of stale air - creating a fresh working environment for the staff

the following morning

o Better control of building temperature and CO² levels

o Free cooling

3.3.4 Rainwater Cistern

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse

before it reaches the aquifer. Uses include water for garden, water for livestock, water

for irrigation, etc. In many places, the water collected is just redirected to a deep pit with

percolation. The harvested water can be used for drinking water. If the storage is a tank,

that can be accessed and cleaned when needed.

Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water

restrictions and in developed countries is often used to supplement the main supply.

Rainwater harvesting provides water when there is drought. Rainwater harvesting prevents

flooding of low lying areas. Rainwater harvesting replenishes the ground water table and

enables our dug wells and bore wells to yield in a sustained manner. It helps in the

availability of clean water by reducing the salinity and the presence of iron salts.

Where there is no surface water, or where groundwater is deep or inaccessible due

to hard ground conditions, or where it is too salty, acidic or otherwise unpleasant or unfit

to drink, another source must be sought. In areas which have regular rainfall, the most

appropriate alternative is the collection of rainwater called ‘rainwater harvesting’. Falling

rain can provide some of the cleanest naturally occurring water that is available anywhere.

This is not surprising, as it is a result of a natural distillation process that is at risk only

from airborne particles and from man-made pollution caused by the smoke and ash of fires

and industrial processes, particularly those which burn fossil fuels.

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Most modern technologies for obtaining drinking water are related to the

exploitation of surface water from rivers, streams and lakes, and groundwater from wells

and boreholes. However, these sources account for only 40% of total precipitation.

It is evident, therefore, that there is considerable scope for the collection of

rainwater when it falls, before huge losses occur due to evaporation and transpiration and

before it becomes contaminated by natural means or man-made activities.

The term ‘rainwater harvesting’ usually mean ‘the immediate collection of

rainwater running off surfaces upon which it has fallen directly’. This definition excludes

run-off from land watersheds into streams, rivers, lakes, etc. Water Aid is concerned

primarily with the provision of clean drinking water; therefore the rainwater harvesting

projects which it supports are mainly those where rainwater is collected from roofs, and

only to a lesser extent where it is collected from small ground or rock catchments.

Advantages of rainwater harvesting:

o Relatively cheap materials can be used for construction of containers and collecting

surfaces.

o Construction methods are relatively straightforward.

o Low maintenance costs and requirements.

o Collected rainwater can be consumed without treatment providing a clean

collecting surface has been used.

o Provides a supply of safe water close to homes, schools or clinics, encourages

increased consumption, reduces the time women and children spend collecting

water, reduces back strain or injuries from carrying heavy water containers.

3.4 Methodology

o Research for new possible innovation for building design.

o Consultation of the beneficiary for the expectation and needs of the project.

o Suggestion of possible green engineering features for the project.

o Preparation of the architectural plans of the structure.

o Application of the building codes and provisions with respect to NSCP 2010

manual.

o Utilization of computer software/s to be used in designing the project.

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3.4.1 Flow Chart

Figure 3.1

3.5 Results and Discussion

After comprehensive study on green buildings, the researchers found out that it can really

contribute remarkable improvements to air, light quality and visual enhancement. Coupling the

green building with rainwater cistern will increase the structures use and efficiency.

According to the study, green building is an approach to building design, construction and

operations that protects resources while it protects human health. Green buildings use less energy,

consume less natural resources and secrete less pollutants into the environment. Because they are

designed to make use of natural light and good ventilation, green buildings provide a healthier

indoor environment for their occupants. Studies show that green buildings are more conducive for

students to learn and workers in green buildings are more productive.

Additional for the green building is the rainwater cistern that will be used to store and filter

the rain water. It can be used for sanitary and drinking purposes.

GREEN ENGINEERING

Location AnalysisSustainability of

Green Engineering

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Application of innovative design &

materialsCost Estimation

4 STOREY BUILDING

Innovative Construction

MaterialsMaterial Resources

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3.6 Conclusion and Recommendations

This study can contribute tremendous improvements to air and light quality and visual

enhancement. The researchers coupled the green building with a rainwater cistern.

The structure is built up of reinforced concrete since we considered it as a conventional

structural design. The greatest challenge of our project is its location, Emilio Jacinto Street corner

C.P. Garcia, Quezon City because it stands in one of the busiest streets of Quezon City.

The cistern will also act as a reservoir for the whole building for sanitary purposes. But the

main challenge is filtering the water coming from the cistern making it potable for drinking to the

tenants of the building. The building will have an inverted gable roof for catchment of rainwater

leading to the pipes of the cistern.

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Chapter 4

Detailed Engineering Design

4.1 Loads and Codes

4.1.1 Introduction

The structural codes used in the structural design of the Proposed 4-Storey

Dormitory with Natural light, Ventilation and Rainwater Cistern in Emilio Jacinto Street

corner C.P. Garcia, Quezon City conforms to National Structural Code of the Philippines

2012 for Volume 1: For Building and other Vertical Structures and to American Concrete

Institute Code for Buildings. All values used on the design are found in NSCP 2012:

Minimum Design Loads. Seismic Considerations are in reference according to Uniform

Building Code 1997.

4.1.2 References and Standards

ACI 318-99 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete,

American Concrete Institute (ACI)

ACI 302.1R-96 Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction,

American Concrete Institute (ACI)

ACI 360R Design of Slab on Grade,

American Concrete Institute (ACI)

ACI 224R Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures,

American Concrete Institute (ACI)

ACI 544.4R Design Construction for Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete,

American Concrete Institute (ACI)

AISC 9th Edition Manual of Steel Construction, Allowable Stress Design,

American Institute of Steel Construction

AISI 1996 Edition Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual,

American Iron and Steel Institute

ASCE 7-95 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

American Society of Civil Engineers

NSCP 6th Edition National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010. zVolume 1

UBC 1997 Edition Uniform Building Code

19

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Publications:

Manual of Steel Construction, 9TH Edition, 1989

Detailing for Steel Construction, 1984

Engineering for Steel Construction, 1984

4.1.3 Design Loads

Unit weight of concrete 23.6 KN/m3

Unit weight of masonry grout 22 KN/m3

4.1.3.a Dead Loads

ON FLOORS

A. Slab self weight 4” thick (100mm) 2360 Pa

B. Floor Finish (ceramic tiles 20mm on 13mm

Mortar bed) 1200 Pa

D. Ceiling with suspended steel

Channel system 240 Pa

E. Movable Partition and miscellaneous 1000 Pa

F. CHB Wall” full plastered both faces 2940 Pa

4.1.3.b Live Loads

A. Residential 1900 Pa

4.1.3.c WIND LOAD (in accordance with NSCP-2010)

Location: Quezon City : Philippine Wind Zone II

Design Wind Pressure (P) shall be computed as follows:

p = qh [( G C pf ) – ( G C pi ) ]

20

Velocity Pressure (qz ) shall be computed as follows:

qz = 47.3 x 10 -6 Kz Kzt V2 IW

p = Design wind pressure in kPa

qh = Velocity pressure evaluated at height z = h, in kPa

qz = Velocity pressure evaluated at height z above ground in

kPa

Kz = Velocity pressure exposure coefficient evaluated at height z

(Refer to table 207-3 of NSCP)

Kzt = Topographic factor = (Refer to section 207.5.5 of NSCP}

IW = Importance factor = 1.0 (For Standard Occupancy)

GCpf = Product of equivalent external pressure coefficient and gust

effect factor to be used in determination of wind loads for

main wind-force resisting system of low-rise buildings

(Figure 207-4 of NSCP)

GCpi = Product of internal pressure coefficient and gust effect

factor to be used in the determination of wind loads for

buildings. (Figure 207-4 of NSCP)

4.1.3.d SEISMIC LOAD Location:

Quezon City: Seismic Zone 4

E = ρ Eh + Ev

Total Design Base Shear (Using Static Force Procedure):

V = CvI

RT W

Total Design Base need not exceed:

V = 2.5 Ca I

21

R W

Total Design Base Shear shall not be less than:

V = 0.11Ca I W

For Seismic Zone 4, Total Design Base Shear shall also not be less than:

V = 0.8 ZNvI

R W

WHERE:

E = The Earthquake load of an element of the Structure resulting from

the combination of the Horizontal Component, Eh, ant the Vertical

Component, Ev.

Eh = The Earthquake Load due to Base Shear, V

Ev = The load effect resulting from the vertical component of the

earthquake ground motion and is equal to an addition of 0.5CaID to

the dead load effect, D, for Strength Design, and may be taken as

zero for allowable Stress Design.

ρ = Reliability/Redundancy Factor = 1.0

V = Total Design Base Shear

R = 8.5 (for Special Moment-Resisting Frame, SMRF)

W = Total Seismic Dead Load

I = Importance Factor

= 1.0 (For Standard Occupancy Structure)

T = Ct (hn) ¾

= Elastic fundamental period of vibration, in seconds

Ct = 0.0853 (Steel Moment-Resisting Frames)

hn = Height of structure, in meters

22

4.1.3.e Load Combinations

Load combination 1 : DL + LL

Load combination 2 : 1.4DL + 1.7LL

Load combination 3 : 1.05DL + 1.275LL + 1.403EQX

Load combination 4 : 1.05DL + 1.275LL - 1.403EQX

Load combination 5 : 1.05DL + 1.275LL + 1.403EQY

Load combination 6 : 1.05DL + 1.275LL + 1.403EQY

Load combination 7 : 0.9DL + 1.43EQX

Load combination 8 : 0.9DL - 1.43EQX

Load combination 9 : 0.9DL + 1.43EQY

Load combination 10: 0.9DL - 1.43EQY

4.1.4 SLAB DESIGN

4.1.4.a Two-way Slab

S-1

Short span = 4m Long span = 7m m = .571 thickness = 125mm

Dead load: 7740 Pa Live load: 1900 Pa

Total factored load = 1.4(7740) + 1.7(1900) = 14.066 Kpa

Along short Span:

Computed negative moment = 20.42 KN - m

Computed Positive moment = 8.9 KN - m

fc = 27.6 Mpa

fy = 228, 12mm diameter conc. cover = 20mm

Edge reinforcements

Mu = .9 Ru bd2

20.42 x 10002 = .9(Ru) (1000) (99)2

23

Ru = 2.314

𝜌 = .0107 𝜌min = .0061 𝜌max = .0465

Use 𝜌 = .0107 𝜌 = As/Bd

As = 1061.51 mm2 n = 10

s = 100mm c/c

Midspan reinforcements

Mu = .9 Ru bd2

8.9 x 10002 = .9(Ru) (1000) (99)2

Ru = 1.009

𝜌 = .0045 𝜌min = .0061 𝜌max = .0465

Use 𝜌 = .0061 𝜌 = As/Bd

As = 607.89mm2 n = 6

s = 160mm c/c

Along long Span:

Computed negative moment = 4.62 KN - m

Computed Positive moment = 2.92 KN - m

fc = 27.6 Mpa

fy = 228, 12mm diameter conc. cover = 20mm

Edge reinforcements

Mu = .9 Ru bd2

4.62 x 10002 = .9(Ru) (1000) (87)2

Ru = .679

𝜌 = .003 𝜌min = .0061 𝜌max = .0465

Use 𝜌 = .0061 𝜌 = As/Bd

As = 534.21mm2 n = 5

s = 200mm c/c

Midspan reinforcements

24

Mu = .9 Ru bd2

2.92 x 10002 = .9(Ru) (1000) (87)2

Ru = .433

𝜌 = .0019 𝜌min = .0061 𝜌max = .0465

Use 𝜌 = .0061 𝜌 = As/Bd

As = 534.21mm2 n = 5

s = 200mm c/c

4.1.4.b One-way Slab

At supports

Mu = 7.912 KN – m

Mu = .9 Ru bd2

Ru = .897

𝜌 = .004 𝜌min = .006 𝜌max = .046

Use 𝜌 = .006 𝜌 = As/Bd

As = 607.895mm2 n = 6

s = 160mm c/c

At midspan

Mu = 9.042 KN – m

Mu = .9 Ru bd2

Ru = 1.025

𝜌 = .005 𝜌min = .006 𝜌max = .046

Use 𝜌 = .006 𝜌 = As/Bd

As = 607.895mm2 n = 6

s = 160mm c/c

25

Temperature bars

As = .002 (1000) (125) = 250mm2

S = 450mm c/c

4.1.5 Design of Stairs

T = 250 mm

R = 200 mm

G = 250 mm L = 1.9 M

S = 1.9575 m Cc = 15 mm

Øbar = 12 mm Steps = 8

f’c = 28 MPa Fy = 414 MPa

Δ conc = 24 KPa LL = 1.9 KN/m2

Slope of Stairs: θ = tan-1 (1.2125

1.7310) = 35°

Dimension of Stairs: 550 < 2R + T < 700

550 < 2(200) + (250) < 700

550 < 650 < 700

Therefore, sizes of stairs are adequate

Thickness of Waist: 𝑠

𝐸𝑓𝑓.𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 30

d = 1957.5

30

for d effective:

26

Total W = d + cc + θ

2

Total W = 65.25 + 15 + 12

2

Total W = 86.25 mm

Assuming thickness waist of W = 90

d = 90 – 15 - 12

2

d = 69 mm

Dead Load of Staircase

B = √𝐺2 + 𝑅2

B = √(250)2 + (200)2

B = 296.81 mm

Say B = 297 mm

DL = 1

0.25 ((0.16)(0.297) +

(0.16)(0.20)

2+ (0.15)(0.27)(23.5))

DL = 7.2927 𝑘𝑁

𝑚2

Design Load per Staircase:

Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL

Wu = 1.2 (7.2927) + 1.6 (1.9)

Wu = 11.79 𝑘𝑁

𝑚2

Bending Moment per m width of Staircase

Mu = Wu𝐿2

8

Mu = (16.75)(1.9575)2

8

Mu = 8.0228 kN-m

Mu = 0.138f’cbd2

27

d = √Mu

0.138f’cb

d = √33.5𝑥106

0.138(28)(1000)

d = 45.57 mm < 69 mm

therefore, effective depth is effective

Area of Steel per m width staircase

Mu = 0.36 f’c (𝑥

𝑑) (1 − 0.59

𝑥

𝑑) bd2

Divided by 0.36 f’c (𝑥

𝑑) bd2

(6.68 Mu

f’cb𝑑2) = 2.4 (

𝑥

𝑑) - (

𝑥

𝑑)

2

(6.68 Mu

f’cb𝑑2) = (

6.68(8.0228𝑥102

28(1000)(69)2) = 1.6787

𝑥

𝑑 = 1.2 - √1.22 6.68 Mu

f’cbd2

𝑥

𝑑 = 1.2 - √1.22 − 1.6787

𝑥

𝑑 = 0.1811

z = d (1 – 0.416 (𝑥

𝑑))

z = 69 (1 – 0.416 (0.1811))

z = 63.8017

Asteel = Mu

0.85𝑓𝑦𝑧

Asteel = 8.0228𝑥106

0.85(414)(63.8017)

Asteel = 357.33 mm2 per width of staircase

Total Steel = Asteel (L)

28

Total Steel = 357.33 (1.9)

Total Steel = 678.927 mm2

No. of bars = Atotal steel

Abars

No. of bars = 678.927𝜋

4(12)2

= 6.003

say 7 bars

Spacing of main reinforcing bars

S = L

n =

1900

7 = 271.42

Say 270 mm

Therefore, provide 7 – 12 mm Ø @ 270 mm c/c

Distribution steel

Asteel ≥ AD

For fy = 248 MPa AD = 12% (Gross Area)

For fy = 414 MPa AD = 15% (Gross Area)

AD = 0.15

100 (1000)(200)

AD = 300 mm2

Spacing of distribution reinforcing bars per B of staircase

a. 5deffective = 5(139) = 695

b. 450

therefore, provide 24 – 12 mm Ø @ 95 mm c/c

29

Stair Detail Design

30

4.2 Structural Engineering

Structural Design

As the major area of civil engineering for this project is Structural Engineering, the

structure made focus of the project to design an eco-friendly dormitory for students. Consideration

on designing it thoroughly is very important to save building construction and operation costs.

AutoCAD 2013 will be used to design the structure while E-tabs are essential for the design

and computations of loadings. Google Sketch Up 8 on the other hand will conceptualize the project

and become available in three dimensional function. The researchers will provide an inverted roof

design with openings from frontal and posterior angles of the structure. At the same time, the

dormitory will go with a rainwater cistern that will provide sufficient utility water for the building.

In addition, the design will be govern by the National Structure Codes of the Philippines

(NSCP) (2010, 6TH Edition, Volume 2) for structural analysis and the Uniform Building Code

(UBC) (1997) for seismic analysis.

Dead loads were from the National Structural code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010) Volume

1 Table 204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads. The loads depend on the materials listed on the Table

204-2 but you can alter the values as long as they are not lower than the suggested minimum values

of the NSCP.

The Live Load on one structure may vary depending on the type of occupancy of room or

a floor area

The Seismic Load location is in Quezon City which is Seismic Zone 4.

E = ρ Eh + Ev

Total Design Base Shear (Using Static Force Procedure): V = CvI

𝑅𝑇 𝑊

Total Design Base need not exceed: V = 2.5 𝐶𝑎 𝐼

𝑅 𝑊

Total Design Base Shear shall not be less than: V = 0.11Ca I W

For Seismic Zone 4, Total Design Base Shear shall also not be less than:

V = 0.8 𝑍𝑁𝑣𝐼

𝑅 𝑊

These are the following combinations used for the design, gathered from the National

Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 (NSCP 2010).

31

DL + LL

1.4DL + 1.7LL

1.05DL + 1.275LL + 1.403EQX

1.05DL + 1.275LL - 1.403EQX

1.05DL + 1.275LL + 1.403EQY

1.05DL + 1.275LL + 1.403EQY

0.9DL + 1.43EQX

0.9DL - 1.43EQX

0.9DL + 1.43EQY

0.9DL - 1.43EQY

For the materials, Ultimate compressive strength of concrete at 28th day, f’c = 27.6.0 MPa

(4000 psi). Yield strength of reinforcing bars; Fy = 414 MPa (Grade 60, 60,000psi) for all beams,

girders, and columns and footings for 16mmФ and larger barsFy = 228 MPa (Grade 33,000psi) for

12mmФ and smaller bars Yield strength of structural steel, fy = 248 Mpa (A36, 36,000 psi). Yield

strength of Light-gage Structural Steel, fy = 227 Mpa (A33, 33,000 psi). Steel Fiber reinforcement

for slab on grade shall be DRAMIX or approved equal.

The foundation shall be of isolated footing with tie beams and shall rest soil. Bearing

capacity is 160KPa.

The concept of this project is to construct an eco-friendly dormitory, identifying proper

placement of the building on site so that natural light and ventilation can be achieved o the

structure.

The design will include the design of structural members which are the roof truss, slabs,

columns, beams, and walls; while the substructure is composed of the foundation.

32

The proposed construction of four storey residential building is located in Emilio Jacinto

Street corner C.P. Garcia, Quezon City, Philippines. The proposed structure has an approximate

area of 700 square meters with a height of about 13 meters. The lateral loads shall be of a Special

Moment Resisting Frame in concrete gravity and lateral loads shall be transmitted to the supporting

soil strata by isolated footing stiffened by tie beams. The structural shall be modeled as three (3)

– dimensional space framing using ETABS Non Linear (Ver 9.70). Foundation of the structure

shall rest on soil with a bearing capacity of 160 KPa.

Although structural engineering is the major civil engineering area to tackle for his project,

its design is only considering the buildings resistance to its own weight and the other loads. The

considerations on the environmental and the water resources management are more crucial for this

project.

33

4.2.2 General Construction Notes

100 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS

100.1 CONCRETE Fc = 27 MPa

100.2 CEMENT PORTLAND ASTM C150

100.3 NORMAL WEIGHT AGGREGATES ASTM C33

100.4 ADMIXTURES ASTM C494

100.4.1 STEEL FIBER REINFORCEMENT DRAMIX OR APPROVED EQUAL

100.5 REINFORCING BARS FY = 414 MPA

100.6 STRUCTURAL STEEL A36 A 36

100.7 CONNECTION BOLTS AND NUTS A 325

100.8 SOIL BEARING CAPACITY 160 KPa

200 CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS:

200.1 ALL WORKS SHALL CONFORM TO THE FOLLOWING SPECIFICATIONS

ACI 318-99 AISC 9TH EDITION, UBC1997, NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE

OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP) 6TH EDITION AND ALL PERTINENT PHIL.

CODES.

300 EXCAVATION AND PREPARATION OF FOUNDATION BASE:

300.1 SOIL BEARING TYPE FOUNDATION SUCH AS LADDERS, STAIRS,

LOCAL PIPE SUPPORTS, SLEEPERS WALL FRAMING FOUNDATIONS

AND MINOR FOUNDATIONS MAY BE SET DIRECTLY ON CONCRETE

SLAB OR PAVEMENT.

300.2 MAJOR FOUNDATIONS FOR THE MAIN FRAME SHOULD BE FOUNDED

OR APPROPRIATE LEVEL SUITABLE TO THE HEIGHT OF THE

STRUCTURE AND TYPE OF SOIL OR AS DIRECTED BY THE SOIL

ENGINEERS.

300.3 MEMBRANE FOR DAMP PROOFING OF GRADE SLABS SHALL BE

POLYETHYLENE FILM 0.1MM TO PROTECT CEMENT SEGREGATION.

34

300.4 ALL BASES OF FOUNDATION SHALL BE PREPARED LEVEL AND EVEN

WITH 50MM. THK. BLINDING CONCRETE ON WELL PREPARED AND

COMPACTED SOIL TO 95% MAX. DRY DENSITY.

300.5 IN CASE OF EXCAVATION IS BELOW WATER LEVEL, PROVISION

SHALL BE MADE TO ARREST OR CONTAIN INDULGENCE OF

WATEROUS AREA.

300.6 VIBRATING MACHINERY FOUNDATIONS SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH

ISOLATION JOINT FROM PERIPHERY OF STRUCTURE WITH 25MM

MASTIC FILL EXPANSION JOINT OR COMPRESSIBLE JOINT FILLER.

400 CONCRETE WORKS:

400.1 CONCRETE SHALL BE PROPORTIONED BY APPROVED DESIGN MIX

ATTAINING THE REQ’D. CONCRETE DESIGN STRENGTH.

400.2 CONCRETING WORKS SHALL BE CONTINUOUS IN ORDER TO AVOID

SETTING OF CONCRETE CREATING A DANGEROUS JOINT.

400.3 CONCRETE TESTING SHALL CONFORM TO THE APPROVED

PROCEDURES ASTM C172

500 REINFORCING STEEL:

500.1 MIN. LENGTH OF SPLICING LAP SHALL BE 40 BAR DIAMETER FOR

CRITICAL SPLICING SUCH AS TENSION ZONES AND TOP BARS OTHER

SPLICING BAR SHALL BE 30 BAR DIAMETER OR AS APPROVED BY THE

ENGINEER.

500.2 SPLICES SHALL BE LOCATED AT STAGGERED POINT.

500.3 MIN. CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCING BAR SHALL BE AS

FOLLOWS UNLESS OTHERWISE SHOWN ON THE DESIGN DRAWINGS.

35

DIVISION OBJECT COVER (MM.)

ABOVE SLAB AND NON BEARING EXPOSED 30

GROUND WALL, COLUMN, BEAM PLASTERED 20

AND BEARING WALL

RETAINING WALL

BELOW COLUMN, BEAM, SLAB EXPOSED 20

GROUND AND NON-BEARING WALL PLASTERED 40

FOUNDATION, RETAINING

WALL

NOTE:

600.1 CONTRACTOR TO PROVIDE SHOP DRAWINGS, ON MINOR DETAILS

FOR APPROVAL BY THE DESIGNER.

4.2.3 Foundation Design

The foundation shall be of isolated footing with tie beams and shall rest soil. Using

160 KPa bearing capacity.

Figure 4.1 Footing Schedule

The footing is design as doubly reinforced because of thickness (400mm) and additional

reinforcement for earthquake loads.

36

4.2.4 Slab Design

SLAB

DESIGNATION THICKNESS(mm)

SHORT SPAN LONG SPAN

ON

SUPPORTS MIDSPAN

ON

SUPPORTS MIDSPAN

S-1 (TWO-WAY) 125 100 160 200 200

S-2 (ONE-WAY) 125 160 160 450 (TEMP. BARS)

Figure 4.2 Slab Schedule

4.2.5 Beam Design

Figure 4.3 Beam Schedule

37

Figure 4.4 Beam Schedule

38

4.2.8 Column Design

Figure 4.5 Column Schedule

39

4.3 Water Resources Engineering

Rainwater Cistern Design

4.3.1 Introduction

Water Resources Engineering is the minor area of the project. Besides being a green

building. The dormitory has its own rainwater cistern that aims to somehow save water and energy

for utility usage.

Water Resources Engineering focuses on the use and management of land and water

resources in rural and urban watersheds. It is one of the areas of Civil Engineering which we

considered in our thesis project.

Water resources engineering is the major area of civil engineering in this project. It will be

provided through a cistern for storing rainwater to provide sanitary for the whole dormitory. The

cistern acts as a reservoir.

The design of the water harvesting system is dependent on many factors. First is the

catchment, which we designed the inverted roof that will serve as its catchment.

A system of gutters and downspouts directs the rainwater collected by the roof to the

storage cistern. The cistern, typically located underground, may be constructed of various materials

including cinderblock, reinforced concrete, or precast concrete or steel. The cistern supplies water

to the household through a standard pressurized plumbing system.

Current use of rainwater cisterns may be increasing. Those who live in areas where

groundwater and surface water are unobtainable or unsuitable for use have been compelled to

resort to other sources of water. Rainwater collection on a household scale is quite practical in

areas where there is adequate rainfall, and other acceptable sources of water are lacking.

The storage capacity of a rainwater cistern depends on several factors:

the amount of rainfall available for use,

the roof-catchment area available for collecting that rainfall,

the daily water requirements of the household,

and economics.

All but the first of these factors can be controlled to some extent by the cistern owner.

40

A water catchment system for roof rainwater is simple, and can store water for outdoor irrigation.

Gutters: Roof water gathers in the gutters and runs to a pipe towards the tank.

"First Flush": The first rain of the year is the dirtiest as it cleans the roof. This water is

directed away from the tank in a "first flush system" and the subsequent water continues to the tank.

Screen: The rainwater goes through a screen to remove leaves and debris, and then funnels into the top of the covered tank.

Storage: The tank is dark, to prevent algea from growing, and screened, to prevent

mosquitoes from entering.

Irrigation: A hose attachment is located near the bottom for irrigation.

The roof area to be used as the collection surface is usually predetermined by the size of

the existing house or other outbuilding roofs. However, when planning a rainwater collection

system from the ground up, where the size of the catchment is to be designed to suit domestic

water needs.

For roof catchments, rough-surfaced roofing materials will collect dirt and debris which

will affect the quality of the run off. All gutters and downspouts should be easy to clean and

inspect. Aluminum screening ¼-inch or ½-inch mesh hardware cloth will be cut into strips and

secured over the top of the gutters. Gutter guards will keep leaves, twigs and animals out but let

water in.

Concrete block is used for the walls of the cistern, all hollow cores should be filled with

concrete and reinforcing rods should be placed vertically to add strength to the structure. The top

of the cistern should be of reinforced concrete and should fit tightly onto the rest of the structure. a

manhole through the top of the cistern to allow access to the storage tank should be included. Such

an opening should be at least 2 feet across. Place the manhole opening near a corner or an edge of

the structure so that a ladder can be lowered into the cistern and braced securely against a wall.

The interior walls and floor of the cistern should be smooth to make acleaning easier. A

cement plaster can be spread over the interior. Cement based sealant will be applied to the interior

as well, to provide smoother finish and further protection against leakage.

41

A cistern should have sufficient storage capacity to carry the household through extended periods of low rainfall.

The rainwater cistern will be using cast-in-place reinforced concrete. Cast-in-place reinforced concrete is considered best, especially for underground cisterns.

Water quality is of concern especially when the rainwater is to be used for drinking

purposes in addition to other domestic uses. Rainwater and atmospheric dust that are collected by

roof catchments contain certain contaminants which may pose a health threat to those consuming

the water. Lead and other pollutants may accumulate in cistern bottom sediments; and untreated

rainwater is quite corrosive to plumbing systems.

Rainwater harvesting is one strategy in the greater scheme of reducing domestic water use.

By harvesting rainwater, we can be led to dozens of other practices that bring us into greater

sustainability. Growing plants that shade and insulate windows reduces energy use; increasing

home food production reduces demand for wasteful water use in industrial fields. Above all,

rainwater harvesting increases quality of life: ours, and that of life worldwide.

42

4.3.2 Section Detail

Figure 4.6 Cistern Section Detail

43

4.3.3 Foundation detail

Figure 4.7 Cistern Foundation Detail

44

4.3.4 Gutter guards

Figure 4.8 Gutter Guards

45

4.4 Environmental Engineering

Green Building

4.4.1 Introduction

Environmental engineering is the integration of science and engineering principles to

improve the natural environment, to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and

for other organisms, and to clean up pollution sites.[citation needed] Environmental Engineering

can also be described as a branch of applied science and technology that address the issue of energy

preservation, production asset and control of waste from human and animal activities.

Environmental Engineering is also a minor area of this project. Green building (also known

as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure and using process that is

environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting

to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close

cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages.

A green building focuses on the design of materials, processes, systems and devices with

the objective of minimizing overall impact (including energy utilization and waste production)

throughout the entire life cycle of a product or process, from initial extraction of raw materials

used in manufacture to ultimate disposal of materials that cannot be reused or recycled at the end

of the useful life of a product.

The focus of green building is to design an eco-friendly structure that is efficient,

economical and sustainable as well. A green building is a perfect example of satisfying the

economic and environmental standards while providing aesthetics.

In keeping with our client’s vision, and our own sense of responsibility and awareness, we

strive to integrate sustainable concepts at every phase of design and construction. We understand

all site layout and infrastructure decisions must consider the potential impacts on surrounding

communities. We manage construction issues through a staged approach to protect natural

resources, and our site plans are intentionally designed with sensitivity to biologically significant

areas to minimize habitat disturbance and provide ecological restoration as needed.

The researchers will focus on the capabilities and competence of the materials that will be used in

the structure since cleaning and treating water through treating processes. Also, the group will

focus on the least possible cost of materials needed in the design process.

The green features of this structure will include: an inverted roof design for catchment

purposes of the structure. Natural light and ventilation of the structure. And a rainwater cistern for

sanitary water reservoir of the structure.

46

4.4.2 Rainwater Cistern

A cistern is a large vessel which is used to hold a reserve of water. Cisterns can be either

above or below ground, and they come in a range of sizes and shapes, with varying features. The

cistern acts like a reservoir for rainwater. The use of rainwater is for tap water, cleaning and

flushing. If intended to use for drinking, a filtration system must be added.

A cistern is purposed for storing rainwater to provide sanitary water for the whole

dormitory. The cistern acts like a reservoir for rainwater. The use of rainwater is for tap water,

cleaning and flushing. If intended to use for drinking, a filtration system must be added.

The cistern will be placed underground but beside of the structure, not underneath the

structure like most of other structures that has cisterns. The cistern will consist of a filter layer

which segregates a huge amount of plant and other media from entering the cistern. It will also

prevent the cistern from being clogged due to the organic materials that can be caught from the

roof.

4.4.3 Inverted Gable Roof

. The roof will be designed to be an inverted gable roof. This will easily harvest rainwater

leading to the underground cistern through pipes. The roof material will be a corrugated

galvanized iron sheet. The advantages of this is to lessen the use of side gutters for the roof, since

rainwater will directly pour into the middle of the roof, there is no need for a gutter.

4.4.4 Natural Light and Ventilation

Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space

by natural means, meaning without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. It uses outdoor air

flow caused by pressure differences between the building and its surrounding to provide ventilation

and space cooling. Significant energy savings are also achieved through the use of natural lighting

and ventilation.

Natural Lighting Systems

Natural lighting systems are the perfect complement to our natural ventilation systems.

Daylighting systems offer a modern, realistic and compelling alternative to artificial lighting for

commercial, industrial and domestic projects.

47

The benefits of piping brilliant, natural sunlight into a space are widespread and available

for both new and existing buildings. Our natural light systems have successfully transformed

homes, offices, schools, factories and hospitals. All the time reducing their energy consumption,

Some of the advantages of natural ventilation include a night time purge of stale air creating

a fresh working environment the following morning, better control of building and carbon dioxide

levels, free cooling and fresh air supply for the residents of the dormitory.

The design of the structure, to achieve the natural light and ventilation, will have opening

on the side, front and back of the dormitory. This is so that outdoor airflow caused by pressure

differences between the building and its surroundings to provide ventilation and space cooling.

48

4.5 Plan Set

4.5.1 Structural Plans

Figure 4.9 Grid 1 (form ETABS)

49

Figure 4.10 Grid 2 (from ETABS)

50

Figure 4.11 Grid 3 (from ETABS)

51

Figure 4.12 Grid 4 (from ETABS)

52

Figure 4.13 3D View (from ETABS)

53

Figure 4.14 Sample Moment Diagram

54

4.5.2 Architectural Plans

Figure 4.15 Ground Floor Plan

55

Figure 4.16 2-4th Floor Plan

56

Figure 4.17 Room Plan

57

Chapter 5

Promotional Material

58

59

Chapter 6

6.1 Budget Estimation

Below is the list of materials and their quantities that shows how much of each material

will be used in the overall construction of the structure. This will also be the basis for the overall

cost that the owner will be charged depending on the contracts signed.

Most unit prices were found over the internet which are up to date and some were asked to

experienced people in this field.

Project: Proposed 4-Storey Dormitory with Natural Light, Ventilation and Rainwater Cistern

Location: Emilio Jacinto Street corber C.P. Garcia, Quzon City, Philippines

Owner: Arch. Jun Chan

Date: December 2013

ITEM SCOPE OF WORK QTY UNIT AMOUNT

Table 6.1

PRELIMINARIES

1 MOBILIZATION 1.00 LOT 30, 000

2 TEMPORARY

FACILITIES

1.00 LOT 275,000

3 UTILITIES 8.00 MOS 80, 000

4 BUILDING PERMIT LOT 230,000

5 CARI 1.00 LOT 100,000

6 HAULING OF

GARBAGE AND DEBRIS

1.00 LOT 90, 000

7 AS BUILT PLANS 1.00 LOT 50,000

8 OCCUPANCY PERMITS LOT 100,000

9 DEMOBILIZATION 1.00 LOT 33,500

988,500

60

SITEWORKS

1 CLEANING &

GRUBBING

1.00 LOT 30,000

2 LAYOUTING &

STAKING

1.00 LOT 20,000

3 EXCAVATION 640 𝑚3 128,000

4 BACKFILLING 88 𝑚3 8,750

5 SOIL POISONING 1.00 LOT 15000

6 GRAVEL BEDDING 55 𝑚3 47,850

249, 600

Table 6.2

FORMWORKS & SCAFFOLDING

COLUMNS 3448 𝒎𝟐 2,568,462

BEAMS 3782 𝑚2 3,257,148

STAIRS 356 𝑚2 266,899

SLAB 2447 𝑚2 1,467,941

COLUMN FOOTING 168 𝑚2 100,521

7,660,968

Table 6.3

61

REINFORCING BARS/ STEEL WORKS

COLUMN FOOTING 16682 kgs 580,751

WALL FOOTING 5694 kgs 290,376

COLUMNS 68323 kgs 3,484,505

BEAMS 77434 kgs 3,949,106

SLAB 59214 kgs 3,019,905

STAIRS 5694 kgs 290,376

11,615,016

Table 6.4

CONCRETE WORKS

COLUMN FOOTING 154 𝒎𝟑 751,270

WALL FOOTING 58 𝑚3 281,726

COLUMNS 557 𝑚3 2,723,351

BEAMS 519 𝑚3 2,535,533

SLAB 577 𝑚3 2,817,260

STAIRS 58 𝑚3 281,726

9,390,864

Table 6.5

62

MASONRY WORKS

6’’ CHB LAYING 1660 𝒎𝟐 962,564

4’’ CHB LAYING 1580 𝑚2 911,903

PLASTERING 4882 𝑚2 2,685,046

CONCRETE TOPPING 91 𝑚3 329,299

LINEAR PLASTERING 592 m 177,315

5,066,124

Table 6.6

ELECTRICAL WORKS

WIRES & CABLES 1.00 LOT 470,000

PIPES, FITTINGS,

BOXES

1.00 LOT 380,000

WIRING DEVICES 1.00 LOT 190,000

LIGHTING FIXTURES 1.00 LOT 560,000

PANEL BOARDS 1.00 LOT 158,864

PEDESTAL 1.00 LOT 490,000

2,248,864

Table 6.7

63

PLUMBING WORK

WATERLINE 1.00 LOT 580,000

STORM DRAINAGE

LINE

1.00 LOT 520,000

SEWER SYSTEM 1.00 LOT 700,000

PLUMBING FIXTURES

& INSTALLATION

1.00 LOT 911,282

TESTING &

COMISSIONING

1.00 LOT 10,000

VENT SYSTEM 1.00 LOT 180,000

2,901,283

Table 6.8

SPECIALTY WORKS

1 WOOD&SASH WORKS 1.00 LOT 870,465

2 PAINTING WORKS 1.00 LOT 2,822,201

3 THERMAL &MOIST

PROTECTION

1.00 LOT 494,256

4 CEILING WORKS 1.00 LOT 1,413,573

5 GLASS WINDOW 1.00 LOT 2,466,338

6 WALL FINISH 1.00 LOT 785,867

7 FLOOR FINISH 1.00 LOT 1,554,435

Table 6.9

64

6.2 Project Cost

PARTICULARS COST IN PESOS

COST OF LAND (RENT ANNUALLY ) 1,260,000

COST OF BUILDING 49,425,600

FURNITURE & FIXTURE 1,579,000

ANNUAL OPERATING EXPENSES 384,000

TOTAL 52,648,600

Table 6.10

6.2.1 Estimated Gross Income

STUDIO UNITS 36 ROOMS

(4 person per unit)

7000/person 1,008,000

COMMERCIAL

UNITS

8 30 000 240,000

PARKING 3O CARS 30/hr (assuming

8 hrs a day)

216,000

TOTAL 1,464,000

Table 6.11

6.2.2 Estimated Expenses

LAND RENTAL 105,000

BULDING DEPRECIATION 164,752

REPAIR &MAINTAINANCE 20,000

CABINETRY&FURNTURES 6464

BEDSHEET&CUSHION 22,000

TOTAL 318,216

Table 6.12

65

NET INCOME IN 30 DAYS = 1,145,784

YEARLY NET INCOME = 13,794,408

PAYBACK PERIOD = 49,425,605

13,794,408 = 3.5 YEARS

RETURN OF INVESTMENT = 13,794,408

49,425,605 X 100 % = 28 %

66

Chapter 7

Project Schedule

The 4-Storey Dormitory with Natural light, air ventilation and Rainwater Cistern in Quezon City

has been planned to be completed in 130 working days. The project schedule is gathered using a

Project Management Software, Microsoft Project.

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7.1 S-Curve

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76

Chapter 8

Conclusion and Summary

The said study can contribute tremendous improvements to air and light quality and visual

enhancement. The researchers coupled the green building with a rainwater cistern. The structure

is made up of reinforced concrete since we considered it as a conventional structural design.

Those innovations installed on the project infer as a green building and sustainable

development innovation. For the Natural light and air ventilation Natural light & ventilation the

researchers designed openings on the front and the back of the structure, there are airways or

breezeways located on the left and right wing of every floor, free – flowing light and air permeates

around the structure.

The cistern also will act as a reservoir for the whole building for sanitary purposes, but the

main challenge is filtering the water coming from the cistern making it potable for drinking to the

tenants of the building. The building will have an inverted gable roof for catchment of rainwater

leading to the pipes to the cistern.

77

Chapter 9

Recommendation

The project entitled “Proposed 4-storey Dormitory with Natural Light, Ventilation and

Rainwater Cistern” recommends to Architect Jun Chan a more intensive study regarding his plan

of building a green dormitory. This project would allow him to have a dormitory that offers

additional space for leisure activities. Also, the rainwater cistern design would help with the water

supply for the hotel.

The group recommends to City Officials in Quezon City to adopt the use of green building

designs even if they are located in rural areas to help in the prevention of further damage to the

environment.

The researchers also recommend to have further study on improving the quality of the

water collected through the rainwater cistern allowing it to be potable. If in case this project is

accepted, the group recommends value engineering to be done and considered for the project,

because the values and data obtained in this project were calculated using the standard procedure

in designing. Economic considerations are yet to be applied.

78

Chapter 10

Acknowledgements

This study would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several

individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the

preparation and completion of this study.

First and foremost, my utmost gratitude to Engr. Gary Alviento for his unselfish and

unfailing support as our adviser.

Engr. Arthur Casimiro for his steadfast encouragement to complete the study.

Architect Jun Chan, our beneficiary who helped us in our architectural plans and for sharing

valuable insights that can be added to our study.

The CE Faculty, for their untiring effort in encouraging us to pursue professional growth.

Likewise the staff of the Dean’s office for their relaying every communication.

Last but not the least, my family and the one above all of us, the omnipresent God, for

answering my prayers for giving us the strength to plod on despite my constitution wanting to give

up and throw in the towel, thank you so much Dear Lord.

79

Chapter 11

References

http://gbtech.emsd.gov.hk/english/utilize/natural.html

"Chapter 8 – Measurement of sunshine duration" (PDF). CIMO Guide. World

Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2008-12-01.

http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=13&cad=rja

&ved=0CGoQFjAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nltubular.com%2F&ei=7ufOUtT5BK

2XiAeL3IGIBw&usg=AFQjCNGmBjCAUcD32K62SS-

mPdQHASSrrg&sig2=qOxEz1g_ofApXUY7Vi-ssA&bvm=bv.59026428,d.aGc

http://www.greenbuilding.com/

http://www.ni.com/greenengineering/whatis.htm

http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/techpublications/techpub-8e/rainwater2.asp

http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja

&ved=0CDwQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itnphil.org.ph%2Fdocs%2FHow%252

0to%2520construct%2520a%2520rainwater%2520harvesting%2520tank.pdf&ei=C-

rOUvGoBMj_iAe3moFQ&usg=AFQjCNGU4eYvzNngwrVQmMSwLMvfhcybxQ&sig2=u

T_YHDLGGQ9YIUghwAtBCw&bvm=bv.59026428,d.aGc

80

APPENDIX A

ARTICLE TYPE

81

4-STOREY DORMITORY WITH NATURAL LIGHT, VENTILATION AND

RAINWATER CISTERN

Jhamina Zarrah J. Almandus, John Matthew B. Icasiano, Rafaela A. Valenzuela

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

dbsenoro@mapua.edu.ph

(+63 2) 2475000 local 5109

SEPTEMBER 2014

82

Abstract

This project is to construct a dormitory with green feature, identifying proper placement of the

building site so that natural light and ventilation can be achieved on the structure. A rainwater

cistern installed at the side of the dormitory will be available to serve as a water source for sanitary

use.

One of the country’s top notching school, University of the Philippines (UP) in Diliman has a total

land area of 493 hectares (1,220 acres). Majority of the property has been utilized by the university

through building infrastructures and research facilities. Meanwhile, a remaining portion of the land

is forested, reserved for development and residential use or simply unoccupied.

Sustainable development can be divided into two categories; (1) social development and poverty

alleviation, and (2) natural resources and environment regeneration and protection.

With the continuous construction of various buildings within the vicinity, a proposed green

building/structure is the perfect solution to limited dormitory spaces of the university. Priority is

given to students from more distant homes and lower income bracket. The project will be located

within the UP campus. Adherence to the increasing awareness towards protecting the environment,

the structure will use natural ventilation and rainwater cistern. This way, the occupants will pay

less since electricity and water bills nowadays are very expensive.

83

1 Introduction

Civil Engineers believe that building structures are not limited for aesthetics. The

importance of satisfying standards which mostly conform to the economy and environment should

be considered in order to reach goals without sacrificing one from the other. The perfect concept

that can attest to this would be the technology behind green buildings. It has been around for

centuries which combines economic and environmental standards while providing aesthetics1.

The focus on optimizing system efficiency is where today’s climate of sustainable design

is headed. For instance, high occupancy buildings such as office and dormitory premises have

issues in their heating, cooling and air conditioning systems which are well known energy

consumers2. Energy efficiency measures are then proposed to reduce excess consumption.

Processes such as natural ventilation and cistern are key features that can help the industry in

building more refined building structures

1.1 Presenting the Challenges

The group believes that being efficient, economical and sustainable are the most relevant

norms to base the design and construction of the structures for this study.

Considering the design norm of being efficient, the group will focus on the capabilities and

competence of the materials. This will be used in the structure since cleaning and treating water

through series of filters will take lesser time and effort compared to other complex and expensive

treating processes. At the same time, the group will be economical since it will focus on the least

possible cost of materials needed in the design process. Finally, the design will be sustainable by

using the principle of natural light and ventilation with cistern.

______________________________________________________________________

1The Green (or Sustainable) Building: Part II – Aesthetics, Ambience and Synergy,

http://greeneconomypost.com/green-sustainable-building-2-2363.htm#ixzz3CFv9plQW 2Green Building – Building the Future with Intention, http://www.greenbuilding.com/

84

1.2 Environmental Examination Report

The environment is very significant to the world. It has a large impact that can influence

the natural resources as well as the weather conditions. Because of this impact the researchers

considered the environmental effect that may occur sooner or later in the project.

The project will be implemented at Emilio Jacinto Street corner C.P. Garcia, Quezon City,

Philippines.

This project is to be done in four phases: (1) Pre-construction/operational phase is the

preparation before starting the construction of the building, (2) construction phase is the actual

construction of the building, (3) operational phase discusses the works done within the

construction period of the building, and (4) abandonment phase is the final checking or assessment

of the building.

The project is resided in one of the main roads of Quezon City. Sunlight is strongly present

in the area. The site has establishments in front of it which makes it an ideal place to construct a

dormitory.

The environment is an open place. No existing structure on its vicinity so it is a good area

to incorporate natural lighting and ventilation.

The project location is a university community which means that the vicinity consists

mostly of students or employees in nearby establishments. The area is not that big and plenty of

establishments are located around it.

There will be a nominal effect on future environmental conditions without the project. It

will create job opportunities for the residents and will ease student’s adjustment to college life,

providing them with maximum opportunities to interact with their fellow students, and to put them

close to the school buildings and libraries.

85

Table 1. Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, Estimated

Cost and Responsibilities

Impacts Mitigation Responsibilities

Noise Transportation of

machineries to check

on noise & vibration

Contractor

Air Dust Control (Net

and water sprinklers

will be provided);

Mask for laborers;

Regular maintenance

of heavy equipment;

Distribute system of

Deliveries;

Contractor

Mass Population Guarantee safety of

the project to avoid

accidents to people

Contractor

The researchers considered the environmental effects of the project, as well as the

structural codes to be followed. Once it thus comply with the requirements of the

Engineering Office of the Quezon City Municipal, in the case of building an

establishment in the area.

86

2 Research Component

Green Engineering

Green engineering is the design, commercialization, and use of processes and

products, which are feasible and economical while minimizing3.

3. Generation of pollution at the source

4. Risk to human health and the environment

Green engineering embraces the concept that decisions to protect human health and

the environment can have the greatest impact and cost effectiveness when applied early to

the design and development phase of a process or product4.

Green Building

Green building is an approach towards a buildings’ design, construction and operation that

conserves resources while it protects human health. Green buildings use less energy,

consume fewer natural resources such as water and forest products, and omit pollutants

into the environment. Because they are designed to make use of natural light and good

ventilation, green buildings provide a healthier indoor environment for their occupants.

Studies show that students in green buildings learn better and workers in green buildings

are more productive5.

Natural Light and Ventilation

Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor

space without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. It uses outdoor air flow caused

by pressure differences between the building and its surrounding to provide ventilation and

space cooling6. Significant energy savings are also achieved through the use of natural

lighting and ventilation. The use of natural ventilation is definitely an advantage with the

raising concerns regarding the cost and environmental impact of energy use.

________________________________________________________________________

3 Green Engineering – Environmental Protection Agency,

http://www.epa.gov/oppt/greenengineering/pubs/whats_ge.html 4 Green Engineering – Environmental Protection Agency,

http://www.epa.gov/oppt/greenengineering/pubs/whats_ge.html 5 Building Survey: Help and Resources, http://dcsmarterbusiness.com/wp-

content/uploads/2013/02/Building-Survey-help-and-resources.pdf 6Natural Ventilation, http://gbtech.emsd.gov.hk/english/utilize/natural.html

87

Natural ventilation can reduce building construction and operation costs. At the

same time it can reduce the energy consumption for air-conditioning and circulating fans.

An additional bonus is that no noisy fan will be of your concern7.

Rainwater Cistern

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse

before it reaches the aquifer. Uses include water for garden, water for livestock, water

for irrigation, etc. In many places, the water collected is just redirected to a deep pit with

percolation. The harvested water can be used for drinking water. If the storage is a tank, that

can be accessed and cleaned when needed8.

Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water

restrictions and in developed countries is often used to supplement the main supply9.

Rainwater harvesting provides water when there is drought. Rainwater harvesting prevents

flooding of low lying areas. Rainwater harvesting replenishes the ground water table and

enables our dug wells and bore wells to yield in a sustained manner. It helps in the

availability of clean water by reducing the salinity and the presence of iron salts.

3 Methodology

Research for new possible innovation for building design.

Consultation of the beneficiary for the expectation and needs of the project.

Suggestion of possible green engineering features for the project.

Preparation of the architectural plans of the structure.

Application of the building codes and provisions with respect to NSCP 2010 manual.

Utilization of computer software/s to be used in designing the project.

________________________________________________________________________

7Natural Ventilation, http://gbtech.emsd.gov.hk/english/utilize/natural.html 8 Rainwater harvesting, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting 9 Rainwater harvesting, http://green.wikia.com/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting

88

Flow Chart

4

Results and Discussion

After comprehensive study on green buildings, the researchers found out that it can really

contribute remarkable improvements to air, light quality and visual enhancement. Coupling the

green building with rainwater cistern will increase the structures use and efficiency.

According to the study, green building is an approach to building design, construction and

operations that protects resources while it protects human health. Green buildings use less energy,

consume less natural resources and secrete less pollutants into the environment. Because they are

designed to make use of natural light and good ventilation, green buildings provide a healthier

indoor environment for their occupants. Studies show that green buildings are more conducive for

students to learn and workers in green buildings are more productive.

Additional for the green building is the rainwater cistern that will be used to store and filter

the rain water. It can be used for sanitary and drinking purposes.

GREEN ENGINEERING

Location AnalysisSustainability of

Green Engineering

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Application of innovative design &

materialsCost Estimation

4 STOREY BUILDING

Innovative Construction

MaterialsMaterial Resources

89

5 Conclusion and Summary

The said study can contribute tremendous improvements to air and light quality and visual

enhancement. The researchers coupled the green building with a rainwater cistern. The structure

is made up of reinforced concrete since we considered it as a conventional structural design.

The structure is built up of reinforced concrete since we considered it as a conventional

structural design. The greatest challenge of our project is its location, Emilio Jacinto Street corner

C.P. Garcia, Quezon City because it stands in one of the busiest streets of Quezon City.

The cistern also will act as a reservoir for the whole building for sanitary purposes, but the

main challenge is filtering the water coming from the cistern making it potable for drinking to the

tenants of the building. The building will have an inverted gable roof for catchment of rainwater

leading to the pipes to the cistern.

6 Recommendation

The group recommends to City Officials in Quezon City to adopt the use of green building

designs even if they are located in rural areas to help in the prevention of further damage to the

environment.

The researchers also recommend to have further study on improving the quality of the

water collected through the rainwater cistern allowing it to be potable. If in case this project is

accepted, the group recommends value engineering to be done and considered for the project,

because the values and data obtained in this project were calculated using the standard procedure

in designing. Economic considerations are yet to be applied.

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7 Acknowledgements

This study would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several

individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the

preparation and completion of this study.

First and foremost, my utmost gratitude to Engr. Gary Alviento for his unselfish and

unfailing support as our adviser.

Engr. Arthur Casimiro for his steadfast encouragement to complete the study.

Architect Jun Chan, our beneficiary who helped us in our architectural plans and for sharing

valuable insights that can be added to our study.

The CE Faculty, for their untiring effort in encouraging us to pursue professional growth.

Likewise the staff of the Dean’s office for their relaying every communication.

Last but not the least, my family and the one above all of us, the omnipresent God, for

answering my prayers for giving us the strength to plod on despite my constitution wanting to give

up and throw in the towel, thank you so much Dear Lord.

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APPENDIX B

PANEL ASSESSMENT

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

APPENDIX C ENGLISH ASSESSMENT AND

EVALUATION RUBRIC

117

118

119

APPENDIX D

ACCOMPLISHED CONSULTATION

FORMS

120

121

122

123

APPENDIX E

COMPILATION OF ASSESSMENT

FORMS

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

APPENDIX F

DRAWINGS AND PLANS

135

Foundation Plan

136

2n Floor Framing Plan

137

3rd Floor Framing Plan

138

4th Floor Framing Plan

139

Roof Framing Plan

140

Roof Beam Framing Plan

141

Ground Floor Plumbing Plan

142

2nd Floor Plumbing Plan

143

3rd Floor Pluming Plan

144

4th Floor Plumbing Plan

145

Cistern Ladder Rung Detail

146

Cistern Slab Detail

147

Cistern Slab Detail

148

Manhole Cover Detail

149

Septic Tank Plan

150

Septic Plan Detial

151

APPENDIX G

SOIL REPORT

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

APPENDIX H

PROJECT POSTER

162

163

APPENDIX I

PHOTOCOPY OF RECEIPTS

164

165

APPENDIX J

OTHER REQUIRED FORMS

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

APPENDIX K

STUDENT REFLECTIONS

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176

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