4. s2013 Law to Anarchy to Anjou
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Transcript of 4. s2013 Law to Anarchy to Anjou
Henry I and the Church
• Obtained revenue from vacancies
• Established new monasteries
• Fostered new orders
Cistercians – White Monks
• Cîteaux (1098) Alberic , Stephen Harding– L’Aumône, Normandy
• Waverley (1128) 13 daughters• Tintern, Wales (1131)
• Claivaux (1115) St. Bernard– Rievaulx, Yorkshire (1132)
• Melrose, Scotland (1136)
– Fountains, Yorkshire (1132)
Henry I: Coronation OathCharter of Liberties
• Overturn excesses of William Rufus:Limitations on what the King may do relative to his barons– Inheritance, marriage of daughters, remarriage of
widows• Tax exemption of knights in military service• “I impose a strict peace upon my whole
kingdom and command that it be maintained henceforth.”
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/hcoronation.asp
Legal DifferencesAnglo-Saxon Norman
Proof Oaths and ordeals Add trial by battle
Punishment Wergild Imprisonment, forfeiture, mutilation, death
Role of Church
Involved in lay justice
Ecclesiastical and spiritual matters. The latter included marriage, legitimacy
Towards a ‘Common’ Law
• ~1088 Foundation of Bologna University• Focus
– Newly rediscovered Roman law– A universal Canon Law
• Ultimate appeal to the Pope
King Stephen
• Arguments for Stephen– Support of London– Report of deathbed designation– Reluctant support of Robert of Gloucester
in turn for maintenance of position.• Possession of treasury
Matilda• Arguments against
– Oath of allegiance forced & subsequent marriage
– ♀– Brought up in German court– Personality
• Argument for– primogeniture– Stephen had been first to sign oath.
"Mathildis Imperatrix Henrici regis filia et Anglorum domina."
Robert of Gloucester
• Arguments for– Wisdom– Integrity
• Argument against– Bastards no longer accepted as having the
same inheritance rights.
Matilda vs. Stephen
• 1139 With Robert of Gloucester goes to Bristol
• England divided on local level between Stephen, Matilda and barons.
Matilda
• Empress• Queen of the
Romans• Lady of the English
(Winchester 1141)• Countess of Anjou
(used by Stephen supporter)
Debasement of Money
• “The king himself was reported to have ordered the weight of the penny, as established in King Henry's time, to be reduced, because, having exhausted the vast treasures of his predecessor, he was unable to provide for the expense of so many soldiers.”
Debasement of Money
• “All things, then, became venal in England; and churches and abbeys were no longer secretly, but even publicly exposed to sale”
Official coin of Stephen
Coin issued by a baron
Matilda vs. Matilda
• Matilda of Boulogne, wife of Stephen attacked Matilda's forces.
• Matilda demands money from London• Rift with Henry of Blois• Robert of Gloucester captured • Prisoners exchanged
Peace (Stephen & Henry) - 1153
• Summer of battles• Steven’s son Eustace dies• Mediation by bishops• Treaty of Wallingford (Westminster) -
November– Henry, son of Geoffrey and Matilda, granted
succession– Stephen accorded life possession– Adulterine castles to be destroyed