4 ROADS IN THE GARDEN OF BEASTS APPEASEMENT, COLLABORATION, RESISTANCE AND DISSENT Kevin P. Dincher ...

4 ROADS IN THE GARDEN OF BEASTSAPPEASEMENT, COLLABORATION, RESISTANCE AND DISSENT

Kevin P. Dincherwww.kevindincher.com

www.crazymoonconsulting.com

Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay

Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 2

MS ST. LOUISHAVANA, 1939

MS ST. LOUIS

Hamburg: 13 May 1939

• Sailed for Havana• 937 passengers

• 930 were Jewish

• Cuba’s Decree 55• US efforts• 29 passengers


Boarding the MS St. Louis in Hamburg

MS ST. LOUISFlorida: 4 Jun 1939

• Ted Falcon & David Blatner: Judaism for Dummies• US Coast Guard

Canada: 9 June 1939

Dominican Republic?

• Evian Conference (July 1938)• 32 countries; 24 organizations

• US: 30,000 • UK: 30,000 • Australia: 15,000 refugees

• "as we have no real racial problem, we are not desirous of importing one".

• Canada: none• France: none

• "the extreme point of saturation as regards admission of refugees“• Dominican Republic: 100,000


Jewish refugees on the MS St. Louis in Havana.

MS ST. LOUISAntwerp: 17 Jun 1939

• Original 937 passengers• 29 - remained in Cuba

• 1 died on ship

• 288 – UK

• 619 returned to continental Europe

• 224 – France

• 214 – Belgium

• 181 – Netherlands

• Roughly 709 survived and 227 were slain


Captain Gustav Schröder

On March 11, 1993, Yad Vashem decided to recognize Captain

Gustav Schroeder (posthumously) as Righteous

Among the Nations.

MS ST. LOUIS

1974 book: Voyage of the Damned,

• Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan-Witts.

1976 film: Voyage of the Damned



SURVIVERS OF THE MS ST. LOUISMIAMI, DECEMBER 2011

MS ST. LOUIS• Patria (1940)

• French ocean liner carrying 1800 refugees who were being deported from Palestine by the British• 25 November 1940 was the sinking by the Haganah in the port of Haifa• 260 people were killed and 172 injured.

• SS Navemar (1941)

• Spanish ship chartered by American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee • Designed for 28 passengers• Carried 1,120 Jewish refugees from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia to New York in a voyage lasting 7 weeks.

• SS Struma (1942)

• Romanian vessel chartered to carry 781 Jewish refugees from Romania to British-controlled Palestine • Left December 12, 1941• Torpedoed and sunk by a Soviet submarine on February 5, 1942• Only 1 person survived

• Mefure (1944)

• A motor schooner chartered to carry refugees from Romania to Istanbul, sailing under the Turkish and Red Cross flags.• Torpedoed and sunk by a Soviet submarine on August 5, 1944.• Captain, 6 crew and 5 of 350 passengers survived



4 ROADS IN THE GARDEN OF BEASTS

Ambassador William E. Dodd and family arriving in Germany (1933)

AppeasementThe policy of acceding to the demands of a potentially hostile nation in the hope of maintaining peace


10Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher

APPEASEMENT

1. Cowardice

2. Political/Economic Instability

• Abdication of the Kaiser and the “German Revolution” (1918—1919)• The Weimar Republic and the Treaty of Versailles (1919)• Economic Collapse and Hyperinflation (1921-1923)

3. Nativism, Isolationism, Neutrality and Pacifism

• Immigration Quotas; League of Nations; Neutrality Laws • German Americans; Irish Americans• New Pacifism

• Hitler’s Message

• Social justice for Germany and the German people; Peace

• America’s “Affinity” with Germany

1. Anti-semitism


APPEASEMENTWilliam Dodd

•Ambassador: 30 August 1933 – 29 December 1937

•Instructions: “don’t upset the apple cart”

• $1.2 billion in loans; American domestic politics

•Pro-German

• Initially saw the “positives” of a strong leader• Concerned by militaristic spirit

•Critical

• Oct, 1933: American Chamber of Commerce (Berlin)• Jul, 1934: Night of the Long Knives• Nov, 1936: Report to the State Department• Annual Nazi Party Rallies (Nuremburg)

•Lack of “Style” – Not a Member of the “Club”

•“Resigned” in 1937



APPEASEMENT• “There were very few men who realized

what was happening in Germany more thoroughly" than Dodd, who proved ineffective because he "was completely appalled by what was happening.” (George S. Messersmith)

• “Sincere though impulsive and inexperienced.“

• Dodd “has impressed his diplomatic associates as a man who is inclined to forget his responsibilities as an envoy in his zeal as an historian and in his views as a contemporary observer of governing trends.”

• “A tragic misfit … "a babe-in-the-woods in the dark forests of Berlin”

Several policies were adopted during the first two years of the

Nazi regime.

The first was to suppress the Jews.... They were to hold no

positions in University or government operations, own no

land, write nothing for newspapers, gradually give up their

personal business relations, be imprisoned and many of them

killed....

And of course there is not a word … to warn the unwary …

that all the people who might oppose the regime have been

absolutely silenced.

The central idea behind it is to make the rising generation

worship their chief and get ready to "save civilization" from the

Jews, from Communism and from democracy—thus

preparing the way for a Nazified world where all freedom of

the individual, of education, and of the churches is to be

totally suppressed.

Dodd, 1938

William Dodd•1937– 1940

• Speaking tour of Canada and the US

• Warned against the dangers posed by Germany, Italy, and Japan, and detailed racial and religious persecution in Germany

• Predicted German aggression against Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland


APPEASEMENT

CollaborationTo cooperate treasonably, as with an enemy occupation force in one's country






cooperate versus collaborate

COLLABORATIONAmerican Reporters and Broadcasters

The Long Night: William L. Shirer and the Rise and Fall of the Third Reich

Steve Wick

Berlin

• Donald Day• Mildred Gillars

• Axis Sally

• John Burgman• John Scanlon

• William Joyce• Lord Haw Haw

Italy

• Rita Zucca• Axis Sally• “Hello Suckers”


COLLABORATION

Europe of the 1920s and 1930s

•Jazz Age – Cabaret


COLLABORATION



•Midnight in Paris

• Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas• Ernest Hemingway• Cole Porter• F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald• Salvador Dali• Man Ray• Luis Buñuel


COLLABORATION




• Lost Generation (Génération Perdue)

• Literature: moral loss/aimlessness

• WW I deaths and wounded veterans


COLLABORATION




• Lost Generation (Génération Perdue)

• Literature: moral loss/aimlessness

• WW I deaths and wounded veterans

• Rise of Marxism/Communism

• 1929: The Great Depression


COLLABORATIONEurope of the 1920s and 1930s

• France• Far-right leagues (Ligues d'extrême droite)• Communists and Radical Socialists

• Spain• Spanish Civil War (1936 – 1939) • Francisco Franco (1939 – 1975)

• Pro-Axis, non-belligerant stance

• Italy• Benito Mussolini (1922 – 1945)

• Britain• British Fasciti (1923 – 1934)


COLLABORATIONNuremburg Laws: 1933

• Defined who was Jewish• Stripped Jews of citizenship (subjects)• Banned marriage between Jews and non-Jews• 1935: extended to Romani (gypsies/Zigeuner) and Blacks

• German Allies:• Italy (1938)• Hungary (1938/1941) • Romania (1940)• Bulgaria (1941)• Slovakia (1941)• Croatia (1941)





cooperate versus collaborate

COLLABORATION

COLLABORATORS

• Not citizens of the Third Reich

• Driven by:• Nationalism

• Ethnic hatred

• Anti-communism

• Anti-Semitism

• Opportunism

• Survival

• Urged the civilian population to remain calm and accept foreign occupation without conflict

• Organized trade, production, financial and economic support

• Joined various branches of the armed forces of the Axis powers or special "national" military units fighting under their command


"I live in a German family and feel wonderful“


"Let's do agricultural work in Germany. Report immediately to your Vogt"


"join the fight against Bolshevism."


COLLABORATION

Waffen SS

• Armed wing of the SS (Schutzstaffel = "Protective Squadron")• Worked with the regular army, but not part of it

• Grew from three regiments to over 38 divisions

• Multi-national, mutli-ethnic

• No Jews or Poles allowed

• Volunteer/conscription

• End of the war, 60% ethnic non-Germans

• Nuremberg Trails: criminal organization


COLLABORATION

WAFFEN SS - 18 TOTALLY VOLUNTEER GROUPS

Wiking (Sweden)

Nordland (Scandinavian)

1st Croatian

1st Ukrainian

1st Albanian

Kama (2nd Croatian)

Nederland

1st Hungarian

2nd Hungarian

1st Flemish (Belgian)

Walloon (Belgian)

1st Russian

2nd Russian

1st Italian

1st Belarussian

3rd Hungarian

33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)

Landstorm Nederland


COLLABORATION

Government Collaboration

Channel Islands

• British territory occupied by Nazi Germany• Resistance• British government: policy of “passive cooperation”• Accusations of collaboration• Fraternization


COLLABORATION

Government Collaboration

Balkans

• Most significant governmental support for Germany• Albania

• Slovakia

• Croatia


COLLABORATIONGovernment Collaboration

France

• The French volunteers• Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism

• Fought on the Eastern Front• Legion Imperiale

• Fought in North Africa • 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)

• Participated in the final defense of Berlin

• Vichy government (Philippe Pétain and Pierre Laval) • Opened up a series of concentration camps in France where it interned Jews,

Gypsies, homosexuals, political opponents, etc.

• French police (Rene Bousuet) helped in the deportation of 76,000 Jews to the extermination camps


VICHY FRANCE (1940 – 1944)

Philippe Pétain:

•collaborated with the German occupying forces in exchange for an agreement to not divide France between the Axis Powers


VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP


VEL D’HIV ROUNDUPÉliane Borowka

•Born on January 27, 1939, in Paris,

•Arrested during the Vel d'Hiv roundup, she was deported on convoy 20 of August 17, 1942, with her mother, Sira.

•Her father, Julius, had already been deported on convoy 5.


VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP

The Velodrome d’Hiver


The registration file of Jews living in Occupied France

•150,000 Jews living in Paris

•10 May 1941

• 4,000 Jewish men deported to French concentration camps


VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP

July 1942

•René Bousquet

• Secretary-general of the National Police

• Jean Leguay: #2

•Louis Darquier

• Commissioner for Jewish Affairs


VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP

• Meetings with Gestapo• Roundup of Jews 22,000 Jews• From Germany, Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union and those whose origins

couldn't be determined• All aged from 16 to 50• Exceptions for women "in advanced state of pregnancy" or who were breast-feeding• Children under 16years will be sent to the Union Générale des Israélites de France to be place

in “foundations”

July 1942

•Pierre Laval

• Prime Minister

•16 July 1942,

• 13,152 Jews were arrested

• 5,802 (44%) were women

• 4,051 (31%) were children

•Vel D’Hiv conditions


VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP

• Pierre Laval, Prime Minister

• Trial: 3 October 1945• Defense: obliged to sacrifice foreign Jews to save the French• Convicted and executed

• Jean Leguay, #2 in National Police

• 1979: charged with crimes against humanity• 1989: committed suicide without having gone to trial

• Louis Darquier, Commissioner for Jewish Affairs

• Sentenced to death in absentia in 1947 by the French High Court of Justice for collaboration• Fled to Spain where he died in 1980• 1978 interview: gas chambers only killed lice

• René Bousquet, Secretary General of the National Police

• Trial: 1949• Acquitted: "compromising the interests of the national defense“• Convicted: Indignité nationale (national unworthiness)

• 1951: 46,000 convicted of national unworthiness • 1986: accusations in connection with Vel d’Hiv Roundup began• 1993: assassinated


VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP

Philippe Pétain

•7 September 1944

• Liberation of France• Vichy government in exile in Germany• 5 April 1945

•24 April 1945

• Returned to France

•23 July to 15 August 1945

• On trial for treason• Judges• Jury• DeGaul

•July 23, 1951

• Buried Fort de Pierre-Levée citadel on the Île d'Yeu, an island off the French Atlantic coast


VEL D’HIV ROUNDUP

4 ROADS IN THE GARDEN OF BEASTS APPEASEMENT, COLLABORATION, RESISTANCE AND DISSENT Kevin P. Dincher ...

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