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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-1

    Administracion deProduccion y

    Operaciones

    Pronosticos

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-2

    Que es Pronosticar?

    Proceso de predecir un

    evento futuro

    Enfoques basicos de

    toda decision de

    negocios Produccion

    Inventarios

    Personal

    Instalaciones

    Ventasseran $200

    Millones!

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-3

    Pronosticos a Corto Plazo Hasta 1 ao; generalmente menor a 3 meses

    Planear compras,Programacion Planta,Niveles de Produccion

    Pronosticos a Mediano Plazo 3 meses a 3 aos

    Planeacion de produccion y Ventas, Presupuestos

    Pronosticos a Largo Plazo 3+aos

    Planeacion de nuevos productos, construccion planta

    Tipos de Pronosticos porHorizonte de Tiempo

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-4

    Corto Plazo vs. Largo Plazo

    Medio/largo plazotienen que ver con asuntosmas extensos, que apoyan las decisiones

    administrativas con respecto a la planeacion,

    los productos,plantas y procesos.Corto Plazogeneralmente utiliza metodologias

    diferentes de aquellos a mayor plazo.

    Corto Plazotienden a ser mas exactos que lospronosticos a largo plazo.

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-5

    Influencia del Ciclo de Vida del

    Producto

    Las fases de introduccion y crecimiento requieren depronosticos a mas largo Plazo que las otras etapas.

    Pronosticos utiles para proyectar niveles de asesoria,

    niveles de inventarios, y

    Capacidad de planta

    mientras el producto pasa de la primera fase a la ultima

    Introduccion, Crecimiento, Madurez,Declinacion

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-6

    Strategy and Issues During aProducts Life

    Introduction Growth Maturity Decline

    Standardization

    Less rapid productchanges - more minor

    changes

    Optimum capacity

    Increasing stability ofprocess

    Long production runs

    Product improvement andcost cutting

    Little product

    differentiation

    Cost minimization

    Over capacity in the

    industry

    Prune line to eliminate

    items not returning good

    margin

    Reduce capacity

    Forecasting critical

    Product and processreliability

    Competitive productimprovements and options

    Increase capacity

    Shift toward productfocused

    Enhance distribution

    Product design anddevelopment critical

    Frequent product and

    process design changes

    Short production runs

    High production costs

    Limited models

    Attention to quality

    Best period toincrease marketshare

    R&D productengineering critical

    Practical to changeprice or quality image

    Strengthen niche

    Cost controlcritical

    Poor time to changeimage, price, or quality

    Competitive costs becomecritical

    Defend market position

    OM

    Strategy/Issue

    s

    Compan

    yStrategy/Issues

    HDTV

    CD-ROM

    Color copiers

    Drive-thru restaurants Fax machines

    Stationwagons

    Sales

    3 1/2

    Floppydisks

    Internet

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-7

    Tipos de Pronosticos

    Pronosticos Economicos Marcan ciclo del negocio, e.g., tasa inflacion, oferta de

    dinero etc.

    Pronosticos Tecnologicos Predecir tasas deprogreso tecnologico

    Predecir aceptacion de nuevos productos

    Pronosticos de Demanda Predecir Ventas de un Producto existente

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-8

    Ocho Pasos en Pronosticos

    Determinar el uso de Pronostico

    Seleccionar los items que se van a pronosticar

    Determinar el horizonte de tiempo del Pronostico

    Seleccionar los modelo(s) de pronosticos

    Recopilacion de los datos

    Validar el modelo de pronostico

    Hacer el Pronostico Instrumentar los Resultados

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-9

    Demanda Real, Promedio Movil,Promedio Movil Ponderado

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

    Month

    SalesDemand

    Ventas Reales

    Promedio Movil

    Promedio Movil Ponderado

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-10

    Enfoques para Pronosticar

    Usados cuando lasituacion es estable &

    existen datos historicos Productos existentes

    Tecnologia actual

    Incluye el uso de

    Tecnicas Matematicas

    Metodos Cuantitativos Usados cuando la

    situacion es vaga o

    existen pocos datos Nuevos productos

    Nueva tecnologia

    Incluyen la intuicion,la

    experiencia

    Metodos Cualitativos

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-11

    Metodos Cualitativos

    Jurado de Opinion Ejecutiva Opinion de un grupo de altos ejecutivos, algunas

    veces apoyados por modelos estadisticos

    Metodo de DelphiPanel de expertos , requiere iteratividad

    Compuesto de Fuerza de Ventas

    Cada vendedor estima sus ventas y luego se realizaun pronostico global

    Encuesta a consumidores de Mercado Solicita la informacion de los clientes

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-12

    Metodos Cuantitativos

    Simplista

    Promedio Moviles

    Suavizacion Exponencial

    Proyeccion de Tendencia

    Regresion Lineal

    Modelos de

    Series de

    Tiempo

    Modelo

    Causal

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-13

    Metodos Cuantitativos(No-Simplista)

    Pronosticos

    Cuantitativos

    Regresion

    Lineal

    Modelo

    Causal

    SuavizacionExponencial

    PromedioMovil

    Modelos deSeries Tiempo

    ProyeccionTendencia

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-14

    Secuencia de puntos de datos seoarados de manera

    uniforme Obtienen observando los datos en periodos regulares de tiempo

    Pronostica basado solo con datos pasados Asumen que los factores que influenciaron el pasado y el presente

    continuaran influenciando en el futuro

    Ejemplo

    Ao: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

    Ventas: 78.7 63.5 89.7 93.2 92.1

    Que es una Serie de Tiempo?

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-15

    TENDENCIA

    ESTACIONALIDAD

    Ciclos

    AZAR

    Componentes de una Serie de Tiempo

    D d d l P d t d 4 A

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-16

    Demanda del Producto de 4 Aoscon Tendencia y Estacionalidad

    Ao1

    Ao2

    Ao3

    Ao4

    Picos estacionales Comport. tendencia

    Linea Real

    Demanda

    Demanda

    promediodespues 4 aos

    Demand

    aparaelproductoorservicio

    Variacion

    azar

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-18

    Patron de datos que se repite a si mismodespues de un periodo

    Debido al clima, clientes etc.Ocurre dentro de un ao

    Mo., Qtr.

    Verano

    1984-1994 T/Maker Co.

    Componentes Estacionalidad

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-20

    Movimientos repetitivos hacia arriba y abajo

    Debido a la interaccion de factores que influencianen la economia

    Usualmente 2-10 aos de duracion

    Mo., Qtr., Yr.

    Ciclo

    Componentes del Ciclo

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-21

    No siguen un Patron Predecible

    Debido a variaciones al azar o eventos

    impredecibles

    Huelgas

    Huracan

    Son de Corta duracion y no repetitivos

    1984-1994 T/Maker Co.

    Componentes de Variacion al Azar

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-22

    Modelo Simplista

    Asume que la demanda en el

    proximo periodo es la misma

    que el periodo mas reciente e.g., Si Mayo ventas fueron 48,

    entonces Junio vendera 48

    Algunas veces mas eficiente

    en costo y mas efectivo

    1995 Corel Corp.

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-23

    PM es una serie de medias aritmeticas

    Usado si hay poca o ninguna tendencia

    Usado frecuentemente para suavizar las irregularidades Provee una impresion global sobre los datos

    Equation

    PMn

    Demanda en nperiodos previos

    Metodo Promedios Moviles

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-24

    Ud. Es el gerente de un museo que vende

    replicas. Ud.quiere pronosticarlas ventas (000)

    para 2003usando un PM de 3-periodos.

    1998 41999 6

    2000 5

    2001 32002 7

    1995 Corel Corp.

    Ejemplo Promedio Movil

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-25

    Solucion Promedio Movil

    Tiempo VentasReales

    Yi

    MovilTotal(n=3)

    PromedioMovil(n=3)

    1998 4 NA NA1999 6 NA NA

    2000 5 NA NA

    2001 3 4+6+5=15 15/3 = 52002 72003 NA

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-26

    Solucion Promedio Movil

    Tiempo VentasReales

    Yi

    MovilTotal(n=3)

    PromedioMovil(n=3)

    1998 4 NA NA1999 6 NA NA

    2000 5 NA NA

    2001 3 4+6+5=15 15/3 = 52002 7 6+5+3=14 14/3=4 2/32003 NA

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-27

    Solucion Promedio Movil

    Tiempo VentasReales

    Yi

    MovilTotal(n=3)

    PromedioMovil(n=3)

    1998 4 NA NA1999 6 NA NA

    2000 5 NA NA

    2001 3 4+6+5=15 15/3=5.02002 7 6+5+3=14 14/3=4.72003 NA 5+3+7=15 15/3=5.0

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-28

    95 96 97 98 99 00Ao

    Ventas

    2

    4

    6

    8 Actual

    Pronostico

    Grafica Promedio Movil

    Metodo Promedio Movil

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-29

    Usado cuando hay una tendencia o patron

    Datos mas viejos son usualmente menos importantes

    Pesos son basados en la Intuicion

    Frecuentementeentre 0 y 1, y suman 1.0

    Formula

    PMP = (Peso para el periodo n) (Demanda period n)

    Pesos

    Metodo Promedio MovilPonderado

    Demanda Real Promedio Movil

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-30

    Demanda Real, Promedio Movil,Promedio Movil Ponderado

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

    Month

    SalesDem

    and

    Ventas Reales

    Promedio Movil

    Promedio Movil Ponderado

    Desventajas del Metodo de

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-31

    Incremento de nhace el pronostico

    menos sensitivo a los cambios

    No pueden reconocer muy bien lastendencias

    Requiere muchos datos historicos 1984-1994 T/Maker Co.

    Desventajas del Metodo dePromedios Moviles

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    Formulas de la Suavizacion

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-33

    Ft = Ft-1+ (At-1- Ft-1)

    Ft = El pronostico nuevo

    Ft-1 = El pronostico anterior

    At-1 = Demanda real del periodo anterior

    = Constante de Suavizacion

    Formulas de la SuavizacionExponencial

    Ejemplo de Suavizacion Exponencial

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-34

    Durante los pasados 8 trimestres,el Puerto de Cortes ha descargado

    grandes cantidades de frijoles. (= .10). El pronostico del primertrimestrer fue de 175..

    Trimestre Real

    1 180

    2 1683 159

    4 175

    5 190

    6 2057 180

    8 182

    9 ?

    Ejemplo de Suavizacion Exponencial

    Encontrar elpronostico para el

    9thtrimestre.

    S l i S i i E i l

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-35

    Ft= Ft-1

    + 0.1(At-1

    - Ft-1

    )

    Trimestre RealPronostico F t

    ( = .10)

    1 180 175.00 (Dado)2 168

    3 159

    4 1755 190

    6 205

    175.00 +

    Solucion Suavizacion Exponencial

    S l i S i i E i l

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    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-36

    Trimest RealPronostico, F t

    ( = .10)

    1 180 175.00 (Dado)

    2 168 175.00 + .10(

    3 159

    4 175

    5 190

    6 205

    Solucion Suavizacion Exponencial

    Ft= Ft-1+ 0.1(At-1- Ft-1)

    Solucion Suavizacion Exponencial

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-37

    Trimest RealPronost, Ft

    ( = .10)

    1 180 175.00 (Dado)

    2 168 175.00 + .10(180-

    3 159

    4 175

    5 190

    6 205

    Solucion Suavizacion Exponencial

    Ft= Ft-1+ 0.1(At-1- Ft-1)

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    S l i S i i E i l

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-39

    Trimestre RealPronost, Ft

    ( = .10)1 180 175.00 (Dado)

    2 168 175.00 +.10(180 - 175.00)= 175.50

    3 159

    4 175

    5 190

    6 205

    Solucion Suavizacion Exponencial

    Ft= Ft-1+ 0.1(At-1- Ft-1)

    S l i S i i E i l

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-40

    Ft= Ft-1+ 0.1(At-1- Ft-1)

    Trimestre RealPronostico, F t

    ( = .10)

    1 180 175.00 (Dado)

    2 168 175.00 + .10(180 - 175.00) = 175.50

    3 159 175.50+.10(168 -175.50)= 174.75

    4 175

    5 190

    6 205

    Solucion Suavizacion Exponencial

    Solucion Suavizacion Exponencial

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-41

    Ft= Ft-1+ 0.1(At-1- Ft-1)

    Trimestre RealPronostico, F t

    ( = .10)

    1995 180 175.00 (Dado)

    1996 168 175.00 + .10(180 - 175.00) = 175.50

    1997 159 175.50 + .10(168 - 175.50) = 174.75

    1998 175

    1999 190

    2000 205

    174.75+.10(159- 174.75)= 173.18

    Solucion Suavizacion Exponencial

    Solucion Suavizacion Exponencial

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    PowerPoint presentation to accompany Heizer/RenderPrinciples of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations

    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-42

    Ft= Ft-1+ 0.1(At-1- Ft-1)

    Trimestre RealPronostico, F t

    ( = .10)

    1 180 175.00 (Dado)

    2 168 175.00 + .10(180 - 175.00) = 175.50

    3 159 175.50 + .10(168 - 175.50) = 174.75

    4 175 174.75 + .10(159 - 174.75) = 173.18

    5 190 173.18 + .10(175- 173.18)= 173.36

    6 205

    Solucion Suavizacion Exponencial

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    Solucion Suavizacion Exponencial

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-44

    Ft= Ft-1+ 0.1(At-1- Ft-1)

    Trimest RealPronostico, F t

    ( = .10)

    4 175 174.75 + .10(159 - 174.75) = 173.185 190 173.18 + .10(175 - 173.18) = 173.36

    6 205 173.36+ .10(190 - 173.36) = 175.02

    Solucion Suavizacion Exponencial

    7 180

    8

    175.02 + .10(205- 175.02) = 178.02

    9

    Solucion Suavizacion Exponencial

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-45

    Ft= Ft-1+ 0.1(At-1- Ft-1)

    Trimest RealPronostico, F t

    ( = .10)

    4 175 174.75 + .10(159 - 174.75) = 173.185 190 173.18 + .10(175 - 173.18) = 173.36

    6 205 173.36+ .10(190 - 173.36) = 175.02

    Solucion Suavizacion Exponencial

    7 180

    8

    175.02 + .10(205 - 175.02) = 178.02

    9 178.22 + .10(182- 178.22) = 178.58182 178.02 + .10(180 - 178.02) = 178.22

    ?

    Efecto en el Pronostico de laC t t d S i i

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-46

    Ft = At - 1 + (1- )At - 2+ (1- )2At - 3+ ...

    Constante de Suavizacion

    PesosPERIODO MAS

    RECIENTE

    2 PERIODOS

    ATRAS

    (1 - )3 PERIODOS ATRAS

    (1 - )2=

    = 0.10= 0.90

    10%

    Efecto en el Pronostico de laC t t d S i i

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    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-47

    Ft = At - 1 + (1- )At - 2+ (1- )2At - 3+ ...

    PesosPERIODO MAS

    RECIENTE2 PERIODOS

    ATRAS(1 - )3 PERIODOS ATRAS(1 - )2=

    = 0.10= 0.90

    10% 9%

    Constante de Suavizacion

    Efecto en el Pronostico de laC t t d S i i

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-48

    Ft = At - 1 + (1- )At - 2+ (1- )2At - 3+ ...

    PesosPERIODO MAS

    RECIENTE2 PERIODOS

    ATRAS(1 - )3 PERIODOS ATRAS(1 - )2=

    = 0.10= 0.90

    10% 9% 8.1%

    Constante de Suavizacion

    Efecto en el Pronostico de laC t t d S i i

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-49

    Ft = At - 1 + (1- )At - 2+ (1- )2At - 3+ ...

    PesosPERIODO MAS

    RECIENTE2 PERIODOS

    ATRAS(1 - )3 PERIODOS ATRAS(1 - )2=

    = 0.10= 0.90

    10% 9% 8.1%

    90%

    Constante de Suavizacion

    Efecto en el Pronostico de laC t t d S i i

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-50

    Ft = At - 1 + (1- )At - 2+ (1- )2At - 3+ ...

    PesosPERIODO MAS

    RECIENTE2 PERIODOS

    ATRAS(1 - )3 PERIODOS ATRAS(1 - )2=

    = 0.10= 0.90

    10% 9% 8.1%

    90% 9%

    Constante de Suavizacion

    Efecto en el Pronostico de laConstante de S a i acion

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-51

    Ft = At - 1 + (1- )At - 2+ (1- )2At - 3+ ...Pesos

    PERIODO MAS

    RECIENTE2 PERIODOS

    ATRAS(1 - )3 PERIODOS ATRAS(1 - )2=

    = 0.10= 0.90

    10% 9% 8.1%

    90% 9% 0.9%

    Constante de Suavizacion

    Impact of

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-52

    Impact of

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    Quarter

    Actual

    Tonage

    ActualForecast 0.1

    Forecast 0.5

    Escogiendo

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-53

    Escogiendo Se busca minimizar la Desviacion Media Absoluta (MAD)

    Si: Error del Pronostico = demanda - pronostico

    Entonces:

    MADErrores del pronostico

    n

    Suavizacion Exponencial conajuste de Tendencia

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-54

    ajuste de Tendencia

    Pronostico incluido Tendencia(FITt)

    = Pronostico Suavizacion Exponencial (FTt)

    + Tend. ExponencialmenteSuavizada (Tt)

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    Suavizacion Exponencial conajuste de Tendencia

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-56

    FTt= pronostico con tendencia de periodo t

    Tt= Estimacion de tendencia del periodo t

    At= Dato real del periodo t

    = Constante de suavizacion para lospromedios

    = Constante de suavizacion para la tendencia

    St= Pronostico suavizado del periodo t

    ajuste de Tendencia

    Comparacion Actual y Pronosticos

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-57

    p y

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Meses

    Deman

    da

    Demanda

    Actual

    Pronostico

    Suavizado

    Tendencia

    Suavizada

    Pronosticot incluida

    la tendencia

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    Minimos Cuadrados

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-59

    Deviacion

    Deviacion

    Deviacion

    Deviacion

    Deviacion

    Deviacion

    Deviacion

    Tiempo

    Valoresdelavariabled

    ependiente

    bxaY

    ObservacionActual

    Punto

    sobre la

    linea de

    regresion

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    Ecuaciones Minimos Cuadrados

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-63

    Equacion: ii bxaY

    Pendiente:

    xnx

    yxnyxb

    i

    n

    i

    ii

    n

    i

    Y-Interseccion: xbya

    Tabla de Calculos

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-64

    X i Y i X i2

    Y i2

    X iY i

    X 1 Y 1 X 12

    Y 12

    X 1Y 1

    X 2 Y 2 X 22

    Y 22

    X 2Y 2

    : : : : :

    X n Y n X n2

    Y n2

    X nY n

    X i Y i X i2

    Y i2

    X iY i

    Ejemplo Regresion Lineal

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-65

    Ao Demanda

    1997 74

    1998 791999 80

    2000 90

    2001 105

    2002 142

    2003 122

    La demanda para laenergia electrica en

    N.Y.Edison sobre los

    aos 19972003 es

    la dad. Encontrar latendencia .

    Ejemplo-Cont.

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-66

    Ao Periodo

    Tiempo

    Demanda

    Energia

    x2 xy

    1997 1 74 1 74

    1998 2 79 4 158

    1999 3 80 9 2402000 4 90 16 360

    2001 5 105 25 525

    2002 6 142 36 852

    2003 7 122 49 854

    x=28 y=692 x2=140 xy=3,063

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    Pronostico Actual y Tendencia

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-68

    VENTAS mensuales de Laptops

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-69

    Demanda Ventas Demanda Promedio

    Mes 2000 2001 2002 2000-2002 Mensual Indice EstacionJan 80 85 105 90 94 0.957

    Feb 70 85 85 80 94 0.851

    Mar 80 93 82 85 94 0.904

    Apr 90 95 115 100 94 1.064

    May 113 125 131 123 94 1.309

    Jun 110 115 120 115 94 1.223

    Jul 100 102 113 105 94 1.117

    Aug 88 102 110 100 94 1.064

    Sept 85 90 95 90 94 0.957Oct 77 78 85 80 94 0.851

    Nov 75 72 83 80 94 0.851

    Dec 82 78 80 80 94 0.851

    Demanda Laptops

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-70

    Modelo Estacionalidad

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-71

    Encuentran Demanda Promedio Historicapara cada estacionsumando la demanda para cada estacion en cada ao, ydividiendo por el numero de aos cada cada que se tiene.

    Calcula la demanda promedio general de todas las estacionesdiviendo la demanda promedio total anual por el numero de

    estaciones. Cacular un Indice Estacional,dividiendo la demanda historica

    de la estacion (from step 1) por la demanda promedio general.

    Estimar la demanda total del proximo ao

    Dividir este estimado del total de la demanda por el numero deestaciones, entonces multipliquelo por el indice estacional paraesa estacion. Esto da el Pronostico estacional.

    EJERCICIOS DE PRONOSTICOS

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    Management, 7e

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    4-72

    Estimacion del Error Estandar

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-73

    2

    2

    1 11

    2

    1

    2

    ,

    n

    yxbyay

    n

    yyS

    n

    i

    n

    i

    iii

    n

    i

    i

    n

    i

    ci

    xy

    Correlacion

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    Management, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-74

    Respuestas: Que tan fuertees la relacion entrelas variables?

    Coeficiente de correlacion denominado r

    Rango Valores de -1to +1

    Mide el grado de asociasion

    Formula de Coeficiente de

    Correlacion

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    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-75

    n

    i

    n

    iii

    n

    i

    n

    iii

    n

    i

    n

    i

    n

    iiiii

    yynxxn

    yxyxn

    r

    Coeficiente de Correlacion ymodelo de Regresion

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    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-77

    r = 1 r = -1

    r = .89 r = 0

    Y

    X

    Yi = a + b X i^

    Y

    XY

    X

    Y

    XYi = a + b X i^ Yi = a + b X i^

    Yi = a + b X i^

    ode o de eg es o

    r2= es el porcentaje de la variacion en yque es explicado por la

    ecuacion de regresion lineAL

    E C d ti M di (MSE)

    Ecuaciones de Error de Pronosticos

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    4-78

    Error Cuadratico Medio (MSE)

    Desviacion Media Absoluta(MAD)

    Porcentaje de Error Absoluto Medio (MAPE)

    2

    n

    1i

    2ii

    n

    Pronosticodeerrores

    n

    )y(y

    MSE

    nn

    yyMAD

    n

    i

    ii |pronosticodeerrores|||

    1

    n

    actualactual

    100MAPE

    n

    1i i

    ii

    pronostico

    Ejemplo de Seleccion de Modelode Pronostico

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    4-79

    Ud es un analista de mercado para Hasbro Toys. Usted ha pronosticado ventas conun modelo lineal y un modelo de suavizacion exponencial. Cual Modelo usaria?

    Ventas Modelo Lineal Suavizacion

    ExponencialAo Actuales Pronostico Pronostico (.9)

    1998 1 0.6 1.01999 1 1.3 1.02000 2 2.0 1.92001 2 2.7 2.02002 4 3.4 3.8

    Evaluacion Modelo Lineal^ 2 |Error|

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    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-80

    MSE = Error2 / n = 1.10/ 5 = 0.220

    MAD = |Error| / n = 2.0/ 5 = 0.400

    MAPE = 100 |porcent errores absolutos|/n= 1.20/5 = 0.240

    Y i

    1

    1

    2

    24

    Y i

    0.6

    1.3

    2.0

    2.73.4

    Year

    1998

    1999

    2000

    20012002

    Total

    0.4

    -0.3

    0.0

    -0.70.6

    0.0

    Error

    0.16

    0.09

    0.00

    0.490.36

    1.10

    Error2

    0.4

    0.3

    0.0

    0.70.6

    2.0

    |Error||Error|

    Actual0.40

    0.30

    0.00

    0.350.15

    1.20

    Evaluacion Modelo SuavizacionExponencial

    ^ |Error|

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    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-81

    MSE = Error2 / n = 0.05/ 5 = 0.01MAD = |Error| / n = 0.3/ 5 = 0.06

    MAPE = 100 |Porcent.Errores absolutos|/n= 0.10/5 = 0.02

    Year

    1998

    1999

    2000

    20012002

    Total

    Yi

    1

    1

    2

    24

    Yi

    1.0 0.0

    1.0 0.0

    1.9 0.1

    2.0 0.03.8 0.2

    0.3

    ^Error

    0.00

    0.00

    0.01

    0.000.04

    0.05 0.3

    Error2

    0.0

    0.0

    0.1

    0.00.2

    |Error||Error|Actual

    0.00

    0.00

    0.05

    0.000.05

    0.10

    Evaluacion modelo SuavizacionExponencial

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    4-82

    Modelo Lineall:

    MSE = Error2 / n = 1.10 / 5 = .220

    MAD = |Error| / n = 2.0 / 5 = .400

    MAPE = 100 |porcent.Errores absolut|/n= 1.20/5 = 0.240

    Modelo Suavizacion Exponencial:

    MSE = Error2 / n = 0.05 / 5 = 0.01

    MAD = |Error| / n = 0.3 / 5 = 0.06

    MAPE = 100 |porcent.errores absolutos|/n= 0.10/5 = 0.02

    Seal de Rastreo

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    4-83

    Medida de la Efectividad del pronostico, al

    predecir los valores reales

    Suma de los errores de los pronosticosCorrientes (RSFE) dividido entre la Desviacion

    Media Absoluta (MAD)

    Buenas seales de Rastreo tienen Bajos Valores

    Deben estar dentro de los limites Superior eInferior

    Equacion Seal de Rastreo

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    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-84

    MAD

    pronosticodeerrores

    1

    MAD

    yy

    MAD

    RSFE

    TS

    n

    i

    ii

    Calculos de la Seal de Rastreo

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    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-85

    Mo Pron Real Error RSFE AbsError Cum MAD TS

    1 100 90

    2 100 95

    3 100 115

    4 100 100

    5 100 125

    6 100 140

    |Error|

    Calculos de la Seal de Rastreo

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    4-86

    Me Pron Real Error RSFE Abs

    Error

    Cum MAD TS

    1 100 90

    2 100 95

    3 100 115

    4 100 100

    5 100 1256 100 140

    -10

    Error = Actual - Pronost= 90 - 100 = -10

    |Error|

    M P R l

    E RSFE Ab

    C MAD TS

    Calculos de la Seal de Rastreo

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    4-87

    Me Pron Real Error RSFE Abs

    Error

    Cum MAD TS

    1 100 90

    2 100 95

    3 100 115

    4 100 100

    5 100 1256 100 140

    -10 -10

    RSFE = Errores= NA + (-10) = -10

    |Error|

    M P R l

    E RSFE Ab

    C MAD TS

    Calculos de la Seal de Rastreo

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    4-88

    Me Pron Real Error RSFE Abs

    Error

    Cum MAD TS

    1 100 90

    2 100 95

    3 100 115

    4 100 100

    5 100 1256 100 140

    -10 -10 10

    Abs Error = |Error|= |-10| = 10

    |Error|

    Calculos de la Seal de Rastreo

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    4-89

    Me Pron Real Error RSFE Abs

    Error

    Cum MAD TS

    1 100 90

    2 100 95

    3 100 115

    4 100 100

    5 100 1256 100 140

    -10 -10 10 10

    Cum |Error| = |Errores|= NA + 10 = 10

    |Error|

    Calculos de la Seal de Rastreo

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    4-90

    Me Pron Real Error RSFE AbsError

    Cum|Error|

    MAD TS

    1 100 90

    2 100 95

    3 100 115

    4 100 100

    5 100 125

    6 100 140

    -10 -10 10 10 10.0

    MAD = |Errores|/n= 10/1 = 10

    Calculos de la Seal de Rastreo

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    Me Pron Real Error RSFE Abs

    Error

    Cum MAD TS

    1 100 90

    2 100 95

    3 100 115

    4 100 100

    5 100 1256 100 140

    -10 -10 10 10 10.0 -1

    TS = RSFE/MAD= -10/10 = -1

    |Error|

    M P R l

    E RSFE Ab

    C MAD TS

    Calculos de la Seal de Rastreo

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    4-92

    Me Pron Real Error RSFE Abs

    Error

    Cum MAD TS

    1 100 90

    2 100 95

    3 100 115

    4 100 100

    5 100 1256 100 140

    -10 -10 10 10 10.0 -1

    -5

    Error = Actual - Pronostico= 95 - 100 = -5

    |Error|

    M P R l

    E RSFE Ab

    C MAD TS

    Calculos de la Seal de Rastreo

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    4-93

    Me Pron Real Error RSFE Abs

    Error

    Cum MAD TS

    1 100 90

    2 100 95

    3 100 115

    4 100 100

    5 100 1256 100 140

    -10 -10 10 10 10.0 -1

    -5 -15

    RSFE = Errores= (-10) + (-5) = -15

    |Error|

    Me Pron Real

    Error RSFE Abs

    Cum MAD TS

    Calculos de la Seal de Rastreo

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    PowerPoint presentation to accompany Heizer/Render

    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and OperationsManagement, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-94

    Me Pron Real Error RSFE Abs

    Error

    Cum MAD TS

    1 100 90

    2 100 95

    3 100 115

    4 100 100

    5 100 1256 100 140

    -10 -10 10 10 10.0 -1

    -5 -15 5

    Abs Error = |Error|= |-5| = 5

    |Error|

    Me Pron Real

    Error RSFE Abs

    Cum MAD TS

    Calculos de la Seal de Rastreo

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    93/97

    PowerPoint presentation to accompany Heizer/Render

    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and OperationsManagement, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458

    4-95

    Me Pron Real Error RSFE Abs

    Error

    Cum MAD TS

    1 100 90

    2 100 95

    3 100 115

    4 100 100

    5 100 1256 100 140

    -10 -10 10 10 10.0 -1

    -5 -15 5 15

    Cum Error = |Errores|= 10 + 5 = 15

    |Error|

    Me Pron Real

    Error RSFE Abs

    Cum MAD TS

    Calculos de la Seal de Rastreo

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    94/97

    PowerPoint presentation to accompany Heizer/Render

    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and OperationsManagement, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-96

    Me Pron Real Error RSFE Abs

    Error

    Cum MAD TS

    1 100 90

    2 100 95

    3 100 115

    4 100 100

    5 100 1256 100 140

    -10 -10 10 10 10.0 -1

    -5 -15 5 15 7.5

    MAD = |Errores|/n= 15/2 = 7.5

    |Error|

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    95/97

    Impresion de Seales de Rastreo

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    96/97

    PowerPoint presentation to accompany Heizer/Render

    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and OperationsManagement, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-98

    Tiempo

    Limite inferior de control

    Limite superior de

    control

    Seal excede el limite

    Seal de Rastreo

    Rango aceptable

    +

    0

    -

    Seales de Rastreo

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    97/97

    PowerPoint presentation to accompany Heizer/Render

    Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and OperationsManagement, 7e

    2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J. 074584-99

    0

    20

    4060

    80

    100

    120

    140

    160

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

    Tiempo

    DemandaActual

    Seal Rastreo

    Pronostico

    DEmanda Actual