4 Mineral Resources

8/13/2019 4 Mineral Resources

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MINERAL RESOURCES : USE AND

EXPLOITATION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF

EXTRACTING AND USING MINERAL RESOURCES


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MINERALS

Minerals are exhaustible, non renewable

resources found in the earth s crust.

Properties:

1. Naturally occurring

2. Inorganic

3. Crystalline solids

4. Definite chemical composition

5. Some Physical properties


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TYPES OF MINERALS

Metallic Minerals: Bauxite, Haematite,

Copper Pyrites, Chromite etc

Non metallic Minerals: Limestone, Graphite,

Dimond quartz, (Sources of lime carbon and

sillicon)


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MAJOR MINERALS IN INDIA

Mica Bihar state contributes to almost

half of India s Mica

Common Salt Gujrat Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra and

Sambhar lake Rajasthan

Aluminium Jharkand , West Bengal,Maharashtra,

Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu

Iron Jharkhand Orissa , M.P., A.p, Karnataka,

Tamil Nadu, Maharshtra and Goa.

Copper (Copper pyrites) found in Rajasthan ,

Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnataka , M.P. West

Bengal , Andhra Pradesh, Uttranchal

Coal and Lignite West Bengal JharKhand,Orissa, MP, AP

Uranium Jharkhand , AP, Meghalaya,and

Rajasthan.


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MINERAL RESOURCES : INDIA

India has large number of economically

useful minerals,they constitute of world s

known mineral resources

2/3 of iron deposits are found in belt

alongside Orissa and Bihar

Hematite deposits are found in

MP,Karnataka,Maharashtra and Goa.

Magnetite ores are found in TN,Bihar ,HP


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India has world's largest deposits of coal

Bituminous coal is found in Jharia, and Bokaro inBihar and Ranigunj in WB.

Lignite coals are found in Neyveli in TN

After Russia India has largest supplu ofManganese(MP,Maharashtra,Bihar Orissa)

Chromite deposits are found in Bihar,Cuttak inOrissa, Krishna Distt in AP,Mysore and Hassan in

Karnataka. Bauxite deposits are found in Western

Bihar,Southwest Kashmir,Central TN,parts ofKerela,UP,Maharashtra and Karnataka.


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India also produces 75% OF WORLD S Mica (Bihar,AP,Rajasthan)

Gypsum reserves (TN,Rajasthan

Nickel ore is found in Cuttak,Mayurbanj in Orissa. Ileminite reserves in Kerela along the east and west

coast beaches

Silimanite Reserves in Sonapur Meghalaya, pipra in

MP Copper Ore in Agnigundula AP,Singhbum Bihar,Khetri

and Dartiba in Rajasthan,Sikkim and Karnataka


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Gold Mines:Ramagiri fields in AP, Kolar, Hutti

in Karnataka

Panna Dimond Belt-only dimond field,Panna

, Chatarpur


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MINERALS:FORMATION

Minerals were deposited at the time of cooling

of earth s crust.

Fresh Deposits cannot occur except through

backing , sedimentation and volcanic eruptions

India is rich in 35 minerals like that or

Iron(Heamatite),Aluminium(bauxite),dolomite,

limestone and mica. Mineral extraction is related to consumption and

export.


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USES AND EXPLOITATION

Minerals are sources of extraction of metals, Nonmetals, and salts.

They find use in agriculture , hospitals, defencedomestic goods

Minerals provide us metals such as iron , copper,aluminium(used in construction of the idustrial plants,heavy machinery and alloys.

Mines supply us with gold, silver , diamond , commonsalt , coal and petroleum for fuel, uranium for nuclerenergy, phosphates for fertilizers, stone and gravelfor contruction of buildings


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MINERALS, ROCKS, AND THE ROCK CYCLE

The earths crust consists of solid inorganic

elements and compounds called minerals

that can sometimes be used as resources.

Mineral resource: is a concentration of

naturally occurring material in or on the earths

crust that can be extracted and processed into

useful materials at an affordable cost.


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GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF

NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES

The U.S. Geological Survey classifies

mineral resources into four major categories:

Identi f ied: known location, quantity, and quality

or existence known based on direct evidence andmeasurements.

Undiscovered: potential supplies that are

assumed to exist.Reserves: identified resources that can be

extracted profitably.

Other: undiscovered or identified resources not

classified as reserves


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Ores:is rock

containing enough

or one or more

metallic minerals tobe mined profitably.

We use more than

40 metals

extracted from ores

for everyday items.Gold ore


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EXTRACTING NONRENEWABLE MINERAL

RESOURCES:

Open-pit (surface mining):

machines dig holes and

remove ores (common

for iron, copper,

limestone, sand)

Dredging (surface mining):

chainbuckets scrape the

bottom underwater


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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF USING

MINERAL RESOURCES

Minerals are removed through a variety of

methods that vary widely in their costs, safety

factors, and levels of environmental harm.A variety of methods are used based on

mineral depth.

Surface m ining: shallow deposits are removed.Subsu rface mining: deep deposits are removed.


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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF USING

MINERAL RESOURCES

The extraction, processing, and use of

mineral resources has a large environmental

impact.

Figure 15-9


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Surface

mining

Metal ore Separation

of ore from

gangue

Smelting Melting

metal

Conversion

to product

Discarding of

product

(scattered in

environment)Recycling


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Fig. 15-10, p. 344

Natural Capital Degradation

Extracting, Processing, and Using Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources

Steps Environmental effects

Mining Disturbed land; miningaccidents; health hazards,mine waste dumping, oilspills and blowouts; noise;ugliness; heat

Exploration,

extraction

Processing

Solid wastes; radioactivematerial; air, water, andsoil pollution; noise;safety and healthhazards; ugliness; heat

Transportation,

purification,

manufacturing

Use

Noise; ugliness; thermal

water pollution; pollutionof air, water, and soil;solid and radioactivewastes; safety and healthhazards; heat

Transportation or

transmission toindividual user,

eventual use, and

discarding


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MINING

Mining is the process of taking out minerals

and substances from the earth.

These substances include non- minerals

such as coal , sand oil, natural gas


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TYPES OF MINING


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OPEN-PIT MINING

Machines digholes and

remove ores,

sand, gravel,and stone.

Toxic

groundwater canaccumulate at

the bottom.

Figure 15-11


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AREA STRIP MINING

Earth moversstrips away

overburden, and

giant shovelsremoves mineral

deposit.

Often leaves highlyerodible hills of

rubble called spoi l

banks.Figure 15-12


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CONTOUR STRIP MINING

Used on hilly ormountainous

terrain.

Unless the land isrestored, a wall of

dirt is left in front

of a highlyerodible bank

called a highwal l.

Figure 15-13


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Fig. 15-13, p. 346

Undisturbed land

Overburden

PitBench

Spoil banks


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MOUNTAINTOP REMOVAL

Machineryremoves the tops

of mountains to

expose coal. The resulting

waste rock and dirt

are dumped intothe streams and

valleys below.

Figure 15-14


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IMPACTS OF MINING


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MINING IMPACTS

Metal ores are

smelted or treated

with (potentially toxic)

chemicals to extract

the desired metal.

Figure 15-15


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IMPACTS OF MINING

Since natural replace of the minerals is very

slow process and it cannot match with the

fast process of mineral extraction . Mining

there fore has a detrimental effect on theenvironment

1. Loss of vegetation n and defacement of the

landscape because of the removal of the forestand soil leading to floods, soill erosion. It also

gives ugly look to the landscape.


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IMPACTS OF MINING

2. Land over the mines may subside and collapse

causing cracks and tilting of the houses, roads

, bending of the rail tracks , leaking of the gas

pipe leading to serious accidents.3. Ground water pollution due to leaching of

heavy metals which leads to health

hazards.Sulphur present in water may getconverted to sulphuric acid making the water

acidic which is unfit for use


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IMPACTS OF MINING

4. Surface water pollution:The water becomesacidic due to mine wastage drained into thewater bodies and lakes. The acidic water isdetrimental to aquatic life.radioactivesubstances leach into water and kill theaquaticanimals.Pollution from heavy metals can causehealth hazards

5. Processes like roasting and smelting releaseenormous quantities of pollutants likeSPM,soot, arsenic , lead


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IMPACTS OF MINING

6. Health hazards for the workers- The finedust coming out of mining causes variety ofrespiratory illnesses like

asbestosis,silllicosis, black lung disease7. Waste of Land: Mining causes permanent

damage to the landscape, also waste of theagricultural land.

8. Negligence and neglect of the area occurwhen the mines are abandoned


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NEW WAYS OF EXTRACTING MINERALS


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SUPPLIES OF MINERAL RESOURCES

New technologies can increase the mining of

low-grade ores at affordable prices, but

harmful environmental effects can limit thisapproach.

Most minerals in seawater and on the deep

ocean floor cost too much to extract, andthere are squabbles over who owns them.


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GETTING MORE MINERALS FROM THE

OCEAN

Hydrothermal

deposits form when

mineral-richsuperheated water

shoots out of vents

in solidified magma

on the ocean floor.

Figure 15-17


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USING MINERAL RESOURCES MORE

SUSTAINABLY

Scientists and engineers are developing newtypes of materials as substitutes for manymetals.

Recycling valuable and scarce metals savesmoney and has a lower environmental impactthen mining and extracting them from their

ores.

Solutions


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Fig. 15-18, p. 351

Sustainable Use of Nonrenewable Minerals

Do not waste mineral resources.

Recycle and reuse 6080% of mineral resources.

Include the harmful environmental costs of

mining and processing minerals in the prices

of items (full-cost pricing).

Reduce subsidies for mining mineral resources.

Increase subsidies for recycling, reuse, and

finding less environmentally harmful substitutes.

Redesign manufacturing processes to use less

mineral resources and to produce less pollution

and waste.

Have the mineral-based wastes of one

manufacturing process become the raw

materials for other processes.

Sell services instead of things.

Slow population growth.

Extracting processing and using mineral


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Extracting, processing and using mineral

resources has environmental impacts.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF MINING


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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF MINING

MINERAL RESOURCES

Fig. 16-14 p. 344

MORE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF


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MORE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF


Surface mining Subsurface mining

Overburden

Spoil

Open-pit

Dredging

Strip mining

Room and pillar

Longwall

Refer to Figs. 15-4 and

15-5, p. 341 and 342


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Acid mine drainage.


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REMEDIAL MEASURES

Eco friendly mining technology should beadopted.

Microbial leaching techniques should befollowed for the low grade oes

Plantation of the vegetation in mined areasshould be carried out

Measures for stablization of the mined areasshould be adopted

Lauws and legislation should enforce the miningcompanies to plan for the reclaimation of landafter it become abandoned by the company


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REMEDIAL MEASURES

Measures to minimize the toxic drainage

discharge should be adopted

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