4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then...

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The Vikings The Little Told Story of Scandanavia in the Dark Ages

Transcript of 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then...

Page 1: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

TheVikingsTheLittleToldStoryofScandanavia intheDarkAges

Page 2: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

TheViking(moderndayDanes,Norwegians,andSwedes)seafaringexcursionsoccurredfromabout780to1070AD.TheystartedraidingandpillaginginthenorthBalticregionofEurope.Bythemid900s(10thcentury)theyhadestablishedsuchapermanentpresenceacrossFranceandEnglandthattheyweresimplypaidoff(“Danegeld”)tocohabitateinpeace.

TheyconqueredmostofEngland,astheRomanshad,buttheydiditinonly15years!TheyformedlegalsystemsinEnglandthatformedthebasisofBritishCommonLaw,whichatonetimewouldlatergovernthemajorityoftheworld.

Theyeventuallyadaptedthewesternmonarchy formofgovernment,converted toChristianity,andintegratedintoFrance,England,Germany,Italy,Russia,Syria,andoutintotheAtlantic.

TheyalsobroughtChristianitybacktotheirhomecountries,setupmonarchies,andforgedthecountriesofNorway,Denmark,Sweden,andRussia.

ItwasthedirectdescendantoftheVikings(fromNormandy)wholedthecaptureofJerusalemduringtheFirstCrusade.

Page 3: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

TheRomansdominatedEurope,Africa,theMiddleEast,andEngland.TheynevercouldconquertheGermanicpeopletothenorth.TheGermanicpeoplesackedRomethreetimesbetween435and489CE.

Page 4: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

Meanwhile,theRomanEmpiresurvivedonastheByzantineEmpirewithitscapitalinConstantinople(nowIstanbul).

ThepowervacuuminAfrica,Spain,andtheMiddleEastallowedforthevastexpansionoftheIslamic/MuslimCaliphs.EvenChinabecomes50%Muslim.

By800CE,TheArabicworldhadanempirelargerthantheRomanEmpire.Theirlandsliterallyconnectedtheeasternandwesternworlds.Theyhadnoneedforoceangoingtransportation- thedesertwastheirsea.

Page 5: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

KingCharlemagnehadconsolidatedwesternEurope,andtheAnglo-SaxonshadpopulatedEngland,buthadnotunitedEnglandintoasingleempireyet.ItwouldtaketheVikingraidsforEnglandtoeventuallyunite.

Page 6: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

AfterCharlemagne’sdeathin814,histhreesonsdividedhiskingdom.

ThesedivisionsbecamemoderndayFrance,Germany,andeventuallySwitzerland.

Page 7: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

TheDanelaw RegionofEnglandKingdomofGuthrum KingAlfredTheGreathaltedthe

southernadvanceoftheDanesandthenfoughtbackuntilastalematewasreachedinabout900AD.

ThreegenerationslatertheDanestookoverallofEnglandandruledakingdomacrossEnglandANDScandanavia (KingCnutTheGreat).

Page 8: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

Allmalesweretrainedinwarriorskillsfromchildhood.Theywerealldisciplinedandhardenedfromtheharshcoldclimate,andweremadestrongandfitbytheirrowinginarmiesledby“seakings”.

ThemilitiaoftheEnglishontheotherhandwereasmallprofessionalelite- Englisharmieswerepredominantly simpleuntrainedfarmersandblacksmiths.Theygottheirarmorhandedtothemwithease (thustheoriginoftrainedstandingarmies- thanksVikings.)

Vikingshadlightarmor,andwereexpertswiththeaxeandspear.

Theycreatedshieldwallstosuckintheenemyandthenwouldmopthemup.

Page 9: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

Vikingsdevelopedashipcalledtheknarr.Ithadamast,akeel,andores.Ithadaveryshallowdraftthatcouldgetupriverseasilyanditcouldnavigatetheopenseas.

Vikingscouldenteratownquietlyandquicklyandcommandtotalsurprisefollowedbyfiercefighting.

Vikingscouldnavigatethecountryatthreetimesthespeedofmarchingtroops.

HighTechnologyStepsIn..

Page 10: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

RaidsandSettlementsoftheNorwegians,Danes,andSwedish(800-1000).PoliticalMapis900CE.NotemodernFrance,Germany,Switzerland,andSpaindivisionsareinplace,whereSpainisArabic.Note“white”RussiansareSwedish.

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Bythe1200s,the”Vikings”tookthepoliticsofmonarchieshomeandestablishedthreekingdoms,Norway,Sweden,andDenmark.Thedevelopmentoftheseseparatekingdomsisanamazingstoryinitself.TheyalladoptedChristianity.

Page 12: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

Toinfinityandbeyond…

Page 13: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,
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Page 15: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

In986,Bjarni Herjolfsson triedtofindhisfather,whohadmigratedfromIcelandtoGreenland.Bjarni overshotGreenland,and,realizinghehadarrivedatanunchartedland,turnedaroundtogobacktoGreenlandwithouteverhavingsteppedfootonthenewland.

Page 16: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

In1001,LeifEricssonpurchasedBjarni’s ship,collected35men,andsetouttofindthelandBjarni haddiscovered.Ericsson’screwwinteredthereandreturnedtoGreenlandbysummer’end.

Page 17: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

Shortlythereafter,Leif’sbrotherThorvald tookacrewof30toVinlandandsettledLeif’sencampment.Thefirstsummertheyexploredthecoast,butduringtheirsecondsummerencounteredhostilenativeswhodrovethembacktoGreenland.

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AfirstattemptatcolonizingVinlandwasthenledbyThorfin Karlsefni,oneofLeif’sin-laws,whogatheredover250menonthreeships.Theytradedwiththenatives(Skraelings),buteventuallyweredrivenoutandbacktoGreenland.

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Leif’s(crazy)sister,Freydis,whohadpreviouslyslappedherbreastswithaswordtostoptheSkraeling attacks,organizedafinalexpedition,butfoundLeif’shouseoccupied;shehadalloccupyingmenandwomenofthatpartykilled.Thenextspring,uponthereturntoGreenlandhercrimeswererevealedandLeifputacurseonallofheroffspring.

Epilogue:By1020therewerenomoreVikingsettlementsinVinland.

Page 20: 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then would mop them up. Vikings developed a ship called the knarr. It had a mast, a keel,

Thedevelopedtraderoutessettingthestageforthecomingages…

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By1200traderoutesincludedtheeast-westroutecalledtheSilkRoad.NotetheMuslimscontrolledallroutesthroughPersia,Arabia,andEgypt.NoEuropeancouldtradedirectlywiththeEast,until…


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