4-DL-Flow Measurement

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Hydroelectric Plant Turbine, Stream andSpillway Flow Measurement

Josef Lampa, David Lemon, and

Jan BuermansASL AQFlow Inc. and

ALS Environmental Sciences Inc.

Sidney, British Columbia,

Canada



Kootenay Canal Plant,British Columbia, Canada

Typical bulb

installation

Penstocks

Powerhouse

Power intakes

Turbine Flow Measurement



Representation of ASFM operation

Transducer path 1

Transducer path 2



Acoustic ScintillationTypical Arrangement

• portable and flexible

• non-intrusive and non-vulnerable

• suitable for shortest intakes

• minimal maintenance andcalibration

• cost effective

• repeatable

• accurate



Lower Monumental Unit 2Index test without screens

Key requirement: repeatability



Wells Hydroelectric Project(10 x 85 MW)

Owner: Douglas County PUD, Washington State, USA

River: Columbia



Wells Hydroelectric Project

Sep-Oct 2002 Comparison & Diagnostic Testing - Unit #3

Jan 2004 Diagnostic Testing - Units # 1,2,6 & 10

Aug-Sep 2004 Performance Testing - Units #3 & 4

2005-2008 Performance Testing of Remaining Units

Key requirement: accuracy



non-intrusive and non-vulnerable

suitable for shortest intakes

minimal maintenance andcalibration

repeatableaccurate

Acoustic ScintillationMonitor

Key requirement: long-term performance



Summary

For short intakes of low head plants,

acoustic scintillation provides cost-effective:

Repeatable performance testing of individual units

Accurate performance testing of multiple unitsReliable long-term monitoring in real-time



AcousticscintillationCurrent meters

Courtesy of Turboinstitut,

SloveniaCourtesy of COE, USA



Turbine flow measurement in short intakesComparison between Current meters

and Acoustic scintillation

Portable and flexibleNon-intrusive and non-vulnerable

Suitable for shortest intakesMinimal maintenance andcalibrationLow costRepeatableAccurate

Current meter

NO

NO

YESNONO

YESYES

Acousticscintillation

YES

YES

YES

YESYESYESYES



Stream FlowMeasurement

Downstream areas are environmentally important for fish,habitat

Circulation can be defined and effects of changes assessedby a combination of field measurements and numericalmodelling

High resolution field measurements of flow providecalibration and verification of the model

The model then simulates the effects of changes, and gives

detail in regions inaccessible for measurements



Field Measurement Methodsfor Circulation

At least two sets needed: one for model calibration,one for model verification

Acoustic doppler current profilers from manned boatsor unmanned vessels for spatial patterns

Moored profilers for time series

Examples from Keenleyside and Waneta Dams



Columbia River, Arrow Lakesto US-Canada border



Acoustic Doppler currentprofiler mounted on workboat



Unmanned vessel for acousticDoppler current profiler



Measured circulation downstreamof Keenleyside Dam

200 cm/s

0 100 m

S P I L L W A Y

BEACH EDDY E2

MAIN FLOW

KEENLEYSIDE EDDY E1

KEENLEYSIDE DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER

N

Observed vertically-averaged flows at the discharge of 2350 m 3 /s

EDDY E3

EDDY E4

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6



Grid mesh for numerical model of thearea downstream of Keenleyside Dam



Measured and modelledflows at Keenleyside Dam

200 cm/sSIMULATED WITH COCRIM-ASL

OBSERVED WITH ADCP

0 100 m

S P I L L W A Y

BEACH EDDY E2

MAIN FLOW

KEENLEYSIDE EDDY E1

KEENLEYSIDE DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER

N

EDDY E4

EDDY E3

EDDY E5



Confluence of the Columbiaand Pend d’Oreille Rivers

WanetaEddy

Fl d i h P d d’O ill



Flow measured in the Pend d’Oreille,using the unmanned vessel and 1200 kHz Acoustic

Doppler Current Profiler

4 5 4 7 5 4 5 4 8 0 4 5 4 8 5 4 5 4 9 0 4 5 4 9 5 4 5 5 0 05 4 2 7 9 5

5 4 2 8 0 0

5 4 2 8 0 5

5 4 2 8 1 0

5 4 2 8 1 5

5 4 2 8 2 0

U T M E a s t in g m

UTM

Nor

thIng

m

C u r r e n t s a t 2 . 0 m d e p t h

W a n e ta D is c h a r g e = 1 8 0 0 0 c f s

5m/sec Vel. Scale



Model Flow at the Confluence



Spillway Flow Measurements

Introduction

Why?

Alvkarleby, Swed Power

Le Coteau, Hydro Quebec

Computational FluidDynamics (CFD)

River Transects

Future Flow Measurements

ll h b



Spillway Discharge Measurements byAcoustic Scintillation Flow Meter in Spillway B

at Mellanfallet Dam, Alvkarleby Hydro

Installation of ASFMAlvkarleby, Continued



y

RX1Rx2Rx3Rx4Rx5Rx6Rx7Rx8Rx9

Tx1TX2Tx3Tx4Tx5Tx6Tx7Tx8Tx9

RX

TX

MSE

SPS

Test#

WaterElevation

(m)

Gate(m)

Discharge – Q

M^3/sec

Curves ASFM

7 22.38 0.5 28 20

8 22.40 0.5 28 193/4 22.44 1.0 52 47

5/6 22.40 FG 124 72

Summary:

Only at 0.5 m opening wereall ASFM paths operational

Results not credible

No inter-comparisonmeasurement to evaluatepossible bias

November 2000, Hydro Quebec’s spillway



discharge measurements at their Le CoteauSpillway using their ASFM

Small opening

Medium opening

Full gate

Profile Opening(m)

Flow( 3/ )

Max Elevation forASFM

Elevationfree L C t S ill



(m) (m 3/s) ASFMmeasurements (m)

freesurface (m)

#12 0.55 31 All 4.5

#4 0.57 28 All 4.5#5 0.75 30 All 4.5

#6 0.97 31 All 4.5

#8 1.30 37 3.650 4.5

#9 1.30 40 3.865 4.5

#10 1.87 84 2.068 4.2

#11 FG 4.50 264* 2.068 4.2

* This flow has a large uncertainty associated with it sincevelocities in the top half of the flow area were not measured

Summary:

Results not consistent

Unable to makeaccurate measurementsat larger openings

No inter-comparisonmethod to evaluate

possible bias

Le Coteau SpillwayFlow Values

Three Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow Over



Three Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow OverSpillways Dr. L Bouhadji Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Turbulent flows over a spillway structure are investigatedusing computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Simulations are carried out to validatetwo and three dimensional CFD models in these structures. The numerical results arecompared to available experimental data published by the US Army Corps ofEngineers

Turbulence models and multi-phase models are used to simulate multiple fluidstreams, bubbles, droplets, solid particles and free surface flows.

Topology

l



CFD Results

CFD Modeling appearspromising

More work is necessary

We need to apply CFD toLe Coteau andAlvkarleby spillways

Summary:

River Transects



Cumbersome

Spill lots of waterNeeds time to stabilizeAcoustic Doppler Current Profilers with bottom tracking capabilityASL expertExcellent for inter-comparison flow measurement

An ADCP attached to a small jet-boat forriver transect work. A fairing has been

attached to the ADCP to reduce drag andentrainment of bubbles.

ASL Environmental Sciences owns andoperates a number of RDI ADCPWorkhorse Sentinels.

Recommended action for next



field spillway flow measurement

Conduct CFD analysis first to predict surface profile

and side turbulence.Use ASFM in lower portion of the flow section,

Use several ADCP’s in upper portion, and,

Use a river transect to confirm flow measurementwhere possible.

Possible Measurement



Frame for Spillways

ASFM does not work in the

upper portion of the flow

Acoustic Doppler Current

Profilers

4-DL-Flow Measurement

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