Chemical Bonding: An Introduction 1. chemical bond: -ionic bond: -covalent bond:
4-Copy of Chemical Bond
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8/3/2019 4-Copy of Chemical Bond
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]tlbei ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao ag oabei ̀ l}
Naonm baod
Zaelrn{ltnao ag mfihnmle baod
Hitleenm baod
Mfihnmle baod
Amtit lod dyzeit ryei
Mawleiot baod
Maardnolti mawleiot baod
Ivmiztnao ag amtit ryei
Eipn} }~hbae
• Zirnadnm tlbie
• Ieihiot}ieimtraoi`ltnwnt~
• Haeimyeizaelrnt~( oitdnzaei hahiot
• Haeimyelr }flzi
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MFIHNMLE BAOD
( Mfihnmle baod n} lo lttrlmtnwi garmi bitpiio ltah} No tfi haeimyei/
No tfi garhno` l mfihnmle baod mly}i} mflo`no` ag ieimtraonmmaogn`yrltnao/ Tfi mflo`no` ag ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao ammyr lt tfiaytirha}t }fiee &tfi wleiomi }fiee.% pfnei lt tfi nooir }fiee} dao„t
yodir`a mflo`i
( Tfi bl}i ag garhltnao ag l mfihnmle baod n} ivn}tiomi ag l
tiodiom~ ag ltah} ta abtlno }tlbei ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao}ymf l} tfi oabei `l} ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao/
( Bl}nmlee~% tfi mfihnmfle baod n} dnggiriotnltid ta 2 cnod}% tflt
n} naonm baod lod mawleiot baod
Naonm baod lod
Mawleiot baod
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Tfi }tlbei ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao ag oabei `l} n} lo ieimtraonmmaogn`yrltnao% pfnmf lt aytirha}t }fiee gneeid 6 wleiomi ieimtrao}%
ivmizt fienyh `l} gneeid 2 wleiomi ieimtrao}/
]tlbei ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao ag oabei `l}i}
( Lo ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao% pfnmf n} tfi aytirha}t }fiee gneeid 6
ieimtrao} mleeid amtit maogn`yrltnao/
( Lo ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao% pfnmf n} tfi aytirha}t }fiee gneeid 2ieimtrao} mleeid dyzeit maogn`yrltnao/
Tfi oabei `l}i}% pfnmf flwi amtit lod dyzeit maogn`yrltnao% lri wir~ dnggnmyet ta rilmt pntf atfir ieihiot}/
Ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao ag Oabie `l}i} Zirnad Ieihiot} ag
Oabie `l} ]~hbae Ltahnm oyhbir Ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao Wleiomi
ieimtrao C E H O A Z < Fienyh Fi 2 2 2 2 Oiao Oi <: 2 6 6
= Lr`ao Lr <6 2 6 6 6 4 Crnztao Cr =7 2 6 <6 6 6 9 Vioao Vi 94 2 6 <6 <6 6 6 7 Rldao Ro 67 2 6 <6 =2 <6 6 6
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Amtit ! dyzeit ryei}
• Amtit ryei n} l tiodiom~ ag ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao mflo`i aglo ieihiot ltah ta abtlno tfi amtit maogn`yrltnao enci oabie`l}i}/
• Dyzeit ryei n} l tiodiom~ ag ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao mflo`i aglo ieihiot ltah ta abtlno tfi dyzeit maogn`yrltnao enciFienyh oabie `l}/
• Tfi amtit ar dyzeit }tlbei ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao enci oabei`l}i} mlo bi abtlnoid b~ ;
</ ea}}no` &rieil}i. ar `lnono` ieimtrao}
2/ zlnrno` ieimtrao}/
Tfi ieihiot bi}ndi oabie `l} lri oao}tlbei ieihiot}Tfiri n} l tiodiom~ ag tfi ieihiot} bi}ndi oabie `l} ta `it l}tlbei ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao% amtit ar dyzeit maogn`yrltnao encitfi oabie `l}/ Tfn} tiodiom~ n} coapo l} amtit ar dyzeit ryei}
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</ Lttlnohiot ag tfi }tlbei ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao ag oabie `l}i} b~ea}no` lod `lnono` ag ieimtrao
( Tfi hitle ltah} ta abtlno ag amtit ar dyzeit maogn`yrltnao b~ ea}no` ieimtrao/
Ivlhzei;
Tfi ltah ag Ol &[ 8 <<. ea}i} aoi tfinr wleiomi ieimtrao ta garh tfi naoag Ol#/
Tfi Ol# nao fl} tfi }tlbei ieiemtraonm maogn`yrltnao enci tfi oabie `l} agOi &2 6.
Lttlnohiot tfi }tlbei ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao enci tfi oabie `l}i} b~ ea}no`
lod `lnono` ag ieimtrao n} tfi bl}i ag tfi garhno` ag tfi naonm baod/ #Me ; 2 6 0 Me− ; 2 6 6 i−
Mfearnoi ltah nao cear# i−
( Tfi oaohitle ltah} ta lttlno ag amtit ar dyzeit maogn`yrltnao b~ `lnono`ieimtrao/Ivlhzei;
Tfi ltah ag Me &[ 8 <0. `lno} aoi ieimtrao ta garh tfi nao ag Me(
Tfi Me( nao fl} tfi }tlbei ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao enci tfi oabie `l} agLr &2 6 6.
}adnyh ltah ]adnyh nao # i−
Ol ; 2 6 < Ol# ; 2 6 # i−
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2/ Lttlnohiot ag tfi }tlbei ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao enci tfioabie `l}i} b~ zlnrno` ag ieimtrao/
( Tfi oaohitle ieihiot} ta abtlno amtit ar dyzeit maogn`yrltnao mlo bidaoi b~ daolti nt} wleiomi ieimtrao ilmf atfir ta garh tfi }flrid
zlnr} ag ieimtrao
Ivlhzei;
Tfi ltah ag F &[ 8<. mlo `it tfi }tlbei ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao b~daoltno` ag nt} ieimtrao ilmf atfir% }a tflt garh aoi }flrid zlnr agieimtrao &aoi baod zlnr ag ieimtrao. no tfi F2 haeimyei/
Lttlnohiot ag tfi }tlbei ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao enci tfi oabei `l} b~ tfi
zlnrno` ag ieimtrao} n} tfi bl}i ag tfi garhno` ag tfi mawleiot baod/
}flrid zlnr ag ieimtrao
baod zlnr ag ieimtrao No tfi F2 haeimyei ilmf ag tfi F ltah fl} tfi }tlbei ieimtraonmmaogn`yrltnao enci tfi oabei `l} ag Fi/
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Eipn} }~hbae
L Eipn} }~hbae n} lo ltah }~hbae% pfnmf lmmahzlonid b~ nt} wleiomiieimtrao}/ Nt} wleiomi ieimtrao} mlo bi rizri}iotltid b~ dat }n`o &/. armra} }n`o &v./Tfi Eipn} }~hbae n} wir~ y}igye no tfi mfihnmle baod% hlnoe~ taneey}trltno` ag tfi mawleiot baodIvlhzei;
F~dra`io
Eipn} ]~hbae ag Zirnad Ieihiot} ag <% 2% lod = @rayz Zirnad NL NNL NNNL NWL WL WNL WNNL WNNNL
Zirnad < Zirnad 2 Zirnad =
ivmirmn}i<
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Naonm Baod Naonm baod n} l baodno` bitpiio tfi za}ntnwi nao} lod tfi oi`ltnwinao} tflt lri mly}id b~ tfi ieimtra}tltnm lttrlmtnwi garmi/
Tfi naonm baod i}zimnlee~ garhid bitpiio tfi ltah} ag hitleenm ieihiot}
ag `rayz NL &leclen hitle}.% `rayz NNL &leclen ilrtf hitle} lod tfi ltah}ag oaohitleenm ieihiot} ag `rayz WNNL &flea`io.% `rayz WNL/
Mflo`no` ag ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao tflt ammyr} no tfi garhltnao ag naonmbaod l} gaeeap ;
( Tfi hitleenm ieihiot ea}}i} nt} wleiomi ieimtrao ta garh za}ntnwi
nao/
H` ; 2 6 2 H`2# ; 2 6 : # 2i−
Ivlhzei; Tfi hitle} ag `rayz NNL &leclenoi ilrtf hitle}. ea}} 2 wleiomiieimtrao} ta garh nao pntf mflr`i ag 2#/
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( Tfi oaohitleenm ieihiot `lno} wleiomi ieimtrao lt nt} aytir }fiee tagarh oi`ltnwi nao
Me ; 2 6 0 # i− Me− ; 2 6 6
Ivlhzei; Tfi oaohitle} ag `rayz WNNL &flea`io. `lno < wleiomi
ieimtrao ta garh nao pntf mflr`i ag <(
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Ivzelnoltnao ag naonm baod garhltnao
( B~ ieimtra}tltnm garmi% aoi En# nao lod aoi G− nao mahbnoi ta garhnaonm mahzayod ag EnG/
Ivlhzei <; EnG
( En ltah &[ 8=. ea}}i} aoi wleiomi ieimtrao ta garh En# nao
( G ltah &[ 8 >. `lno} aoi ieimtrao lt nt} aytirha}t }fiee ta garh G− nao/
B~ y}no` Eip~} }~hbae garhltnao ag EnG naononm baod mlo bi ivzelnoid
l} gaeeap;
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Ivlhzei 2; MlMe2
( Ml ltah &[ 8 2:. ea}}i} tpa nt} wleiomi ieimtrao} ta garh nao ag Ml2# Ml2# nao fl} }tlbei ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao enci tfi oabei `l} agLr &2 6 6.
Bimly}i MlMe2 n} oiytrle% }a aoi nao ag Ml2# bnod tpa nao} ag Me( Aoi Ml2# nao lod tpa Me( nao b~ ieimtra}tltnm lttrlmtnwi garmi kano ta garhtfi naonm mahzayod ag MlMe2
( Me ltah `lno} aoi ieimtrao ta garh nao ag Me( Me( nao fl} }tlbei ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao enci tfi oabei `l} agLr & 2 6 6.
B~ y}no` Eip~} }~hbae garhltnao ag MlMe2 naononm baod mlo biivzelnoid l} gaeeap;
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Mawleiot Baod
Mawleiot baod n} l baodno` bitpiio oao(hitleenm ltah} tflt
lri mly}id b~ }flrno` zlnr ag ieimtrao/
B~ garhno` baod zlnr ag ieimtrao% }a ilmf ltah no tflt haeimyei
fl} amtit ar dyzeit maogn`yrltnao enci tfi oabei `l}/
No tfi garhltnao ag mawleiot baod% ilmf oao hitleenm ltah daolti}aoi ar hari tfinr wleiomi ieimtrao}% nt y}id ta garh tfi }flridzlnr ag ieimtraoo/
Tfi }flrid zlnr ag ieimtrao} n} agtio mleeid l} baod zlnr agieimtrao/ Tfi zlnr ag oat }flrid ieimtrao} n} mleeid l} eaoi zlnrag ieimtrao/
eaoi zlnr ag ieimtrao/
baod zlnr ag ieimtrao
mawleiot baod
}flrid zlnr ag ieimtrao
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Tlbei =/=/ Tfi wleiomi ieimtrao} ag oaohitle% Eipn} }~hbae lod tfi `ioirle
oyhbir ag ieimtrao pfnmf n} daoltid no tfi garhltnao ag mawleiot baod @rayz} Wleiomi ieictrao} Eipn} }~hbae} Daoltid ieimtrao}
WNNL&flea`io. 0
WNL 7 WL 9
NWL
4
< 2 = 4
No `ioirle% oaohitle ag `rayz NWL yz ta WNNL% tfi wleiomi
ieimtrao daoltid ta garh l mawleiot baod n} l} hymf l} nt}no}yggniom~ ta rilmf tfi amtit }trymtyri &6 ag wleiomi
ieimtrao}./
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∞ L mahzayod% pfnmf fl} mawleiot baod n} mleeid mawleiot
mahzayod/∞ L mawleiot mahzayod% pfnmf n} neey}trltid b~ y}no` Eipn} }~hbae
mleeid Eipn} }trymtyrle garhyel ar ieimtrao(dat garhyel/
∞ Mawleiot mahzayod mahza}id b~ tfi }lhi oaohitle ieihiot n}
mleeid haeimyelr ieihiot/Ivlhzei; F2% A2% A=% O2% G2% Me2 Br2% N2% Z4% ]6/
∞ Mawleiot mahzayod mahza}id b~ tfi dnggiriot oaohitle ieihiot n}
mleeid haeimyelr mahzayod/
Ivlhzei; F2A% OF=% FMe% MA&OF2.2 % F2]A4% OlAF% M7F<2A7/
Eipn} }trymtyrle garhyel ag pltir
Ivlhzei;
Eipn} }trymtyrle garhyel ag lhhaonl
I e n n e b d g n
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Ivzelnoltnao mawleiot baod garhltnao N/ Mawleiot mahzayod pntf }no`ei baod
<F ; < wleiomi ieimtrao ag F 8 <
<0Me ; 2 6 0 wleiomi ieimtrao ag Me 8 0
( F ltah daolti} aoi ieimtrao( Me ltah daolti} &6 ” 0. 8 < nt} ieimtrao wleiomi ( Nt garh aoi baod zlnr ag ieimtrao &aoi mawleiot baod .
( No tfi FMe haeimyei ;F ltah fl} dyzeit }trymtryri &2i−. lt nt} wleiomi }fieeMe ltah fl} amtit }trymtyri &6i(. lt nt} wleiomi }fiee/
( L baod zlnr ag ieimtrao mlo bi neey}trltid!drlpo b~ aoi baod enoi/
Ivlhzei;
</ FMe
baod zlnr ag ieimtrao&mawleiot baod.
F Me —
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2/ MMe4
7M ; 2 4 wleiomi ieimtrao ag M 8 4
<0Me ; 2 6 0 wleiomi ieimtrao ag Me 8 0
( M ltah daolti} gayr ieimtrao( Gayr ltah ag Me% ilmf ag tfih daolti < ieimtrao( Nt garh gayr baod zlnr ag ieimtrao} &4 mawleiot baod . bitpiio M ltahlod gayr Me ltah/
( No tfi MMe4 haeimyei% M ltah lod Me ltah fl} amtit }trymtyri/
( Tfi gayrtf baod zlnr ag ieimtrao} mlo bi neey}trltid b~ gayr baod enoi/
Me
— Me Me
Me Ї
— Ї M
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Mawleiot mahzayod garhltnao pntf hyetnzei baod
2/ Trnzei baodIvlhzei; O2
0O ; 2 9 wleiomi ieimtrao ag O 8 9O ltah}% ilmf ag tfih daolti tfrii ieimtrao}Nt garh tfrii baod zlnr ag ieimtrao} &trnzei baod ./No tfi O2 haeimyei% tfi }imaod ag O ltah} fl} amtit }trymtyri/jj
Ivlhzei; A2
6A ; 2 7 wleiomi ieimtrao ag A 8 7
A ltah}% ilmf ag tfih daolti tpa ieimtrao}Bitpiio tfi }imaod ag A ltah garh tpa baod zlnr ag ieimtrao} &daybeibaod ./No tfi A2 haeimyei% tfi }imaod ag A ltah} fl} amtit }trymtyri/
</ Daybei baod
M dn t e t b d
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Maardnolti mawleiot baod • Maardnolti mawleiot baod n} l mawleiot baod% pfnmf nt} baod zlnr
ag ieimtrao aoe~ mahi grah aoi ag ltah/
• Maardnolti mawleiot baod mlo garhid ng aoi ag ltah fl} eaoi zlnrag ieimtrao lod tfi atfir ltah fl} tfi ihzt~ arbntle/
• Tfn} baod n} rizri}iotid b~ tfi lrrap }n`o pntf dnrimtnao grah
daoltar ta lmmiztar ltah ag tfi ieimtrao zlnr/
• Maardnolti mawleiot baod n} le}a mleeid l} maardnoltnao baod
Ivlhzei;</ Lhhaonyh nao% OF4
#/
Maardnolti mawleiot baod
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2/ F~draonyh nao% F=A#/
Maardnolti mawleiot baod
Ivmiztnao ag amtit ryei
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Ivmiztnao ag amtit ryei
</ Mahzayod} oat lmfniwi amtit }trymtyri
4Bi ; 2 2Aoi B ltah lod tpa Me ltah} garh tpa baod zlnr ag ieimtrao}/No BiMe2 haeimyei% tfi miotir ltah ag Bi fl} gayr wleiomi ieimtrao}&5 6 ieimtrao}.% nt mlo„t gyegne amtit ryei/
b/ BMe= mahzayod
9B ; 2 =Aoi B ltah lod tfrii Me ltah} garh tfrii baod zlnr ag ieimtrao}
No BMe= haeimyei% tfi miotir ltah ag B fl} }nv wleiomi ieimtrao} &5 6ieimtrao}.% nt mlo„t gyegne amtit ryei/
l/ BiMe2 mahzayod
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2/ Mahzayod pntf ivtiodid amtit }trymtyri
Oaohitleenm ieihiot} ag zirnad =% 4 lod }a ao mlo garh mawleiot mahzayoddiwnlti grao tfi amtit ryei/ Tfn} ml}i n} mly}id b~ nt flwi aytirha}t }fiee
mlo ammyznid hari tflo in`ft ieimtrao}/
l/ ZMe9 mahzayod
<9Z ; 2 6 9
No ZMe9 haeimyei% tfi miotir ltah ag Z fl} ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao ag
aytirha}t }fiee hari tflo in`ft ieimtrao}/ L haeimyei tflt nt} miotirltah fl} ieimtraonm maogn`yrltnao ag aytirha}t }fiee hari tflo 6ieimtrao} n} mleeid l mahzayod pntf ivtiodid amtit }trymtyri/No ZMe9 haeimyei% tfi miotir ltah ag Z flwi l aytirha}t }fiee ieimtraonmmaogn`yrltnao ag tio ieimtrao &? 6 ieimtrao} .
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l/ NG0 mahzayod
Ltahnm oyhbir ag N 8 9=
9=
N 8 2 6 <6 <6 0 wleiomi ieimtrao ag N 8 0Tfi }iwiotf ag wleiomi ieimtrao} ag N n} y}id ta garh mawleiot baod} pntf GNo NG0 haeimyei gayod tfi ivtiodid amtit }trymtyri% lt tfi miotir ltah ag Nflwi l aytirha}t }fiee maogn`yrltnao ag gayrtiio ieimtrao} &? 6 ieimtrao} .
Zaelrn{ltnao ag mawleiot baod
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Zaelrn{ltnao ag mawleiot baod
Zaelr mawleiot baod• Mawleiot baod zaelrn{ltnao n} lo yoi|yle dn}trnbytnao ag tfi
oi`ltnwi mflr`i ag baod zlnr ag ieimtrao bitpiio tfi tpaltah} no l haeimyei ag mawleiot mahzayod
Tfi ltah hari ieimtraoi`ltnwi bimahi hari maotlno oi`ltnwi
&δ (. lod nt} zlnr ltah bimahi hari maotlno za}ntnwi &δ# .
• Baod zaelrn{ltnao ammyr ng tfi ltah} tflt baodid flwi dnggiriotieimtraoi`ltnwnt~
• Tfi bn``ir dnggiriomi no ieimtraoi`ltnwnt~% tfi bn``ir zaelrnt~eiwie ag tfi baodno` ammyrid/
• Mahzayod tflt nt} haeimyei maotlno} baod zaelrn{ltnao n} mleeidzaelr mawleiot mahzayod/
Ivlhzei;
FG% FMe% FBr% FN% F2A% F2]% OF=
Ivzelnoltnao ammyrno` mawleiot baod zaelrn{ltnao;
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Ivzelnoltnao ammyrno` mawleiot baod zaelrn{ltnao;
? FGIeimtraoi`ltnwnt~ G ? F/Tfi baod zlnr ag ieimtrao }trao`ir zyeeid ta G ltah/
Tfi za}ntnao ag baod zlnr ag ieimtrao oilrir ta G ltah tflo ta F ltah/Dn}trnbytnao oi`ltnwi mflr `i ag tfi baod zlnr ag ieimtrao hari hlo~ ta Gltah tflo ta F ltah/ Nt n} ammyr mawleiot baod zaelrn{ltnao/G ltah hari maotlno oi`ltnwi &(. lodF ltah hari maotlno za}ntnwi &#./
? F2A Ieimtraoi`ltnwnt~ A ? F/Tfi baod zlnr ag ieimtrao }trao`ir zyeeid ta A ltah tflo F ltah/A ltah hari maotlno oi`ltnwi &(. lod F ltah hari maotlno za}ntnwi &#.
}pg
Oaozaelr mawleiot baod
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Oaozaelr mawleiot baod</ Dnltahnm mahzayod
Tfi mawleiot mahzayod garhid b~ tpa dnggiriot ieihiot ltah lepl~}zaelr
Ivlhzei; F2% A2% O2% G2% Me2% Br2% N2
F2 Tfi }imaod ag F ltah no F2 haeimyei fl} tfi i|yle
ieimtraoi`ltnwnt~% tfirigari tfi baod zlnr ag ieimtrao n} zyeeidtfi i|yle }trao` b~ tfi }imaod ag F ltah}/ Tfi baod ag zlnrag ieimtrao ivn}t ivlmte~ no tfi hnddei ag tfi }imaod ag ltah}%lod tfi oi`ltnwi mflr`i ag baod zlnr ag ieimtrao pndi}zrildi|yle ta tfi }imaod ag F ltah}/ zldl cidyl ltah F/ Tfi
mawleiot bad dao„t yodir`ai} zaelrn{ltnao/
Z e nt g M d
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Zaelrnt~ ag Mahzayod
Zaelrnt~ ag mahzayod n} l oltyri ag tfi mawleiot mahzayod tfltrieltid pntf tfi zaelrn{ltnao ag mawleiot baod/
Mawleiot mahzayod mlo l} zaelr ar oao zaelr mahzayod/Tfi zaelrnt~ ag mahzayod mlo ammyr no bnolr~ &dnltahnm. arzae~ltahnm mahzayod
Bnolr~ &dnltahnm. mahzayod
Bnolr~ &dnltahnm. mahzayod n} l mahzayod tflt ilmfhaeimyei aoe~ mao}n}t ag tpa ltah}% tfi }lhi t~zi} ardnggiriot t~zi}/
</ Dnltahnm mahzayod garhid b~ tpa oaohitleenm ltah} ag tfi}lhi t~zi n} oaozaelr/
Ivlhzei; F2% O2% A2% G2 Me2% Br2% e2
2/ Dnltahnm mahzayod garhid b~ tpa oaohitleenm ltah} ag tfidnggiriot t~zi n} zaelr/
Ivlhzei; FG% FMe% FBr% FN%
Z e n d
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Zae~ltahnm mahzayod
Zae~ ltahnm mahzayod n} l mahzayod tflt ilmf haeimyei aoe~mao}n}t ag hari ag tfi dnggiriot oao(hitle ltah}/Zaelrnt~ ag zae~ltahnm mahzayod bi}ndi nt} baod cnod zaelrmawleiot% le}a diziot ag tfi haeimyelr }flzi% }~hhitr~ aryo}~hhitr~
? Zae~ltahnm mahzayod% pfnmf n} nt} miotrle ltah fl} oat tfieaoi zlnr ag ieimtrao% nt} haeimyelr }flzi n} }~hhitr~
&}~hhitrnmle zae~ltahnm mahzayod.
? Zae~ltahnm mahzayod% pfnmf n} nt} miotrle ltah fl} tfi eaoizlnr ag ieimtrao% nt} haeimyelr }flzi n} yo}~hhitr~ /&yo}~hhitrnmle zae~ltahnm mahzayod.
2 Zae~ltahnm mahzayod
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2/ Zae~ltahnm mahzayod
Mawleiot mahzayod garhid b~ 2 ar hari ltah} ag dnggiriotoaohitleenm ieihiot % mlo zaelr ar oao zaelr% diziod nt} haeimyelr}flzi% }~hitrnm ar yo}~hitrnm
( Zaenltahnm mahzayod tflt nt} miotrle ltah fl} oat eaoi zlnr agieimtrao% nt} haeimyelr }flzi n} }~hitrnm/
( Zaenltahnm mahzayod tflt nt} miotrle ltah fl} eaoi zlnr ag ieimtrao%nt} haeimyelr }flzi n} yo}~hitrnm/
miotrle ltah
eaoi ieimtrao zlnr
baod ieimtrao zlnr
}yrrayodno` ltah
1
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? Zaelr zae~ltahnm mahzayod
Tfi zae~ltahnm mahzayod tflt fl} yo}~hhitrnmle haeimyelr }flzi n}zaelr/
( F2A/Tfi haeimyelr }flzi ag F2A n} biot% enci tfib gaot W
( OF=/Tfi haeimyelr }flzi ag OF= n} trn`aole znrlhndi
Ivlhzei; F2
A% F2
]% OF=
% ZF=
% ZMe=
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? Oaozaelr zae~ltah mahzayod
Tfi zae~ltahnm mahzayod tflt fl} }~hitrnmle haeimyelr }flzin} oaozaelr/
Tfn} ml}i n} mly}id ilmf zaelr baod no tfi }~hitrnmle pneehytyle oyeeng~
Ivlhzei;MF4% MMe4% ]nMe4% BiMe2% BMe=% MA2/
? Tfi haeimyelr }flzi ag MF4 n} titrlfidrao
? Tfi haeimyelr }flzi ag BiMe2 n} enonir
rlo`cyhlo
Hahio Dnzae Shahiot dnzaei} X
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Hahio Dnzae Shahiot dnzaei} X
Hahio dnzae &ε. ldlelf fl}ne clen lotlrl }ien}nf hyltlo &\. dio`lo klrlc &r.lotlrl zy}lt hyltlo za}ntnz dlo oi`ltnz/
ε 8 \ v r
]ltylo hahio dnzae ldlelf dib~i &D./< D 8 =%== v <:(<: M/h
Hahio dnzae ldlelf }ylty bi}lrlo ~lo` hio~ltlclo tno`clt cizaelrlo}ylty }io~lpl/ Hlcno bi}lr flr`l hahih dnzae }ylty }io~lpl% hlcnobi}lr tno`clt cizaelrlo }io~lpl tir}ibyt/ ]io~lpl oaozaelr hahio
dnzaeo~l 8 A &oae./Tlbei =/4/
Hahiot dnzaei} }ahi mahzayod} Olhi ag }yb}tlomi Garhyel Hahio Dnzae
&dib~i. F~dra`io geyarndi FG </>< F~dra`io mfarndi FMe </:= F~dra`io brahndi FBr :/0> F~dra`io nadndi FN :/=6 Pltir F 2 A </64 Lhhaonl OF = </46 L}itao MF = MAMF = : Mlrbao titrl mfearndl MMe 4 :
Hitleenm Baod
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Hitleenm Baod
( Ncltlo ea`lh ldlelf }ylty ncltlo cnhnl ~lo` dn}iblbclo aeifnotirlc}n lotlrl ltah(ltah ea`lh dio`lo ieictrao wleio}n ~lo`hydlf!bibl} bir`irlc dlrn cyent eylr ltah }lty ci cyent eylr ltah
elnoo~l( Yo}yr ea`lh hihzyo~ln ieictrao wleio}n ~lo` hydlf
bir`irlc!birznodlf dlrn cyent eylr ltah }lty ci cyent eylr ltahelnoo~l/
( Ieictrao wleio}n ~lo` bibl} bir`irlc nonelf ~lo` hio~iblbclo
ea`lh hihzyo~ln }nglt zio`flotlr zlol} dlo zio`flotlr en}trnc~lo` blnc
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Fahi
IVIRMN]I
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TFI IOD
TFLOC GAR ^AYR LTTIOTNAO
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Ivirmn}i <
• Drlp tfi Eipn} }nhbae ag tfi ltah} bieap;
• 9B% 0O% 6A% >G% <=Le% <9Z% <7]% <0Me% 2:Ml% =9Br
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Ivirmn}i 2
Drlp tfi Eipn} garhyel ag mahzyod} bieap;
l/ N2
b/ FMem/ MMe4d/ MF=Me/
i/ O2
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Ivirmn}i =
Prnti tfi Eipn} garhyel lod }trymtyrigarhyel ag tfi}i mahzayod ;
l/ ]Me4b/ MA2
m/ ZMe9
d/ ViA=
i/ AG2
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Ieimtrao maogn`yrltnao
• <6Lr 8 &2. &6. &6.
• =9Br 8 &2. &6. &<6. &0.
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Zramidyri ta prnti Eipn} }trymtyri
</ Mlemyelti tfi }yh ag wleiomi ieimtrao ag lee ltah}no garhyel
2/ Drlp tfi za}nbei bl}nm }flzi ag tfi haeimyei
=/ @nwi aoi zlnr ag ieimtrao gar iwir~ }no`ei baod}4/ Tfi ieimtrao rihlnono` n} y}id ta hlci tfi
tirhnole ltah} rilmf amtit ar dyzeit maogn`yrltnao
9/ Ldd tfi ieimtrao rihlnono`% ng tfiri n} rihlno% ta
miotrle ltah7/ Ng nt n}o„t actid ~it% drlp eaoi zlnr ieimtrao ag
tirhnole ltah ta hlci miotrle ltah daybei!trnzeibaod
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Ivlhzei ; ZAMe=
• έ i wle 8 9 # 7 # &=v0. 8 =2
• Bl}nm }flzi
AMe Z Me
Me
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W]IZR
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Cizaelrlo haeicye zaenltah
Dnzaei hahiot n} l wimtar/ Tfi haeimyei'} awirlee dnzaei hahiot n} tfi ri}yetag tfi wimtar }yh ag lee tfi baod dnzaei} pntfno nt
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92
Dnzae Ncltlo dlelh Haeicye
Zirnadnm Tlbie
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Zirnadnm Tlbie
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Ieimtraoi`ltnwnt~
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Zaelrnt~ ” oit dnzaei
Dnzaei hahiot n} l wimtar/ Tfi haeimyei'} awirlee dnzaei hahiot n} tfi ri}yetag tfi wimtar }yh ag lee tfi baod dnzaei} pntfno nt
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Zaelrnt~ ” oit dnzaei
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Tfi dnzaei hahiot ε n} l wimtar