4-Chlorophenol _ c6h5clo - Pubchem

4/6/2015 4CHLOROPHENOL|C6H5ClOPubChem

http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4chlorophenol#section=OtherExperimentalProperties 1/61

NIH U.S.NationalLibraryofMedicine NationalCenterforBiotechnologyInformation

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4CHLOROPHENOL

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PubChemCID:4684ChemicalNames:4CHLOROPHENOLpChlorophenolparachlorophenol106489Phenol,4chloro4HydroxychlorobenzeneMore...MolecularFormula:C H ClOMolecularWeight:128.5563g/molInChIKey:WXNZTHHGJRFXKQUHFFFAOYSANUNII:3DLC36A01XCreateDate:20040916

CitethisRecord

6 5



Contents1 2DStructure

2 3DConformer

3 Identification

4 ChemicalandPhysicalProperties

5 RelatedRecords

6 ChemicalVendors

7 DrugandMedicationInformation

8 PharmacologyandBiochemistry

9 UseandManufacturing

10 SafetyandHazards

11 Toxicity

12 Literature

13 Patents

14 BiomolecularInteractionsandPathways

15 BiologicalTestResults

16 Classification

17 InformationSources



fromPubChem[5]

1 2DStructure

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fromPubChem[5]

2 3DConformer

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3 Identification

3.1 ComputedDescriptors

fromPubChem[5]4chlorophenol3.1.1 IUPACName

fromPubChem[5]InChI=1S/C6H5ClO/c75136(8)425/h14,8H3.1.2 InChI

fromPubChem[5]WXNZTHHGJRFXKQUHFFFAOYSAN

3.1.3 InChIKey

fromPubChem[5]C1=CC(=CC=C1O)Cl

3.1.4 CanonicalSMILES

3.2 OtherIdentifiers

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850fromECHA[3]http://echa.europa.eu/

20340262034026

3.2.1 ECNumber

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=085008503.2.2 ICSCNumber

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850SK2800000

3.2.3 RTECSNumber

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=08502020

3.2.4 UNNumber

fromFDA/SPLIndexingdata[4]http://www.fda.gov/ForIndustry/DataStandards/StructuredProductLabeling/ucm377913.htm

3DLC36A01X3.2.5 UNII



3.3 Synonyms

fromMeSH[6]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/67029107

1. 4chlorophenol2. 4chlorophenolion(1+)3. 4chlorophenol,copper(+1)salt4. 4chlorophenol,nickel(+2)salt5. 4chlorophenol,potassiumsalt6. 4chlorophenol,sodiumsalt7. 4chlorophenol,titanium(+4)salt8. 4chlorophenoxide9. 4monochlorophenol

10. pchlorophenol

11. paramonochlorophenol12. parachlorophenol

3.3.1 MeSHSynonyms

fromPubChem[5]

1. 4CHLOROPHENOL2. pChlorophenol3. parachlorophenol4. 1064895. Phenol,4chloro6. 4Hydroxychlorobenzene7. 4Monochlorophenol8. Phenol,pchloro9. Applied378

10. 4chlorophenol

11. 4chlorophenol12. pChlorophenicacid13. 4Chloro1hydroxybenzene14. pChlorfenol[Czech]15. 4chlorophenol16. pChlorfenol17. 4Chlorphenol18. Parachlorophenol[USP]19. Parachlorophenol(JAN/USP)20. UNII3DLC36A01X

21. CCRIS64222. 4chlorophenoxy23. CHEBI:2807824. HSDB141425. NSC287726. EINECS203402627. SBB04086428. 4chlorophenolate29. NCGC000908140130. AI319422

31. DSSTox_CID_187132. DSSTox_RID_7637633. DSSTox_GSID_2187134. sodiumpchlorophenoxide35. pChlorophenol,liquid[UN2021]36. pChlorophenol,solid[UN2020]37. 4Chlorophenolsodiumsalt38. 4chlorocyclohexa1,3,5trien1ol39. 4chlorophenoxide40. CAS106489

3.3.2 DepositorSuppliedSynonyms

fromPubChem[5]20040916

3.4 CreateDate



4 ChemicalandPhysicalProperties

fromPubChem[5]

MolecularWeight 128.5563g/mol

MolecularFormula C H ClO

XLogP3 2.4

HydrogenBondDonorCount 1

HydrogenBondAcceptorCount 1

RotatableBondCount 0

ExactMass 128.002892g/mol

MonoisotopicMass 128.002892g/mol

TopologicalPolarSurfaceArea 20.2A^2

HeavyAtomCount 8

FormalCharge 0

Complexity 66.9

IsotopeAtomCount 0

DefinedAtomStereocenterCount 0

UndefinedAtomStereocenterCount 0

DefinedBondStereocenterCount 0

UndefinedBondStereocenterCount 0

CovalentlyBondedUnitCount 1

4.1 ComputedProperties

6 5

4.2 ExperimentalProperties

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850COLOURLESSTOYELLOWCRYSTALSWITHCHARACTERISTICODOUR.4.2.1 PhysicalDescription

fromHSDB[1]http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+106489

Needlelike,whitetostrawcoloredcrystalsLide,D.R.,G.W.A.Milne(eds.).HandbookofDataonOrganicCompounds.VolumeI.3rded.CRCPress,Inc.BocaRaton,FL.1994.,p.V2:871

Whitecrystals(yelloworpinkwhenimpure)Lewis,R.J.Sr.Hawley'sCondensedChemicalDictionary14thEdition.JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.NewYork,NY2001.,p.257

4.2.2 Color





YellowsolidAshford,R.D.Ashford'sDictionaryofIndustrialChemicals.London,England:WavelengthPublicationsLtd.,1994.,p.208




CharaceteristicphenolicodorO'Neil,M.J.(ed.).TheMerckIndexAnEncyclopediaofChemicals,Drugs,andBiologicals.WhitehouseStation,NJ:MerckandCo.,Inc.,2006.,p.356

Unpleasant,penetratingodorLewis,R.J.Sr.Hawley'sCondensedChemicalDictionary14thEdition.JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.NewYork,NY2001.,p.257

ChlorophenolicodorAshford,R.D.Ashford'sDictionaryofIndustrialChemicals.London,England:WavelengthPublicationsLtd.,1994.,p.208

4.2.3 Odor

fromHSDB[1]http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+106489fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850

220degCO'Neil,M.J.(ed.).TheMerckIndexAnEncyclopediaofChemicals,Drugs,andBiologicals.WhitehouseStation,NJ:MerckandCo.,Inc.,2006.,p.356

220C

4.2.4 BoilingPoint


42.8degCLide,D.R.CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics86THEdition20052006.CRCPress,Taylor&Francis,BocaRaton,FL2005,p.3110

43C

4.2.5 MeltingPoint


121DEGC(250DEGF)CLOSEDCUPFireProtectionGuidetoHazardousMaterials.13ed.Quincy,MA:NationalFireProtectionAssociation,2002.,p.32531

121C

4.2.6 FlashPoint


2.71PARTSSOLIN100PARTSWATER@20DEGCClayton,G.D.,F.E.Clayton(eds.)Patty'sIndustrialHygieneandToxicology.Volumes2A,2B,2C,2D,2E,2F:Toxicology.4thed.NewYork,NY:JohnWiley&SonsInc.,19931994.,p.1614

Verysolinalc,glycerin,ether,chloroform,fixedandvolatileoilssparinglysolinliquidpetroleum

4.2.7 Solubility








O'Neil,M.J.(ed.).TheMerckIndexAnEncyclopediaofChemicals,Drugs,andBiologicals.WhitehouseStation,NJ:MerckandCo.,Inc.,2006.,p.356

Verysolinethanol,benzene,ethylethersolubleinalkaliLide,D.R.CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics86THEdition20052006.CRCPress,Taylor&Francis,BocaRaton,FL2005,p.3110

Solubleinaqueousalkali,oxygenatedandaromaticsolventsAshford,R.D.Ashford'sDictionaryofIndustrialChemicals.London,England:WavelengthPublicationsLtd.,1994.,p.208

Inwater,2.40X10+4mg/Lat25degCAbstract:PubMedRobertsMSJPharmPharmacol29:67783(1977)

Solubilityinwater,g/100mlat20C:2.7


1.2238at78degC/4degCO'Neil,M.J.(ed.).TheMerckIndexAnEncyclopediaofChemicals,Drugs,andBiologicals.WhitehouseStation,NJ:MerckandCo.,Inc.,2006.,p.356

1.3g/cm3

4.2.8 Density



4.43(Air=1)FireProtectionGuidetoHazardousMaterials.13ed.Quincy,MA:NationalFireProtectionAssociation,2002.

Relativevapourdensity(air=1):4.44Relativedensityofthevapour/airmixtureat20C(air=1):1.00

4.2.9 VaporDensity


8.7X102mmHgat25degCShiuWYetalChemosphere29:1155224(1994)

Vapourpressure,Paat20C:13

4.2.10 VaporPressure


logKow=2.39Hansch,C.,Leo,A.,D.Hoekman.ExploringQSARHydrophobic,Electronic,andStericConstants.Washington,DC:AmericanChemicalSociety.,1995.,p.17

2.39

4.2.11 LogP

4.2.12 Stability




VolatilewithsteamSax,N.I.andR.J.Lewis,Sr.(eds.).Hawley'sCondensedChemicalDictionary.11thed.NewYork:VanNostrandReinholdCo.,1987.,p.270


Whenheatedtodecompositionitemitstoxicfumesof/hydrogenchloride/.Lewis,R.J.Sax'sDangerousPropertiesofIndustrialMaterials.9thed.Volumes13.NewYork,NY:VanNostrandReinhold,1996.,p.803

4.2.13 Decomposition


5cPat50degCMullerFetalUllmann'sEncyclopediaofIndustrialChemistry.7thed.(2005).NY,NY:JohnWiley&SonsChlorophenols.OnlinePostingDate:June15,2000.

4.2.14 Viscosity


9,330BTU/lbU.S.CoastGuard,DepartmentofTransportation.CHRISHazardousChemicalData.VolumeII.Washington,D.C.:U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice,19845.

4.2.15 HeatofCombustion


47.04kJ/molYaws,C.L.,ChemicalPropertiesHandbook:Physical,Thermodynamic,Environmental,Transport,SafetyandHealthRelatedPropertiesforOrganicandInorganicChemicals.McGrawHill,NewYork,NY1999.,p.118

4.2.16 HeatofVaporization


1%solutionisacidictolitmusLewis,R.J.Sr.Hawley'sCondensedChemicalDictionary14thEdition.JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.NewYork,NY2001.,p.257

4.2.17 pH



30ppmU.S.CoastGuard,DepartmentofTransportation.CHRISHazardousChemicalData.VolumeII.Washington,D.C.:U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice,19845.

Odordetectioninair:1.8x104mg/L(gas),inwater:1.24ppm,chemicallypure/Chlorophenol/Fazzalari,F.A.(ed.).CompilationofOdorandTasteThresholdValuesData.ASTMDataSeriesDS48A(CommitteeE18).Philadelphia,PA:AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,1978.,p.36

0.03ug/L30degCinwater

4.2.18 OdorThreshold





USEPAAmbientWaterQualityCriteriaDoc:ChlorinatedPhenolsp.C2(1980)EPA440/580032

250ug/L25degCinwaterUSEPAAmbientWaterQualityCriteriaDoc:ChlorinatedPhenolsp.C2(1980)EPA440/580032


pKa=9.41SerjeantEP,DempseyBIUPACChemDataSerNo.23.NY,NY:Pergamonpp.989(1979)

4.2.19 DissociationConstants










Dipolemomentinbenzne:2.22debyeO'Neil,M.J.(ed.).TheMerckIndexAnEncyclopediaofChemicals,Drugs,andBiologicals.WhitehouseStation,NJ:MerckandCo.,Inc.,2006.,p.356

Medicinal,empyrumaticodor/Chlorophenols/RuthJHAmIndHygAssocJ47:A14251(1986)

VP:1mmat49.8degCLewis,R.J.Sax'sDangerousPropertiesofIndustrialMaterials.10thed.Volumes13NewYork,NY:JohnWiley&SonsInc.,1999.,p.V2:871

Density/Specificgravity:1.2651at40degC/4degCLide,D.R.CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics86THEdition20052006.CRCPress,Taylor&Francis,BocaRaton,FL2005,p.3110

VolatilewithsteamLewis,R.J.Sr.Hawley'sCondensedChemicalDictionary14thEdition.JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.NewYork,NY2001.,p.257

Specificheat=177J/moleKat20degC.Heatofformation=198.9kJ/molat50degC.MP=43.5(gammaform)34.2(betaform).

MullerFetalUllmann'sEncyclopediaofIndustrialChemistry.7thed.(2005).NY,NY:JohnWiley&SonsChlorophenols.OnlinePostingDate:June15,2000.

Enthalpyoffusion=13.600kJ/mol/45.489BTU/lbs/Yaws,C.L.,ChemicalPropertiesHandbook:Physical,Thermodynamic,Environmental,Transport,SafetyandHealthRelatedPropertiesforOrganicandInorganicChemicals.McGrawHill,NewYork,NY1999.,p.142

Henry'sLawconstant=6.27X107atmcum/moleat25degC(est)SRCThePhysicalPropertiesDatabase(PHYSPROP).Syracuse,NY:SyracuseResCorp.Availablefrom,asofOctober2,2008:http://www.syrres.com/esc/physprop.htm

Hydroxylradicalreactionrateconstant=9.87X1012cucm/molecsecat25degC(est)USEPAEstimationProgramInterface(EPI)Suite.Ver.3.12.Nov30,2004.Availablefrom,asofOct15,2008:http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm

4.2.20 OtherExperimentalProperties










Indexofrefraction:1.5419at55degC/D1.5579at40degC/DO'Neil,M.J.(ed.).TheMerckIndexAnEncyclopediaofChemicals,Drugs,andBiologicals.WhitehouseStation,NJ:MerckandCo.,Inc.,2006.,p.356

MAXABSORPTION(CYCLOHEXANE):224NM(LOGE=3.94)279NM(LOGE=3.27)287NM(LOGE=3.23)SADTLERREFNUMBER:1418(IR,PRISM)243(IR,GRATING)

Weast,R.C.(ed.).HandbookofChemistryandPhysics.60thed.BocaRaton,Florida:CRCPressInc.,1979.,p.C429

IR:4814(CoblentzSocietySpectralCollection)Lide,D.R.,G.W.A.Milne(eds.).HandbookofDataonOrganicCompounds.VolumeI.3rded.CRCPress,Inc.BocaRaton,FL.1994.,p.V4:4017

UV:409(SadtlerResearchLaboratoriesSpectralCollection)Lide,D.R.,G.W.A.Milne(eds.).HandbookofDataonOrganicCompounds.VolumeI.3rded.CRCPress,Inc.BocaRaton,FL.1994.,p.V4:4017

NMR:17044(SadtlerResearchLaboratoriesSpectralCollection)Lide,D.R.,G.W.A.Milne(eds.).HandbookofDataonOrganicCompounds.VolumeI.3rded.CRCPress,Inc.BocaRaton,FL.1994.,p.V4:4017

MASS:69778(NIST/EPA/MSDCMassSpectralDatabase,1990version)Lide,D.R.,G.W.A.Milne(eds.).HandbookofDataonOrganicCompounds.VolumeI.3rded.CRCPress,Inc.BocaRaton,FL.1994.,p.V4:4017

Intensemassspectralpeaks:128m/z(100%),130m/z(33%),65m/z(42%),64m/z(20%)Lide,D.R.,G.W.A.Milne(eds.).HandbookofDataonOrganicCompounds.VolumeI.3rded.CRCPress,Inc.BocaRaton,FL.1994.,p.V4:4017

4.3 SpectralProperties



5 RelatedRecords

fromPubChem[5]

Literature(42) 3DStructure(15) Bioactivities(150) Patents(3245)

5.1 RelatedCompoundswithAnnotation

1,3,5trimethoxybenzene 1,4benzenedithiol thiopyran

fromPubChem[5]

SameTautomer 5

SameConnectivity 4

SameParent,Tautomer 42

SameParent,Connectivity 41

SameParent,Exact 38

Mixtures,Components,andNeutralizedForms 189

SimilarCompounds 174

SimilarConformers 6112

5.2 RelatedCompounds

fromPubChem[5]

All 563

Same 145

Mixture 418

5.3 RelatedSubstances

PubMed 730

5.4 EntrezCrosslinks

Download



fromPubChem[5]

ProteinStructures 3

Taxonomy 2

Gene 2



Vendor/Supplier PurchasableChemical PubChemSID

SigmaAldrich

185787_ALDRICH 24851180

25865_FLUKA 24855654

35826_FLUKA 57649429

35826_RIEDEL 24861964

442411_SUPELCO 24867839

Chembase.cn 92306 162079004

CAPOT22009 152235293

PubChem22009 143489356

MolPort MolPort000872025 88520014

Tractus RTR013097 204392012

AurumPharmatechLLC MP2149 186020741

AKosConsulting&Solutions AKOS000118967 104667390

ChemExperChemicalDirectory HaDH`NBHRYWih@H@@ 3132462

TimTecSBB040864 143419572

ST50214454 143719553

A&JPharmtechCO.,LTD.

AJ08107 223519103

CJ00069 223485423

ZB000430 223454499

ABIChem

AC1L1IPY 104307123

AC1Q78UH 117614988

AC1Q7AEN 117617010

ANPharmaTech AN22436 223653893

AngeneChemical

AGA74479 136393579

AGNPC07A5J9 186809705

AGNPC0BT158 195281374

AGNPC0BT274 195282738

ChemMol

1202473 126589506

49415223 126676574

98000212 135699137

MPBiomedicals 205596 51073429

6 ChemicalVendors

Refine/Analyze Download



fromPubChem[5]

ChemicalSynthesisDatabase 106489 126536126

AAAChemistry AR1H7516 103811723

ChemFrog 888843627 125362517

DebyeScientificCo.,Ltd DB028832 202548651

HangzhouTryleadChemicalTechnology TL8000232 49830255

ChemboKB09010 162118239

KB241041 172890579

Ambinter SBB040864 118294844

3B_SCI 3B40931 184608566

KingScientific KSC174K7J 163802352

TCI(TokyoChemicalIndustry) C0243 87565404

FinetechIndustryLimited FT0618238 164803381

BidePharmatech BD96425 176860130

ZINC ZINC00001885 12016129

Mcule MCULE4022476067 167377456

ABBLISChemicals AB1003203 117689058

Anward ANW15354 160782855

ArkPharm,Inc. AK130507 163694269

Achemica ACMC2098jw 162283416



7 DrugandMedicationInformation




LocalantibacterialagentinrootcanaltherapyOsol,A.(ed.).Remington'sPharmaceuticalSciences.16thed.Easton,Pennsylvania:MackPublishingCo.,1980.,p.1111

Topicalantiseptic/cat/Budavari,S.(ed.).TheMerckIndexAnEncyclopediaofChemicals,Drugs,andBiologicals.WhitehouseStation,NJ:MerckandCo.,Inc.,1996.,p.359

Medication(Vet):/Formerly/astopicalantisepticinointmentsRossoff,I.S.HandbookofVeterinaryDrugs.NewYork:SpringerPublishingCompany,1974.,p.106

7.1 TherapeuticUses



8 PharmacologyandBiochemistry

fromMeSH[10]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68000891

AntiInfectiveAgents,LocalSubstancesusedonhumansandotheranimalsthatdestroyharmfulmicroorganismsorinhibittheiractivity.TheyaredistinguishedfromDISINFECTANTS,whichareusedoninanimateobjects.

Listofcompoundsthatmatchthiscategory.

8.1 MeSHPharmacologicalClassification





Anumberofrabbitstudieshaveshownthatmetabolismofthemonochlorophenolsisprincipallyviaconjugation.Inonestudy,groupsof6rabbitsweretreatedbygavagewith171.3mg/kgof2CPor4CPemulsifiedinwaterasasingledose.Forbothisomers,the24hoururineanalysisindicatedthatbetween78.1and88.3%oftheadministereddosewasexcretedastheglucuronide,andbetween12.8and20.6%oftheadministereddosewasexcretedastheetherealsulfate.Atotalof101.7and101.1%oftheadministered2CPor4CPdoses,respectively,wasaccountedforasurinaryglucuronideandsulfateconjugates.

U.S.DeptHealth&HumanServices/AgencyforToxicSubstances&DiseaseRegistryToxicologicalProfileforChlorophenolsPB/99/166639p.80(July1999).Availablefrom,asofOctober28,2008:http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxpro2.html#

Metabolismwas...investigatedin4rabbits,eachtreatedbygavagewithanaveragedoseof395mg/kg/dayof4CP.After36hours,54.1%oftheadministereddoseappearedintheurineastheglucuronideconjugate,and10.4%oftheadministereddoseappearedintheetherealsulfatefraction.Only0.1%oftheadministereddosewasexcretedas4chlorocatechol.Thelowtotalrecovery(64.5%)inthelatterexperimentlimitsconclusions.


Inalimitedstudyindogsabouthalfofanoraldoseof2or4CPwasexcretedintheurineastheetherealsulfate.Noevidenceformetabolismtomercapturicacidwasfound.


...Absorbedfrom...gastrointestinaltract&...parenteralsitesofinjection....Excretedasconjugatesofsulfuric&glucuronicacid....Urinedarkensafterstanding/Chlorophenols/

Clayton,G.D.,F.E.Clayton(eds.)Patty'sIndustrialHygieneandToxicology.Volumes2A,2B,2C,2D,2E,2F:Toxicology.4thed.NewYork,NY:JohnWiley&SonsInc.,19931994.,p.161516

8.2 Absorption,DistributionandExcretion



PChlorophenolyieldspchloroanisoleinguineapigs.Goodwin,B.L.HandbookofIntermediaryMetabolismofAromaticCompounds.NewYork:Wiley,1976.,p.C36

PChlorophenolyields4chlorocatecholpchlorophenylbetaDglucuronide&pchlorphenylsulfateinrabbits.Goodwin,B.L.HandbookofIntermediaryMetabolismofAromaticCompounds.NewYork:Wiley,1976.,p.C36

PChlorophenolyieldspchlorophenylbetaDglucuronide*pchlorophenylsulfateinhens.Goodwin,B.L.HandbookofIntermediaryMetabolismofAromaticCompounds.NewYork:Wiley,1976.,p.C36

8.3 Metabolism/Metabolites











PChlorophenolyieldspchlorophenylsulfateinrats.Goodwin,B.L.HandbookofIntermediaryMetabolismofAromaticCompounds.NewYork:Wiley,1976.,p.C36

...87%of4chlorophenolwasexcretedinurineofdogsassulfateandglucuronide.USEPAAmbientWaterQualityCriteriaDoc:ChlorinatedPhenolsp.C10(1980)EPA440/580032

Mammalianmetabolismofchlorobenzeneyields4chlorophenolas/oneof/themajorproducts.USEPAAmbientWaterQualityCriteriaDoc:ChlorinatedPhenolsp.C10(1980)EPA440/580032

...Variouschlorophenolsareformedasintermediatemetabolitesduringthemicrobiologicaldegradationoftheherbicides2,4D&2,4,5TandthepesticidesSilvex,Ronnel,lindane,andbenzenehexachloride./Chlorophenols/

USEPAAmbientWaterQualityCriteriaDoc:ChlorinatedPhenolsp.A7(1980)EPA440/580032

1.Themetabolismoffivephenolsinzebrafishwasstudiedafteruptakefromthemedium.TheresultsshowednoqualitativedifferencestootherCyprinidfishspecies,onlytheoxidationrateseemedtobelower.2.Phenylglucuronide,phenylsulfate,andquinolsulfatewereidentifiedasmetabolitesofphenol.3.Identifiedmetabolitesof2cresolwere2cresylglucuronide,2cresylsulfate,and2hydroxybenzoicacidintraceamounts.4.Onlytheglucuronideandsulfateconjugatesweredetectedasmetabolitesof4nitrophenol,4chlorophenol,andpentachlorophenol.Abstract:PubMed

KasokatTetalXenobiotica17(10):121521(1987)

Inalimitedstudyindogsabouthalfofanoraldoseof2or4CPwasexcretedintheurineastheetherealsulfate.Noevidenceformetabolismtomercapturicacidwasfound.


...Theexposuretomonochlorobenzene(MBC)of44malesubjectsperformingmaintenanceworkinadiphenylmethane44'diisocyanateproducingplant/wasassessed/.Intotal,251wholeshiftpersonalairsamplingmeasurements(passivediffusion)werecarriedoutandattheendoftheshift,duringwhichthetimeweightedaverageexposure(TWA)toMCBwasdetermined,aurinesamplewascollectedfortheanalysisof4chlorophenoland4chlorocatechol,thetwomainurinarymetabolitesofMCBinhuman.TheMCBTWAvalueswerelognormallydistributedwithamedianof1.2ppmandarangefromlessthan0.05to106ppm.ThePearson'scorrelationcoefficientbetweenthelogMCBTWA(ppm)andthelogconcentration(mg/gcreatinine)ofthemetabolitesinpostshifturinesamplesamountedto0.65(Plessthan0.001)for4chlorophenol(log4chlorophenol=0.22+0.43logMCBTWA)and0.72(Plessthan0.001)for4chlorocatechol(log4chlorocatechol=0.53+0.58logMCBTWA),respectively.Ontheaveragetheworkersexcretedthreetimesmore4chlorocatecholthan4chlorophenol.Thefollowupof21workersoverseveraldaysdidnotshowanytendencyforthemetaboliteconcentrationinurinetoincreaseduringtheworkweek.Abstract:PubMed

KustersE,LauwerysRIntArchOccupEnvironHealth62(4):32931(1990)



9 UseandManufacturing







ChlorinationofphenolfromchloroanilinethroughdiazoniumsaltLewis,R.J.,Sr(Ed.).Hawley'sCondensedChemicalDictionary.12thed.NewYork,NY:VanNostrandRheinholdCo.,1993,p.270

...Fromdiazotizedpchloroanilinebychlorinationofphenol.TheMerckIndex.10thed.Rahway,NewJersey:MerckCo.,Inc.,1983.,p.302

Mfrbyselectivereductionofchlorobromophenols..TheMerckIndex.10thed.Rahway,NewJersey:MerckCo.,Inc.,1983.,p.302

FrompnitrosophenolbyamodificationofSandmeyerreaction.TheMerckIndex.10thed.Rahway,NewJersey:MerckCo.,Inc.,1983.,p.302

Phenol+sulphurylchloride(ringchlorination)Ashford,R.D.Ashford'sDictionaryofIndustrialChemicals.London,England:WavelengthPublicationsLtd.,1994.,p.208

Thechlorinationofmeltedphenolusingchlorinegasyieldsamixtureoforthoandparamonochlorophenolswithanortho/pararatioofabout0.54(35/65),whichisscarcelydependentontemperature.Thedistributionbetweenthetwoisomersdependsespeciallyonthenatureofthechlorinationreagentandthecharacteristicsofthereactionmedium.Theformationof2chlorophenolisfavoredbyanaproticnonpolarsolventmedium,suchashexane,carbontetrachloride,ordichloroethane.Theortho/pararatioisalsohigherforreactionswithalowconcentrationofphenolandahightemperature.Thechlorinationofa5%solutionofphenolinperchloroethyleneat110degCinthepresenceof0.01wt%diisopropylaminegivesaveryhighortho/pararatio,about15.ChlorinationsusingaqueoussodiumhypochloriteatpH10,tertbutylhypochloriteandalkaliphenolatesdispersedinananhydrousmedium,orchlorineinaceticacidinthepresenceofaceticanhydridealsofavortheformationof2chlorophenol.Theformationof4chlorophenolisfavoredbychlorinationinapolarmedium,suchasacetonitrile,nitrobenzene,orether.Substitutionintheparapositionisalsostronglyfavoredbytheuseofsulfurylchlorideasachlorinatingagent(ortho/para=0.35).

Ullmann'sEncyclopediaofIndustrialChemistry.6thed.Vol1:FederalRepublicofGermany:WileyVCHVerlagGmbH&Co.2003toPresent,p.V8387(2003)

9.1 MethodsofManufacturing



...Chlorinated2phenoxyphenols,chlorinateddiphenylethers,andchlorinateddibenzofuransoccurasimpuritiesintechnicalgradeofchlorophenols./Chlorophenols/

AhlburgUG,ThunbergTMCRCCriticalReviewinToxicol7:1(1980)

Theimpuritiesincludepolychlorinateddibenzopdioxins(PCDDs),polychlorinateddibenzofurans(PCDFs),polychlorinatedphenoxyphenols,polychlorinateddiphenylethers,polychlorinatedbenzenes,andpolychlorinatedbiphenyls.Becausethehigherchlorinatedphenolsareproducedathighertemperature,thecontaminationofthehigherchlorinatedphenolsisgreaterthanthatofthelowerchlorinatedphenols./Chlorophenols/

U.S.DeptHealth&HumanServices/AgencyforToxicSubstances&DiseaseRegistryToxicologicalProfileforChlorophenolsp.139PB/99/166639(July1999).Availablefrom,asofOctober28,2008:http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxpro2.html#

9.2 Impurities




Grade:NF,technicalLewis,R.J.,Sr(Ed.).Hawley'sCondensedChemicalDictionary.12thed.NewYork,NY:VanNostrandRheinholdCo.,1993,p.270

9.3 Formulations/Preparations


ProductionvolumesfornonconfidentialchemicalsreportedundertheInventoryUpdateRule.Year ProductionRange(pounds)

1986 >500thousand1million

1990 10thousand500thousand




USEPANonconfidentialProductionVolumeInformationSubmittedbyCompaniesforChemicalsUnderthe19862002InventoryUpdateRule(IUR).4Chlorophenol(106489).Availablefrom,asofOctober24,2008:http://www.epa.gov/oppt/iur/tools/data/2002vol.html

9.4 U.S.Production





ANANALYTICALMETHODISDESCRIBEDFORCAPILLARYGASCHROMATOGRAPHICDETERMINATION,AFTERDERIVATIZATION,OF19INDIVIDUALCHLOROPHENOLS(INCLUDING2,3,&4CHLOROPHENOLS).MINIMUMDETECTABLEAMTFORMONOCHLOROPHENOLSWAS2UG/L.RIVERRHINE&DUTCHSURFACEWATERSWEREANALYZED.

WEGMANR,HOFSTEEAWATERRES13(7):651(1979)

Amethodispresentedforthesimultaneousdeterminationofawiderangeofcarboxylicacidsandphenols,onebeing4chlorophenol,inwater.Extractivealkylationisusedwiththetetrabutylammoniumionascounterionandpentafluorobenzylbromideasalkylatingagent.Extractsareanalyzedbyglasscapillarygaschromatographyandelectroncapturedetection.Usinga1mlwatersample,thedetectionlimitis110ug/l.

FogelqvistEetalJHighResolutChromatogrChromatogrCommun3(11):56874(1981)

Detectionof4chlorophenolinwatersampleswasdeterminedas4aminoantipyrinederivativebyhighperformanceliquidchromatography.

BloGetalJChromatogr257(1):6979(1983)

AreversedphaseHPLC(highpressureliquidchromatography)methodforresolutionofphenoliccompounds(pollutants)waspresented.Anewderivatizationreactionwasdevelopedemployingdiazotized4aminobenzonitrile,whichreactedalsowithpsubstitutedphenols.Theproductsofthereactioncouldbeextractedinnbutanol,allowingpreconcentrationandcleanupsteps.

BaiocchiCetalChromatographia15(10):6604(1982)

ChlorophenolswereseparatedbyhighperformanceliquidchromatographywithUVdetection(280nm)inconjunctionwithelectrochemicaldetection./Chlorophenols/

9.5 AnalyticLaboratoryMethods












AakerblomM,LindgrenBJChromatogr258:3026(1983)

Detectionoftracechlorophenolresiduesinenvironmentalsamplesbyquadrupolemassspectrometrywithselectedionmonitoringisdescribed./Chlorophenols/Abstract:PubMed

HargesheimerEE,CouttsRTJAssocOffAnalChem66(1):1321(1983)

Agasliquidchromatographicprocedureisdescribedfortheidentificationof32substitutedphenols.Thismethodinvolvesasimpleandreproduciblederivationstepwhichformsstablephenolpentafluorobenzylethersforwhichtheelectroncapturedetectorishighlysensitive./Substitutedphenols/

LeeHB,ChauASYJAssocOffAnalChem66(4):102938(1983)

Directdeterminationoftraceamountsofchlorophenolsinfreshwater,wastewaterandseawaterwasstudied./Chlorophenols/Abstract:PubMed

AbrahamssonK,XieTMJChromatogr279:199208(1983)

Separationoffreechlorophenolisomersonnonpolarandpolarquartzcapillarycolumnswasstudied./Chlorophenolisomers/

KorhonenIOJChromatogr303(1):197205(1984)

Determinationofchlorinatedphenolsinwater,wastewater,andwastewatersludgebycapillaryGC/ECD/Chlorinatedphenols/

BuissonRSKetalJChromatogrSci22(8):39942(1984)

Thismethodisadirectaqueousinjectionprocedureforthegasliquidchromatographicdeterminationof...chlorophenolsinwaterusingaflameionizationdetector.Themethodmaybeappliedtosamplescontainingmorethan1mgphenoliccompounds/l.Thismethodspecifiesasinglegasliquidchromatographiccolumnfortheseparationofphenoliccompoundsandaflameionizationdetectorfortheirmeasurement.Usingthismethod,4chlorophenolhasarelativeretentiontimeof3.6minincolumn1(at210degC)withacalibrationfactorof125ng/sqinandarelativeretentiontimeof3.6minincolumn2(at188degC)withacalibrationfactorof46.5ng/sqin.

FransonMAStandardMethodsfortheExaminationofWaterandWastewaterp.56170(1985)

Method:EPAEAD1653Procedure:gaschromatography/massspectrometryAnalyte:4chlorophenolMatrix:waterDetectionLimit:1.11ug/L.

NationalEnvironmentalMethodsIndexAnalytical,TestandSamplingMethods.Availablefromhttp://www.nemi.govon4Chlorophenol(106489)asofOctober27,2008

Method:NIOSH2014,Issue2Procedure:highperformanceliquidchromatographywithultravioletdetectorAnalyte:pchlorophenolMatrix:airDetectionLimit:2.5ug/sample.

U.S.DepartmentofLabor/OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration'sIndexofSamplingandAnalyticalMethods.Availablefrom:http://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/toc.htmlonpChlorophenol(106489)asofOctober27,2008


Amethodisdescribedfortheconfirmationof4chlorophenolinhumanurine.Ahydrolyzedurinesampleisanalyzedbygaschromatographyandliquidchromatography.Abstract:PubMed

LoresEMetalJChromatogrSci19(9):4669(1981)

Detectionoftracechlorophenolresiduesinbiologicalsamplesbyquadrupolemassspectrometrywithselectedion

9.6 ClinicalLaboratoryMethods






monitoringisdescribed.Phenolconcnaslowas1.0pmol/mlurine(human)gavepeaksthatwerereadilydiscerniblebyselectedionmonitoring./Chlorophenols/Abstract:PubMed

HargesheimerEE,CouttsRTJAssocOffAnalChem66(1):1321(1983)

GASCHROMATOGRAPHICDETERMINATIONOFPHENOLICCOMPOUNDS...INURINEOFINDUSTRIALLYEXPOSEDWORKERSWASPERFORMEDBYGCONGLASSCOLUMNCONTAINING60/80MESHTENAXGCUSINGFLAMEIONIZATIONDETECTORS.THEDETECTIONLIMITSINURINERANGEFROM0.1MG/LURINEFORPHENOLTO1MG/LFORTHEDI&TRICHLOROPHENOLS./CHLORINATEDPHENOLICCMPD/Abstract:PubMed

VANROOSMALENPBETALINTARCHOCCUPENVIRONHEALTH45(1):5762(1980)

CHLORINATEDPHENOLSINURINEAREISOLATEDBYSORPTIONONTOSMALLCOLUMNOFMACRORETICULARRESIN.THEPHENOLSWEREELUTEDFROMCOLUMNWITH2PROPANOLINHEXANESOLNCONCENTRATED&THEPHENOLSWERESEPARATED&ANALYZEDBYGC./CHLORINATEDPHENOLS/Abstract:PubMed

EDGERTONTRETALANALCHEM52(11):17747(1980)



10 SafetyandHazards

10.1 HazardsIdentification


10.1.1 GHSClassification

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Combustible.Givesoffirritatingortoxicfumes(orgases)inafire.10.1.2 FireHazard

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850MAYBEABSORBED!Redness.Pain.

10.1.3 SkinHazard

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Cough.Dizziness.Headache.Labouredbreathing.Nausea.Sorethroat.Vomiting.Weakness.

10.1.4 InhalationHazard

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Redness.Pain.Blurredvision.10.1.5 EyeHazard

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Abdominalpain.Unconsciousness.FurtherseeInhalation.10.1.6 IngestionHazard

Themajorhazardsencounteredintheuseandhandlingof4chlorophenolstemfromitstoxicologicproperties.Toxicbyallroutes(ie,ingestion,inhalation,dermalabsorption),exposuretothiswhitetostrawcolored,crystallinesubstancemayoccurfromitsuseasasyntheticintermediatefordyesandhigherchlorinatedphenolsandasadenaturantforalcohol.Effectsfromexposurecanincludeburnstotheskinandeyes,weakness,headache,dizziness,shock,anddeathfromcardiacorpulmonaryfailure.Contactwith4chlorophenolshouldbeprotectedagainstbywearingaselfcontainedbreathingapparatus,chemicalprotectiveclothingspecificallyrecommendedbytheshipperorproducer,rubbergloves,andboots.Noskinsurfaceshouldbeexposed.However,ifcontactdoesoccur,immediatelyflushaffectedskinoreyeswithrunningwaterforatleast15minutes,andremoveandisolatecontaminatedclothing.While4chlorophenoldoesnotigniteeasily,itcanburn,producingirritatingandpoisonousgases.Also,containersmayexplodeintheheatofafire.Forsmallfiresinvolving4chlorophenol,extinguishwithdrychemical,CO2,Halon,waterspray,orstandardfoam.Runofffromfirecontrolwatermaygiveoffpoisonousgasesandshouldbecontrolledbydiking,asnecessary.4Chlorophenolmaybeshippedviaair,rail,road,orwaterincontainersbearingthelabel,"Keepawayfromfood."Smallspillsof4chlorophenolmaybetakenupwithsandorothernoncombustibleabsorbentandplacedintocontainersforlaterdisposal.Priortoimplementinglanddisposalofwasteresidue(includingwastesludge),consultwithenvironmentalregulatoryagenciesforguidance.

10.1.7 HazardsSummary





COMBUSTIBLEWHENEXPOSEDTOHEATORFLAMELewis,R.J.Sax'sDangerousPropertiesofIndustrialMaterials.9thed.Volumes13.NewYork,NY:VanNostrandReinhold,1996.,p.803

10.1.8 FirePotential




StrongirritanttotissueSax,N.I.andR.J.Lewis,Sr.(eds.).Hawley'sCondensedChemicalDictionary.11thed.NewYork:VanNostrandReinholdCo.,1987.,p.270

Thesubstanceirritatestheeyes,theskinandtherespiratorytract.Sittig,M.HandbookofToxicandHazardousChemicalsandCarcinogens,2002.4thed.Vol1AHNorwich,NY:NoyesPublications,2002.,p.584

Causessevereeyeandskinburns.FireProtectionGuidetoHazardousMaterials.13ed.Quincy,MA:NationalFireProtectionAssociation,2002.,p.4945

10.1.9 Skin,Eye,andRespiratoryIrritations

10.2 SafetyandHazardProperties


Criticaltemperature=465degC/738Kelvin/Criticalpressure=3.990X10+4mmHg/53.20bar/Yaws,C.L.,ChemicalPropertiesHandbook:Physical,Thermodynamic,Environmental,Transport,SafetyandHealthRelatedPropertiesforOrganicandInorganicChemicals.McGrawHill,NewYork,NY1999.,p.13

10.2.1 CriticalTemperature


Criticaltemperature=465degC/738Kelvin/Criticalpressure=3.990X10+4mmHg/53.20bar/Yaws,C.L.,ChemicalPropertiesHandbook:Physical,Thermodynamic,Environmental,Transport,SafetyandHealthRelatedPropertiesforOrganicandInorganicChemicals.McGrawHill,NewYork,NY1999.,p.13

10.2.2 CriticalPressure


Flammability:1.1=Materialsthatmustbepreheatedbeforeignitioncanoccur.Watermaycausefrothingofliquidswiththisflammabilityratingnumberifitgetsbelowthesurfaceoftheliquidandturnstosteam.Howeverwaterspraygentlyappliedtothesurfacewillcauseafrothingwhichwillextinguishthefire.Mostcombustiblesolidshaveaflammabilityratingof1.

FireProtectionGuidetoHazardousMaterials.13ed.Quincy,MA:NationalFireProtectionAssociation,2002.,p.32531

Reactivity:0.0=Materialswhicharenormallystableevenunderfireexposureconditions,andwhicharenotreactivewithwater.Normalfirefightingproceduresmaybeused.

10.2.3 NFPAHazardClassification






Health:4.4=Materialsthat,onveryshortexposure,couldcausedeathormajorresidualinjury,includingthosethataretoodangeroustobeapproachedwithoutspecializedprotectiveequipment.Afewwhiffsofthevapororgascancausedeath,orcontactwiththevapororliquidmaybefatal,ifitpenetratesthefirefighter'snormalprotectivegear.Thenormalfullprotectiveclothingandbreathingapparatusavailabletothetypicalfirefighterwillnotprovideadequateprotectionagainstinhalationorskincontactwiththesematerials.


fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Nodata.

10.2.4 PhysicalDanger

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Decomposesonburning.Thisproducestoxicandcorrosivefumesofhydrochloricacidandchlorine.Reactswithoxidants.

10.2.5 ChemicalDanger

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850TLV(NOTESTABLISHED):.10.2.6 OccupationalExposureLimits

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Noindicationcanbegivenabouttherateatwhichaharmfulconcentrationofthissubstanceintheairisreachedonevaporationat20C.

10.2.7 InhalationRisk

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Thesubstanceisseverelyirritatingtotheeyes,skinandrespiratorytract.Thesubstancemaycauseeffectsonthecentralnervoussystem.

10.2.8 EffectsofShortTermExposure

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Thesubstancemayhaveeffectsonthecentralnervoussystem.

10.2.9 EffectsofLongTermExposure

10.3 FirstAidMeasures

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Usewaterspray,powder,foam,carbondioxide.10.3.1 FireFirstAid

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Freshair,rest.Referformedicalattention.10.3.2 InhalationFirstAid



fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Removecontaminatedclothes.Rinseandthenwashskinwithwaterandsoap.Referformedicalattention.

10.3.3 SkinFirstAid

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Firstrinsewithplentyofwaterforseveralminutes(removecontactlensesifeasilypossible),thenreferformedicalattention.

10.3.4 EyeFirstAid

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Rinsemouth.DoNOTinducevomiting.Referformedicalattention.10.3.5 IngestionFirstAid




WATER,SPRAY,MIST,FOG,FOAM,DRYCHEMICALLewis,R.J.Sax'sDangerousPropertiesofIndustrialMaterials.9thed.Volumes13.NewYork,NY:VanNostrandReinhold,1996.,p.803

Usedrychemical,carbondioxide,orfoamextinguishers.Vaporsareheavierthanairandwellcollectinlowareas....Vaporsinconfinedareasmayexplodewhenexposedtofire.Containersmayexplodeinfire.Storagecontainersandpartsofcontainersmayrocketgreatdistances,inmanydirections....Fromasecure,explosionprooflocation,usewaterspraytocoolexposedcontainers.Ifcoolingstreamsareineffective(ventingsoundincreasesinvolumeandpitch,tankdiscolors,orshowsanysignsofdeforming),withdrawimmediatelytoasecureposition./Monochlorophenols/

Sittig,M.HandbookofToxicandHazardousChemicalsandCarcinogens,2002.4thed.Vol1AHNorwich,NY:NoyesPublications,2002.,p.584

Usedrychemicalfoam,carbondioxide,orwaterspray.Approachfirefromupwindtoavoidhazardousvaporsandtoxicdecompositionproducts.Usewaterspraytokeepfireexposedcontainerscool.


10.4 FireFightingMeasures

10.5 AccidentalReleaseMeasures


Personalprotection:chemicalprotectionsuitandfilterrespiratorfororganicgasesandvapoursadaptedtotheairborneconcentrationofthesubstance.DoNOTletthischemicalentertheenvironment.Sweepspilledsubstanceintocoveredcontainers.Carefullycollectremainder.Thenstoreanddisposeofaccordingtolocalregulations.

10.5.1 SpillageDisposal

Phenoliccmpdinwastewaterareoxidizedwithhydrogenperoxidecatalyzedbyiron(3+)iron(2+).Whenthewtratioofphenol:hydrogenperoxideis1:3andiron5100ppm,morethan95%ofthephenolsareremovedin30minfroma500ppmphenolsolnatpH56and2550degC./Phenoliccmpd/

GreenbergESPapSynthConf(Proc)293303(1979)

10.5.2 CleanupMethods






Evacuateandrestrictpersonsnotwearingprotectiveequipmentfromareaofspillorleakuntilcleanupiscomplete.Removeallignitionsources.Ventilateareaofspillorleak.Absorbliquidsinvermiculite,drysand,earth,peat,carbon,orasimilarmaterialanddepositinsealedcontainers.Collectpowderedmaterialinthemostconvenientandsafemanneranddepositinsealedcontainers.Itmaybenecessarytocontainanddisposeofthischemicalasahazardouswaste./Monochlorophenols/


Shovelintosuitabledrycontainer.FireProtectionGuidetoHazardousMaterials.13ed.Quincy,MA:NationalFireProtectionAssociation,2002.,p.4945






SRP:Themostfavorablecourseofactionistouseanalternativechemicalproductwithlessinherentpropensityforoccupationalexposureorenvironmentalcontamination.Recycleanyunusedportionofthematerialforitsapproveduseorreturnittothemanufacturerorsupplier.Ultimatedisposalofthechemicalmustconsider:thematerial'simpactonairqualitypotentialmigrationinsoilorwatereffectsonanimal,aquatic,andplantlifeandconformancewithenvironmentalandpublichealthregulations.

ChemicalTreatabilityofpChlorophenolConcentrationProcess:BiologicalTreatmentChemicalClassification:PhenolsScaleofStudy:UnknownTypeofWastewaterUsed:PureCompound(onesoluteinasolvent)ResultsofStudy:96%reductionbasedonchemicaloxygendemand,rateofbiodegradation11mg/ghr(ActivatedSludgeProcess).

USEPAManagementofHazardousWasteLeachate,EPAContractNo.68032766p.E58(1982)

ChemicalTreatabilityofpChlorophenolConcentrationProcess:BiologicalTreatmentChemicalClassification:PhenolsScaleofStudy:LaboratoryScaleTypeofWastewaterUsed:PureCompound(onesoluteinasolvent)ResultsofStudy:100%reductionin33hours(Biodegradationbymutantpseudomonasspecies).

USEPAManagementofHazardousWasteLeachate,EPAContractNo.68032766p.E58(1982)

Thisworkpresentstheresultsoftheapplicationofanoptimallycontrolledinfluentflowratestrategytobiodegrade,inadiscontinuousreactor,highconcentrationsof4chlorophenolusedastoxiccompoundmodel.Theinfluentisfedintothereactorinsuchawayastoobtainthemaximaldegradationrate,thusavoidingtheinhibitionofthemicroorganisms.Theoptimalstrategywasabletomanageincrementsoftoxicconcentrationsintheinfluentupto7,000mg4CP/Lwithoutanyproblem.Itwasshownnotonlythathigherconcentrationsoftoxiccouldbetreated,butalsothatareductionindegradationtime(around52%)andinthesuppliedairvolumewasobtained.Abstract:PubMed

MorenoAndradeIetalWaterSciTechnol53(11):2618(2006)

Theaim...istostudyacoupledsystemtotreatbiorecalcitrantwastewaters.Thecombinationconsistsofanadvancedoxidationprocess(AOP)namedphotoFenton(PhF),whichisaphotochemicaltreatmentandasequencingbatchbiofilterreactor(SBBR).Thesyntheticwastewaterusedtooptimizethisprocessisasolutionof200ppmof4chlorophenol(4CP)...Theresultsshowedthatitisnecessarytoseverelytreatthetoxicsolution(with500ppmof[H2O2]0)inordertoachievemorethan90%ofTOCremovalinthewholeprocess.Thephotochemicalandbiologicaltreatmentslasted50minutesand24hours,respectively.Abstract:PubMed

BacarditJetalWaterSciTechnol55(12):95100(2007)

Treatmentofsimulatedwastewatercontaining40mg/Lof4chlorophenol(4CP)wascarriedoutinanupflowanaerobicsludgeblanket(UASB)reactorundermethanogeniccondition.TheperformanceofthistestUASBreactorwasevaluatedintermsof4CPremoval.Hydraulicretentiontime(HRT)andsubstrate:cosubstrateratioforthe4CPremovalwasoptimizedbyvaryingtheinfluentflowrate(1334.7ml/min)andsodiumacetate

10.5.3 DisposalMethods








concentration(25g/L),respectively...Abstract:PubMedMajumderPS,GuptaSKBioresourTechnol99(10):416977(2008)

A)Dissolveinsuchcombustiblesolventasalcohols,benzeneetc.Spraythesolventintothefurnacewithafterburnerandscrubber.B)Pourintosodiumbicarbonateoramixtureofsandsodaash(9:1).Aftermixing,transferintoapapercartonfilledwithpackingpaper.Burnmoreefficientlyinthefurnacewithanafterburnerandscrubber.Recommendablemethod:Incineration.Notrecommendablemethod:Dischargetosewer.

UnitedNations.TreatmentandDisposalMethodsforWasteChemicals(IRPTCFile).DataProfileSeriesNo.5.Geneva,Switzerland:UnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgramme,Dec.1985.,p.224

Thebiosurfactant'seffectonthebiodegradationof4chlorophenol(4CP)intheexistenceofglucosewasresearchedunderthecircumstancesofusingunacclimatedcultureandvarioussludgeages.Theremovalefficienciesofchemicaloxygendemand(COD)and4CP,thegrowthofbiomassandspecificsubstrateremovalrateswereexaminedundervariousoperatingconditions....Abstract:PubMed

UysalA,TurkmanAJHazardMater148(12):1517(2007)

TiO(2)photocatalyst(P25)(50mg/L)wastentativelyintroducedintopulsedhighvoltagedischargeprocessfornonthermalplasmainducedphotocatalyticdegradationoftherepresentativemodeorganicpollutantparachlorophenol(4CP),includingothercompoundsphenolandmethylredinwater....TheintroductionofTiO(2)photocatalystintopulseddischargeplasmaprocessintheutilizingofultravioletradiationandelectricfieldinpulseddischargeplasmaprocessenhancedtheyieldsofchemicallyactivespecies,whichwereavailableforhighlyefficientremovalandmineralizationoforganicpollutants.Abstract:PubMed

HaoXLetalJHazardMater141(3):47582(2007)

2Chlorophenol(2CP),4chlorophenol(4CP)and2,4dichlorophenol(2,4DCP)atinitialconcentrationsof10,20,50and100mg/LweredegradedinaqueousmediabydirectUVphotolysisusingdielectricbarrierdischargeXeBr(*)excilamp(283nm)inaflowthroughphotoreactor.Thepseudofirstorderrateconstantswerehighestandhalflifetimeswerelowestfor4CP.Theratesofphotolysisundertheexperimentalconditionsincreasedintheorder:2CP




bytheworkers.Contaminatedclothingshouldnotbetakenhomeatendofshift,butshouldremainatemployee'splaceofworkforcleaning.

10.6 HandlingandStorage

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Separatedfromstrongoxidantsandfoodandfeedstuffs.Wellclosed.10.6.1 SafetyStorage


Storeintightlyclosedcontainersinacool,wellventilatedarea.Metalcontainersinvolvingthetransferofthischemicalshouldbegroundedandbonded.Wherepossible,automaticallypumpliquidfromdrumsorotherstoragecontainerstoprecesscontainers.Drumsmustbeequippedwithselfclosingvalves,pressurevacuumbungs,andflamearresters.Useonlynonsparkingtoolsandequipment,especiallywhenopeningandclosingcontainersofthischemical.Sourcesofignitionsuchassmokingandopenflames,areprohibitedwherethischemicalisused,handled,orstoredinamannerthatcouldcreateapotentialfireorexplosionhazard./Monochlorophenols/


10.6.2 StorageConditions

10.7 ExposureControlandPersonalProtection


DOEProtectiveActionCriteria(PAC):TemporaryEmergencyExposureLimits(TEELs)forXylene:TEEL0:250mg/cumPAC1:400mg/cumPAC2:400mg/cumPAC3:400mg/cum(TEEL0:ThethresholdconcentrationbelowwhichmostpeoplewillexperiencenoadversehealtheffectsPAC1:ThemaximumconcentrationinairbelowwhichitisbelievednearlyallindividualscouldbeexposedforuptoonehourwithoutexperiencingotherthanmildtransientadversehealtheffectsorperceivingaclearlydefinedobjectionableodorPAC2:ThemaximumconcentrationinairbelowwhichitisbelievednearlyallindividualscouldbeexposedforuptoonehourwithoutexperiencingordevelopingirreversibleorotherserioushealtheffectsorsymptomsthatcouldimpairtheirabilitiestotakeprotectiveactionPAC3:Themaximumconcentrationinairbelowwhichitisbelievednearlyallindividualscouldbeexposedforuptoonehourwithoutexperiencingordevelopinglifethreateninghealtheffects).

DOE(2008)ProtectiveActionCriteria(PAC)forChemicalsIncludingAEGLs,ERPGs,&TEELs(http://orise.orau.gov/emi/scapa/teels.htm)PACDatabaseRevision24

10.7.1 OtherOccupationalPermissibleLevels

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850NOopenflames.10.7.2 FirePrevention

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850PREVENTDISPERSIONOFDUST!10.7.3 ExposurePrevention

10.7.4 InhalationPrevention



fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Useventilation(notifpowder),localexhaustorbreathingprotection.

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Protectivegloves.Protectiveclothing.10.7.5 SkinPrevention

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Wearfaceshieldoreyeprotectionincombinationwithbreathingprotection.10.7.6 EyePrevention

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Donoteat,drink,orsmokeduringwork.

10.7.7 IngestionPrevention





/Wear/faceshieldBootsandapronRespiratoryprotectionU.S.CoastGuard,DepartmentofTransportation.CHRISHazardousChemicalData.VolumeII.Washington,D.C.:U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice,19845.

Wearprotectiveglovesandclothingtopreventanyreasonableprobabilityofskincontact.Safetyequipmentsuppliers/manufacturerscanproviderecommendationsonthemostprotectiveglove/clothingmaterialforyouroperation.Allprotectiveclothing(suits,gloves,footwear,headgear)shouldbeclean,availableeachday,andputonbeforework.Contactlensesshouldnotbewornwhenworkingwiththischemical.Wearsplashproofchemicalgogglesandfaceshieldwhenworkingwithliquid,unlessfullfacepiecerespiratoryprotectionisworn.Weardustproofgoggleswhenworkingwithpowdersordust,unlessfullfacepiecerespiratoryprotectionisworn.Employeesshouldwashimmediatelywithsoapwhenskiniswetorcontaminated.Provideemergencyshowersandeyewash./Monochlorophenols/


Wearspecialprotectiveclothingandpositivepressureselfcontainedbreathingapparatus.FireProtectionGuidetoHazardousMaterials.13ed.Quincy,MA:NationalFireProtectionAssociation,2002.,p.4945

ENGINEERINGCONTROLSUseonlyinachemicalfumehood.Safetyshowerandeyebath.SigmaAldrichMSDSforPentabromophenol.5pp.(January31,2006)Availablefrom,asofNovember30,2008:http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/ALDRICH/P1608?LastFive

10.7.8 ProtectiveEquipmentandClothing

10.8 TransportInformation

/GUIDE153:SUBSTANCESTOXICAND/ORCORROSIVE(COMBUSTIBLE)/Health:TOXICinhalation,ingestion,orskincontactwithmaterialmaycausesevereinjuryordeath.Contactwithmoltensubstancemaycausesevereburnstoskinandeyes.Avoidanyskincontact.Effectsofcontactorinhalationmaybedelayed.Firemayproduceirritating,corrosiveand/ortoxicgases.Runofffromfirecontrolordilutionwatermaybecorrosiveand/or

10.8.1 DOTEmergencyGuidelines










toxicandcausepollution./Chlorophenols,liquidChlorophenols,solid/U.S.DepartmentofTransportation.2004EmergencyResponseGuidebook.AGuidebookforFirstRespondersDuringtheInitialPhaseofaDangerousGoods/HazardousMaterialsIncident.Washington,D.C.2004

/GUIDE153:SUBSTANCESTOXICAND/ORCORROSIVE(COMBUSTIBLE)/FireorExplosion:Combustiblematerial:mayburnbutdoesnotignitereadily.Whenheated,vaporsmayformexplosivemixtureswithair:indoors,outdoors,andsewersexplosionhazards.Thosesubstancesdesignatedwitha"P"maypolymerizeexplosivelywhenheatedorinvolvedinafire.Contactwithmetalsmayevolveflammablehydrogengas.Containersmayexplodewhenheated.Runoffmaypollutewaterways.Substancemaybetransportedinamoltenform./Chlorophenols,liquidChlorophenols,solid/

U.S.DepartmentofTransportation.2004EmergencyResponseGuidebook.AGuidebookforFirstRespondersDuringtheInitialPhaseofaDangerousGoods/HazardousMaterialsIncident.Washington,D.C.2004

/GUIDE153:SUBSTANCESTOXICAND/ORCORROSIVE(COMBUSTIBLE)/PublicSafety:CALLEmergencyResponseTelephoneNumber....Asanimmediateprecautionarymeasure,isolatespillorleakareainalldirectionsforatleast50meters(150feet)forliquidsandatleast25meters(75feet)forsolids.Keepunauthorizedpersonnelaway.Stayupwind.Keepoutoflowareas.Ventilateenclosedareas./Chlorophenols,liquidChlorophenols,solid/


/GUIDE153:SUBSTANCESTOXICAND/ORCORROSIVE(COMBUSTIBLE)/ProtectiveClothing:Wearpositivepressureselfcontainedbreathingapparatus(SCBA).Wearchemicalprotectiveclothingthatisspecificallyrecommendedbythemanufacturer.Itmayprovidelittleornothermalprotection.Structuralfirefighters'protectiveclothingprovideslimitedprotectioninfiresituationsONLYitisnoteffectiveinspillsituationswheredirectcontactwiththesubstanceispossible./Chlorophenols,liquidChlorophenols,solid/


/GUIDE153:SUBSTANCESTOXICAND/ORCORROSIVE(COMBUSTIBLE)/Evacuation:...Fire:Iftank,railcarortanktruckisinvolvedinafire,ISOLATEfor800meters(1/2mile)inalldirectionsalso,considerinitialevacuationfor800meters(1/2mile)inalldirections./Chlorophenols,liquidChlorophenols,solid/


/GUIDE153:SUBSTANCESTOXICAND/ORCORROSIVE(COMBUSTIBLE)/Fire:Smallfires:Drychemical,CO2orwaterspray.Largefires:Drychemical,CO2,alcoholresistantfoamorwaterspray.Movecontainersfromfireareaifyoucandoitwithoutrisk.Dikefirecontrolwaterforlaterdisposaldonotscatterthematerial.Fireinvolvingtanksorcar/trailerloads:Fightfirefrommaximumdistanceoruseunmannedhoseholdersormonitornozzles.Donotgetwaterinsidecontainers.Coolcontainerswithfloodingquantitiesofwateruntilwellafterfireisout.Withdrawimmediatelyincaseofrisingsoundfromventingsafetydevicesordiscolorationoftank.ALWAYSstayawayfromtanksengulfedinfire./Chlorophenols,liquidChlorophenols,solid/


/GUIDE153:SUBSTANCESTOXICAND/ORCORROSIVE(COMBUSTIBLE)/SpillorLeak:ELIMINATEallignitionsources(nosmoking,flares,sparksorflamesinimmediatearea).Donottouchdamagedcontainersorspilledmaterialunlesswearingappropriateprotectiveclothing.Stopleakifyoucandoitwithoutrisk.Prevententryintowaterways,sewers,basementsorconfinedareas.Absorborcoverwithdryearth,sandorothernoncombustiblematerialandtransfertocontainers.DONOTGETWATERINSIDECONTAINERS./Chlorophenols,liquidChlorophenols,solid/


/GUIDE153:SUBSTANCESTOXICAND/ORCORROSIVE(COMBUSTIBLE)/FirstAid:Movevictimtofreshair.Call911oremergencymedicalservice.Giveartificialrespirationifvictimisnotbreathing.Donotusemouthto




mouthmethodifvictimingestedorinhaledthesubstancegiveartificialrespirationwiththeaidofapocketmaskequippedwithaonewayvalveorotherproperrespiratorymedicaldevice.Administeroxygenifbreathingisdifficult.Removeandisolatecontaminatedclothingandshoes.Incaseofcontactwithsubstance,immediatelyflushskinoreyeswithrunningwaterforatleast20minutes.Forminorskincontact,avoidspreadingmaterialonunaffectedskin.Keepvictimwarmandquiet.Effectsofexposure(inhalation,ingestionorskincontact)tosubstancemaybedelayed.Ensurethatmedicalpersonnelareawareofthematerial(s)involvedandtakeprecautionstoprotectthemselves./Chlorophenols,liquidChlorophenols,solid/





Nopersonmay/transport,/offeroracceptahazardousmaterialfortransportationincommerceunlessthatpersonisregisteredinconformance...andthehazardousmaterialisproperlyclassed,described,packaged,marked,labeled,andinconditionforshipmentasrequiredorauthorizedby.../thehazardousmaterialsregulations(49CFR171177)./

49CFR171.2(7/1/96)

TheInternationalAirTransportAssociation(IATA)DangerousGoodsRegulationsarepublishedbytheIATADangerousGoodsBoardpursuanttoIATAResolutions618and619andconstituteamanualofindustrycarrierregulationstobefollowedbyallIATAMemberairlineswhentransportinghazardousmaterials.

IATA.DangerousGoodsRegulations.38thed.Montreal,CanadaandGeneva,Switzerland:InternationalAirTransportAssociation,DangerousGoodsBoard,January,1997.,p.123

TheInternationalMaritimeDangerousGoodsCodelaysdownbasicprinciplesfortransportinghazardouschemicals.Detailedrecommendationsforindividualsubstancesandanumberofrecommendationsforgoodpracticeareincludedintheclassesdealingwithsuchsubstances.Ageneralindexoftechnicalnameshasalsobeencompiled.Thisindexshouldalwaysbeconsultedwhenattemptingtolocatetheappropriateprocedurestobeusedwhenshippinganysubstanceorarticle.

IMDGInternationalMaritimeDangerousGoodsCodeInternationalMaritimeOrganizationp.6101(1988)

10.8.2 ShipmentMethodsandRegulations


Donottransportwithfoodandfeedstuffs.Marinepollutant.

10.8.3 PackagingandLabelling

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Symbol:Xn,NR:20/21/2251/53S:(2)2861Note:C10.8.4 ECClassification

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850UNHazardClass:6.1UNPackGroup:III

10.8.5 UNClassification

TransportEmergencyCard:TEC(R)804.

10.8.6 EmergencyResponse



fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850NFPACode:H3F1R0.

10.9 RegulatoryInformation


(FL)FLORIDA5.5ug/LUSEPA/OfficeofWaterFederalStateToxicologyandRiskAnalysisCommittee(FSTRAC).SummaryofStateandFederalDrinkingWaterStandardsandGuidelines(11/93)ToPresent

10.9.1 StateDrinkingWaterGuidelines


Toxicpollutantdesignatedpursuanttosection307(a)(1)oftheFederalWaterPollutionControlActandissubjecttoeffluentlimitations./Chlorinatedphenols/

40CFR401.15(USEPA)U.S.NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration'sElectronicCodeofFederalRegulations.Availablefrom,asofOctober24,2008:http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr

10.9.2 CleanWaterActRequirements

10.10 OtherSafetyInformation




Toxicandirritatinghydrogenchlorideandchlorinegasesmayforminfires.U.S.CoastGuard,DepartmentofTransportation.CHRISHazardousChemicalData.VolumeII.Washington,D.C.:U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice,19845.

Poisonousgasesincludingphenolsandchloridesarproducedinfire.Sittig,M.HandbookofToxicandHazardousChemicalsandCarcinogens,2002.4thed.Vol1AHNorwich,NY:NoyesPublications,2002.,p.585

Combustionmayproduceirritantsandtoxicgases.FireProtectionGuidetoHazardousMaterials.13ed.Quincy,MA:NationalFireProtectionAssociation,2002.,p.4945

10.10.1 ToxicCombustionProducts


Reactswithsomeoxidizingmaterials,organicacids.FireProtectionGuidetoHazardousMaterials.13ed.Quincy,MA:NationalFireProtectionAssociation,2002.,p.4945

10.10.2 OtherHazardousReactions



11 Toxicity

11.1 ToxicologicalInformation

fromILOICSC[2]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0850Thesubstancecanbeabsorbedintothebodybyinhalationofitsaerosol,throughtheskinandbyingestion.11.1.1 ExposureRoutes


Malemicewereadministered4Chlorophenol(4CP),1.5mmol/kgbodyweight,ip,andwerekilledat10,20,30and50minafterdruginjection.Eitheri.p.ororal4CPadministrationsignificantlyloweredtotalliverthiollevelsby2030%after30minand3hrrespectively.Thistimedependenteffectof4CPafteriptreatmentwasenhancedwhenmicewerepretreatedwithhepaticmicrosomalenzymeinducers(phenobarbital,40mg/kgbodyweight,b.i.d.,7daysandbetanaphthoflavone,80mg/kgbodyweightoncedaily,4days).Further,themicrosomalcytochromeP450inhibitor,SKF525A,75mg/kgbodyweightinjectedi.p.tomice30minpriorto4CPadministration,blockedthereductionofliverthiolcontentproducedby4CP.Theresultssuggestthatachemicallyreactiveintermediateof4CPmaybeformedinliverwhichisresponsiblefortheobserveddecreaseinliverthiolcontent.Otherinvestigationsweredonetocharacterizetheinvitroirreversiblebindingof[14C]4CP.[14C]4CPwasboundirreversiblytomouselivermicrosomalproteinsinaconcentrationdependentmanner.BindingwasNADPHdependentandgaveamaximalbindingof12.0nmol/mgprotein/20minandanapparentbindingconstantof0.222mM.[14C]Bindingof4CPwasincreasedby155and127%inlivermicrosomesofphenobarbitalandbetanaphthoflavone.SKF525A,andCO:O2(4:1,v/v)]andselectednucleophiliccompounds(glutathione,LcysteineorLlysine)significantlyreduced[14C]4CPbindingtomouselivermicrosomes.Anepoxidehydrolaseinhibitor,cyclohexeneoxide,didnotaltertheextentofirreversiblebinding,whereasscavengersofsuperoxideanionsoragentsthatarereportedtoreduceaccumulationofactivesemiquinoneandquinonespecies(Lascorbicacid,superoxidedismutaseorepinephrine)decreasedthebindingof[14C]4CPtomouselivermicrosomalproteinsby56,31and92%respectively...Abstract:PubMed

PhornchirasilpSetalBiochemPharmacol38(6):96172(1989)

11.1.2 Interactions



Immediatefirstaid:Ensurethatadequatedecontaminationhasbeencarriedout.Ifpatientisnotbreathing,startartificialrespiration,preferablywithademandvalveresuscitator,bagvalvemaskdevice,orpocketmask,astrained.PerformCPRasnecessary.Immediatelyflushcontaminatedeyeswithgentlyflowingwater.Donotinducevomiting.Ifvomitingoccurs,leanpatientforwardorplaceonleftside(headdownposition,ifpossible)tomaintainanopenairwayandpreventaspiration.Keeppatientquietandmaintainnormalbodytemperature.Obtainmedicalattention./Phenolsandrelatedcompounds/

Currance,P.L.Clements,B.,Bronstein,A.C.(Eds).EmergencyCareForHazardousMaterialsExposure.3Rdedition,ElsevierMosby,St.Louis,MO2005,p.277

Basictreatment:Establishapatentairway(oropharyngealornasopharyngealairway,ifneeded).Suctionifnecessary.Watchforsignsofrespiratoryinsufficiencyandassistventilationsifnecessary.Administeroxygenbynonrebreathermaskat10to15L/min.Monitorforpulmonaryedemaandtreatifnecessary....Monitorforshockandtreatifnecessary....Anticipateseizuresandtreatifnecessary....Foreyecontamination,flusheyesimmediatelywithwater.Irrigateeacheyecontinuouslywith0.9%saline(NS)duringtransport....Administeractivatedcharcoal....Donotuseemetics.Coverskinburnswithdry,steriledressingsafterdecontamination....Maintainbodytemperature./Phenolsandrelatedcompounds/


11.1.3 AntidoteandEmergencyTreatment




Advancedtreatment:Considerorotrachealornasotrachealintubationforairwaycontrolinthepatientwhoisunconscious,hasseverepulmonaryedema,orisinsevererespiratorydistress.Positivepressureventilationtechniqueswithabagvalvemaskdevicemaybebeneficial.Considerdrugtherapyforpulmonaryedema....Monitorcardiacrhythmandtreatarrhythmiasifnecessary....StartIVadministrationofD5W/SRP:"Tokeepopen",minimalflowrate/.Use0.9%saline(NS)orlactatedRinger's(LR)ifsignsofhypovolemiaarepresent.Forhypotensionwithsignsofhypovolemia,administerfluidcautiously.Considervasopressorsifpatientishypotensivewithanormalfluidvolume.Watchforsignsoffluidoverload....Administer1%solutionmethyleneblueifpatientissymptomaticwithseverehypoxia,cyanosis,andcardiaccompromisenotrespondingtooxygen.DIRECTPHYSICIANORDERONLY...Treatseizureswithdiazepamorlorazepam....Useproparacainehydrochloridetoassisteyeirrigation..../Phenolsandrelatedcompounds/





/SIGNSANDSYMPTOMS/...Whenundiluted,itwhitens&cauterizestheskin&mucousmembranes...Osol,A.andJ.E.Hoover,etal.(eds.).Remington'sPharmaceuticalSciences.15thed.Easton,Pennsylvania:MackPublishingCo.,1975.,p.1097

/SIGNSANDSYMPTOMS/1.Burningpaininmouthandthroat.Whitenecroticlesionsinmouth,esophagusandstomach.Abdominalpain,vomiting...andbloodydiarrhea.2.Pallor,sweating,weakness,headache,dizziness,tinnitus.3.Shock:Weakirregularpulse,hypotension,shallowrespirations,cyanosis,pallor,andaprofoundfallinbodytemperature.4.Possiblyfleetingexcitementandconfusion,followedbyunconsciousness...5.Stentorousbreathing,mucousrales,rhonchi,frothingatnoseandmouth,andothersignsofpulmonaryedemaaresometimesseen.Characteristicodorofphenolonthebreath.6.Scanty,darkcolored...urine...moderatelysevererenalinsufficiencymayappear.7.Methemoglobinemia,Heinzbodyhemolyticanemiaandhyperbilirubinemiahavebeenreported...8.Deathfromrespiratory,circulatoryorcardiacfailure.9.Ifspilledonskin,painisfollowedpromptlybynumbness.Theskinbecomesblanched,andadryopaqueescharformsovertheburn.Whentheescharsloughsoff,abrownstainremains./Phenol/

Gosselin,R.E.,R.P.Smith,H.C.Hodge.ClinicalToxicologyofCommercialProducts.5thed.Baltimore:WilliamsandWilkins,1984.,p.II192

/GENOTOXICITY/...Thepurposeofthepresentstudywastoevaluatethegenotoxiceffectsofantimicrobialendodonticcompoundsinhumanperipherallymphocytesbysinglecellgel(comet)assay....Atotalof10uLofthetestedsubstancesolution(formocresol,paramonochlorophenol,andcalciumhydroxideat100ug/mLconcentration)wasaddedtohumanperipherallymphocytesfrom10volunteersfor1hourat37degreesC.Thenegativecontrolgroupwastreatedwithvehiclecontrol(PBS)for1hourat37degreesC,aswell.Forthepositivecontrolgroup,lymphocyteswereexposedtohydrogenperoxideat100uMduring5minutesonice....NoDNAbreakagewasdetectedafteratreatmentofperipherallymphocytesbyformocresol,paramonochlorophenol,orcalciumhydroxideat100ug/mL...Abstract:PubMed

DaSilvaGNetalOralSurgOralMedOralPatholOralRadiolEndod104(2):e5861(2007)

/ALTERNATIVEandINVITROTESTS/...Theaimofthisstudywastoexaminepossible4monochlorophenol(4MCP)toxicityrelatedtometabolicpathways,whichmayimplicatesemiquinonesandreactiveoxygenspecies(ROS),inhumanHepG2cells.Theeffectsof4MCPwereperformedthroughcytotoxicityassays(viability,ATPlevel),metabolicactivities(4MCPintracellularconcentration,NADPHcytochromeP450reductase(CytP450red.)andglutathioneStransferaseactivities,CYP3A7mRNAexpression)andoxidativestress(superoxidedismutase,catalase,glutathioneperoxidaseandglutathionereductaseactivities,glutathionestatus,malondialdehydeconcentration,CYP2E1mRNAexpression)....HepG2cellswereincubatedinthecontinuouspresenceof4MCPat350uMover24or48hr.ResultsshowedstatisticallysignificantdecreasesinATPlevels(24or48hr,P






oxidativestressconditionsinHepG2cells.Abstract:PubMedTruffinDetalJApplToxicol23(2):10914(2003)

/OTHERTOXICITYINFORMATION/4chlorophenolwasshowntopermeatetheskin....Itproducesdamageatathresholdconcnof0.75%(w/v).


/OTHERTOXICITYINFORMATION/Itisamorepotentantisepticthanphenol,butthetoxicityandcausticactionsarealsogreater.

Gilman,A.G.,L.S.Goodman,andA.Gilman.(eds.).GoodmanandGilman'sThePharmacologicalBasisofTherapeutics.7thed.NewYork:MacmillanPublishingCo.,Inc.,1985.,p.970






/LABORATORYANIMALS:AcuteExposure/Inratsoral,subcutaneous,andintraperitoneallethaldosesofthechlorophenolsproducesimilarsignsofpoisoning.Oraladministration,however,resultsinfatalpoisoninginsmallerdosageandinashorterperiodoftimethanscadministration./Chlorophenols/

Clayton,G.D.,F.E.Clayton(eds.)Patty'sIndustrialHygieneandToxicology.Volumes2A,2B,2C,2D,2E,2F:Toxicology.4thed.NewYork,NY:JohnWiley&SonsInc.,19931994.,p.1613

/LABORATORYANIMALS:AcuteExposure/Theresultsofanimalstudiesindicatethatmonochlorophenolsarecorrosivetoepithelialtissue.Severeeffectshavebeenreportedatexposurelevelsof2422,000mg/kgof2CPor4CPapplieddirectlytorabbitskin.Corrosion(notfurtherdescribed)istypicallyaccompaniedbyothersignsofsevereskininjury,includingerythema,edema,anddiscoloration.Asingledermalapplicationofalowerdose(100mg/kg)of4CPtooneearofamousedidnotincreaseearweightrelativetotheuntreatedear.


/LABORATORYANIMALS:AcuteExposure/Monochlorophenolsproduceeffectsrangingfromslighthyperemiatoseverecorrosionwhenappliedtothecorneasofrabbits.Rabbitsadministered0.6mg/kg4CP(a1%solution)showedslighthyperemia.At1.2mg/kg,rabbitshadmoreseverehyperemiawithedematousswelling,cornealcloudiness,andexudation.Themaximumresponseoccurred5hoursafterapplication.Inflammationwasnolongerapparentat96hours.


/LABORATORYANIMALS:AcuteExposure/Inmostacuteanimalstudiesinvolving2CP,4CP,4DCPexposure,acommonsyndromeofeffectsprecedesdeath.Thissyndromeincludesrestlessness,tremors,convulsions,dyspneaand/ortachypnea,andcollapseorcoma.Inmanyofthesestudies,themajoreffectsassociatedwithexposuretohighdosesofmanyphenoliccompoundsaremyoclonicconvulsions,orspasmodictwitchingofagroupofmuscles.


/LABORATORYANIMALS:AcuteExposure/Asingleoraldoseof514mg/kg4CPproducedseizuresimmediatelyfollowedbydeathinmaleICRmice.


/LABORATORYANIMALS:AcuteExposure/...Applieddermallycausesskinirritationandnecrosisinrabbits,rats,andguineapigs,...exposurecanresultinconvulsiveseizures/whichcanbeinducedbypain/.


11.1.5 NonHumanToxicityExcerpts










/LABORATORYANIMALS:AcuteExposure/Catssurvivedfourdose

4-Chlorophenol _ c6h5clo - Pubchem

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