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2.6 Impact of Feature Usage on Service Performance (L.38.1.1(f))L.38.1.1(f) An assessment of the impact of various levels of feature usage on service performance.
Sprint will function without affecting performance at 10 percent, 25 percent, and 50
percent above projected feature utilization load. The increase in feature usage indicates
network and service performance during estimated normal, 10 percent, 25 percent, and 50
percent above the estimated normal FTS2001 loads will be without impact to the
Government.
The details of feature utilization on a per service basis are detailed in Section 2 of this
volume under each individual service section.
2.7 Network Control and Diagnostics (L.38.1.1(g))L.38.1.1(g) A description of network control and diagnostic capabilities and systems, including equipment and procedures for monitoring
and testing each of the services and associated features.
The Sprint network is managed by several management and control centers, located in
the Kansas City metropolitan area. Back-up facilities exist for each control center. Figure
1.A.2-12 details the Sprint Control Center Locations.
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Figure 1.A.2-12 Sprint Control Center Locations
Network Management Center
The Network Management Center (NMC) is responsible for real-time network and traffic
management functions in the switching/signaling network. The NMC plays a proactive role
in the surveillance and control of the SS7/C7 functionality. The NMC is also responsible for
SONET transmission service delivery.
Transmission Control Center
The Transmission Control Center (TCC) handles all transmission services, including both
asynchronous and SONET transmission surveillance and control.The TCC is also responsible
for transmission restoration capabilities for SONET and DCS 3/1.
The TCC provides real-time maintenance surveillance of the network. The TCC has a
computer-based surveillance
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Broadband Operations Service Delivery
The Broadband Operations Service Delivery (BBOSD) is responsible for all ATM
service delivery and service assurance. The BBOSD is also responsible for strategic
initiatives and developmental issues associated with broadband network management and
support systems.
Scheduled Event Management
The Scheduled Event Management (SEM) group coordinates major network projects,
maintenance window activities, and local exchange carrier (LEC)/ alternate access vendor
(AAV) scheduled maintenance. The Call Before You Dig (CBYD) center is also managed by
the SEM and is responsible for vendor management of individual state “One-Call” agencies,
research of dig requests, and coordination of dig activities with Field
Operations.Operational Support Systems Center
The Operational Support Systems Center (OSSC) is responsible for support system
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2.8 Network Transmission and Synchronization Plans (L.38.1.1(h))L.38.1.1(h) Network transmission and synchronization plans for the various services.
Network synchronization, the communication timing within and between networks, plays
a critical role as high-speed communication networks span the globe. Sprint is particularly
well suited to handle the Government’s demand for worldwide data transmission because of
our 100 percent digital, fiber-optic network in the U.S.—the ideal transmission medium for
high-speed data transmission.
Digital network synchronization, as implemented on the Sprint network, assures that the
network will transport data end-to-end and interconnect with other networks with no, or
minimal, degradation. The benefits of Sprint synchronization include transmission clarity,
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virtually error-free operation, and survivability using Digital Cross-connect System (DCS)
devices.
Sprint uses either a LORAN (long range navigation) or a GPS (Global Positioning
Satellite) Primary Reference Source at all of our nodes and switch sites to provide the
Government with state of the art plesiochronous synchronization. Plesiochronous
synchronization is a false synchronization that allows network independent synchronization
at each
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provide 100 percent fiber-optic transport with plesiochronous synchronization, Sprint
provides Stratum 1 timing sources at different network nodes rather than one centralized
source. The plesiochronous technique does not experience the timing degradation of long
timing distribution links. This synchronization method is also uniquely suitable to a total
fiber-optic network because of the automatic reconfiguration capability provided by diverse
fiber links from a node to different Stratum 1 clocks, which are provided via Loran-C
systems. The Loran-C system, maintained by the U.S. Coast Guard, is a low-frequency
terrestrial radio navigation system. It operates from 90 to 100 kHz, with a carrier frequency
of 100 kHz. Because these low frequency radio waves follow the earth’s curvature, they are
both stable and unaffected by the ionosphere. Loran-C transmissions are referenced to
Cesium Beam frequency standards (Stratum 1) and are Universal Time Coordinated (UTC).
The benefits of the Loran-C synchronization method are assured through multiple redundant
Stratum 1 primary reference sources.
The GPS system uses atomic clocks mounted inside satellites for distributing UCT
(Universal Coordinated Time) timing. These satellites then transmit timing beacons that
cover broad areas of the earth. Originally developed for military use, GPS has recently been
made available for commercial applications.
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Sprint will also provide timing to Government Furnished Equipment (GFE) for digital
User to Network Interfaces (UNIs) when the access is provided by Sprint. The Government
should derive timing from these digital UNIs by setting the GFE to derive timing from the
network. The GFE will synchronize the transmit path to the receive path, thus insuring
integrity of synchronization across digital networks.
For analog UNIs, Sprint can not provide timing to GFE. Analog UNIs do not require
digital timing. Examples of analog UNI applications are telephones served by a 4kHz UNI
and analog modems of speeds to 33.6 kbps.
For any type of Switched Circuit access originating or terminating through the PSTN,
including PRI and BRI, the Government should derive timing on digital interfaces from their
access provider. This is the best commercial practice, and is fully supported by
Interexchange Carriers, Local Exchange Carriers, foreign Postal Telephone & Telegraph
companies, and most Competitive Local Exchange Carriers.
If the Government orders Class 1 dedicated access from a provider other than Sprint, the
Government must derive timing from that access provider. LECs and CLECs do not
synchronize their networks from Sprint. Generally, they provide their own synchronization
within their network, similar to Sprint’s synchronization plan. The Government should assess
the synchronization plan for these access providers to ensure they are properly synchronized
and capable of supplying digital timing. In addition, the Government will be responsible for
resolving timing errors at Sprint’s POPs where Class 1 access terminates. The Government
should understand Sprint is not responsible for timing problems on end-to-end service where
the access facilities are not ordered through Sprint.
Sprint, through its account teams, will assist the Government in devising a
synchronization plan for Agency networks. In complex networks, a logical plan to ensure
digital integrity takes planning and dialog between Sprint and the Government.
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2.9 Approach for Incorporating Services (L.38.1.1(i))L.38.1.1(i) Approach for incorporating into the Offeror’s Network, at some future time, the emerging services listed in Section C.2.8 that
the offeror believes are likely to become commercially available in the time frame covered by this acquisition including discussion of
potential problems and proposed solutions.
Increased demand for communications services is converging from three sources: radio/
TV, data, and telephony. To meet the associated demand on network resources of these
emerging services, Sprint’s forward-thinking engineers are working with their customers to
meet their current and projected needs for transmission facilities. XXXXXXXXXXXX
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These worlds are also highly dynamic. Services appear overnight and ramp up at
astronomical rates, new technologies create new services with unpredictable demands on
specific network resources. Since Sprint maintains its leadership position in planning for and
implementing emerging services, we are well positioned to customize these services for the
Government and provide the network resources to support them as well.
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SONET enables the Sprint network to transport large amounts of bandwidth at
unprecedented speeds, while providing a flexible platform for expanding services.
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Sprint will ensure all emerging services will interoperate seamlessly with FTS2001
services. Sprint will partner with the Government to test interoperability of emerging
services and features. This testing will incorporate all aspects of the service, from service
ordering to billing.
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Sprint has a long history of successfully migrating customers, including Government
customers, to new technologies, systems, and services. In 1987, Sprint laid the cornerstone of
its advanced broadband network strategy with the migration of traffic from an analog
microwave transmission system to a digital fiber based backbone. In 1988, Sprint
successfully implemented Signaling System 7 on its network. The company went on to
introduce SONET transmission, then SONET rings, the DINA platform for toll-free services,
and the migration to a commercial billing platform (IPS) for its commercial accounts. Sprint
also has introduced numerous back-office systems for customer support. These industry-
leading changes have been acknowledged by telecommunications experts, including
significant accolades such as the naming of Sprint Chief Technology Officer Marty Kaplan
as 1997 Technologist of the Year, and Sprint as Data Communications magazine’s 1998 data
leader.
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X
X
2.10 Approach for Adapting to meet Government’s Service Requirements (L.38.1.1(j))L.38.1.1(j) Approach for adapting the offeror’s network and services to meet the Government’s evolving service requirements.
Sprint serves an extremely diverse client base. Customers range from large Federal
agencies with complex telecommunications requirements to plain old telephone service
(POTS) to individual citizens. The common denominators among these customers are that
each has unique requirements and demands the latest technology. As a result, customers’
requirements frequently drive the direction of our telecommunications resource development.
For example, the international ATM market continues to expand due to the demands for
high-speed bandwidth by the
The interaction with our customers inherently required in the development and execution
of complex transport services provides Sprint a valuable, unique opportunity to understand
and anticipate Government customers’ telecommunications needs. Members of the Program
Life Cycle Teams (LCT), led by the Program and Account managers, are the key participants
in this ongoing interaction.
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To maintain our sharp customer focus, Sprint personnel pursue effective opportunities to
interact with, provide resources to, listen to and understand our customers. We participate in
industry trade shows, consortium special interest groups, associations, discussion panels and
seminars, encouraging customers to share needs and ideas, asking questions, presenting our
solutions, and building relationships. Additionally, Sprint frequently polls its customer base
to determine its overall customer satisfaction.
Maintaining attentive relationships with our customers enables Sprint to pro-actively and
efficiently adapt our network and services to meet the Government’s evolving service
requirements. Thorough understanding of the scope and range of the Government’s evolving
requirements allows the maximum leverage of economies of scale and optimization and
customization of resources.An example is Sprint’s XXXXXXAccount Team, which assessed
the rapidly increasing demand for satellite services, enlisted a subcontractor to provide cost-
effective service to multiple accounts, optimized the required capital investment, and
provided XXXXXXXXXXX customers with the flexible, reasonably priced, high quality
satellite service they required.
Additionally, Account Teams participate in and influence corporate-wide initiatives to
ensure that Sprint will provide specific solutions for the Government’s future requirements.
Sprint’s National Integrated Services organization is assessing future Government
requirements for bundled local and long distance service in an effort to ensure that Sprint is
maintaining our position of leadership in the expanding telecommunications industry and
supporting legislation allowing open competition.
New products and services are introduced to customer and potential Government
customers via pilot programs and field trials, the results of which are linked back to business
and market development groups, shaping Sprint’s strategic direction. Sprint emphasizes
Government customer participation in leading edge focus groups both internal and external
to the organization. Additionally, Sprint account and Life Cycle teams engage in program
reviews with the Government, encouraging their input and sharing of ideas. All of these
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techniques are used by Sprint to listen and learn from the Government, and to develop
Government-specific applications.
The importance and value of key products and service features to our Government
customers is specifically documented in their Requests for Proposal (RFPs). Life Cycle
Teams (LCTs) monitor, compare and evaluate RFPs to identify specific demand trends.
Additionally, LCTs and account managers maintain attentive relationships with the
Government. For example, we are providing our Government customers with training on the
new Federal Telecommunications legislation, encouraging discussion on strategies to
optimize the Government customers’ benefit from the changing market.Sprint continually
assesses the Government’s evolving service requirements and develops plans to integrate
these needs with our strategic product and business goals. Sprint’s pro-active approach to
adapting our network is evidenced by our role in driving Sprint’s ATM, Internet, Frame
Relay, and Managed Network Services, all of which were direct results of evolving
Government requirements.
2.11 Domestic and International Service Coverage (L.38.1.1(k))L.38.1.1(k) Discussion of the offeror’s ability to meet the domestic and international service coverage requirements including limitations in
current coverage (especially non-domestic dedicated access) and the offeror’s plans for increasing this coverage after contract award and
during the term of the contract, including explicit lists of where and when services and features will be offered.
Domestic Coverage
Sprint’s coverage of the mandatory services far exceeds the requirements. Sprint delivers
a variety of services over its all-fiber backbone network, including:
• DCS-based services
• Circuit Switched-based services
• Cell/Packet-based services
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Sprint has XXXPOPs in all 196 LATAs. These POPs are connected by Sprint’s 26,000
route miles of fiber-optic network. Sprint is adding additional mileage, additional
POPs, and route diversity. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX All mandatory services
required under FTS2001 will be provided at allXXXSprint POPs.Digital Cross-Connect
Switch (DCS) Service Delivery
The DCS is used in the Sprint network for DTS service as well as for the integration of
all Sprint services.
XTrunking of the DCS is provided in a non-hierarchical manner. InterMachine Trunk
(IMT) groups interconnect each switch with all other equivalent switches within the network
and provide monitoring for all DS0 and DS1 services.
Circuit Switch Service Delivery
Digital switching architecture is based on a redundant design concept. Each common
component of the digital switching equipment, including the centralized processor units, is
fully duplicated. If a hardware or software failure occurs, the system automatically switches
from the active to hot standby components.
X
X
X
XX
X
X
XWhile circuit switched services have typically been perceived as supporting voice traffic,
switched data is also supported on the Sprint network. Dial-up voice grade data transmission
is currently provided as a permissive service or function on Sprint’s network. The network is
compatible with all modems that are designed for voiceband telephone networks.
X
X
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XFunctionally, Sprint’s switched network is neither a voice nor a data network, but rather
a digital transport platform for transmission of switched data services.No distinction is made
at the network level between voice, voice band data, and data transport.
Customers with T1 or channelized T-3 access extend the basic digital capability of the
fiber-optic network to their service locations. X
X
X
Signaling System 7 (SS7)
Sprint was the first long-distance carrier to implement Signaling System 7 (SS7)
nationwide and the first to connect with a local exchange carrier (BellSouth in May, 1991).
SS7 provides immediate benefits in terms of network performance, operational efficiencies,
call processing, and the ability to develop advanced features for our
customersXXXXXXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Signaling System 7 was developed from the Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
international standards recommendations set by the ITU Telecommunication Standardization
Sector (formerly CCITT), the international telephony standards organization.
CCS is based on the concept of “out-of-band” signaling, in which signaling is a data
communications function and has its own channels on the network separate from the call
transmission facilities. SS7 was determined to be strategically important for the following
reasons:
• SS7 takes full advantage of fiber-optic transmission technology and meets the
requirements of recent ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector and North
American standards activity.
• SS7 is a high-speed, reliable data network designed to support the call set-up and
intelligent network needs of the Sprint network.
• SS7 is a basic block required for the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN),
and will make possible the addition of an abundance of new features and services
which depend upon SS7 technology. The variety of different services available with
digital networks could not be offered with transparent interconnection without the
use of common channel signaling. SS7 is the signaling system transport mechanism
for ISDN, which has been developed with the ultimate goal of combining all
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communications services into a single network to which any customer has access
over common facilities. X
X
Packet-Based Service Delivery
Sprint’s PSS offering, based on the international standard X.25 protocol, is one of the
world’s largest public data networks (PDN). This service, SprintNet, provides an electronic
pipeline over which computers around the world exchange information at high speeds.
Dynamic alternate re-routing, built-in redundancy, and backup services ensure network
availability.
The network also reflects a commitment to using high speed (minimum 56/64 kbps)
digital circuits as the primary path wherever possible, taking full advantage of Sprint’s equity
in major international digital fiber-optic systems.
Dedicated connections between customer sites and the network are monitored to detect
local loop failures, and in the event of a failure, immediate steps are taken to begin remedial
action. SprintNet currently supports over 3,000 host connections and over 3.5 million
computer accesses per day.
The SprintNet PDN uses a combination of digital multiplexers and packet switches to
provide a backbone “data transport platform.” The intelligent portion of the PDN backbone
is derived from Sprint’s fiber-optic network and takes full advantage of its redundant ring
design. The T1 network is used to provide transport services for the SprintNetX.25 PDN. X
X
X
X
X
X
XThe Sprint Frame Relay network utilizes a multiservice switch to support a variety of
applications, including high-speed LAN internetworking and Systems Network Architecture
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(SNA).The network supports backbone speeds XXXXXXXXX full compliance with frame
relay standardsXX
X
X
X
XSprintIP is the service that will fulfill the IP requirements for the Government. Sprint
utilizes the standard TCP/IP protocol to deliver dial and dedicated services. Sprint has an
OC-3 network, migrating to an OC-12 backbone. Sprint will provide access to the Internet,
or supply the Government an intranet, or private IP networkX
X
X
X
X
X
X
XSprint has deployed an XXXXXATM architecture to provide a cost-effective, high
performance solution for the Government. Figure 1.A.2-18 depicts the Sprint ATM Network
Architecture. X
X
X
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XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XT1 ATM and T3 ATM access will be provided from all Sprint point-of-presence (POP)
locations. OC3c ATM access is availableX
XX
X
X
XInternational Coverage
Sprint has been formulating alliances, partnerships, and joint ventures on a global basis
since the early 1980s to better serve the needs of our growing base of multinational
customers. To this end, one of the most important partnerships in the telecommunications
industry was launched on February 1, 1996. Sprint, France Telecom, and Deutsche Telekom
developed a global partnership that provides superior and cost effective global
telecommunications services to business, consumer, and carrier markets worldwide. This
partnership became GlobalOne.
Key advantages to conducting international business with Sprint include:
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• One Point-of-Contact - Locally based global account managers handle every aspect
of the Government’s international communications requirements, from designing the
service portfolio to answering billing questions.
• One Point-of-Support - 24 hours-a-day, 7 days-a-week, dedicated service agents
are ready to respond to any question or problem.
• One Global Network - State-of-the-art technology means optimum network
performance and availability.
The information systems infrastructure of GlobalOne supports multi-currency and
multilingual billing, consolidated billing and reporting, and global service management—as
befits a truly global company.
XXXXtechnical and customer service operating centers and the processes of Regional
Operating Groups and National Service Organizations are consistently managed to ensure
cost-effective internetworking service in accordance with centrally set GlobalOne standards.
All network and IT operations are conducted by the Regional Operating Groups. When
National Operators act as network extensions for GlobalOne, the maximum degree of
network oversight and integration is sought, to maintain the interworking of services
provided to our customers.
From the very beginning, Sprint through GlobalOne has been able to offer corporate
network services in more than 65 countries using over 1,200 points of presence. Within five
years, this presence will be extended to more than XXXX data nodes in XXX countries.
The Global One Partnership
This joint venture differs significantly from other alliances in many ways, including the
following:
• The charter is broader, covering networking requirements of global business,
consumer, and carrier markets.
• GlobalOne was created to provide a broad range of international services by
integrating the expertise of its three parent companies.
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• Each of the three owners has an equal voice in determining the strategic direction of
the enterprise.
Taken separately, Sprint, France Telecom, and Deutsche Telekom already had significant
international and offshore operations aimed at serving the global requirements of medium,
large, and multinational corporations—as well as Government’s. These activities require
global product management, offshore implementation of end-to-end network platforms and
trouble resolution, and out-of-home-country sales and sales support. GlobalOne is the only
global alliance that operates as a single company providing these global platforms under one
roof.
Through this partnership with two of the world’s largest telecommunications companies,
Sprint has become a leader in providing global telecommunications. Sprint’s global presence
effectively addresses the Government’s present and future international telecommunications
needs.
Deutsche Telekom
Deutsche Telekom, with 1996 revenues of more than $(US)40.6 billion, is Europe’s
largest telecommunications operator with 40 million phone lines in service and the world’s
second largest generator of international telecommunications service revenue. As the
national operator of all switched voice, telex, and public telephone services, Deutsche
Telekom acts as the local and long-distance telecommunications provider for the unified
German Republic.
Deutsche Telekom offers a complete range of services and products, both nationally and
internationally, and is at the leading edge of some of the most important telecommunications
developments: ISDN, ATM, and Fiber-to-the-home. Deutsche Telekom has 3 million ISDN
lines in service and 16 million cable TV subscribers. Approximately 2.4 million homes are
currently passed by fiber-optic cable with plans for expansion during 1997 to 5.4 million
homes.
France Telecom
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France Telecom, with 1995 revenues of more than $(US)29.6 billion, is Europe’s second
largest carrier and the world’s fourth largest telecommunications provider with 32 million
telephone lines in service. As the national operator of all switched voice, telex, and public
telephone services in France, France Telecom acts as both the local and long-distance
telecommunications provider.
In addition to local and long-distance switched voice, France Telecom provides
businesses and consumers with the full range of voice, data, video, wireless, and cable
television services. France Telecom has been active in the foreign telecommunications
markets for decades and has acquired substantial global experience offering basic telephone
and value-added services. The company is a significant force in the development of
telecommunications networks in several countries.
2.12 International Carriers and Service Providers Performance Standards (L.38.1.1(l))L.38.1.1(l) Discussion of the performance standards associated with the international carriers and service providers the offeror proposes
to use.
Sprint has expanded the reach of our domestic 100 percent fiber-optic network with a
comprehensive array of international facilities designed to offer the Government the highest
quality when calling overseas. With a state-of-the-art domestic network, the world’s largest
global data network, the world’s largest video conferencing service, and a growing number
of strategic arrangements with overseas carriers, Sprint is well positioned to meet all of the
Government’s international voice, data, and video requirementsInternational Switched
Services
Sprint’s switched services network consists of XXdomesticXX
X and XXXXinternational gateway XXXswitchesInternational switched traffic may be
routed through one of these XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXgateway switchesX
X
XX
X
XX
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X
XX
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XInternational Private Line Service
For International Private Line (IPL) services, Sprint’s Digital Cross-connect Systems
(DCS) provide the connectivity for all International Clearline® circuits. The uniform DCS-
based design of Sprint’s domestic network provides a superior platform for our International
Clearline® customers by offering 100 percent fiber-optic connections,X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
XX
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XInternational Value-Added Networks
The GlobalOne global data network is one of the world’s largest public data networks,
with over 846 access points in 45 countries. The network also reflects a commitment to using
high-speed (minimum 56/64 kbps up to 256 kbps) digital circuits as the primary path
wherever possible, taking full advantage of Sprint’s equity in major international digital,
fiber-optic systems.
X
XX
XX
XXX
X
X
X
XAll international calls originating at locations within the mainland United States will
have the inherent advantages of originating on Sprint’s 100 percent digital, domestic fiber-
optic network to an international gateway.X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
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X
X
X
X
XXX
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
XX
XX
X
X
XX
XXX
X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX2.13 Optimizing the Government’s Switched Data Cost Effectiveness
(L.38.1.1(m))L.38.1.1(m) Network evolution approach to optimizing the Government’s switched data cost-effectiveness (e.g., by extending network
concentration and switching pairs).
Sprint has near-term and long-term technological solutions to minimize access costs by
provisioning Switched Data Services. X
X
X
X
X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
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XXX
X
XThe Sprint Government Services Division sales and engineering teams will develop
customized solutions that exceed the Governments performance requirements and also
minimize the Governments costs. Every solution will be evaluated based upon traffic
pattern, traffic volume, as well as usage duration. Sprint will minimize the Governments
costs by conducting engineering trade-off studies to determine how to minimize access
charges.
2.14 Approach to Achieve IPS Interoperability (L.38.1.1(o))L.38.1.1(n) Approach to achieve IPS interoperability (see Section L.38.1.3.4).
Sprint will provide interoperability of IPS with Internet and the Federal Government IP
networks through existing connectivity with every Network Access Point (NAP) for Internet
and with both Federal Internet Exchange (FIX) points for the Federal Government IP
networks. These FIXes are located at Moffit Field, CA, and College Park, MD. After
contract award, Sprint will coordinate with the Federal Networking Council for
interconnection standards.
X
X
X
X
X
XThe Internet is essentially multiple networks that are linked. The links between
networks are called interconnect points and are gateways between networks, (like Sprint
Internet Access Service), to other National Service Providers (NSPs). The network of
internetworked Internet Service Providers (ISPs), through high-speed interconnect points,
forms the backbone of the Internet. Sprint Internet Access Service continues to maintain as
many Internet Service Provider interconnect points as are reasonably required.X
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XSprint privately peers with several National ISPs, offering connection to the global
Internet.3.0 Problems and Proposed Solutions (L.38.1(a)(3))L.38.1(a)(3) Describe the problems that could be encountered in meeting the requirements, and propose solutions to any foreseen
problems.
Sprint does not see any insurmountable problems in meeting and delivering the required
servicesX
XX
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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