3rd Lectures Quant - BRM

8/9/2019 3rd Lectures Quant - BRM

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In the name of Allah Kareem,Most Beneficent, Most Gracious,the Most Merciful !


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33SUPERIOR GROUP OF COLLEGES

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is "a formal, objective, systematicprocess in which numerical data are utilised to obtaininformation about the world" (Burns and Grove cited byCormack 1991). Quantitative research is inclined to bedeductive. In other words it tests theory.

General aims of quantitative research

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is "a formal, objective, systematicprocess in which numerical data are utilised to obtaininformation about the world" (Burns and Grove cited byCormack 1991). Quantitative research is inclined to bedeductive. In other words it tests theory.

General aims of quantitative research

To generalize To be objective To test theories or hypotheses

To generalize To be objective To test theories or hypotheses


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1. Theory

3. Research Design

4. Devise measures of concepts

5. Select research site(s)

2. Hypothesis

6. Select research subjects /Respondents

7. Administer researchinstruments / collect data

8. Process data

11. Write up findings/conclusions

10. Findings / Conclusions

9. Analysis andinterpretations

Quantitative Research ProcessQuantitative Research Process


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oncepts and their Measuremen

Concept:Concepts are the generalized ideas aboutobjects, attributes, occurrence or process thathas been given a name for identification, be itphysical or non physical. Concepts are thebuilding blocks of theory.

Examples

Achievement motivation, Structure, agency,technology, charismatic, leadership, followers,

TQM, functional subcultures, knowledge,managerial identity, motivation, Morale,productivity, etc

Concept:Concepts are the generalized ideas aboutobjects, attributes, occurrence or process thathas been given a name for identification, be itphysical or non physical. Concepts are thebuilding blocks of theory.

Examples

Achievement motivation, Structure, agency,technology, charismatic, leadership, followers,TQM, functional subcultures, knowledge,managerial identity, motivation, Morale,productivity, etc


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Anything that may have varied (different)numerical or categorical values is called variables

Example: Gender is a variable: it can take twovalues male or female. Family income is also avariable as it can take values form zero to billionsof rupees.

Variable


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A construct is a hypothetical mechanism that helpsexplain and predict behavior in a theory.

Example: A bright boy does poor work in college

because le has low motivation. Now the question is whatmotivation is. How we can measures it is low or high.Such variables are called Construct, Hypothetical of In-tangibles variables.

Construct Variable


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Operationalization is the process of defining a conceptso that it becomes measurable variable, which isachieved by looking at behavioral dimensions andcategorizing them into observable and measurableelements . When ever the variables in the research study arehypothetical or construct, you must use operational

definition to define and measure the variables.

Operationalization is the process of defining a conceptso that it becomes measurable variable, which isachieved by looking at behavioral dimensions andcategorizing them into observable and measurableelements . When ever the variables in the research study arehypothetical or construct, you must use operational

definition to define and measure the variables.

Operationalization


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Steps of Operationalization


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Gender 1.Male2.Female

Motivation1.Highly Motivated2.Moderately Motivated3.Less Motivated

Temperature1.97 C2.98 C3.99 C

Time1.10 seconds

Means10 secondsmore than 0

ooo


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Scale Definition Properties Base Example

Nominalscale

A scale in which objects or individual isbroken into categories that have nonumerical properties.

Identity Difference Gender

Nationality

Religion

OrdinalScale

A scale in which objects or individualsare categorized and the categories forma rank order along a continuum.

Directional Order A is longer than B

Comparison Chart


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Scale Definition Properties Base Example

IntervalScale

A scale in which the units of measurement (intervals) between thenumbers on the scale are all equal.

Equal unitSize

Magnitude A is 2 feet longer than B

Ratio Scale A scale in which, in addition to order andequal units of measurement, there is anabsolute zero that indicates an absenceof the variables being measure.

Ratio Absolute zero A is 2 feet long means 2 feet morethan 0


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BinaryResponse

formatsNumericalResponse

formats

Verbal formats

Bipolarnumerical

formats

Frequencyformats

Response formats forscales

My job is usually interesting enough to keep me from getting bored agree disagree

My job is usually interesting enough to keep me for getting bored5 4 3 2 1

May job is usually interesting enough to keep me from getting boredStrongly agree__ agree__ undecided__ disagree___ strongly disagree__

I love my job 5 4 3 2 1I hate my job

My job is usually interesting enough to keep me from getting bored All of the time ____ often _____ fairly often ____ occasionally ___ none of the time ____

My job is usually interesting enough to keep me from getting bored All of the time ____ often _____ fairly often ____ occasionally ___ none of the time ____


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Face Validity

( Validity where measure apparently

reflects the content of the concept inquestion)

Predictive

(Researcher employs the criterion

whereby a new scale predicts a futureevent)

Validity(Are we Measuringthe

Right thing)

Convergent

(A test has convergent validity if it has ahigh correlation with another test thatmeasures the same construct)

Concurrent

(Researcher employs the criterion

whereby a new scale measures acurrent event)


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Reliability

(Accuracy in

Measurement)

Test-retest

reliability

Inter-itermconsistencyreliability

Split- half reliability

Parallel-formreliability


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SAMPLINGSAMPLINGImportant terms in Sampling

Population - basically, the universe of units from which thesample is to be selected. The term units is employed because it is notnecessarily people who are being sampled. The researcher may wantto sample from a universe of nations, cities, regions, firms, etc. thus,population has a much broader meaning than the everyday use of theterm, whereby it tends to be associated with a nations entirepopulation.

Sample the segment of the population that is selected for theinvestigation. It is a subset of the population. The method of selectionmay be based on a probability or a non-probability approach (seebelow). Sampling frame the listing of all the units in the populationfrom which the sample will be selected. Representative Sample a sample that reflects the populationaccurately so that it is a microcosm of the population. Sampling error the difference between a sample and thepopulation from which it is selected, even though a probability sample


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Sampling

SamplingTechnique

Probabilit

y

Non-

Probability

Simple randomsample

Systematic sample

Stratified random

sample

Conveniencesampling

Snowball

samplingQuota sampling


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METHODS

METHODS

Surveys

Survey is a quantitative research strategy that involves the structuredcollection of data from a pre-determined sample. It involves followingmethods

1.Questionnaire2.Structured interview3.Structured Observation

Surveys

Survey is a quantitative research strategy that involves the structuredcollection of data from a pre-determined sample. It involves followingmethods

1.Questionnaire2.Structured interview3.Structured Observation

Survey

Questionnaire StructuredInterview

On-linequestionnaires

Postalquestionnaires

Self administeredquestionnaires Telephone

InterviewsFace to face

interview

StructuredObservation

ParticipantObservation

Non -ParticipantObservation


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QUESTIONNAIRESQUESTIONNAIRES

Questionnaire is pre-formulated written set of questions to whichrespondents record their answers.

Questionnaire is pre-formulated written set of questions to whichrespondents record their answers.

Questionnaires can be:Questionnaires can be:

On-line questionnairesPostal questionnairesSelf administered

questionnaire

On-line questionnairesPostal questionnairesSelf administered

questionnaire


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Variety of factors influencequestionnaire

Variety of factors influencequestionnaire

The choice of questionnaire will be influenced by a variety of factors related to your

The choice of questionnaire will be influenced by a variety of factors related to your

Research question (s)Research objective

Characteristics of respondentsSize of sampleDimensions of the concept to be measuredAnd availability of required resources.

Research question (s)Research objective

Characteristics of respondentsSize of sampleDimensions of the concept to be measuredAnd availability of required resources.


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Questionnaire

Principleof

wording

Principles

Of Measurement

GeneralGetup

Content andPurpose of question

Wording&

language

Types and formof questionnaire Sequencing

ClassificationData or personal

information

Categorizing

Coding

Scalesand

Scaling

Reliability&

Validity

Appearance of questionnaire

Length of questionnaire

Introduction torespondents

Introduction for completion


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DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIREDESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE

Designing a questionnaire is based on followingprinciplesDesigning a questionnaire is based on followingprinciples

1- Principle of wording

i. The nature of the variable will determine what kind and number of questions will be asked i.e ranking, rating or dichotomous

ii. The wording should be simple, easy and appropriate

iii. Closed ended questions will be used with the intention to haveease, and enhanced comparability .

1- Principle of wording

i. The nature of the variable will determine what kind and number of questions will be asked i.e ranking, rating or dichotomous

ii. The wording should be simple, easy and appropriate

iii. Closed ended questions will be used with the intention to haveease, and enhanced comparability .

iv. Add both positively as well as negatively worded questionsiv. Add both positively as well as negatively worded questions

v. Always avoid double barreled, ambiguous, recall dependent, leading

or loaded questions

v. Always avoid double barreled, ambiguous, recall dependent, leading

or loaded questionsvi. The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be from

general to specific, and easy to more difficult. It is also called funnelapproach.

vi. The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be fromgeneral to specific, and easy to more difficult. It is also called funnelapproach.


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2- Principle of Measurement:

i. Interval and Ratio scales should be used in preference to nominal orordinal scales

ii. The measure must be assessed through tests of validity andreliability

2- Principle of Measurement:

i. Interval and Ratio scales should be used in preference to nominal orordinal scales

ii. The measure must be assessed through tests of validity andreliability

3- General Getup:

As a whole the questionnaire should cover the following aspects

i- The questionnaire should start with a good Introduction followed bywell organized questions with instructions and guidance andsequence. Only relevant personal information should be demandedthat is not sensitive, at last and ended with a courteous note.

3- General Getup:

As a whole the questionnaire should cover the following aspects

i- The questionnaire should start with a good Introduction followed bywell organized questions with instructions and guidance and

sequence. Only relevant personal information should be demandedthat is not sensitive, at last and ended with a courteous note.


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Structured InterviewingStructured Interviewing

Structured interviewing is the process of administering an interviewschedule by an interviewer. The aim is for all interviewees to be

given exactly the same context of questioning. In this way theinterviewers are supposed to read questions exactly.

Structured interviewing is the process of administering an interviewschedule by an interviewer. The aim is for all interviewees to be

given exactly the same context of questioning. In this way theinterviewers are supposed to read questions exactly.

Structured ObservationsStructured Observations It is a p u r p o s e f u l, s y s t e m a t ic a n d s e lec t iv e w a y o f w a t ch in g a n d lis t e n in g t o a n in t e r a c t io n o r p h e n o m e n o n a s it t a k e s p la ce .

Ob s e r va t io n is s u it a b le wh e n

Re s e a r ch e r is m o r e in t e r e s t e d in t h e b e h a vio r r a the r in th e p e r ce p t io n s o f in d iv id u a ls , Wh e n the s u b je c t s a r e s o in vo lve d in t h e int e r a c t io n th a t t h e y a r e u n a b le t o p r o vid e o b jec t ive in f o r m a t io n a b o u t it .

It is a pu r p o s e f u l, s y s t em a t ic a n d s e le c t iv e w a y o f w a t ch in g a n d lis t e n in g t o a n in t e r a c t io n o r p h e n o m e n o n as it t a k e s p la ce .

Ob s e r va t io n is s u ita b le wh e n

Re s e a r ch e r is m o r e in t e r e s t e d in t h e b e h a vio r ra the r in t h e p e r ce p t io n s o f ind iv id u a ls ,Wh e n the su b jec t s a r e so in vo lve d in th e in t e r a c t io n th a t th e y a r e u n a b le to p ro vide ob je c t ive in f o r m a t io n a b o u t it .


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Types of ObservationsTypes of Observations There are two types of observation:

1. Participants observation2. Non-participants observation

There are two types of observation:

1. Participants observation2. Non-participants observation

Participant Observation:

It is when a researcher participates in the activities of the group beingobserved in the same manner as its members, with or without theirknowing that they are being observed. e.g. Hawthorne studies.

Participant Observation:

It is when a researcher participates in the activities of the group beingobserved in the same manner as its members, with or without theirknowing that they are being observed. e.g. Hawthorne studies.

Non-participant Observation:

Is when a researcher do not get involved in the activities of the group butremains a passive observer, watching and listening to its activities anddrawing conclusions from this.

E.g. observing through cameras

Non-participant Observation:

Is when a researcher do not get involved in the activities of the group butremains a passive observer, watching and listening to its activities anddrawing conclusions from this.

E.g. observing through cameras

Mode of Description Advantages Disadvantages


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dataDescription Advantages Disadvantages

Personal or face-to-faceinterviews

The interviewer andinterviewee confronted eachother

Can establish rapport and motivaterespondentsCan clarify the questions, clear doubts addnew questionsCan read nonverbal cuesCan use visual aids to clarify points.Rich data can be obtainedCAPI can be used and responses entered in a

portable computer

Takes personal timeCosts more when a wide geographic region iscoveredRespondents may be concerned abouconfidentiality of information givenInterviewers need to be trainedcan introduce interviewer biasesRespondents can terminate the interview any time

TelephoneInterviews

Interview which wereconducted throughcommunication.

Less costly and speedier that personalinterviews.Can reach a wide geographic areaGreater anonymity than personal interviews.

Nonverbal cues cannot be readInterviews will have to be kept shortObsolete telephone number could be contacted, anunlisted ones omitted from the sample

Self-completionquestionnaire

Self-questionnaire is aquestionnaire in whichinterviewee answer thequestion by himself

Can establish rapport and motivate respondentDoubts can be clarifiedLess expensive when administered to groupsAlmost 100 % response rate ensured

Anonymity of respondent is high

Organizations may be reluctant to give up compantime for the survey with group of employeesassembled for the purpose

PostalQuestionnaire

It is a type of questionnaire which can

be sending to therespondent through mailor any other postalmode.

Anonymity is highWide geographic regions can be reached.Token gifts can be enclosed to seek complianceRespondent can take more time to respond atconvenienceCan be administered electronically, if desired

Response rate is almost always Cannot clarif questionsFollow-up procedures for no responses arenecessary

ElectronicQuestionnaire

The questionnaire whichyou send throughinternet

Easy to administer Can reach globallyVery inexpensiveFast deliveryConvenient for Respondents

Computer literacy in a mustRespondents must have access to the facilityRespondent must be willing to complete the survey

ParticipantsObservation

Researcher participatesin the activities of thegroup being observed inthe same manner

Better accuracyLess costResearcher is collecting observed data notreported dataCan obtain data from those unable tocommunicate in written or oral form

Participant observation takes time and commitmentUsually does not examine motivation, attitude or feeling toward particular behavior Time cost

Non-ParticipantsObservation

Researcher do not getinvolved in the activitiesof the group but remains

The individual may simply be unaware of howthey behave in a particular situation.Safe the researcher time

The lack of interaction may, however make idifficult for the researcher to be able to clarify or interrupt the phenomena been investigated


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Mystery shopping is a popular technique used in consumerresearch that involves sending people (mystery shoppers) intoa shop to buy products with the intention to evaluate theeffectiveness of retail staff. After the interaction, the shopperstypically fill out rating sheet detailing the nature of theinteraction and service they receive. Its a type of fieldstimulation.

Mystery shopping is a popular technique used in consumerresearch that involves sending people (mystery shoppers) intoa shop to buy products with the intention to evaluate theeffectiveness of retail staff. After the interaction, the shopperstypically fill out rating sheet detailing the nature of theinteraction and service they receive. Its a type of fieldstimulation.

Mystery Shopping


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3rd Lectures Quant - BRM

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