3G Migrations

Why we need 3G?Or

3G is enough for us?

Secretes of Upgrades

Maximize----Spectrum Efficiency FDMA/TDMA/CDMA/OFDMA Power Efficiency-------Battery

Minimize ----Complexity ----Cost

Cellular Generation

1 G 2 G 2.5 G 3 G 3.5 G 4 G

1G - Characteristics Analogue transmission technology Focus on voice Data services almost non-existent Incompatible standards

Different frequencies and signaling International roaming impossible

Inefficient use of the radio spectrum

Example of 1G

1G – NTT 1G - NMT-450 1G – AMPS 1G - TACS

1G - NTT

Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (NTT) Now NTT DoCoMo

1979 Tokyo World’s first operational cellular system

1G - NMT-450

Nordic Mobile Telephone 450 1982 Sweden First wireless communications standard

deployed in Europe Pioneered the use of light portable handsets Supported international roaming

1G - AMPS

Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 1982 USA Mandated (FCC) as the standard to which all

operators in the USA had to adhere to.

1G - TACS

Total Access Coverage (TACS) 1985 UK Adaptation of AMPS Complies with frequency allocation in Europe

1G - Network Access Technique

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Subdivides the available spectrum into a

number of frequency slots Each user is assigned a separate frequency.

1G - Services

Standard voice No data services No supplementary services

Call barring

The 1G Landscape

A series of incompatible networks Limited capacity for expansion Limited support for roaming Susceptible to interference Poor security No support for wireless data No third party applications

Solution: 2G Digital techniques rather than analogue Increased flexibility

error control compression

More efficient use of available bandwidth Increased compatibility with the fixed

component of the PSTN Increased quality of service Possibility of wireless data services

Example of 2G

2G- GSM 2G - D-AMPS 2G - IS-95 2G - PDC

2G - GSM

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

Conceived in 1982 Deployed in 1992 in Europe European Telecommunications Standards

Institute (ETSI) Most successful 2G system Voice 13kb/3 (Sig) and Data 9.6/4.4k

2G - D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service

(DAMPS) Also called IS-54 (Interim Standard 54)

1991 Dual mode terminals ensuring backward

compatibility IS-136 introduced in 1996 Telecommunications Industry Association

(TIA) TR-45 Committee

2G - IS-95

Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) Also called cdmaOne 1993 USA Qualcomm Inc. Pioneered the use of the network access

technique CDMA

2G - PDC

Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) 1991 Japan Two modes

Full-rate Half-rate

2G - Network Access Technique Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Users share a frequency band by multiplexing their transmissions in time

In practice .. Available spectrum is divided into frequency

channels (recall FDMA!) Each frequency channel is further subdivided into

cyclic timeslots (1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3 …) A call is assigned a time slot

2G - Services

Depends on Network standard Operator policies

Improved standard telephony (speech) Basic wireless data Additional services

Call barring

Example: GSM Services

Teleservices Speech Emergency calls Short Message Service (SMS)

Bearer Services Telefax Basic data (9.6kb/s)

Supplementary Services Call forwarding Call barring

2G - 3G Transition Driver?

Higher data bandwidth requirement anticipated subscriber demand for

audio/Video streaming other multimedia services collaborative services location services

Possibility of third party applications being developed

Recall: Circuit v Packet Switching

Circuit Switched .. A dedicated channel is established for the

duration of a call Packet Switched …

A message is subdivided into packets which are sent individually and may follow different routes to their destination. The packets are then used to reassemble the original message.

3G - Migration Strategies Migrate straight to 3G

This approach is being take by some operators in Japan (PDC) and the USA (IS-95)

Migrate incrementally to 3G Operators progressively and incrementally

incorporate a number of technologies into their networks

This approach is taken by operators in both Europe and the USA

This strategy is sometimes referred to as 2.5G

2.5 G Examples

2.5G - HSCSD (GSM) 2.5G - GPRS (GSM) 2.5G - EDGE (GSM) 2.5G - D-AMPS (IS-136+) 2.5G - IS-95B (IS-95)

2.5G - HSCSD (GSM) High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) Uses existing GSM infrastructure and interface Data rates of up to 57.6 kb/s (4 channels @

14.4 kb/s) Inefficient for certain types of application Data increased 14.4kb and 1.6 channel coding

2.5G - GPRS (GSM) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Introduces packet switching to GSM “Always-on” Uses multiple timeslots (channels)

14.4 kb/s per channel Maximum of 115.2 kb/s --eight channel

Dynamic resource allocation Supports IP Billing per KB, NOT per sec.

2.5G - EDGE (GSM)

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

Maximum 384 kb/s 8 Phase Shift Keying (8PSK)

Send more bits down the line 3 fold increase over GSM

Two classes of handset: Class A (EDGE only on downlink) Class B ( EDGE on uplink and downlink)

2.5G - D-AMPS (IS-136+)

Two phase migration path IS-136+

Integrate GPRS Note: packet switching already supported by

Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)! IS-136 High Speed Outdoor

Integrate EDGE

Subscribers can roam between IS-136HS and GSM networks supporting EDGE

2.5G - IS-95B (IS-95)

Enhanced version of IS-95 Already supports packet switching (CDPD) Maximum of 115.2 (8 channels @ 14.4kb/s) Realistically …

28.8 kb/s to 57.6 kb/s on downlink 14.4 kb/s on uplink

2.5G - Services

Standard services that can use packet switching:

WWW browsing email file downloading e.g. mp3 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)

3G - Principal Requirements - I

Support for voice quality comparable with fixed line networks;

Support for both circuit-switched and packet-switched data services;

Support for roaming between different IMT-2000 operators;

Support for greater capacity and improved spectrum efficiency;

3G - Principal Requirements - II A data rate of 144 kb/s for users moving

quickly e.g. moving vehicles; A data rate of 384 kb/s for pedestrians; A data rate of 2 Mb/s in a low mobility or

office environment.

Note how a network using GPRS and EDGE meets most of these criteria!

3GPP & 3GPP2

Third Generation Partnership Project (ETSI/ARIB/TTC/TTA/CCSA) Europe /Japan/China

Third Generation Partnership 2 (ARIB, CCSA, TIA, TTA and TTC) from CDMA IS-95

3G - The IMT2000 Initiative

Conceived in 1986 Sought to define a single world-wide standard

for accessing the global telecommunications infrastructure from both terrestrial and satellite mobile systems

Problem: backward compatibility So five standards approved for the air

interface!

3G - Air Interface Standards I IMT-DS (Direct Spread), also known as

Wideband CDMA Frequency Division Duplex (W-CDMA-FDD).

IMT-TC (Time Code) or W-CDMA Time Division Duplex (W-CDMA-TDD).

IMT-MC (Multi-Carrier) or CDMA2000. IMT-SC (Single Carrier), also known as

EDGE or UWC-136. IMT-FT (Frequency Time), for cordless sytems e.g.

DECT

3G - Interface Standards II

Radio-Interface Standard Cellular Network Standards Organisation

IMT-DS GSM, PDC 3GPP

IMT-TC D-AMPS 3GPP

IMT-MC IS-95, PDC 3GPP2

IMT-SC Any TDMA Network UWCC

Table 1: 3G interface standards for the predominant 2G networks.

3G Networks

2G Network 3G SuccessorGSM UMTSPDC CDMA2000IS-95 CDMA2000DAMPS IS-136HS or UMTS

3G - Network Access Technique Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Signal is modulated with high bandwidth spreading waveforms called signature waveforms or codes. Subscribers may submit at the same frequency and time but signal separation is facilitated via the signature waveform

In contrast with TDMA More robust Less susceptible to fading & interference

Example: 3G Services (UMTS)

Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) Four QoS classes of services

Conversational Class Voice, video telephony,video gaming

Streaming Class multimedia, video on demand, webcast

Interactive Class WWW browsing, database access, online gaming

Background Class email, SMS, file downloading

Migration Stages

Steps towards 3G

1- Backbone Roll Out (Packet Network)

All the backend traffic transfer on IP (Packets) /Passport/ATM/MPBN

2- Data Network

3- Core Network

4- RAN Network

1-Backbone Roll Out (Packet Network) Migration

2-Data Network Migration

3-Core Network Migration

Classic MSC(Control and Switching)

Classical MSC Architecture(old name: Non-Layered Mobile Core Network/

’Monolitic’ Architecture)

TDM

MSC

MSC

MSC MSC

MSC MSC

MSC Server(Control)

Mobile Media Gateway(Switching)

Mobile Softswitch Solution (old name: Layered Mobile Core Network

Architecture)

IP/ATM/TDM

Control Layer

MSC-S

MGw

MSC-S

MGw

MGw MGw

MGw MGw

Layer Architecture

3-RAN Network Migration

GSM(2G)-- 2.5G--3G----- LTE

R-99---R4 ( We are in this stage in core side) HSDPA (Higher speed data downlink access) HSDUA (Higher speed data uplink access) LTE (Long Term Evolution) Goals include improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs,

improving services, making use of new spectrum and refarmed spectrum opportunities, and better integration with other open standards

3G Migration Plan

3.5G UMTS

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 14 Mbps (but 1 Mbps per subscriber!) Incremental upgrade More functionality in Node B Backward compatible with W-CDMA

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Other Technologies

WiMAX, etc, etc

4G- Some Speculations Global Mobility Increased data rates..100Mbps? All IP network When?

TDM/IP

MSC Server

PSTN

MGW MGW

H.248 H.248SIP-T

Softswitch MSC (R4)/LMSD

MSC Server

TDM

MSC

PSTN CDMA BSS/UMTS RAN

MISUP

Legacy MSC (R99)

MSC Divided into MSC Server &

MGWIP

MGCF

PSTN

MGWMGW

H.248 H.248

SIP

MGCF

CSCF

CDMA BSS/UMTS RAN

CDMA BSS/UMTS RAN

IMS/MMD (R5/R6)5

CS + IMS (+ PS) CS (+ PS) IMS (+ PS)

GSM to 3G Steps

3GPP - Organizational Partners

Organisation Region URL

Association of Radio Industries and

Businesses (ARIB)

Japan http://www.arib.or.jp

China Wireless Telecommunications

Standard Group (CWTS)

China http://www.cwts.org

European Telecommunications Standards

Institute (ETSI)

Europe http://www.etsi.org

Committee T1 (T1) USA http://www.t1.org

Telecommunications Technology Association

(TTA)

Korea http://www.tta.or.kr

Telecommunications Technology Committee

(TTC)

Japan http://www.ttc.or.jp

3GPP2 - Organizational Partners

Organisation Region URL

Association of Radio Industries and

Businesses (ARIB)

Japan http://www.arib.or.jp

China Wireless Telecommunications

Standard Group (CWTS)

China http://www.cwts.org

Telecommunications Industry Association

(TIA)

USA http://www.tiaonline.org

Telecommunications Technology Association

(TTA)

Korea http://www.tta.or.kr

Telecommunications Technology Committee

(TTC)

Japan http://www.ttc.or.jp

Thanks allot