3d Printing RUS
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Transcript of 3d Printing RUS
-
creo
-
-
.. , .. , ..
2015
-
2
621.01 34.5 -67
.. / .. , .. // . . 2015. 220 .
Additive Manufacturing (-
) , - ( CAD-) - (add, . , ) .
, -, -, - .
, -, , .
: 125438, . , . , . 2. .: +7 495 456-30-81 : +7 495 456-31-32 E-mail: [email protected] : www.nami.ru
ISSN 0135-3152
-
3
6
1. -
12
2. 17 2.1 18 2.1.1 Bed Deposition 18 2.1.2 Direct Deposition 23 2.2 ASTM: 24 Material Extrusion 25
Material Jetting 26 Binder Jetting 29 Sheet Lamination 30 Vat Photopolymerization 31 Powder Bed Fusion 32 Directed energy deposition 32
3. AM- 34 3.1 34 3.2 44
4.
47
5.
63
5.1 68 5.1.1 Bed Deposition: 68
Concept Laser 69 EOS 71 3D Systems 73 SLM Solutions 74 Realizer 75 Renishaw 78 Arcam 79 ExOne 81 Matsuura Machinery 85
-
4
Fabrisonic 89 5.1.2 Direct Deposition: 92
POM Group 93
Optomec 94 Irepa Laser 96 InssTek 96 Sciaky 96
Ion Fusion Formation 98 6. 103 6.1 -
- 106
6.1.1 - : 107 SLS- 107
InkJet- 111 6.1.2 - : 116
SLA - 117 DLP- 126 MJM - 130
6.1.3 133 6.1.3.1 133 6.1.3.2 139 6.2 -
142
6.3
148
7.
157
7.1 AM- 157 7.1.1 157 7.2. 160 7.2.1 162 7.2.2 167 7.2.3 167
-
5
7.3 Spray forming 171 7.4 -
AM- 182
196
203
-. -
207
209
-
6
80- . .
3D Systems, - SLA Stereolithography Apparatus (1986 .). 90- . - - - , -. (SLA-), (SLS-) , . - (CAD), - (CAE) (CAM) 3D-, , 3D-.
- ( Rapid Prototyping), RP- - . - , , -, , -, .
() () (-, . add) , - , (subtraction ) .
Additive Manufacturing (AM) ( 1): CAD- AM- .
-
7
(: www.optomec.com)
CAD- AM- 1. Additive Manufacturing (LENS Optomec)
( - Additive Manufacturing, Additive Fabrication, AM-, AF-technologies) ( ) - , - , - CAD/CAM/CAE-. - , .
- . , , , , -, , - 3D- - . ( 2) - - Diegel (Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand). . -
-
8
3D- ( 3).
(:http://3druck.com/objects/elektrische-gitarren-aus-dem-3d-drucker)
2. ,
(: www.iflscience.com/tags/3d-printing)
3. , .
Shanghai WinSun Decoration Design Engineer-ing - -. ( 4).
(Biozoon, Fab@Home, Dovetailed, Structur3D, Choc Edge, SMRC, f3d, Natural Machines .) 3D- , , (-
-
9
5). - , 3D- ( 6).
(: www.3dprinterplans.info/tag/china/)
4. ,
(: http://3dprintingindustry.com/2014/11/09/11-food-3d-printers)
5.
, , ,
-
10
, , , --.
(: http://news.discovery.com/tech/gear-and-gadgets/open-wide-3d-printed-
food-made-to-eat-photos-140130.htm) 6. , 3D- DMF Direct
Metal Fabrication ( 7), , .
( Euromold 2014)
7. DMF Direct Metal Fabrication
buy-to-fly ratio, , , , , ..
-
11
. , 15:1 20:1 - . 1,5 2,0:1. , . -, , , , , , , .. AM- AM- .
-
12
1.
AM- [1], XIX . 1890 . Josef E. Blanther . , 1.1, - : - , , .
1.1. Blanther J.E. 473901, 03.05.1892 .
. -
- , .
LOM- Lamination Object Manufacturing, - ,
-
13
0,051-0,25 . 1979 . Nakagawa -, , .
(Photosculpture) - Franois Willme 1890 . ( 1.2). - : (Willme 24 15 ) - . - , - . -, , .
1.2. Franois Willme [2] Willme Carlo
Baese 1904 . , -
-
14
. (. 774549, Photographic process for the repro-duction of plastic objects, 08.11.1904).
1935 . Isao Morioka , - ( 1.3). - ( ) . , .
1.3.
2015457
, Franois Willme, - .
- Otto Munz (1956 .), - () . () . , , , -
-
15
. (. . ) , , . -: , , , . . , ,
: - , , - ( 1.4). Otto Munz, , - .
1.4. : Otto John Munz, Photo-Glyph recording, 2775758, 25.12.1956
1977 . Wyn Kelly Swainson (. 4041476)
- . (P.A. Ciraud, 1972).
1981 . R.F. Housholder (. 4247508) - . - . Hideo Kodama -
-
16
() . 1982 . A.J. Herbert - X-Y-, - - ( 1.5).
1.5. , Housholder,
Kodama Herbert [2]
AF- . 1986 . Charles W. Hull - , -. . Charles W. Hull 3D Systems , .
-
.
-
17
2. -
ASTM International (American Society for Testing and Materials), - , , . ASTM F2792.1549323-1 process of join-ing materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing technologies ( - 3D-, -, , -).
- () . - , (subtractive) , (additive) , . . - . , , 3D- CAD-, . . . CAD. - . , - usually (), -, , , .
Additive Manufacturing (AM), Additive Fabrication (AF), Addi-tive Processes, Additive Techniques, Additive Layer Manufacturing, Layer Manufacturing Freeform Fabrication. , - .
-, - - :
-
18
, 3D-, 3D- 3D-. - ASTM, .
Rapid Prototyping, , , .
, , - . :
- , 2.1; - , 2.2; - () (,
, , . .), 2.3; - (, ), 2.4; - ( -
, , . .).
, , , - : Bed Deposition Di-rect Deposition.
2.1. 2.1.1. Bed Deposition
( 2.1 ) , , - , . () - , - ( ) - CAD-.
-
19
:
X-Y
Z
Bed Deposition Direct Deposition (:www.ipmd.net)
- () 3D Systems (SLS, SLA) EOS (DMLS) Envisiontec (DLP) SLM Solutions (SLM) Realizer (SLM)
ExOne (Ink-Jet) Renishow (SLM) Voxeljet (Ink-Jet) Concept Laser (Laser CUSING)
Optomec (LENS) POM Group (DMD) Trumpf (DLF) Objet (Poly-Jet) Stratasys (FDM, DoD) 3D Systems (MultiJet)
2.1.
-
20
:
"bed"
- ()
2.2. ()
3D Systems (SLS) Envisiontec (DLP) Stratasys (Objet, Poly-Jet)
3D Systems (SLM) EOS (DMLS) SLM Solutions (SLM) Optomec (DMD) POM Group (DMD) Trumpf (DMD) Stratasys (FDM) Arcam (EBM)
ExOne (Ink-Jet) 3D Systems (Ink-Jet) Voxeljet (Ink-Jet)
-
21
:
,
,
(-)
, PMMA (polymethyl methacry-late) , Al, Cu, Ti-Al, Ti, Ag, Au Co-Cr, Inconel, Ni-Fe
ABS- PU- (feedstock )
-
2.3. ()
-
22
:
("", "")
("", "",)
Bed Deposition Direct Deposition Bed Deposition Direct Deposition (SLA-) (SLS-) (LOM-)
(LENS-, DMD-) (. ); (Laser based wire-feed process)
(DLP-) (Ink-Jet-) (LOM-)
(Poly-Jet-, Ink-Jet-) (FDM-)
2.4.
-
23
, Bed Deposi-tion, (bed), - , (-) . , - ( ) . - (SLS Selective Laser Sintering), , , (SLA-), , - . -bed - , - .
SLS- SLA-, Bed Deposition - , : SLM Selective Laser Melting ( SLM Solutions, ); DMLS Direct Metal Laser Sintering ( EOS, ); EBM Electron Beam Melting ( Arcam, ); Laser Cusing ( Concept Laser, ); SPLS Solid Phase Laser Sintering ( Phenix Systems, , 3D Systems); Ink-Jet Binder Jetting ( ExOne, 3D Systems, ) . 2.1.2. Direct Deposition
- (), . . (. 2.2 , 2.4).
, , (bed) , - , -
-
24
. , , .
Direct Deposition, : DMD Direct Metal Deposition ( POM, ); LENS Laser Engineered Net Shape ( Optomec, ); DM Direct Manufacturing ( Sciaky, ); MJS Multiphase Jet Solidification ( Fraunhofer IFAM, -; FDM, ) . 2.2. ASTM
ASTM 2012 . - 7 :
1. Material Extrusion ;
2. Material Jetting () ;
3. Binder Jetting ;
4. Sheet Lamination -;
5. Vat Photopolymerization ;
6. Powder Bed Fusion - - () - ;
7. Directed energy deposition - .
-
25
Material Extrusion, , , MJS (Multiphase Jet Solidification), - - : - . - (green , , ) [3], MIM- (Metal Injection Molding).
- FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling), Stratasys . , CAD-, 2.5.
(: www.additive3d.com, www.custompartnet.com/wu/additive-fabrication)
2.5. FDM
, FDM-, , , , . - $1,5-2,0 . , Stratasys 3DP Unlimited, -
-
26
, , AM- $10 000 $500 000, 2.6.
(: www.stratasys.com) (: www.3dpunlimited.com)
Fortus 900 mc (Stratasys, ): 3DP1000 (3DP Unlimited, ): : XYZ=914x610x914 ; 0,178-0,33
: XYZ=10001000500 ; 0,07
2.6. AM-, FDM Material Jetting
Poly-Jet, , . Multi Jet-ting Material.
Objet (), - 2.7. Objet Geometry 2012 . Stratasys. , . . - , .
-
27
2.7. MJM
Objet500 Connex3, 2.8,
, - , .
(: http://www.stratasys.com)
2.8. Objet500 Connex3: XYZ=490 390 200 ; 0,016-0,030 Material Jetting -
DoD (Drop-on-Demand), Sol-idscape (), 2011 . Stratasys, 2.9. , Objet, : - , ;
-
28
. , - , - , -. , WDM (Wax Deposition Modeling), () , , 2.10.
- .
(: http://www.additive3d.com/fdm_int.htm)
2.9. DoD- (Solidscape)
(: www.sculptcad.com/index.php/news/information/51)
2.10. CrownWorx: XYZ=152,4x152,4x50,8 ; 50 . WDM
-
29
Binder Jetting Ink-Jet-, , Material Jetting, , -, 2.11. - ExOne, ZCorporation ( 3D Systems), VoxelJet, , - - (. 2.12).
(: http://www.additive3d.com/fdm_int.htm)
2.11. Binder Jetting
( ExOne Corp.)
2.12. CAD- -
-
30
Sheet Lamination , , , . . - UAM (Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing, Fabrisonic), , - - ( 2.13). .
(: www.fabrisonic.com)
2.13. UAM-: ;
; LOM - (Laminated Object Manufacturing), 2.14,
, .
(: www.additive3d.com/fdm_int.htm)
2.14. LOM-
-
31
. - , (-) . - CAD- , . , - .
Mcor () Kira () - , . Mcor Iris, - 2.15, , 3D- . $50 . ( Matrix 300+ $35 .).
(: www.3d-p.info/3d-printer-mcor-iris)
2.15. Sheet Lamination. Mcor Iris: - XYZ=256x169x150 ; 0,1
Vat Photopolymerization , -
-, , SLA- (3D Systems), 2.16, DLP- (Digital Light Procession, Envisiontec).
-
32
(: http://www.additive3d.com/fdm_int.htm)
2.16. SLA Powder Bed Fusion
SLS-, - (. 2.1 ). -, Arcam-, , - SHS (Selective Heat Sintering [Blueprinter], - .
Directed energy deposition , - (. - 2.1 ). , - () (Optomec, POM) (Sciaky). - , 2.17.
AM- :
SLA, Steriolithography Apparatus ;
-
33
SLS, Selective Laser Sintering - , ;
DMF, Direct Metal Fabrication SLS-, - ; DMLS, Direct Metal Laser Sintering;
SLM, Selective Laser Melting SLS-, - ;
DLP, Digital Light Procession ;
Poly-Jet ;
FDM, Fused Deposition Modeling ;
Ink-Jet ( 3D-).
(: http://www.tu.no/industri/2012/08/21/)
2.17. Directed Energy Deposition , -
SLA SLS ( ), , .
-
34
3. AM-
3.1.
. Wohlers Report (2013) Terry Wohlers -- , , AM-* 2012 . 28,6% - $2,2 . 2013 . 34,9%, $3,07 . , 2018 . 4 .
Terry Wohlers : AM- - - , - -. 5 10% , 90 95% . . - , -. AM- , -, . , AM- . , AM- . 2011 . - (Wohlers Report, 2012).
AM- - . -
*AM- 3D-, (-) , ( ), - , ,
-
35
AM-. 40% ( 3.1), : 10% ( ); 9,4% (); 8,7%; 4,2%. 12- .
3.1. AM-
? 3.2
AM- 2012 . ( 2013 .). , AM-, 3.3.
- , AM-, () direct manufacturing. ( ) AM- 34,7%, 3.4. AM- 2013 64,5% 2012 $1,0 ($1065 .).
-
36
- 10,4% (16,8% 2004 .); - 9,5% ( 2004 .); - 17,5% (11,4% 2004 .); - 19,2% (8,2% 2004 .); - -
11,3% (10,6% 2004 .); - - 10,8% (8,1% 2004 .); - 4,8% (6,9% 2004 .); - 28,1% (16,4% 2004 .); - 6,4%; - 1,3%.
3.2. AM- Christine Furstoss, -
General Electric, 10 - AM-.
- AM-, .
-
37
2013 . 75,8% (. 3.5) 348 ( 2012 198 ).
(: Wohlers Report 2012)
- 19,5% (19,4% 2004 .); - 12,1% (8,3% 2004 .; 9,9% 2010 .); - 10,8 (6,8% 2004 .); - 20,3% (27,7% 2004 .); - ( , ) 15,1% (13,0% 2004 .); - 8,0% (10,4% 2004 .); - 6,0% ( 2004 .); - 3,0%; - 5,2%.
3.3. AM-
- , AM-. Boeing - , AM-. 22 300 10 , Dreamliner.
-
38
(: Wohlers Report, 2014)
3.4. Direct manufacturing (
)
3.5.
Boeing, - AM-. 2014 .
-
39
(University of Sheffield) , FDM, 3.6.
(: www.tctmagazine.com/additive-manufacturing/university-of-sheffield-
trials-3d-printed-unmanned-aircraft/)
3.6. , AM-
AM- .
Envisiontec ZCorporation - Ultra . ( ZCorporation 3D Systems). 2012 . - Stratasys () Objet (-). Hewlett-Packard Stratasys. - MTT Technologies (-) Renishaw, - Renishaw .
3D Systems 20 , 3D-, - , . 2012 . ZCorporation $135 .
-
40
, - . , , .
, 3D-, 3D- , - , - . , - $1500, - , , - , - - . , Buildatron Systems 2011 . 3D- kit- $1200. $2000. Solidoodle 2011 . - RepRap $699, - $499. - MOD-t New Matter (),
XYZ=150x100x125 $149, 3.7.
2009 . Stratasys FDM, - -, - -, . . 3D- .
, 3D Systems, Stratasys, ,
( . crowdfunding) ,
-
41
- , 3.8.
(: www.newmatter.com)
3.7. MOD-t
3D- . , . RepRap - Replicating Rapid-prototype: , (- 3.9) , , , - - .
-. AM-, 3D-, : . -, : - ( ), ; , .
( , , . .), -, , ( !), , -
-
42
.
MakerBot (Stratasys, ) 2500 XYZ=127x 127x127 ; 0,178
Da Vinci 1.0 Ai03D+3D-, (XYZprinting, ) $799 XYZ=200x190x200 ; 0,1
Cube (3D Systems) 1099 XYZ=152x152x152 ; 0,07
Mojo (Stratasys) $6540 XYZ=127x 127x127 ; 0,178
3.8.
AM-, . ( ), , -
-
43
, , , - . , , - . , .
3.9. RepRap
3D- : 3D-printing -, , ; Additive Manufacturing, , , -.
, AM- , . - , , - AM-.
-
44
AM- , 3.1. - , , . - AM-, - . , -, , AM- -. 3.2.
AM- ( , - ), 30. -, - , : - 3D Systems, (SLA, SLS . ); - EOS, (SLS DMLS); - SLM Solutions, (SLM); - Stratasys, (FDM); - Objet Geometries, (Poli-Jet), 2012 . Stra-tasys; - Envisiontec, (DLP); - ExOne, (Ink-Jet); - Voxeljet, (Ink-Jet).
AM- 200 --, , , - - . , - .
AM- , - :
-
45
- ; - ; - ; - ( ); - ; - -; - ; - () ; - ( ) ; - ; - ; - ; - ( - ); - ; - ; - , , -
, .
-
. , , -, - . , , - 3DP1000, . 1.6, , --: , 3.10, FDM-, .
-
46
- AM- - , - -.
(: www.3dpunlimited.com)
3.10. AM-
-
47
4.
, . . , - AM-. - . - -. , - , . - . , , - (, - ) (, - , , ). , , - . .
SOP (Start of Production) , , , . - () , , - , . - , , , . -, - , , - , . AM- - ,
-
48
( ), . , , - , - , - . - , - . - , .
AM- - . - , - , - . . (. 3.2): 2004 . 16,4 %, 2013 28,1%.
3D-. - , - - .
- , : Stratasys Mojo 3D, Print SE, Dimension,
FDM, , - Poly-Jet MJM Objet24, Objet30, Objet Eden, Objet Connex, Objet260;
-
49
3D Systems ProJet 360,ProJet 4500, ProJet 460Plus, ProJet 660Pro, ProJet 860Pro, Binder Jet-ting ;
Envisiontec, Ultra . , 20 -100
. , , , , , .
- AM- (SLA, SLS) 150-900 . .
AM-, - , FDM, SLA, SLS Poly-Jet - , . . , . , - : , , , , , , 4.1.
. , , - ; .
-
50
4.1.
, , -
CAD-. 3D- -. - , 4.2. , - , , - - , - 4.3.
4.2. : ,
-
51
( )
CAD- SLA- , 4.3. CAD-
- AM- . - . -, , , 4.4, 4.5. -. - (, , , ).
- () . , - , AM-.
SLS, DLP, Poly-Jet ., - , , - ( 4.6). - . - ( Poly-Jet Objet) ( SLA). -
-
52
(SLA) ( Poly-Jet), - , . -: , - , 3D-.
(: www.3d-format.ru, www.ajax-mach.co.uk/3D_printers.htm)
4.4. , Eden 250 ProJet 660
(Objet Eden 250) (ProJet 660)
-
53
( Euromold 2014)
4.5. ( FDM)
( )
4.6. SLA-
4.1 - , . ( ) ( ) . - - , , , , - , ,
-
54
, . 4.1. - , - AM-
AF-
Mahr MarSurf PS1 Zeiss O-inspect 01-422
Ra Rz Ra Rz A B A B A B A B
SLA
Viper Pro 8000
AccuraXtreme 0,08 3,18 0,31 18,5 0,03 3,8 0,54 7,02
Accura 60 0,13 2,82 0,66 13,9 0,19 2,4 0,5 4,42
Accura 55 0,1 1,35 0,63 13 0,15 0,4 0,42 4,14 Accura SI10 1,32 5,17 9,7 7,9 1,93 4,4 7,4 23,2
SLS Sinterstation HiQ
Dura form PA 10 12,47 50,6 61,7 4,24 7,55 17,1 41,1
Duraform GF 10,39 9,46 67 51,6 6,36 6,51 30,3 22,7 SLM SLM 280 AlSi10 Mg 8,12 8,63 43,3 39,1 10,76 3,55 39,2 14,2
DLP Ultra SI500 0,53 0,55 3,87 2,26 1,44 1,36 5,4 6,6
Poly Jet
Eden 250
Durus White 0,89 3,98 3,68 17,8 2,41 6,18 8,5 29,3
Tango Gray 0,22 1,3 1,08 7,9 1 1,02 16,6 11,7 Full Cure 720 1,39 2 6,76 11,3 2,01 3,06 6,2 13,4 Vero Blue 1,82 1,94 6,61 9,42 2,2 2,39 12,9 13,3 Tango Plus* 2,18 2,81 15 18,3 2,36 6,61 9,4 23,9
Vero Black 1,17 2,64 5,02 14,1 1,8 4,91 8,2 20,8 Vero Gray 0,9 2,36 4,03 10,9 2,28 5,26 16,8 18,1 Tango Black 1,18 3,14 7,79 18,1 2,55 8,62 6,8 36,4 Vero White 1,39 4,33 7,75 23,3 0,62 8,46 5,2 43
Tango Black* 1,54 2,11 1,34 12,1 0,69 6,93 0,9 45,5
Ink-Jet Invision XT
Visi Jet EX200
2,55 9,38 11,9 46,1 0,91 6,12 3,7 19,5
LOM SD300 PVC 0,06 5,25 0,52 24,9 0,06 5,25 0,41 4,14
, , -
, - ( , , !). , ,
-
55
(SLA, DLP, Poly-Jet), SLS- FDM-.
: , 3D-. AM- - . , , , layers thickness , .
, , , . , , 0,08 SLS- 3D Systems , 250250250 0,08 . , (0,30,8 ). - (, -) , - : , - , - . . , SLS , - , 150. -, .
, - . - , , - layers thickness, : .
, , : X-Y , Z . 3D-
-
56
AM-, , - -. , , SLA-. - , SLA- . . SLA-, -, , -, - , - 0,025 . SLA- 0,0250,05 . , 250 , - 0,250,5 . - , , , .
rapid tooling. , . 10-100 . 4.7. ( ) 3D-, , -- .
-
57
(: www.stratasys.com)
4.7. () - ( Objet500 Connex)
AM-
, , - . , ( 4.8).
(: www.icing.ae.illinois.edu/3D_wing.html)
4.8. LUXeXceL ()
(, . .).
-
58
, Printoptical, ( 4.9): (1) (3) (2), - (4). . - , , 2D- . - , 1440 dpi . - , - , - , - -.
(: www.lucept.com/2012/09/25/luxexcel)
. 4.9. Printoptical 1 ; 2- ; 3
; 4 -; 5, 6
-
59
( 4.10, 4.11). -, (- , ). - (. 4.11), - . , .
( Euromold 2014, 3D Systems)
4.10.
( )
4.11. ,
-
60
() , . 4.12, - , - .
( ) ( Euromold 2014)
4.12. :
;
- . 3D- - , 4.13. - - AKF ARBURG Kunststoff-Freeformen ( ARBURG), - 4.14. , - , 3D- , . , - - , : -, , , - . . , -
-
61
- .
( Euromold 2014)
4.13. :
; .
AKF . ABS, PC (), PA (), TPE (), - -. , FDM- -, , SLS-, . AM- Freeformer -. ( 4.14 ) - , . 205. - - . -, - 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 . , (-
-
62
) ( ).
( Euromold 2014)
(: www.arburg.com)
4.14. - Freeformer (ARBURG): ;
, , ; 230x130x250; 0,15
, -
, -, ( ) .
-
63
5.
, ,
, . , . , , - , , . AM-, - , - - , , 5.1. - , , -. , -.
( ) ( )
, Ti64
5.1.
-
64
- , .
AM- , -, - . - 5-6 , - . . AM- - . , - - (), 5.2.
( )
5.2. ABS-
, , , - , , , - -. , - . - - .
-
65
- . , - -, , 5.3.
( 3D Systems)
5.3. -
AM- 3D Systems, POM, Omtomec Fabrisonic - - -, , . , , , , . - 30%. AM- - -, - .
- , , - . ., - - .
-
66
- . . , : AM-, , , -, , - ?
Direct Manufacturing - AM-. , , . -, , , - . , - CL 100NB, 5.4. -, 17%. AM- , , - , ( 5.5) . ., - ( DMD, LENS) [4]). , , - - . AM- . , ( !) , , .
-
67
( )
5.4.
-, , . , . , - ( ), , , -.
(: www.optomec.com, www.ipmd.net)
5.5.
.
-
68
: , , .
5.1.
, , Bed Deposition Direct Deposition. , . ( 5.1, 5.2). 5.1.1. Bed Deposition
, SLS-, - ( 5.1). - - . : Concept Laser, EOS, SLM Solutions, Realizer ( ); 3D Systems (); Phenix Systems (, 3D Sys-tems); Renishaw ().
Arcam () - EBM-.
, , - , SLM- (Selective Laser Melting), SLM Solutions.
AM- - , AM- , -
-
69
, , , - , , .
, -, - , - . : , . - , - . AM- , - , - . , - . , -, . - . -, . -, - -.
Concept Laser Hofmann AM- 2002 . LaserCUSING ( Fusing , Concept). - (Yb-). (N2, Ar).
. M1 cusing, XYZ=250x250x250 , 200 400 , ,
-
70
, 25 , ( 5.6).
( Euromold 2014)
(:www.romanoff-rp.com/concept-laser-mlab-laser-sintering-machine)
5.6. M1 cusing M2 cusing Concept Laser
M2 cusing 280 . X line 1000R 630x400x500 , 1,0 (FILT) Daimler AG, 2013 . Daimler AG -. - ( Alu generative research and development project) - .
-
71
X line 1000R - , . . .
EOS AM-. EOS 100 , .
EOS , . Morris Technology, GE Aviation, AM- EOS. EOS PRECIOUS M 080, EOSINT M 280, EOS M 290 M 400, ( 5.7).
PRECIOUS M 080 EOSINT M 280 EOS M 290
EOS M 400 ( Euromold 2014)
5.7. EOS DMLS Direct Metal Laser
Sintering, ,
-
72
[5, 6], , (melting), (sintering), - 5.8.
( )
d 5.8. 1.2709, DMLS: a, b S.L. Campanelli [5];
c, d . .. [6]
EOS , ; , .
PRECIOUS M 080 2014 - .
EOS MLS- (Micro Laser Sintering) , , ( ), -
-
73
. 50 30 1-5 - Ra 2 .
3D Systems (). - -, 20 . ProX 100, ProX 200, ProX 300, ProX 400, 5.9. ProX 100, ProX 200 - Dental, - , , . - d50= 6-9 . - , - . , - .
ProX 100 ProX 200 ProX 300 ProX400
5.9. Phenix (3D Systems) 50 Phenix Dental -
Co-Cr. - -- SLM- - .
-
74
SLM Solutions () . FILT SLM 500HL ( 5.10). - 400 1000 . 400 , - .
SLM 125 HL SLM 280 HL SLM 500 HL
5.10. SLM Solutions
, . , , . , , - : , , - . , - . - - , . , -
-
75
. SLM 500 HL . - 0,3 ( 5.11). : -, - 5 , , , -, (Ra 5-10).
( )
5.11. . 0,35 . Realizer () 2010 .
, - SLM Solutions, Realizer. Realizer - , - , . -: SLM 50, SLM 100, SLM 250, SLM 300, 5.12.
SLM- 5.13. - (1) : , , ( ), , (6).
-
76
(: www.realizer.com)
5.12. Realizer: SLM 50, SLM 100, SLM 250, SLM 300 Realizer SLM 50
Desktop, - , ( 5.14). . .
SLM 100 . - 125125100 , -
-
77
20 , 60 .
(: www.realizer.com)
1 ; 2 , ; 3 ; 4
; 5 ; 6 , bed; 7
5.13. Realizer
(: www.realizer.com)
5.14. , SLM 50
-
78
SLM 250 , 40 20 , 4 .
Renishaw - , 2010 . - , MTT Technology. MTT Technology SLM Solutions, - SLM-. 2012 . 3D Systems. Renishaw AM- - , - .
Renishaw AM 250, SLM So-lutions: XYZ= 250250300 , 20-100 , 200/400 , 70 (135 400 ), 5.15.
5.15. AM 250
-
79
AM 250, , , ( - ) 50 ppm - .
Arcam , EBM-. - (Electron Beam Melting) [7].
, 2500, , , 0,5 . - , - . - . , 5.16.
(: www.arcam.com)
5.16. Arcam
-
80
EBM , - ,
-
81
Arcam SLS-. , - Arcam , , - . EBM- 55-80 3/ (2-20 3/ ) ( , .). Arcam 120 .
, : ( H13), - ( 18% Ni Maraging 300), (AlSi10Mg, AlSi12), ( Ti6Al4V Ti6Al4V ELI), Co-Cr, (Inconel .).
ExOne 3D Systems [8] , , AM- -.
- . 3D Systems - , , . - . - . - (- 5.18, . 5.3). 3D Systems 2000- , (SLM).
-
82
ExOne () - Ink-Jet ( ASTM Binder Jet): - . - - , ( N2), 1000-1100 - .
+
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.18.
5.19 - -
. - , . -. , - 60% 40%. - Ra 5-10, 1 . : - 610 , HRC= 10-20.
-
83
Ink-Jet (- 200-500 . ), , , , , . . , M-Print ExOne - ( 5.20, [8]). - 6 / , - 780x400 , 1780 3 , , -. X1-Lab - .
( )
5.19. - , 3D Systems
Ink-Jet- fcubic, Hgans AB (). , ( ExOne) - , . - -, , -, , . ExOne 3D Systems: - , -
-
84
, . - , - . - 10-20 . -, - . .
5.20. ExOne: X1-Lab; M-Flex; M-Print; - [8]
-
85
, fcubic SIS- (Selective Inhibition Sintering [9]), - . ( fcubic) , -, . - - , -.
Matsuura Machinery - SLM- [10]. - LUMEX Avance-25 ( 5.21) - , AM-. 10 ( 43000 -1). () 250250100 .
- - 5.21. ( - , 5.21), , , 68 21 36 ; 29 08 53 30 . . LUMEX Avance-25 - , , . - , - . $850 .
. , , , , . .
SLM- - , -
-
86
, AM-. , [5, 6, 11], , , -. , ( 5.22) 4-5%, Ti 2%, 0,2%. - - , HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressure) - .
5.21. LUMEX Avance-25 - - [10]
- AM- . -
-
87
- . , - . , , , ( ) X-Y, , ( ), . , - , 5.23 [11]. . 5.23 - 120-130 /.
( )
5.22. AlSi9Mg [6].
, - , 5.24.
Yasa E. Kruth J. (- , . ). , - , . .
-
88
. (- 5.25), [12, 13].
5.23. - () () , SLM- [11]:
Al 6061; 50 ; 0,15
5.24.
[11]
-
89
5.25. 316L: ; [12]
Sheet Lamination
Bed Deposition, , SLS-, bed () , , - , , .
AM- Sheet Lamination Fabrisonic (). , 90- . . Solidica UAM (Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing), : - , (. 2.13). - . , -, - . -. , . -
-
90
, - --.
, , - , - . .
SonicLayer R200 508x305x524 - . SonicLayer 4000 SonicLayer 7200 ( 5.26) , -, 1016x1016x610 1829x 1829x914 - . - . SonicLayer 7200 60 3/ (983 3/).
(: Wohlers Report, 2012)
5.26. . SonicLayer 7200
- - . 2012 . Beijing Long Yuan Automated Fabrication Systems Trump Pre-cision Machinery.
-
91
5.1. ( Bed deposition) ,
-,
-, 3/
*
Con
cept
L
aser
M1 cusing 250x250x250 20-80 200 2-10 . . 316L 17-4PH; . . H13; Ti; Al; Co-Cr; In-conel; Cu; Au; Pt; A.
M2 cusing 250x250x280 20-80 200/400 2-20 X line 1000R
630x400x500 30-200 1000 10-100
EO
S
EOS M 280 250x250x250 20-60 200/400 10-20 . . 316L; Al; Fe; Co-Cr; Ni; Ti; Inconel
EOS M 290 250x250x300 20-60 400 10-20 EOS M 400 400x400x400 20-60 400/1000 10-20 Precious M 080
80x80x95 20-60 400 10-20
SLM
So
luti
on SLM 125 125x125x75 20-40 100/200 10-15 . . 316L; . . H13; Ti; Al; Co-Cr; Inconel; Au.
SLM 280 250x250x350 20-75 400/1000 10-15 SLM 500 500x280x325 20-200 400+1000/
2x400/ 2x1000
60-70
Rea
lise
r
SLM 50 70x80 20-50 20-120 5-10 . . 316L, Ti, . . H13; Ti6Al4V, Al, Inconel, Co-Cr, Au.
SLM 100 125125100 20-100 50-200 10-15 LM 250 250x250x300 20-100 400 10-15 SLM 300 300x300x300 20-100 200/400/
600/1000
Ren
isha
w AM 250 250x250x300
20-100 200/400 5-20 . . 316L
17-4PH; . . H13; Ti; Al; Co-Cr; In-conel.
Arc
am Arcam Q10 200x200x180 50-200 3000 55-80 Ti; Co-Cr;
Inconel.
Arcam Q20 350x380 50-200 3000 55-80 ArcamA2X 200x200x380; 50-200 3000 55-80
3D
Syst
ems
ProX 100 100x100x80 20 50 1-5 . .; . .; Inconel; -
ProX 200 140x140x100 20 300 5-10 ProX 300 250x250x300 20 500 10-15 ProX 400 500500500 10-100 2500/1000 10-15
-
92
ExO
ne
X1-Lab 40x60x35 . 50 / . . 316L
+; . . 420L +;
M-Flex 400x250x250 . 100 / M-Print 780x400x400 280-500 1780
Mat
suur
a Lumex Avance-25
250x250x185 20 400 / . . H13.
* .. ; .. ; . . - ; Inconel 625 718; /
5.1.2. Direct Deposition Direct Deposition POM
Group (), Optomec (), Irepa Laser (), InssTek ( ), Sciaky (), 5.2.
POM (Precision Optical Manufacturing), 2012 . DM3D, DMD-, ( , ), .
DMD - . ( : , , 5.26 ) , , , ( 5.26 ).
-
93
(: www.dm3dtech.com)
5.26. DMD: ;
POM Group, Trumpf (-), AM-. - (, , . .), , , - . , .
- - . 44R, 66R IC106 ( 5.27) .
DMD 105D 505D [14] . - ( 1 5 ) - 24-160 3/. :
-
94
, , -.
5.27. DMD IC106 [15]
DMD 105D IC106 -
, IC106 - - -. , -, . - $500 ., , .
Optomec Direct Deposition. 3-4 . LENS 450, LENS MR-7, -
-
95
, LENS 850-R ( 5.28). . .
(: www.optomec.com)
5.28. Optomec LENS 450, LENS MR-7; LENS 850-R
Optomec . ,
1000/, . LENS 450, LENS MR-7 , , . 0,25 ,
-
96
100 /. LENS 850-R 14 . 36-150 .
Irepa Laser () EasyCLAD (CLAD Construction Laser Additive Directe). BeAM (Be Additive Manufacturing), , - - . - 0,6 5,0 . O2
-
97
(7-18 /) EBDM , , AM-. , EBDM- .
(: www.irepa-laser.com/en/laser-processes)
5.29. MAGIC LF6000
(: www.insstek.com/system)
5.30 MX-3
-
98
(: www.sciaky.com)
5.31. EBDM Sciaky
, , : , , Co-Cr , , .
Sciakys DM 570012001200 . 10 . $2,0 .
IFF (Ion Fusion Formation) 2004 . Honeywell Aerospace [16]. -
-
99
Direct Deposition Sciaky, - , - ( 5.33). 5000-30000K. - , - , , . 120012001800 . - .
CAD-
(: www.sciaky.com) 5.32. Sciaky
, ,
-
100
, (, . .).
102 ; 104 ; 110 ;
150 ; 152 ; 154 ; 160 ; 170 ; 172 ; 174
5.33. . 6,680,456 B2 [16]
: , , , , , . 0,2 0,9, .. 20 90% , , .
: , (, Optomec), (, POM, Fraunhofer ILT), 5.34, 5.35.
-
101
5.2. , Direct Deposition
AM- ,
, ., .
. ,
- -, 3/
*
Opt
omec
LENS 450 100x100x100 400 0,3-1,0 80 CP Ti, Ti-64 LENS MR-7
300x300x300 500
0,3-1,0 30-100 6264; ..: H13, A2, S7; ..: 304, 316, 420, 17-4 PH; Inc. 625, 718; X; Cu, Al, 21
LENS 850-R
1500x900x900 1000; 2000; 3000; 4000
0,3-1,0
30-150
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rum
pf)
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DMD103/105D 300x300x300 1000-5000 0,2-1,2 20-150
DMD 44R
1950x2140x 330
1000-5000 0,2-1,2 20-150
DMD 66R
3200x3665x 360
1000-5000 0,2-1,2 20-150
DMD IC106
800, 6- -
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Irep
a L
aser
(Las
er B
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)
VC LF200 (LF300, 500)
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VI LF4000- -MesoCLAD -MacroCLAD
950x900x500 300-500 1000-4000
0,1-0,3 0,5-1,2
0,5-4,0 8,0-85,0
VH LF4000 - MesoCLAD - MacroCLAD
650x700x500 300-500 1000-4000
0,1-0,3 0,5-1,2
0,5-4,0 8,0-85,0
MAGIC LF6000
1500x800x800 750-4000 0,2-0,8 8-50 3/
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Tek
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MX-4 450x450x350
/ /
-
102
Scia
ky
Sciakys DM 5700x1200x12
00 (- )
/ 7-18 / . .; Ti, Ni, Al.
Honeywell Aerospace
120012001800
() / / Ti, Al, Inc., 316L.
* CP - commercially pure, ; . ; . c. ; Inc. Inconel (); CpTi ; Ni-Base ;
. (4-10 ) - ( ) 9-15 / [17].
(: www.optomec.com, www.ilt.fraunhofer.de)
Optomec - Fraunhofer ILT 5.34. Optomec Fraunhofer ILT
( www.ilt.fraunhofer.de)
5.35. :
;
-
103
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, . , - , - . , , , - , , , - - .
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, -
-
104
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, , 4-5 - : Quick-ast- ( ); + (1-2 ); - (1-2 ).
-
105
( )
6.1. : Quick-ast-; .
( Euromold 2012, ExOne)
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, , . - CAD- .
-
106
, -, .
AM- - . , - - (), 6.3, .
( Euromold 2012, 3D Systems)
6.3. - 6.1. - - - -. , , , - , , .
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() - :
-
107
- ;
, , Quick-ast MJ (Multi Jet) . 6.1.1. -
SLS-. . - , . - AM- ( 6.4), SLS-. - .
( )
6.4. SLS- sPro 60 (); ();
()
SLS- Powder Bed Fusion - ASTM (. . 1 1.1 ) . - 50-150 , -
-
108
. , CAD- , , . - , ( 120). 0,1-0,2 , - , . - , - . . - , .
3D Systems EOS ( 6.1) 550550750 , , . : ( , , .) 0,6 ; 1,5 .
, , . , , , , .
- : , - , . -
-
109
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,
- ,
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sPro 60HD 381x330x437 80-150 30 900
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S
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700x380x580 60-180 250 700
EOSINT P 800
700x380x560 120 250 / + - PA
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, - , . , , , -
-
110
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( )
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;
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-
111
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( Euromold 2014)
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, SLS-, - , , SLS-, , , . (, SLA DLP). Ink-Jet-. - - Ink-Jet - Voxeljet Technology (). (PMMA - , modified acrylic glass). Voxeljet 6.7 6.1.
-
112
VX200 VX 500
VXC800 VX 1000
VX2000 VX4000
(: www.voxeljet.com) 6.7. Voxeljet
() - CAD-. 30 , -
-
113
0,2 12 48 .
VX500 VX800 - GSH 768, 768 . 250 dpi ( ). C-VKH 2656, 600 pi 80 . , - 30 . Voxeljet 3D Systems EOS.
VX1000 10624 , 600 dpi. 100 450 , 30 .
VX 2000 VX 4000 . - .
, () Voxeljet ( 6.8, 6.9). , - , - , SLS-. - , - , .
SLS-, , -, , - . - . - ,
-
114
( )
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( )
6.9. Voxeljet : ;
;
-
115
. - . - 9.10.
( )
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, , .
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-
116
6.1.2. - -
, . (, , , ). SLA, Poly-Jet DLP-. - , . - . - CAD-.
- . DLP- Poly-Jet- . - , -.
, -, , Stratasys Envisiontec, , . - AM- - .
, , -, - . -, -: , .
-
117
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SLA- (- 2). -, SLS-, . - CAD- . , , - , - , - . , , , , -. . - , , - . .
-, . - . , -
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-
118
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:
; - ( -
, );
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-
119
- . -, - , . , . Quck-Cast-.
( 3D Systems Schueltheis GmbH)
6.12. Quick-ast : ;
( )
6.13. -
, :
Voxeljet 6.9 , SLA
-
120
6.15, , 6.16, - , SLA- ( 6.16 ).
( )
6.14. Quick-cast-
( )
6.15. : SLA-Quick-Cast-, ;
-
121
( )
6.16. : Voxeljet; SLA- Quick-Cast
Quick-Cast- , -
, . , - . , - (10 100) , . SLA- -. - - ( ). - ( ) - , - , - ( 6.17). , 6.18.
, - . - - Rz 20-40.
, , -, . SLA-
-
122
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- (SLA); ; ;
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-
123
. - ( 6.19). - SLA-.
( )
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SLA- ;
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. - , -. (0,1-0,05 ) , , - .
Quck-Cast - ( [18], [19], , , ), ( [20]), 6.20, 6.21. - . , - . , .
-
124
( )
6.20. : SLA-;
; , Quick-Cast [20]
3D Systems, . 2014 6.22 6.2.
( )
6.21. : , SLA-;
, Quick-Cast
direct manufacturing. SLA- ProJet 6000 7000 - , - . 0,025-0,05 25 . - 0,05-0,2 ,
-
125
- 4-7 .
- iPro ( ProX). - . - . .
, . - -, . SLA- - . 250-300 /, - .
(: www.3dsystems.com)
ProJet SD 6000 (7000) iPro 8000 iPro 9000 6.22. SLA- 3D Systems
SLA- -
, 1,0-2,0 -/3. -
-
126
( -) 0,35-0,4 /3. . -: - VisiJet Flex -, , , . ; - VisiJet Tough ABS-, -, ; - VisiJet Clear - - ; - VisiJet HiTemp ( 130C); - VisiJet e-Stone . . 6.2. SLA- 3D Systems
DLP. - Envisiontec, 2003 . Envisiontec Perfactory -
,
,
, . *:
HD UHD XHD ProJet 6000 SD 250250250
250250125 25025050
2000
0,125 0,1
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38038050 2000 -
ProJet 7000 HD 0,05 ProJet 7000 MP 0,05 iPro 8000 (ProX 800)
650x350x300 650x750x50 650x750x275 650x750x550
1450
0,05-0,15
iPro 9000 1500x750x550 1450 * HD High Definition ; UHD Ultra HD - ; XHD Extra HD .
-
127
DLP Digital Light Procession, - Texas Instruments -. , DLP-, (Digital Micromirror Device, DMD) , ( 6.23). - , . - , . - , 20 , - . - -. 16 , - 1 . -, , - . - DMD SXGA. DMD- 6 10 /.
6.23. DMD Digital Micromirror Device
CAD-, - DMD- () -
-
128
. ( CAD-) , (voxel) XYZ=161615 . - XY 16-69 , Z 15-150 . , . 3-7 .
, SLA- , Envisiontec , . . - . 25 / 0,05 . , .
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( )
6.24. Envisiontec: ;
-
129
. DLP - . , , -- 32 - 100 1,5 5 , . - SLA- Viper si2 - 5,5 16 , .
Envisiontec , - , . - Ultra, Xtreme Xede ( 6.25). Xtreme - 14001050 , Xede -. - -, .
.
(: www.envisiontec.com)
Ultra Xtreme Xede , 266x175x193 254x381x330 457x457x457 . XY, 50-100 100 100
6.25. - Envisiontec
-
130
Xtreme Xede , , , , . - , , - .
-, - - ( 150), - , . Envisiontec , , - . MJM-. ASTM, MJM Multi Jet Modeling Material Jetting (. . 2). - - - - - - . 3D- - , - ( 50% ). . , .
( 6.26) 3D Systems ( 6.27, 28).
ProJet 3510 HD (XYZ) 375x375x790 ( 32 ) 298x185x203 UHD Ultra High Definition (XYZ) 750x750x890 ( 29 )
-
131
127x178x152 . ProJet 3500 HDMax (XYZ) 750x750x1600 ( XHD Xtreme High Definition, 16 ), - 298x185x203 . ProJet 3510 HDPlus - XHD 127x178x152 (. 6.3).
(: www.3dsystems.com)
ProJet 3510 HD (HDPlus) ProJet 5000 ProJet 5000X 6.26. MJM- 3D Systems
( 3D Systems)
6.27.
MJM , , , - -. -
-
132
VisiJet S300 , - . VisiJet 3 VisiJet S300 --. ProJet 5000 - , . : VisiJet M5 Back, VisiJet M5 MX, VisiJet M5-X ABS- PP- .
( )
6.28. , -
6.3. MJM- 3D Systems
,
, - VisiJet
ProJet 3510SD 298x185x203 32 M3-X, M3 Black, M3 Crystal, M3 Proplast, M3 Navy, M3 Techplast, M3 Pro-cast
ProJet 3510HD 298x185x203 127x178x152
29
ProJet 3510 HDPlus 298x185x203 203x178x152
32 29, 16
ProJet 3500 HDMax 298x185x203 32, 29, 16 ProJet 5000 533x381x300 64, 32 M5, M5 MX, M5-X
-
133
ProJet 5000X , - , , - , 6.29.
MJM- 3D Systems ( , ) - 0,025-0,05 (25,4 ). - 1 , 0,8 . .
( 3D Systems)
6.29.
- 400 /. - (, - ).
6.1.3. 6.1.3.1.
- . - AM- - ( EOS)
-
134
, Ink-Jet- (ExOne).
EOS () - SLS-. , - ( -) . , - , , . - - , - . -, - . - . ( 300-350) . - . ExOne , Ink-Jet-. MJM- , - , , 6.30. ( ) 0,2-0,4 SLS-. , . - -. - - - ( 6.31, 32):
CAD- , , 6.31;
-
135
, , CAD-, , CAD-, 6.31;
CAD- ( 6.31, ) , - 6.31.
( Euromold 2014)
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-
136
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( )
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;
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138
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-
139
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(: www.exone.com, Euromold 2014) 6.33. ExOne: S-Max S-Print
S-Max 800 ,
. - 12-28 / , 40 . : -, ( ). - 140 . - . S-Max 1,4 . .
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-
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(: www.3ders.org/articles/20140521-legendary-ferrari)
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; - ; -
Ferrari ExOne Voxeljet -
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-
141
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( Euromold 2012)
6.35. (ExOne) ,
, - . - .
800 . . (- ) - 30 . .
-
142
( EOS GmbH)
6.36. EOS S750 6.4.
,
,
-,
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EO
S EOS S750 720x380x380 200 2500
6.2. - - - - AM-. - -
-
143
() , () - , , . - - . - ( 6.37).
( )
6.37. :
, ; -; ; .
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-
144
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-
145
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-
147
( Euromold 2014, 3D Systems)
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148
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-
149
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-
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-
151
6.41. - S-Max
6.42.
System 2 (MK Technology)
6.43.
- Voxeljet
-
152
6.44.
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6.45.
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ATOS Triple Scan - . , , . , , -
-
153
. - - [29].
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-
154
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-
155
, - :
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6.47. Y.CT Modular
- . 1 , 10 . - . , - -
-
156
- .
- : Nikon (, ), General Electric ( Phoenix, ), Carl Zeiss, Werth, Matrix Technologies ().
- (80-120 . ) CTportable (Fraunhofer EZRT) SHR (Shake GmbH) 50-160 . , VGStudui Max 2.1 Volume Graphics.
-
157
7.
7.1. AM- 7.1.1. - 1,0 . ( d), d
-
158
, . - NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology (); - ISO ( TC261 ) ASTM ( F42 ). (ASTM F2924) Ti-6-Al-4-V Powder Bed Fusion. , , SLM , , , -, . SLS- - . - -. , - , , -, , . AM- - . , -, , - . , -, - - , . , -, , - . ( d50
-
159
- . , , : -, (- ) . . , - , - , . : , -, , , , . . d50
-
160
7.1.
Al-Ni-Co, Fe-Nd-B , Al-Si-Mg Al-Sn-Cu Al- Bi-Te, , Cr-Al Co-Cr Cu-Ba, Cu-Y Cu-Cr-Zr Cu-In-Ga- Selenide Cu-Mn-Ni, Cu-Ti-Sn Au-Pt-Pd-Ag-In, Ni-Ti-Si-B, Ag-Cd-Zn-Cu
Au-Ag-Cu Fe-14%Cr-0,4%C Fe-Mn Fe-6%Si Fe-Si-Al Mg Ni- Ni-Ce Ni-Cr-Fe-Si-B Ni-Cr-Mo-B Ni- 304/316 MIM- T42 Tb-Fe -
7.2.
, - .
-
161
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-
162
7.2.1.
( ) - , - . (d = 10-40 ), , - VIM- (Vacuum Induction Melting), -.
VIGA Vacuum Induction Melt Inert Gas Atomization, . . , - , , 7.1. , . . - 1900C. , - ( , ).
, - . : ( ), , . -. , .
( ) - , - .
-
163
. . - .
7.1. VIGA
, -
, , - - , . - - . 8 / 1,0 / ( ). , - 1,0-3,0 , . , - . - , .
-
164
5,0 ( 40 ). 5 4,5 . ( 7.2).
7.2. (20, 22 25 /) [19]
VIGA , ,
: - (, Inconel 718, Rene 88
..) ; - , -
; - (, NiCrAlY, CoCrAlY,
. .) ; - (, 17-4 PH, 316L)
; - (,
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-
165
- (, - ) ;
- (, ) - .
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EIGA- - . , . . .
EIGA ( 7.3) - (feed stock , ) . ( 7.3 ). - .
( ALD)
7.3. EIGA: (feed
stock) ; ; EIGA
-
166
, - , , - TiAl, FeGd, FeTb, Zr Cr. EIGA - Fe, Ni Co. EIGA 0,5 /, - . Plasma Atomization, , Mo, Ti, Ni, Ta Co-Cr . Plasma Atomization [20]. , Raymor () - , - ( 7.4) [21]. -
7.4. Plasma Atomization: - ; Raymor [21]
-
167
1-5 . . - . - , , - . ( 7.5 [22]) , - , - ( 7.6). 7.2.2. Soluble gas atomization [23, 24], . . - . . ( 7.7) . (, , ), - . , , . - - , . 7.2.3.
[23, 24]. , , . REP Rotat-ing Electrode Process , - ( 15-75 ) ( 7.8).
-
168
, VIM - . PREP Plasma Rotating Electrode Process [23, 24],
7.5. :
c Powder Plasma gas , [22]
-
169
7.6. , [22]: a ;
d50 =50 ; SiO2 ; SiO2
7.7. Soluble gas atomization [23]
-
170
7.8. REP [23]
. REP PREP . Ti-6Al-4V ( 7.9),
7.9. Ti-6Al-4V, -: ;
(PREP) [25, 26]
-
171
(PREP) [25, 26], , -, PREP, , -. 7.3. Spray forming
, . - Spray forming, ( ) ( ). - , , Spray forming A-.
Spray forming, 7.10, . , , Al-Si - Mercedes. , -, , (CuSn), (CuMnNi, CuAlFe) -.
Spray forming - () - 1970 . Singer (Swansea University, -). - () - . , -
-
172
, 10-100 , ( 7.10, . 4).
(:http://www.lagermetall.com/high_tensile/spray.aspx?i=2)
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; 6 ; 7 ; 9 ()
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, Spray forming, - - ( 7.11).
- ( 7.12) - . - ( 20%) , .
Spray forming - ,
-
173
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7.11. Al-15% Si: a ;
b Spray forming (400)
7.12. Si Al-25%; Si-0,89%; Cu-1%; Ni-0,84%; spray forming; +
, ,
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-
174
, , ( 7.14 , 7.15).
7.13. AVURE
7.14. Spay forming
Spay forming
( - ), - ( ) .
-
175
7.15. ,
Spray forming - - Spray forming - (), 7.16.
7.16.
[27]
-
176
. CAD- -, , SLA-, --, RIM-. - ( Ceramic Pattern). - Spray forming- - . - . ( ) . - , -.
RSP Tooling (RSP Rapid Solidification Process, [27]) - Spray forming. RSP ( 7.17) - ( ). ( ) - ,
. 7.17. RSP- RSP Tooling [27]
-
177
- ( 7.18). 70% , 30 % . , (-) . , - , . , . , - , - , , , - . - 1,5-2 - -: - .
7.18. RSP- [27]
RSP -
180180100 . - 3-4 , 2-4 .
-
178
RSP- - . , , ( 7.19 [27]). , -, , .
Al-Zn-Cu-Mg -. - , . Spray forming . 7, , , .
7.19. [27]
Al-Li -
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-
179
spray forming , - . (MMC, Metal Matrix omposite), 15% . - Spray forming.
Al-Si 70% - - . - , - ( ). - , - , -. , Spray forming, 7.20.
7.20. ,
Spray forming
Spray forming - Sandvik Osprey (), - -
-
180
( 7.21), ALD, - , -.
7.21. Spray forming: 80 Al.
General Elec-tric, Teledyne Allvac, Sprayform Technologies Interna-tional Pratt & Whitney Howmet, - - () 1400 .
Spray forming -: U.S. Navy Labs, Pennsylvania State University, University of California at Irvine (), Applied Research Labs, Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (. ), National Cheng Kung University (), IPEN (), Oxford University Centre for Advanced Materials and Compo-sites (), Inner Mongolia Metals Institute (), Bremen University (), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ().
-
181
Spray Steel 4000 , , BHLER-UDDEHOLM AG (), .
Spray forming - , , , - ().
() 85 300 , . ( 7.22) - -
90 ( - ). - .
(: www.vniief.ru)
7.22.
-
182
, , , . , -, , . - .
, -, , , - . Spray forming .
- . - - , , - .
7.4. AM-
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-
183
-, - .
ALD (), PSI (Phoenix Scientific Industries Ltd.) Atomising Systems Ltd. () .
- ALD AMG Ad-vanced Metallurgical Group N.V. ( 1,0-2,0 ), - 500 . ALD VIGA 1-B, VIGA 2 ( 7.23) .
( ALD)
7.23. VIGA 2
ALD VIGA 1-B, VIGA 2 - , , , . -
-
184
(VIM), - , . , . - , , . , -. , - . -.
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ALD EIGA - . EIGA 50 (- 7.24) EIGA 100 , , 50 100 .
Spray forming - 50 500 . Spray forming , ( -) .
VIGA ( ) d50 = 30 . EIGA ( -
-
185
500 ) , , d50 = 60-80 ( 7.25).
( ALD)
7.24. EIGA 50: ;
7.25. , - : a VIGA, - EIGA ( ALD)
-
186
, VIGA EIGA, - , PIM-. PIM Powder Injection Molding - ( - ) .
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7.26. PSI: Hermiga 75/3; Hermiga 100/10 VI
- . . Wirecasting ( - ) -
-
187
- 0,1 . 210032002400 , 2500 .
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Atomising Systems Ltd. - :
- ; - ; - ; - . Atomising Systems ,
, , - . - , -
-
188
1-5 , 5 ( 7.27).
7.27. Atomising Systems
Atomising Systems Ltd - (). - ( 10 1000 ), ( ) ( 103 107 K/) , [28]. - AM- - . - , - , - . AM- - . 7.1 , -
-
189
AM-. , - , , , EOS, SLM Solutions Realizer. 7.1. , AM-
Con
cept
Las
er
. CL 20ES 1.4404 316L . (Cr>12%)
CL 90RW 1.2083
. CL 91RW -
CL 50/60WS DIN 1.2803 1.2709
18% Ni Maraging 300, AISI H13
Al- AlSi12 CL 30AL ISO AlSi12 AA 4047 ASTM A04130
AlSi10Mg CL 31AL ISO 3522 A03600 Ti6Al4V ELI CL 40TI ELI ASTM F136 Ti6Al4V CL 40TI ISO 5832-3 ASTM F1472, AMS
4928, AMS 4967 Inconel 718
CL 100NB ISO 6208 UNS N07718
UNS N07718, AMS 5662, AMS 5664
Co-CR (remanium star)
CL 111 CoCr DIN EN ISO 9693/DIN EN ISO 22674
ASTM F75
EO
S
AlSi10Mg AlSi10Mg ISO 3522 A03600 CoCrMo,
CobaltChrome MP1
ISO 5832-4, ISO 5832-12, UNS R 31538
ASTM F75 ASTM F1537
Co-Cr CobaltChrome SP1
ISO 5832-4, ISO 5832-12, UNS R 31538
ASTM F75 ASTM F1537
-
MaragingSteel MS1
1.2709 18% Ni Maraging 300, AISI H13
7.1
E O
625 NickelAlloy IN625
UNS N06625, DIN NiCr22Mo9Nb
UNS N06625, AMS 5666F,
-
190
AMS 5599G 718 NickelAlloy
IN718 ISO 6208, UNS N07718, DIN NiCr19Fe19NbMo3
UNS N07718, AMS 5662, AMS 5664
. St.Steel GP1 1.4542 17-4 PH . St. Steel PH1 DIN 1.4540 UNS S15500 Ti6Al4V Titanium Ti64 ISO 5832-3 ASTM F1472 Ti6Al4V ELI
Titanium Ti64 ELI
ISO 5832-3, UNS R56401
ASTM F136
3D S
yste
ms
. ST4404D 1.4404 316 L
-
ST2709B 1.2709 18% Ni Maraging 300, AISI H13
Co-Cr ST2724G ISO 5832-4
SLM
Sol
utio
ns
CP Titanium ISO 5832-2 UNS R50400
ASTM Grade 2
Ti6Al4V Ti6Al4V ISO 5832-3 ASTM F136 ASTM F1472
TiAl6Nb7 TiAl6Nb7 ISO 5832-11 ASTM F1295 -
1.2709 1.2709 18% Ni Maraging 300, AISI H13
. 1.4404 1.4404
1.2344 1.2344 AISI 13 1.4542 1.4542
AlSi12 ISO AlSi12 ASTM AA 4047, ASTM A04130
AlSi10Mg ISO AlSi10Mg A03600 AlSi7Mg ISO AlSi7Mg ASTM Al3560 AlSi9Cu3 ISO AlSi9Cu3
AlMg4,5Mn0,4 ISO 5182 Co-Cr Co212-f ASTM F75 625 Inconel 625 UNS N06625, DIN
NiCr22Mo9Nb UNS N06625, AMS 5666F, AMS 5599G
718 Inconel 718 ISO 6208, UNS N07718, DIN NiCr19Fe19NbMo3
AMS 5662, AMS 5664
HX Inconel HX 2.4665 7.1
R ea
-
Tool steel H13
DIN 1.2803, 1.2709
18% Ni Maraging 300, AISI H13
-
191
-
CP Titanium ISO 5832-2, UNS R50400
ASTM Grade 2
Titanium V4 ISO 5832-3 ASTM F136, ASTM F1472
Al- / / / Co-Cr Cobalt
chrome ISO 5832-4, ISO 5832-12, UNS R 31538
ASTM F75, ASTM F1537
. 316L 1.4404 316L Inconel 718
Inconel 718 ISO 6208, UNS N07718, DIN NiCr19Fe19NbMo3
UNS N07718, AMS 5662, AMS 5664
, -, -
/ / /
. -
-, AM-, , . , : , , -.
, , . - , Sandwik Osprey, - . -, , - . 7.2 , - - LPW Technology (). , .
-
192
Raymor Industries Inc. () - Ti, Co-Cr, Mo Nb, . : 0-25, 0-45, 45-106, 45-150, 0-250 . - , AM-, : - TLS Technik GmbH & Co. Spezialpulver KG (): - ( Titanium Grade 1 ASTM, Titanium Grade 2 ASTM, Titanium Grade 5 ASTM (Ti 6Al 4V), , - , , , , , - , , . - Wiretec Handels und Beratungsgesellschaft GmbH () - d50=2-10 .
- . - , , - . - : 230-400/; Ti-6Al-4V 200-400/; Co-Cr 150/; Al 70-90/; Inconel 625 75/ ( EXW, . . , , ). , . 10 50 .
-
193
7.2. LPW Technology AM-
Ni Co UNS ASTM ISO AMS DIN
LPW CoCr-1LC
+ LPW CoCr-2LC
Co-CrMo C 0.16 max, Mn 1.0 max, Si 1.0 max, Cr 27.0-30.0, Ni 0.50 max, Mo 5.0-7.0, Fe 0.75 max, S 0.010 max, P 0.020 max, Al 0.10 max, Ti 0.10 max, W 0.20 max, B 0.010 max, Co Bal
31537 F1527, F75
5832-4 5832-12
MP1
LPW 718-2 718 Al 0.30-0.70, B 0.006 max, Ca 0.01 max, C 0.02-0.08, Cr 17.0-21.0, Co 1.0 max, Na+Ta 4.75-5.50, Cu 0.30 max, Fe 15.0-21.0, Mg 0.01 max, Mn 0.35 max, Mo 2.80-3.30, Ni 50.0-55.0, P 0.015 max, Se 0.005 max, Si 0.35 max, Ti 0.75-1.15, S 0.015 max.
7718 B537 B670
5832, 5596
2.4668 IN718
LPW 625-2 625 Mo 8.0-10.0, Co 1.0 max, Nb+Ta3.15-4.15,Al 0.40 max, Ti 0.40, max C 0.10, max, Fe 3.0-5.0, Si 0.50 max, Mg 0.50 max, P 0.015 max, Mn 0.50 Max Cr 20.0-23.0, S 0.015 max, Cu 0.50 max, Ni Bal.
6625 446 Gr1, 443 Gr1
5599, 5666
2.4856 IN625
-
194
7.2 Fe LPW M300-1 18Ni300 C 0.03 max, Mn 0.15,
Si 0.10 max, Ni 17.0-19.0, Mo 4.50-5.20, Co 8.50-10.0, Ti 0.80-1.20, P 0.010 max, S 0.010, Fe Bal.
1.2709 MS1
LPW 174-1 17-4ph Cr 15.0-17.0, Ni 3.0-5.0, Cu 3.0-5.0 Mn 1.0 max, Si 1.0 max, Mo 1.0 max, Nb+Ta 0.15-0.45,C 0.10 max, Fe Bal.
17400 A708 15156-3 5604 5643
1.4548 GP1
LPW 155-1 15-5ph Cr 14.0-15.0, Ni 3.5-5.5, Cu 2.5-4.5, Mn 1.0 max, Si 1.0 max, Mo 0.5 max, Nb 0.15-0.45, C 0.07 max, Fe Bal.
S15500 A564 A693
5659, 5862
PH1
LPW 316-1 SS 316L C 0.03 max, Si 0.75 max, Mn 2.0 max, P 0.025 max, S 0.01 max, Cr 17.5-18.0, Ni 12.5-13, Mo 2.25-2.50, Cu 0.50 max, Fe Bal.
S31673 F138 F745
5832-1 1.4404 1.4401
Ti LPW Ti6-4 -2 Ti6-4 Al 5.5-6.5, V 3.5-4.5,
N 0.03 max, C 0.08 max, H2 0.0125 max, Fe 0.25 max, O 0.20 max, Res Each 0.1, Res Total 0.4, Ti Bal.
R56400 F1472, B348gr 5
5832-3 4954, 4911, 4928
3.7164 Ti64
-
195
7.2 LPW Ti6-4ELI-2
Ti6-4 ELI Al 5.5-6.5, V 3.5-4.5, N 0.03 max, C 0.08 max, H2 0.0125 max, Fe 0.25 max, O 0.13 max, Res Each 0.1, Res Total 0.4, Ti Bal.
R56401 F136, B348 gr 23
5832-3 4956
LPW CpTi1-2 CpTi gr 1 N 0.03 max, C 0.08 max, H2 0.015 max, Fe 0.20 max, O 0.18 max, Res Each 0.1,Res Total 0.4, Ti Bal.
R50250 F67, B348gr 1
5832-2
LPW CpTi2-2 CpTi gr 2 N 0.03 max, C 0.08 max, H2 0.015 max, Fe 0.30 max, O 0.25 max, Res Each 0.1, Res Total 0.4, Ti Bal.
R50400 F67, B348gr 2
5832-2 4921 4902
Al LPW AlSi10Mg-1
AlSi10Mg
Si 9.0-11.0, Mg 0.2-0.45,Fe 0.55 max Ni 0.05 max,Cu 0.05 max, Zn 0.10 max, Mn 0.45 max Pb 0.05, Sn 0.05 max, Ti 0.15 max, Al Bal
A13600 A03600 3.2381.01
LPW AlSi12-1 AlSi12 Si 11.0-13.0 Mg
-
196
2010 . EWI AMC (AM-Consortium), . 33 , -. Boeing, General Electric, General Dynamics, Goodrich, Honeywell, Lockheed Martin, Morris Technologies, Northrop Grumman, Rolls-Royce Sciaky, , - , NASA, NAVAIR NIST [30].
2011 . 3D Systems - .
2012 . 7 . - [31]. , - () - [32].
22- , GARPA Global Alliance of Rapid Prototyping Associations.
2012 . . $1 . 15 . - $45 . National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Institute NAMII - , -. NAMII : America Makes ( 1), . . , , - , , .
2013 . Arcam - Arcam Q10 [33].
-
197
(: https://americamakes.us/)
1. 2010 . -- Made in Space, NASA $824597 - . 2013 . NASA - 3D-, 2014 . Zero-G ( ) , 2).
(: http://www.space.com)
2.
2013 . NASA SMRC (Systems and Materials
Research Corporation) $125000 3D- .
2014 . 10- Roset-ta () - 67P-- , 3D- (- 3).
-
198
3.
67P-- [34] 1995 . - (Northwestern Polytechnical University, NPU) - , , . . 2012 . NPU 5- Comac C919, 4 [35]. 2013 . Nanfang Ventilator Co., Ltd 3D- : 28 , 23 , 9,5
. 6 , 10 . : , , . - , . A4. Comac C919[35]
-
199
2013 . (Da-lian University of Technology) Unit Science and Technology Development Co. Ltd. - 1,8 , 5.
5. - [35]
45 20 , , - . AM- 2012 . - 450 , 2011 . - $5,5 ., - $9,5 . [37].
: Rapid Prototyping Journal, TCT Magazine, Wohlers Report, RTejournal (Rapid Technology Electronic Jour-nal), International Journal of CAD/CAM.
- , : www.wohlersassociates.com, www.additive3d.com.; Additive Manufacturing Users Group ().
, . : 2009 . 265; 2010 . 419; 2011 . 474; : 2009 . 678; 2010 . 797; 2011 . 827 [37].
-
200
, , . - . , - ( ) - - . , - . , . -, ( - , ), . , , - - , -, - , - . .. - [38]. , AM- -. , , - A-, - . - , - - - . -, - , () , .
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-
201
, . . , AF-, , - , , . . - . : , . - , .
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-
202
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203
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