3D Forest Inventory Mapping [directly] in ArcMap

Patrick Wong, Principal “…don’t know much photo-gram-metry,

…don’t know much fores-try” a la Sam Cooke

What is Inventory Mapping?

Answer: base map + forest polygon/attributes;

or …a specialized practise in thematic mapping;

…a gigantic learned photo interpretation, feature transferring & plotting exercise

Thematic mapping – plotting special features on base maps

Universal obstacle – base maps are:

absent; old; …or sub-standard?

Now what??

You call that photogrammetry?

Inventory Mapping – the Old-fashioned Way

1. Field reconnaissance…dead-reckoning air/ground calls.

2. Stereoscopic studies of aerial photos…maximum magnification ~3.5X

3. Inking polygons/features onto contact print…rapid-o-graph pen

4. Approximate tree height and other measurements …using step-wedges, parallax bar, dot grids…

5. Approximate polygon transfers onto base maps …using Kail Plotter, epidiascope, zoom transfer-scope, camera lucida…

6. 2D digitizing of map manuscript…scanning or CAD digitizing

7. Geo-processing 2D CAD files

…Result: 2D GIS…at best

…then, in 1992 ISPRS Congress, digital photogrammetry erupted…

Geometry of digital photogrammetry x x

Digital Photogrammetry products of I.S.M. International Systemap Corp.

Vancouver ∙ Canada

1991 – SysImage Digital Orthophoto System

1992 – Digital image Analytical Photogrammetry

[DiAP…DiAP Σ]

1999 – DiAP–Viewer, or DiAP Δ

2005 – PurVIEW

a Photogrammetric Workstation…the inside

The Restitution System – equations…no space rods, guide rails, cams…

The Stereo Viewing System – monitor/LCD eyewear…no prisms, lenses, mirrors…

The Input System – scroll-mouse…or 3D mouse, hand-wheels/foot-disc…

The Output System – CAD systems…no pantographs, co-ordinatographs…

The Graphic User Interface (GUI) – Windows OS…no command lines, keypads…

…the results

Replicated all instruments still in used

Eliminated all secretarial support

Automated many repetitive tasks

Eliminated stereo plotter “calibration”

Eliminated the “afternoon shift”

Reduced office rents

Unconfined to “dungeons”

Destroyed industry strategic balance

Upset established “authorities”

“…photogrammetry is finished upon successful orientation of a stereo model

…thereafter, only image interpretation and graphic documentation thereof remain … still requiring human experience and

imagination…”

Frank 2002, before edited by GIM for publication.

Genesis

…what else is happening?

Commercial Remote Sensing pixel from 0.5m, not 60m!

Digital aerial imaging pixel from 0.03 ~ 0.6m

Film archives scanned

Aerial [LiDAR or RADAR] DEM achieved 1st Order accuracy

Mapping CAD- or GIS-direct

Orthophoto digital by-product.

…what will be next? No aerial triangulation geo-referenced in-camera

No prints & diapositives only image files

No manual terrain modeling RADAR or LiDAR showers

Mapping via PurVIEW geodatabase-direct

Orthophoto in Image Server on-the-fly

what’s in PurVIEW?

Restitution bypassed, using geo-referenced imagery

Stereo Viewing 1,680 x 1,080 @ 120Hz…or higher

Input scroll-mouse via Virtual-Z ™

Output Geodatabase-direct

GUI ArcMap

Integration with other system x

… to 1991 1992 – 1999 1999 – 2004 2005 – now

Inventory Mapping Analogue CAD DiAP-Viewer PurVIEW

Reconnaissance Air/Ground Calls GPS-assisted GPS-direct GPS-direct

Photo Interpretation Stereoscope Stereoscope

DiAP-Viewer

CAD-direct

PurVIEW

geodatabase-

direct

Polygon Delineation Contact Print Ink Contact Print Ink

Tree Height Measurement Parallax Bar Parallax Bar

Polygon transfer to maps Kail Plotter, etc… Mono-restitution

CAD-direct Map post-digitizing IGDS

Field verification Air/ground Plots GPS-assisted GPS-guided GPS-guided

Slope/Elevation/Aspect Estimation TIN-derivation TIN-derivation

ArcGIS Growth/Yield Speculation Speculation Speculation

Other analysis Speculation Speculation Measurable

State of the Art…and Technology in Forest Inventory Mapping

Other issues also resolved:

Forest Cover Mapping – BC MoFR

Projection ArcGIS converts NAD-27 into NAD-83, Albers… PurVIEW dynamically transforms model control coordinates into mapping coordinates

2D v. 3D Virtual-Z dynamically converts 2D mapping into 3D

Field use Hardcopy in anaglyph stereo

British Columbia Ministry of Forests 2D Forest Cover FC-1 Maps now viewable and editable

in ArcMap

3D geodatabase-direct

x

Old Mapping Method…

Stereoscopic studies of aerial photos

Inking polygons/features onto contact print

Approximate object height measurements

Approximate polygon transfers onto base maps

2D digitizing of map manuscript

Geo-processing the 2D CAD files

x Old Field Method… Air/ground calls/plots by “dead reckoning”

New Method: Training/Test Sets by GPS x

http://www.rei.com/features/zoom.html?img440=/media/xx/d3df8efd-2a76-4f1b-966d-f4358995df44&style=735607&sku=7356070016&imageServiceHost=http://www.rei.com/&productInfoServiceHost=http://www.rei.com/&TB_iframe=true&height=513&width=700

How does it work?

Software & Hardware

…or Anaglyph Viewing – no special hardware needed

x

UltraCam

DMC

Film

ADS

Ikonos

Imagery +

Geo-referencing Metadata

Geo-referencing metadata Direct Read

• begin model 1924• left_photo: 1924• right_photo:1925• atmospheric_flag: off• earth_curve_flag: off• left_lens_flag: on• right_lens_flag: on• RO_parametersL: 0 0 302.922 0 0 0 • RO_parametersR: 87.21076105757685 -2.940220899132825 302.4904826401843 -0.6699756189427558 0.6436907917340337 0.1415827980869817• RO_num_iters: 3• RO_num_DOF: 12• RO_sum_red: 12.00000066089669• RO_apost_std_dev: 4.742505457690576• RO_obs: 19192449 1 0 -9.216800693402989e-005 -0.002734271138771133 8.551566415345879e-005 0.002738851744873322 -0.9749844831867812 -

0.9749844831867813 0.9749844831867811 0.9749844831867812 5.476006353762177 0.3483692236982312• RO_obs: 19192428 1 0 0.0002328277081160169 0.007098046778593414 -0.0002014343900262903 -0.007113466448173839 2.430296506541687

2.430296506541687 -2.430296506541687 -2.430296506541687 14.21814656572591 0.3885515790451946• RO_obs: 19192418 1 0 1.526978272194305e-005 0.0004708773369041355 -1.279666230225846e-005 -0.000471878137023175 0.1586137835047162

0.1586137835047162 -0.1586137835047163 -0.1586137835047163 0.9431731595821653 0.3942913542599571• RO_obs: 18182468 1 0 -0.0001278557566773672 -0.004002488104144476 0.0001025353575472848 0.004011595491733687 -1.583340632770566 -

1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 1.583340632770566 8.017394585975994 0.2814665688993043• RO_obs: 18182488 1 0 3.621915965691522e-005 0.001124260080160922 -2.978500497034786e-005 -0.001126718539415711 0.3912660151180373

0.3912660151180372 -0.3912660151180372 -0.3912660151180372 2.251946112929718 0.370116273140884• RO_obs: 19192549 1 0 -7.417047265638079e-005 -0.002205626436423284 6.819548481762894e-005 0.002202307449033387 -0.7848074916366772 -

0.784807491636677 0.7848074916366771 0.7848074916366771 4.410232329980433 0.3481735119741868• RO_obs: 19192528 1 0 2.318306448730062e-006 7.041224682025476e-005 -2.018723176533091e-006 -7.030655590539735e-005 0.02432269248579993

0.02432269248579992 -0.02432269248579993 -0.02432269248579993 0.140785621661132 0.3718737492347906• RO_obs: 19192518 1 0 0.0001441297830182669 0.004468916590124374 -0.0001184916148850902 -0.004463047898119873 1.609075668395108

1.609075668395108 -1.609075668395108 -1.609075668395109 8.935824506887602 0.3469080003654929• RO_obs: 18182568 1 0 -3.865958942755112e-005 -0.001210894256457925 3.085146708600071e-005 0.001209731224089844 -0.498020155814113 -

0.4980201558141131 0.498020155814113 0.498020155814113 2.421623320017948 0.2612633349476267• RO_obs: 18182588 1 0 -9.299892924718622e-005 -0.002861291820779107 7.823516087257402e-005 0.002859779070693429 -0.9274633070482584 -

0.9274633070482585 0.9274633070482585 0.9274633070482586 5.723632872474744 0.4200850171890429• RO_obs: 20202418 1 0 0.0001002102831521049 0.00284826593292838 -0.0001025394345719465 -0.002854702639955032 1.18394128580688 1.18394128580688

-1.18394128580688 -1.18394128580688 5.706571474303379 0.2617731727522797• RO_obs: 19192468 1 0 -0.0001182674082637609 -0.003405971557833327 0.0001175743411503378 0.003411873342722822 -1.158263440837804 -

1.158263440837804 1.158263440837804 1.158263440837803 6.821922780184937 0.3827278586812221• RO_obs: 19192488 1 0 -2.913310644684703e-005 -0.0008326614879674102 2.944278982253082e-005 0.0008340579248123766 -0.2893054143417714 -

0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 0.2893054143417714 1.667748403255347 0.3691405513991309• RO_obs: 19192568 1 0 7.038386289217967e-005 0.002032762568693572 -6.930041020500175e-005 -0.002029570345026974 0.6994051380068653

0.6994051380068653 -0.6994051380068654 -0.6994051380068654 4.064733742577483 0.3769388515383017

LiDAR 10m Photogrammetric

Supported DEM: LiDAR, RADAR, Photogrammetric

RADAR

Virtual raised relief map or imagery

What really is going on… coordinate transformation on-the-fly

●

●

Available Source Meta-data Quality

Geo-referencing X0, Y0, Z0 kGPS or IMU ~15cm 1~1.5 GSD, if @ 10cm

κ, φ, ω via IMU ± ½ arc-min. 1 part in 10,800 of 90°

via AT ± 1% “grad” 1 part in 10,000 of 90°

DEM RADAR ±1m from 10,000m 1 part per 10,000

LiDAR ±15cm from 1,000m 1 part per 6,600

Photogrammetric 1st-Order 1 part per 6,000

2nd-Order 1 part per 4,800

…specifications distilled

GSD

0.05 m

0.1 m

0.2 m

0.5 m

1 m

2 m

5 m

Map scale X / Y / Z

1: 500 ± 0.25 m

1: 1,000 ± 0.5 m

1: 2,000 ± 1.0 m

1: 5,000 ± 2.5 m

1: 10,000 ± 5 m

1: 20,000 ± 10 m

1: 50,000 ± 25 m

DEM

0.25 m

0.5 m

1 m

2.5 m

5 m

10 m

25 m

x f/b =

Horizontal accuracy – within ½ mm at plotting scale… Vertical accuracy – within ½ contour interval…

Old specifications summarized…

Map Scale Contour

Interval

Positional Accuracy Image

GSD

Tree Height

Accuracy X Y Z

1:500 0.5m 0.25m 0.25m 0.25m 5cm 25cm

1:1000 1.0m 0.50m 0.50m 0.50m 10cm 50cm

1:2000 2.0m 1.0m 1.0m 1.0m 20cm 1m

1:5000 5.0m 2.5m 2.5m 2.5m 0.5m 2.5m

1:10000 10.0m 5m 5m 5m 1m 5m

1:20000 20.0m 10m 10m 10m 2m 10m

1:50000 50.0m 25m 25m 25m 5m 25m

What size GSD?

beyond next…

Last inventory polygons stereo-superimposed on new imagery is “Training Set”

Next inventory needs only: Update harvested areas… Update hydrography and access; Adjust polygon/stand boundaries; Re-estimate stand mixture; Re-measure tree height-class; Re-measure tree crown closure; Auto-calculate tree age-class; S/E/A might not have changed…

and beyond beyond next…

image models viewable on-demand

D.E.M. coverage everywhere

professional purview review legacy data models

QA new mapping delivery

update, upgrade, retrofit …geodatabase-direct ortho-on-the-fly

…no excuses.

3D Forest Inventory Mapping [directly] in ArcMap�Slide Number 2What is Inventory Mapping?Thematic mapping �– plotting special features on base mapsSlide Number 5You call that photogrammetry?Inventory Mapping – the Old-fashioned Way…then, in 1992 ISPRS Congress, digital photogrammetry erupted…Slide Number 9Slide Number 10a Photogrammetric Workstation…the inside…the resultsSlide Number 13…what else is happening?…what will be next?Slide Number 16what’s in PurVIEW?Integration with other systemSlide Number 19Forest Cover Mapping – BC MoFRBritish Columbia Ministry of Forests �2D Forest Cover FC-1 Maps now viewable and editable �in ArcMap Slide Number 22How does it work?Software & Hardware…or Anaglyph Viewing – no special hardware neededSlide Number 26Geo-referencing metadata Direct ReadSlide Number 28Virtual raised relief map or imagerySlide Number 30Available Source Meta-data Quality…specifications distilledWhat size GSD?beyond next… and beyond beyond next…Slide Number 36