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8/7/2019 3BT nouveau

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CPM BAT KOUMASSI SCHOOL YEAR : 2010-2011

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TEXT 1: SOME CASTLES AND FORTS IN GHANA

In the past, kings and queens and other great people in some countries built

special buildings for themselves. These buildi ngs were big and strong. They

were called castles. These castles protected the queens and kings from their

enemies.

Other people also built castles in other peoples countries where they5

wanted to live or work. Sometimes they also built forts where many soldiers

lived. A fort is smaller than a castle and only soldiers live in it. The soldiers

protected the traders or the strangers who had come from other places to live and

work. Most of the things that these settlers used for fighting were kept in the

forts. Some of these things were guns, gunpowder, bullets, cannons and10

cannonballs.

In Ghana, some Europeans built castles and forts on the coast where they

lived. These Europeans came from different countries in Europe: Portugal,

Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Germany and England.

Have you ever seen a castle or fort? Have you gone inside the building to see15

what the rooms look like? Next time you go into a castle or fort, look carefullyat the walls, the sizes of the rooms and the things that have been kept there.

The castles and forts were built with materials that would last long: stones,

iron, wood, tiles and lime. They are very strong.

Most of the castles and forts were built on low hills or rocky ground. Most20

of them also had two or three storeys.

Pronunciation:

1- Castles ; 2- great ; 3- built ; 4- buildings ; 5- fighting ; 6- gunpowder ;7- Europeans ; 8- sizes ; 9- iron ; 10- ground


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ACTIVITY I: Read the text, and then match each word or phrase with its

meaning.

WORDS / PHRASES MEANINGS ANSWERS

1- great (l.1) a- large fortified buildings

2- castles (l.3) b- dimensions

3- traders (l.8) c- metallic element whose

symbol is Fe

4- settlers (l.9) d- levels in a building ...

5- look like (l.16) e-important; of high rank ...

6- sizes (l.17) f- white substance containing calcium ...

used in making cement ...7- last (l.18) g- colonists ...

8- iron (l.19) h- resemble ...

9- lime (l.19) i- people who buy and sell things ...

10- storeys j- remain in good condition ....

ACTIVITY II: Read the text and answer these questions

1- a) What special buildings did kings and queens build for themselves in thepast?

.

.

b) What did they build those buildings for ?


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2- What is the difference between a fort and a castle?

..

..

3- What nationalities were the Europeans who came to Ghana?

4- Why were the castles and forts built with materials like iron and stones?

ACTIVITY III: Translate into French

From Have you ever seen down to they are very strong.


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ACTIVITY IV: Translate into English

1- Si javais beaucoup dargent, jachterais un chteau.

2- Autrefois, nous vivions dans des cases. Aujourdhui, nous vivons dans desmaisons modernes construites avec des briques.

.

3- Le bois, le sable, largile, le gravier, la chaux et lacier sont des matriaux deconstruction.

4- Les murs de cette pice ne sont droits. Vous devez les reconstruire. Pouvez-vous les dmolir maintenant?

..


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GRAMMAR: PRETERIT / PRESENT PERFECT

I - PRETERIT (Past Simple)

1- FormationRegular verbs: Subject + Infinitive(-to) + ed* (or + d only when infinitive ends in e )

e.g. to work............ workedto raise..............raised

* ed is pronounced /id / afterd and te.g. decided , planted

Note:

When the Verb ends in y preceded by a consonant , y becomes ied in the preterit.e.g. to apply........... .....applied

to satisfy................satisfied

Butif the verb ends in y preceded by a vowel, add ed to the verb to form the preterit.e.g. to pray...................... prayed

to destroy..................destroyed

When the final syllable(ending in consonant+vowel+consonant) of the infinitive isstressed, the final letter is doubled.

e.g. to Prefer ...............Preferredto step ................ stepped

But to vomit ........... vomited / prohibit .prohibited (The final letter t is notDoubled because the final syllable of the infinitive "mit is not stressed). This alsoapplies to:

to enter .......... Entered . but to inter ........... interred.to shorten....... Shortened .

When the verb ends in c, change this letter into ck before you add ed.e.g. to picnic........................picni cked .

to panic..........................panicked .

2- Forms

a- Interrogative form

Did + Subject + Infinitive(-to) +.............+ ?

EXAMPLE:

AFFIRMATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM

Our team played yesterday. Did our team play yesterday?


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b- Negative formSubject + did not (didnt) + infinitive (-to).............................. .

EXAMPLEAFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM

Ali and yao worked for an engineeringfirm.

Ali and yao did not (didnt) work for anengineering firm

3 Use

a- The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now and whichwe are narrating. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.

e.g. I enjoyed the journey. ( I am narrating)When Ali passed his exam, his father wept for joy. (both actions occured in the past andare not continuing.)

b- the past simple is used to describe a sequence of past actions.

e.g. I woke up, brushed my teeth, and went to school.

c- the past simple is always used with the following words or phrases: yesterday ,ago ,last year, last month, last week, last monday, ... , in + pastdate (in 1984, in 2006,...) ,at that time, in those days

e.g. My father bought this house two years ago.I went lastyear.

II PRESENT PERFECTA present perfect simple

1- StructureSubject + have / has (3rd pers. Sing. ) + past participle +......................................... .

2- Forms

a - Interrogative formhave / has(3rd person singular) + Subject + past participle............+ ?

EXAMPLE:AFFIRMATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM

The plumbers haveinstalledthe pipes. Have the plumbers installedthe pipes?

The plumberhasinstalledthe pipes. Has the plumberinstalledthe pipes?


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b - Negative formSubject + have not ( havent) / has not (hasnt 3rd person singular) + .............................. .

EXAMPLEAFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM

The plumbers haveinstalledthepipes.

The plumbers have not (havent) installedthe pipes.

The plumberhasinstalledthe pipes. The plumberhas not (hasnt)installedthepipes.

3 Use

a- We use the present perfect to talk about actions which happened in the past but have aneffect in the present. In this case, the action happened at some time in the past, but theeffect of the action is still important now. It's easier to understand this use if we comparepresent perfect sentences with simple past sentences.

Tense Sentence Meaning

Present perfectSomeone has stolen mytools.

I haven't found the toolsyet.

Simple past Someone stole my tools. I've probably foundthem.

Present perfect She's broken her arm. The arm is still injured.

Simple past She broke her arm.The arm is probably OKby now.

Present perfect They have gone toLiberia. They arent here now.

Simple past They went to Liberia. They are probably back.


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3BTb - We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time

before now. The exact time is not important.

e.g. I have read this book.The engineerhas signed the contract.Have they called you?

BEWARE !!!

If you wish to specify the time when the action happened, then you must use the simple past.

e.g. I read this bookyesterday.The engineersigned the contract two minutesago.Did they call you last Friday?

c - we use the present perfect to describe an action that can still happen, or can happen again.

e.g. The teacherhasnt arrived yet. ( He might still arrive. The class is not over.)We have seen the building contractor this morning. (We can see him again. The

morning is not over.)

Now Contrast the above sentences with:

The teacherdidn't arrive. (The class is over and Im narrating.)We saw the building contractor this morning. (The morning is over. The speaker may be in

the afternoon or in the evening.)

d - The Present Perfect simple is used to talk about the result of a change. This result is stilltrue at the moment of speaking.

e.g. How old you have grown! : Comme tu as vieilli !Mary has become more beautiful. : Marie est devenue plus belle.My English has really improved. : Mon Anglais sest vraiment amlior.

e The following words and phrases indicate the use of the present perfect simple:so far,up tonow , thisweek , thisyear, this month , thesedays , duringthelast.... , overthelast..., in thelast... forthe past few... ,allmylife, today* .

e.g. We havent met them lately. : Nous ne les avons pas rencontrs ces temps-ci.

It has rained a lot overthelasttwo years. : Il a beaucoup plu ces deux derniresannes.

* we use the present perfect simple with today if the action can happen again. Butifthe action can longer happen, we use the simple past.

e.g. I have seen the boss today. ( I can probably see him again.)I went to the shops today. ( the shops are now closed.)

f- We use the present perfect simple for actions completed in the very recent past,(expressed by just placed between the auxiliary and the past participle).


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3BTe.g. We havejustfinished our work : Nous venons de finir notre travail

The supplierhasjustarrived.: Le fournisseur vient darriver.

g - The present perfect is used for an action started at some time in the past, andcontinuing in the present. To express such an action, we use the words for+ a lengthof time( e.g. two months; five hours,) or since + a starting point (e.g. 2005 ;

yesterday,)

e.g. He has lived in London forsix years. (= He started living in London six years ago,and he still lives in London.)

Il vit Londres depuis six ans = cela fait six ans quil vit Londres.

They have worked for this engineering firmsince 1984. (= They started working in 1984,and they still work for this firm.)

Ils travaillent pour cette entreprise dingnierie depuis 1984.e.g. I havebeen happysinceI met you. : Je suis heureux depuis que je tai rencontre.

B Present perfect continuous

1- FormationSubject + have / has (3rd pers. Sing. ) + been + present participle + .................... .

e.g. To workI have beenYou have beenHe/ She/ It has been workingWe have beenYou have beenThey have been

2- Forms

a - Interrogative formhave / has(3rd person singular) + Subject + been + present participle+................. + ?

EXAMPLE:

AFFIRMATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM

The plumbers havebeen installingthe pipes. Have the plumbers beeninstallingthe pipes?

The plumberhas been installingthe pipes. Has the plumberbeeninstallingthe pipes?


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3BTb - Negative form

Subject + have notbeen / has not been (3rd pers. Sing.) + present participle +........... .

EXAMPLE:AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORMThe plumbers have beeninstalling thepipes.

The plumbers have not beeninstallingthe pipes.

The plumberhas beeninstallingthe

pipes.

The plumberhas not beeninstalling the pipes.

3 Use

a - We use the present perfect continuous for actions beginning in the past and just ended.

e.g. I have beentalkingto the painter. (= I have just talked to the painter.)you are out of breath. Have youbeenrunning?

b We use the present perfect continuous when we are interested in the action itself.

e.g. John has beenpainting the ceiling. (his clothes are covered in paint. Here we areinterested in the action itself.)

Now compare:e.g. John has painted the ceiling. (the colour of the ceiling has changed. Here were are

interested in the result.)

EXERCISE 1: put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense: past simple or presentperfect.

1- we (to go) to Ghana last year.

..................................................................................................... ...................................................

............................................................................................................................. ...........................

2- John is not here. He (to go) to work.

.......... ............................................................................................................................. .................

.................................................................................................................. ....................................

3- Look! Someone (to break) the bricks.

............................................................................................................................. ...........................

..................... ............................................................................................................................. ......

4- My uncle is ill. He (to have) high blood pressure for two years.

....................................................... .................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. ...........................


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3BT5- Aya (not to go) to see the doctor yesterday .

............................................................................................................................. ...........................

........................................................ .............................................................................................

6- Marys father (to buy) his car in 2004.

.................................................................................................................... ....................................

......7- I (to feel) much better since I saw my mother.

............................................................................................................................. ...........................

.......... ............................................................................................................................. ................

8- They (to build) a castle in my village four months ago. .

............................................ ............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. ...........................

9- Listen! Someone (just to enter) the room.

............................................................................................................................. ...........................

........................................................................................................ ...............................................

10- Peter loves his wife. They (to be) married for ten years .

............................................................................................................................. ...........................

............................................................................................................................. ..........................

EXERCICE 2 : put the sentences below first in the affirmative form, then in the negativeform, and finally in the interrogative form.

1- kofi (to sell) iron bars. ( past simple)Aff.:........................................................................................................................ ......................

............................................................................................................................. ........................

..

Negat.:................................................................................................................................. .........

.......................................................................................................................... ........................

..

.Interr.:.................................................................................................................... ......................

.................................................................................................................................... .................

..


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3BT2- Ali and Konan (to erect) a scaffolding. (present perfect progressive)

Aff.:........................................................................................................................ ......................

......................................... .............................................................................................................

.

Negat.:.................................................................................................... ......................................

............................................................................................................................. .........................

.................................................................... ..................................................................................

Interr.:..................................................................................................................... ......................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.

3- The carpenter ( to fix) the doors. (present perfect simple)Aff.:........................................................................................................................ ......................

............................................................................................................. .......................................

Negat.:...................................................................................................................... ....................

............................................................................................................................. ....................

.

.Interr.:..........................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. ......................

..

4- The electricians (to lose ) their screwdrivers. ( simple past)Aff.:........................................................................................................ ......................................

............................................................................................................................. ......................

Negat.:...................................................................................................................... ....................

.......................................................................................................... .........................................

.Interr.:.................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................. .........................

..


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3BT5- They (to dig) a deep hole. (past continuous)

Aff.:........................................................................................................................ ......................

.................................................................................. ....................................................................

Negat.:......................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................................. .......................

.Interr.:.................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................ ..........................................

..

6- Steve (to lift) two bags of cement. (present perfect simple)Aff.:...................................................................... ........................................................................

............................................................................................................................. .........................

Negat.:...................................................................................................................... ....................

..................................................................... ................................................................................

....Interr.:.................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................. .........................................

EXERCICE 3: Translate into English.

1- Cela fait deux heures que nous travaillons = Vous travaillez dpuis deux heures.

..

2- O sont les autres ? ont-ils dj fini leur travail ?.

..


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TEXT 2: ELECTRIC WIRE

Electric wire is usually made of copper. Copper lets the electric current flow

easily through it. We say that it has a low resistance. Some other metals also

have a low resistance, but copper is the most useful. There are copper wires in

millions of houses in the world.

These wires carry the current to our lamps. There is a thin wire inside an5

electric lamp; you can see it if you look carefully. A thin wire has a higher

resistance than a thick one. It tries to stop the flow of the current. Then it gets

very hot.

The thin wire is not made of copper; it is made of tungsten. All metals

melt when they get hot. (Mercury melts at a lower temperature than our usual10

ones.)

Tungsten does not melt easily. It has to be very hot indeed before it melts.

When the tungsten gets hot, it also gets bright. It shines and gives a good

light.

It also last a long time without breaking.15

Extracted from ELEMENTARY SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH,

Practice, p.7

Pronunciation:

1- wire ; 2- usually ; 3- current ; 4- through ; 5- houses ; 6- carefully ;7- higher ; 8- tungsten ; 9- mercury ; 10- temperature


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ACTIVITY I: Find out the words whose meanings are given below

MEANINGS WORDS

1- thin metal thread which conducts current (l.1) ...2- reddish-brown metal whose symbol is Cu (l.1) ...3- move along ; circulate (l.1) ...4- conduct; take (something) from one place to another (l.5) ...5- in the interior of (l.5) ..6- with attention (l.6) ..7- with a large diameter (l.7) ...8- becomes (l.7) ..9- become liquid (l.10) ...10- brilliant (l.13) ...


1- Why is electric current usually made of copper?

2- Copper is the only metal which has a low resistance: true or false. Justify.

3- According to the text, what is the role of wires?


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4- Give two reasons why tungsten is preferred to many other metals in electriclamps?


From Electric wire down to in the world.

.

.

.

.

.


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Il y a deux principaux types de courant lectrique: le courant alternatif et le courant

continu. Le premier est celui que nous utilisons gnralement dans les usines et

dans nos maisons. Ce courant est produit par les centrales lectriques. Nouslutilisons pour faire fonctionner certains appareils comme les climatiseurs, les

ventilateurs, les rfrigrateurs, les ordinateurs, les fers repasser, les tlvisions,

etc. Le dernier, cest --dire le courant continu, provient des batteries.

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..........................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. .........


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GRAMMAR: COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

I- COMPARATIVES1- Superiority

a- Adjectives of one or two syllables

Adjective + er + (than)

e.g. SlowSlower : A bicycle is slower than a motorbike.Fast.Faster : A plane is faster than a car.Light...Lighter : A pen is lighter than a hammer

Farther (concrete sense)Except: Good Better ; Bad Worse ; Ill Worse ; Far

Further(abstract sense)

Note:

y When the adjective ends in consonant +vowel + consonant , we generally double the finalletter before adding er

e.g. Big..Bigger ; Fat.Fatter ; Thin.Thinner ; Sad.Sadder

y When the adjective ends in y preceded by a consonant, we change y into ier in thecomparative form.

e.g. Dry..Drier ; Pretty..Prettier ; Silly.Sillier

b- Adjectives of three or more syllables

More + Adjective + (than)

e.g. Intelligent.more intelligent : Mary is more intelligent than Kate.Dangerous.more dangerous : Lions are more dangerous than dogs.

Note:We use more with the following adjectives:

y Adjectives ending in ouse.g. curious. more curious ; seriousmore serious ; porousmore porous

y Adjectives ending in fule.g. careful.more careful

y Adjectives ending in ede.g. giftedmore gifted ; pleased.more pleased ; bored..more bored

y Adjectives ending in ivee.g. activemore active ; live..more live

y Adjectives ending in ishe.g. reddishmore reddish ; bookish..more bookish

y Vital ; decent ; certain ; real ; dead ; drunk ; cross ; alone ; afraid ; usual ; modern


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2- Inferiority

Adjectives of one or more syllables

Less + Adjective + (than)

e.g. Slowless slow: A motorbike is less slowthan a bicycleFast.less fast: A car is less fastthan a plane.

Intelligent.less intelligent: Kate is less intelligent than Mary.Dangerous.less dangerous: Dogs are less dangerous than Lions.

3- EqualityAdjectives of one or more syllables

As + Adjective + As

e.g. John is as kind as Peter.Paul is as strong as a lion.

Ali is as courageous as Yao.They are as intelligent as my children.

II- SUPERLATIVES1- Superiority

a- Adjectives of one or two syllables

the + adjective + est orst (if the adjective ends in e)

e.g. Short... the shortest : Mary is the shortest girl of the family.Wide.the widest : this is the widest room.

the farthest(concrete sense)Except: Good the best ; Bad theworst ; Ill the worst ; Far

the furthest(abstract sense)

Note:

y When the adjective ends in consonant +vowel + consonant , we generally double the finalletter before adding est.

e.g. Big.. the biggest ; Fat.the fattest : Bill is the fattest man in the town.

y When the adjective ends in y preceded by a consonant, we change y into iest in thecomparative form.

e.g. Dry..the driest ; Pretty..the prettiest ; Silly.the silliest

b- Adjectives of three or more syllables

the most + Adjective (+ noun)

e.g. Intelligent..the most intelligent : Kon is the most intelligent boy in the class.


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Not We use themost wit t e followi adjecti es:

y Adjecti es ending in ouse.g. curious.the most curious ; seriousthe most serious ; porousthemost porous

y

Adjecti es ending in ful

e.g. careful the most.careful

y Adjecti es ending in ede.g. giftedthe most gifted ; pleased. the most pleased ; bored. the most bored

y Adjecti es ending in ivee.g. acti e the most acti e ;li e.. the most li e

y Adjecti es ending in ishe.g. reddish the most reddish ; bookish.. the most bookish

y Vital; decent; certain ; real; dead ; drunk; cross ; alone ; afraid ; usual; modern

2- Inferiority

Adjecti es of one ortwo syllables

the least + adjecti e (+ noun)

e.g. Heavythe least heavy : Give me the least heavy brick.Talkative..the leasttalkative: Peteris the leasttalkative boy in the class.

E E CIS

EI:Complete the sentences below using comparatives or superlatives.

1- Joe is ..Ed (short)

.

.

2- Alis .. (short)

3- Ed is .. ( thin )

..

..........................


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4- Joe is Ed (thin)

.

.

5- Al has clothes. (beautiful)

6- Al is .Joe. ( heavy )

.

7- Ed is .. . ( light )

..

..

8- Al is ...Joe. ( happy )

9- Ed is . . ( mysterious )

.

.

10- Joe is Ed. ( energetic )

EXERCISE II: Translate into English

1- Voici louvrier le plus paresseux du groupe.

2- Nous embaucherons le plus courageux deux.

..


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3- Ils travaillent tous bien, mais je pense que Paul travaille mieux.

4- La nouvelle grue est aussi puissante que lancienne.

5- Votre gomtre nest pas plus dou que le mien.

6- Le patron aimerait parler au moins jeune de votre quipe.

7- Si jaccepte de travailler avec vous, quel sera mon plus bas salaire ?


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VOCABULARY 2

I- To be made up of = to be composed of = To consist of

e.g. The government is made up offour women and fifteen men. =

The government is composed offour women and fifteen men =

The government consists offour women and fifteen men =

II- To be made of = to be made out of

e.g. This dooris made ofwood.

This dooris made out ofwood.

Beware! : Do not confuse to be made ofand to be made from

yWe use to be made from when we obtain something by transforming something else.

e.g. Steel is made from iron. : Lacier est fait partir du fer.

y We use to be made of when we use something (without transforming them) to obtainsomething else.

e.g. This wall is made ofbricks. : Ce mur est fait de briques.

Exercise : Make a sensible choice : made of / made from / made up of

1- Our gang is ..two bricklayers and four carpenters.

2- Aluminium is .. bauxite...

3- Look at that bridge! It is .. steel.

4- Japan is .. islands...

5- I need a pot which is .. clay...


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TEXT 3: WHAT HAPPENS ON A BUILDING SITE (Part One)

Before any work can begin on a building site, a surveyor makes a detailed plan or

map of the site. An architect designs the houses which are to be built, plots theirpositions on the surveyors plan and draws in the roads and drains which will

serve the houses. Then the surveyor goes to the site and sets out the lines of the

roads and drains on the ground from the measurements shown on the plan. He5

uses an instrument known as an optical level and a steel tape to find levels and

distances. The foreman sets out the plan of the house or bungalow on the ground.

A tape measure, string and wooden pegs are used to mark the positions of all the

walls and the correct width of the foundation trenches.

All buildings must have strong foundations. Sometimes a mechanical10

digger, a small bucket-trenching machine operated and by hydraulic power, digs

out the soil. On small building sites, men do the digging. A trench, about a metre

deep and half a metre wide, is dug where the walls are to be built. Concrete is

poured into the foundation trenches to a depth of 10 centimetres. Concrete is a

mixture of stones (often called aggregate), cement, sand and water. When the15

concrete in the foundations has set, the bricklayers start work.

Pronunciation:

1- Surveyor ; 2- architect ; 3- designs ; 4- drains ; 5- measurements ; 6- bungalow ;

7- width ; 8- foundation ; 9- hydraulic ; 10- poured ; 11- mixture


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ACTIVITY I: Read the text and match each word or phrase with its meaning.

WORDS / PHRASES MEANINGS ANSWERS

1- building site (l.1) a- makes a plan for ..

2- surveyor (l.1) b- mixture of sand, cement, stones ..

and water

3- designs (l.2) c- pipes for carrying waste water ..

4- plots (l.2) d- caused to work ...

5- drains (l.3) e- workman in charge of several others ...

6- foreman (l.7) f- person who measures land ...

7- operated (l.11) g- become hard ...

8- concrete (l.13) h- place where something is being

or will be built

9- set (l.16) j- marks


1- What does the job of a surveyor consist in? Name two instruments that he uses.

2- What does the surveyor take into account when setting out the lines of the roadsand drains on the ground?

3- What is to be done before building a wall?


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4- The mixture of sand, stones, sand and water is called aggregate: true or false.Justify.


From All buildings must have down to are to be built.

.

.

.

.

.


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1- O sont les outils dont nous avons besoin pour creuser la tranche?

2- Quelle est la hauteur de ce btiment? Je le trouve un peu bas.

3- Quand le gomtre viendra, je vous appellerai.

4- quoi sert le niveau bulle dair? Il sert vrifier la lhorizontalit dunerange de briques.


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GRAMMAR: INFINITIVE without TO

The infinitive without to is used after:

I- Modals: must can could may might - should

e.g. You must work hard : Tu dois travailler dur.

She can do it: Elle peut le faire.

II- To make + object - To let + object

e.g. The architect made the client understand that the job was too difficult :

Larchitecte a fait comprendre au client que le travail tait trop difficile.

They wont let us pass : Ils ne nous laisseront pas passer.

III- Had better ( d better) - Would rather ( d rather)

e.g. Youd better finish your work now: Tu ferais mieux de finir ton travail maintenant.

Wed rather buy a new flat: Nous prfrions acheter un nouvel appartement.

EXERCISE: Choose the right infinitive to complete the sentences below

1- We planned ( buy / to buy ) a block of flats last year.

2- Please, dont let the water ( flow / to flow ).

3- What causes the architect (give up / to give up ) the job?

4- What made them ( call / to call) the boss?

5- The plumber asked me ( buy / to buy ) a new trap.


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6- We all didnt want ( work / to work ) with her. She was too slow.

7- Wed better not (go / to go ) there.

....

8- Tell the workers that they must (dig / to dig ) two other trenches.

....

9- The bricklayer used a hammer ( break / to break) the bricks into pieces.

10 Id rather (look / to look ) for another job.


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TEXT 4: WHAT HAPPENS ON A BUILDING SITE (Part Two)

Two walls are built with a narrow space between them. These act as one wallknown as a cavity wall. The air trapped in the cavity helps to keep the house cool

in hot weather in warm in cold weather. In fact it helps to insulate the interior of the

house from conditions outside it.

The bricklayers use a spirit-level to make sure that each course of bricks (or5

blocks) is level, and a plumb-line to make sure the wall is precisely vertical as it

goes up. When the walls are about 30 centimetres above the ground, a waterproof

felt is laid along the top of the blocks; this is called the damp -proof course and stop

damp from rising up the walls.

The whole surface of the ground between the walls is now covered with a10

layer of concrete laid on laterite or broken rubble, called hard-core, and over a

sheet of polythene which forms a damp-proof membrane.

The bricklayers next build up the walls until they are high enough to put the

window frames and door frames in their places.

When the walls are one and a half metres high, a scaffold is erected. A15

workman may use a hod to carry bricks and mortar up a ladder to the bricklayers.

When the walls are high enough the joist on which the floor of the upper storey will

be laid are put in place, as well as the upper window frames

20

Pronunciation:

1- trapped ; 2- weather ; 3- warm ; 4- insulate ; 5- course ; 6- plumb-line ; 7- layer ;

8- laterite ; 9- polythene ; 10- membrane .


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ACTIVITY I: Find out the words whose meanings are given below

MEANINGS WORDS

1- not wide ; small (l.1) 2- caught ; captured (l.2) 3- hot (l.3) 4- separate ; protect (l.3) 5- line (l.5) ...6- horizontal (l.6) 7- impermeable to water (l.7) ....8- humidity (l.9) 9- open box used by workmen to carry bricks (l.16) .10- beam which supports a ceiling or a floor (l.17) .


1- What is a cavity wall?

2- Write down the two words that it respectively replaces in the sentence:In fact it helps to keep outside it.


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..

3- How can damp be prevented from reaching the walls?

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From The bricklayers next build up down to a scaffold is erected.

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1- Si vous voyez lingnieur, dites-lui que je veux le rencontrer.

2- Comment allez-vous soulever cette charge? Je vous conseille dutiliser lagrue.

3- Combien douvriers tiez-vous sur le chantier?

4- Vous devez poser cette dalle de bton avan t demain.

......................................................................................


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GRAMMAR : ARTICLES

Definition of articles

English has two types of articles: definite (the) and indefinite (a, an.) The use of thesearticles depends mainly on whether you are referring to any member of a group, or to a

specific member of a group:

I. Indefinite article : A/An

A is used before a consonante.g.Abridge ; Aman

A is also used before a noun beginning with the sound [ ] or [ w ]e.g. Auniversity; Aunion;AEuropean country; AEuphemism; A ewe;

A one-eyed man

An is used before a vowele.g. Anarchitect; Anelectrician

An is used with a word beginning with a mute H.e.g. An hour; An heir; An honest man

1. Use

The article 'a/an' is called an 'indefinitearticle'because it is used with nouns that are notYet specific (i.e. not definite) to the reader or listener. 'A/an' has a similar meaning to'one'. Therefore we can use it only with a singular noun that is countable.

e.g. Ihave read a book on this topic. (In this example, the reader or the listener does notknow yet which book is referred to.)

"My daughter really wants a dog for Christmas." (This refers to any dog. We don'tknow which dog because we haven't found the dog yet.)

y The indefinite article (a / an) is used with a countable noun to refer to a whole class.e.g.A mouse is smaller than a cat. = Any mouse is smaller than any cat.

y The indefinite article is not always translated in French when stating someonesprofession.

e.g. My father is an architect

Mon pre est architecte.

Ali is a bricklayer.Ali est maon.

2- Other uses of the indefinite article


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- a oran is used in exclamative sentences with singular countable nouns afterWhat.What a car ! :Quelle voiture! / What an old car ! : Quelle belle voiture !

-

a oran is used in the following expressions :

Twice a day : Deux fois par jour / Once a week : Une fois par semaine

Sugar is 500 francs a kilo : Le sucre cote 500 francs le kilo.

II. Definite article: The

1. Use

y The definite article is used when referring to a specific person, place or thing. It isused with countable or uncountable nouns.

e.g. I want the pen which is on your table. (Countable)The information that I got was very useful. (Uncountable)

y We use the when a noun has been mentioned before, e.g. in the previous sentence.e.g. Ive asked Mary to give mea pen. When she gives me the pen, Ill write a letter

to Bill.

y Just like the indefinite article(a/an), the can be used to refer to a whole class.e.g. The lion is representative of power. = Every lion is representative of strength.

The mouse is smaller than the cat. = All mice are smaller than all cats.When was the telephone invented ?The computer is a remarkable machine.

Exception: Man (= mankind)e.g. The dog is the friend of man.

y The is used with plural nouns that are made specific by a phrase or a clause thatcomes before or after them.e.g. The leaves of this tree are yellow.

The books on this topic are expensive.

yThe is also used with uncountable nouns that are made more specific by a phrase or aclause that comes before or after them.

e.g.The coffee in my cup is too hot to drink.

The Japanese he speaks is not correct.The intelligence of animals is variable but undeniable.

y We use the in when referring to something which is unique: the sky , the sun ,the earth, the moon, the white house, the theory of relativity, ...

y we use the with nouns referring to musical instruments.e.g. Can you play the guitar ?


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yThe + adjective is used to talk about a group of people. ( the meaning is alwaysplural)

e.g.The rich(= rich people) should pay more taxes.The old are sometimes capricious.

We use the especially with these adjectives: the blind, the sick, the dead, the disabled,the poor, the homeless, the unemployed, the young, the injured,...

Note: these expressions are always plural.Dontsay: a blind, an unemployed, etc. Say : a blind man, an unemployed man,

or a blind person, an unemployed person, etc.

y We use the when the noun is preceded by an ordinal.e.g. the first step is always difficult.

yThe + nationality wordsWe use the with some nationality words when referring to the people of a country.In This way, the is used with nationality words ending in ch, sh, ese.

e.g. The English are hard-working. (the British, the Spanish, the Irish,...)The Dutch live in Europe.The Senegalese speak Wolof. (the Togolese, the Chinese, the Japanese,...)

yThe is used before pluralized family names: the Smiths, the Johnsons, the Konans, ...e.g. The Smiths have bought a block of flats.

III.Omission of articles

We generally do not use articles:

-with a proper noun preceded by a title (profession).e.g. President Gbagbo will visit our school tomorrow.

Doctor Smith is very honest.

-when using plural nouns in making general statements.e.g. Oranges are sweet. (= all oranges) / I like dogs. (= all dogs)

-when using uncountable nouns in making general statements.e.g. Anger is a destructive emotion. (= any kind of anger)

- when using names of sports in making general statements: volleyball, hockey, baseball,

football, etc.e.g. My friend cant play football well. He is too fat.

- with names of academic subjects: mathematics, biology, history ,computer science,... ingeneral statements.e.g. Mathematics is a difficult subject.

- when using names of language in a general sense.e.g. We can speak English.


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- with names of most countries: Ivory Coast, France, Liberia,...e.g. Ivory Coast is a beautiful country.

-names of continents: Asia, Europe, Africa ,

-names of seasons: spring, winter, summer, autumn.e.g. In spring, we like to clean the house.

-meals: breakfast, lunch, dinner,...e.g. He's preparing dinner by himself.

- names of diseases: cancer, malaria, tuberculosis,...e.g. He's dying of pneumonia.

Appendicitis nearly killed him.She has cancer.

EXERCISE 1: Complete with a , an , the , or

1- I usually like ........ lemonade better than ......... coke.

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2- ......... lemonade I bought at the supermarket yesterday is revolting.

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....................................................................................................................................... ..........3- ........... indifference is a terrible thing.

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4- .......... indifference he felt towards his family was really shocking.

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..........

5- She goes to the swimming-pool three times .......... week.

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6- Linda has ........... difficult job. Shes ......nurse.

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..........

7- Usually, ............ children love .... animals.


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8- ... Canada is a huge country.

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9- .......... Wilsons children are lovely.

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10- He gave me .................. useful piece of advice yesterday.

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EXERCICE 2: Translate into English

1- Les nouvelles sont-elles bonnes?

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..........

2- La terre tourne autour du soleil.

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3- Il est vrai que la patience est une vertu. Mais nous ne pouvons plus attendre longtemps.

............................................................................... ............................................... ...................

..........

4- Les ouvriers que tu as embauchs sont tous paresseux.

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.......

5- Le thodolite est un instrument utilis par les gomtres.

................................... ........................................................................................... ...................

..........

6- Bien que son pre soit plombier, Ali ne sait pas ce que cest quun vier..


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7- Le bton est un matriau de construction trs solide. Il est constitu de sable, de

ciment et de gravier.

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8- Les burins servent faire des trous dans les murs. .

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9- Lingnieur-conseil vient de mappeler. Il dit quil viendra le lundi.............................................................................................................................. ....................

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10- Mon petit frre naime pas les immeubles de deux tages.

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3BT nouveau

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