3B - Life Structure, Function and Control (Cell Parts, Functions and Types)
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Transcript of 3B - Life Structure, Function and Control (Cell Parts, Functions and Types)
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Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,
Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)
1
Topic 3B- Life Structure, Function and Control (Cell Parts, Functions and Types)
D. Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
E. Types of Cell, Tissue, Organ and Organ System
This handout is for lecture use only and not for commercial reproduction and
distribution.
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
The Cells The Animal Cell
The Plant CellParts of a Cell and Their Functions
1. PLASMA MEMBRANE
Functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes.
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Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,
Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)
2
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
1. PLASMA MEMBRANE
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
2. NUCLEUS
Contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell.
Includes DNA and associated proteins organized into chromatin, which coil up during cell division to become chromosomes.
Also includes the nucleolus where ribosomes are assembled.
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
2. NUCLEUS
DNA/Chromatin/Chromosome
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Manufactures membranes, proteins and lipids
Accounts for nearly half the membranes in a cell
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Smooth ER
No ribosomes
Rough ER
With ribosomes
Manufactures proteins
Contains catalytic enzymesProduces oils, phospholipids, and steroids
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Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,
Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)
3
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
4. GOLGI APPARATUS
Many transport vesicles from the ER travel to the Golgi apparatus for modification of their contents.
Center of manufacturing, warehousing, sortingand shipping.
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
4. GOLGI APPARATUS
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
5. LYSOSOME
A membrane-bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digests macromolecules.
Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acids.
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
5. LYSOSOME
Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
1 m
Plasma
membrane
Food vacuole
Lysosome
Nucleus
Digestive
enzymes
Digestion
Lysosome
Lysosome containsactive hydrolyticenzymes
Food vacuolefuses withlysosome
Hydrolyticenzymes digestfood particles
Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle
1 m
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
Mitochondrionfragment
Lysosome containingtwo damaged organelles
Digestion
Lysosome
Lysosome fuses withvesicle containingdamaged organelle
Peroxisomefragment
Hydrolytic enzymesdigest organellecomponents
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Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,
Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)
4
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
6. VACUOLE
A membrane-bound sac with varied functions.
a. food vacuole
from phagocytosis, fuse with lysosomes.
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
6. VACUOLE
b. contractile vacuole
Found in freshwater protozoans, pump excess water out of the cell.
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
6. VACUOLE
c. central vacuole
Found in many mature plant cells.
For stockpiling proteins or inorganic ions, depositing metabolic byproducts, storingpigments, and storing defensive compounds against herbivores.
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
6. VACUOLE
c. central vacuole
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
7. PEROXISOME
Contains enzymes with varied functions.
Converts hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water.
Breaks fatty acids into smaller molecules.
Detoxifies alcohol and other harmful compounds.
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
7. PEROXISOME
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Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,
Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)
5
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
8. MITOCHONDRION
The site of cellular respiration, generating ATPfrom the catabolism of sugars, fats, and other fuels in the presence of oxygen.
Has a smooth outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane, the crista.
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
8. MITOCHONDRION
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
9. CHLOROPLAST
Found in plants and eukaryotic algae.
Converts solar energy to chemical energy and synthesize new organic compounds from CO2 and H2O through the process of photosynthesis.
Inside is an inner membrane enclosing a fluid-filled space, the stroma, in which floats membranous sacs, the thylakoids.
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
9. CHLOROPLAST
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
10. CYTOSKELETON
A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm.
Provides mechanical support and maintains shape of the cell.
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10. CYTOSKELETON
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Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,
Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)
6
Roles of the Cytoskeleton
helps to support the cell and maintain its shape
interacts with motor proteins to produce motility
vesicles can travel along monorails provided by the cytoskeleton
may help regulate biochemical activities
Vesicle
Receptor for
motor protein
Microtubule
of cytoskeleton
Motor protein
(ATP powered)
ATP
0.25 mMicrotubule Vesicles
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
11. CELL WALL
Found in plant cells; protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water.
Consists of cellulose embedded in a matrix of proteins and other polysaccharides.
With an outer cell wall, inner cell wall and middle lamella.
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
11. CELL WALL
Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
11. CELL WALL
Also found in bacteria and fungi.
Bacteria made up of peptidoglycan
Fungi made up of chitin
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Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,
Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)
7
Types of Cell, Tissue, Organ and Organ System
TYPES OF PLANT CELL
Plant Form, Function & Organization
Types of PLANT TISSUES
1. Simple tissue consists of a single cell type
2. Complex tissue consists of more than 1 cell type
Plant Form, Function & Organization
Types of PLANT TISSUE SYSTEMS
1. Dermal tissue system- outermost layer
2. Vascular tissue system- tubes throughout plant
3. Ground tissue system- between dermal and vascular tissues
Plant Form, Function & Organization
Types of PLANT TISSUE SYSTEMS
Plant Form, Function & Organization
PLANT ORGANS
1. Roots- anchor plants; absorb water & nutrients
2. Stems- support leaves; transport water & minerals
3. Leaves- capture sunlight for photosynthesis; store food and water
4. Flowers- sexual reproductive organs of plants
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Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,
Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)
8
ANIMAL CELL
TYPES OF ANIMAL CELL
Animal Form, Function & Organization
Types of Animal Tissues
1. Epithelial Tissue- Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body
2. Connective Tissue- bind and support other tissues
3. Muscular Tissue- composed of long cells called muscle fibers
4. Nervous Tissue- senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the animal to another
The Animal Organs
The Animal Organ Systems
1. Integumentary System- outermost layer
2. Digestive System- food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)
3. Skeletal System- body support and protection of internal organs
4. Muscular System- movement and locomotion
5. Respiratory System- gas exchange
6. Circulatory System- internal distribution of materials (e.g. oxygen, digested food)
The Animal Organ Systems
7. Lymphatic System- return of some tissue fluid to the blood; immunity
8. Nervous System- detection of external and internal stimuli
9. Endocrine System- hormonal control of body functioning
10. Excretory System- removes metabolic wastes from the blood stream
11. Reproductive System- carry out reproduction