DNA & RNA Unit 7 Chapter 12. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA Ribonucleic Acid.
3.A.1 DNA and RNA Part IV: Translation DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of...
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Transcript of 3.A.1 DNA and RNA Part IV: Translation DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of...
![Page 1: 3.A.1 DNA and RNA Part IV: Translation DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f4d5503460f94c6dd2c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
3.A.1 DNA and RNA Part IV:Translation
DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. DNA, and in
some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
![Page 2: 3.A.1 DNA and RNA Part IV: Translation DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f4d5503460f94c6dd2c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Central Dogma of molecular biology states that the flow of genetic information
in a cell is from DNA to RNA to protein.
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Beadle and Tatum developed the “one gene–one enzyme hypothesis,” which states that
the function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme. We now call
this the “one gene–one polypeptide hypothesis.”
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A gene can also code for RNA molecules that are never transcribed into proteins,
such as ribozymes or tRNA.
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Genetic information is encoded as a sequence of nonoverlapping base
triplets, or codons.
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Many amino acids have more than one codon (redundancy).
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Codons must be read in the correct reading frame for the specified
polypeptide to be produced.
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The genetic code is nearly universal, shared by organisms from the simplest bacteria to the most complex animals.
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There are many types of RNA. mRNA transcripts carry the genetic information
from the DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
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tRNA molecules bind specific amino acids.
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tRNA molecules allow information in the mRNA to be translated to a linear
peptide sequence.
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rRNA molecules are the functional building blocks of ribosomes.
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Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
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Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosomes.
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In prokaryotes, there is no nucleus. Transcription and translation occur
together.
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Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide.
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The correct amino acid is covalently bonded to the correct transfer RNA (tRNA) with the correct anticodon.
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The ribosome has three binding sites:
• The P site• The A site• The E site
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Another tRNA brings the next amino acid into the A-site of the ribosome.
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A peptide bond forms between the first two amino acids. The tRNA is then
moved from the A-site to P-site and the ribosome moves over one codon.
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The first tRNA is released from the E site.
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The amino acid is transferred to the growing peptide chain.
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The process continues along the mRNA until a “stop” codon is reached.
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The process terminates by release of the newly synthesized peptide/protein.