3a. changing methods of archaeology 19th & 20th century
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Transcript of 3a. changing methods of archaeology 19th & 20th century
INVESTIGATING, RECONSTRUCTING AND PRESERVING THE PAST
Changing methods of 19th and 20th century archaeologists and their contribution to our understanding of Pompeii and Herculaneum
Giuseppe Fiorelli
• Inspector of Excavations at P in 1860• He is known as a pioneer of modern archaeology
because of the methods he introduced at P
Numbering Houses
• Fiorelli introduced the system for the numbering and naming of excavated houses & buildings
• He divided P into 9 regions, each containing up to 22 blocks or INSULAE, and numbered the entrance to each building in each block
• Buildings were identified by 3 numbers – region, block and entrance
• This system made it easier for archaeologists to accurately record where objects were found
• Fiorelli also gave names to the streets and city gates
Systematic Excavation
• Under Fiorelli, excavations were conducted in a systematic way• He removed debris from earlier excavations and approached new excavations
according to a plan, rather than randomly searching for special objects• He carefully and completely uncovered each building within a block before moving
on to the next block
Early finds using the methodical Fiorelli
method
Top-Down Excavation
• Before Fiorelli, most buildings were excavated from the side• This often resulted in the destruction of the walls and other valuable evidence• Fiorelli introduced top-down excavation which did less damage to wall structures
and made it possible to identify and record evidence which could be used in restoration
Note the walls still standing. This method
employed by Fioelli saved thousands of artefacts and wall
paintings from destruction
Plaster Casts
• Fiorelli observed cavities in the hardened ash deposit left by the decomposed bodies or objects made from organic materials
• He poured plaster into the cavities which acted like moulds
• The plaster set and when the surrounding ash was chipped away, the shape of the body or object was revealed
• This method preserved impressions of wooden furniture and fittings – as well as the impression of people and animals that had died in the eruption
August Mau
• This German archaeologist originally worked on the inscriptions from P
• But his main interest was in art and architecture
• He made a study of the frescoes of P and classified them into 4 styles
• He also provided a date range for each style which aided in the dating of buildings
Mau’s Classification of Pompeian Wall Painting
Style and date range
Characteristics Examples
First style – 2nd C BCE
Wall surface divided in to sections painted to look like blocks of stone or marble. Also known as MASONRY STYLE
House of the Faun - P Samnite House - H
Second style – 1st C BCE
More elaborate representation of architectural features – columns and windows opening onto painted scenes, creating a 3D effect. Some panels have paintings of mythological scenes
Villa of the Mysteries – P
Third style – Late 1st C BCE – Early 1st C CE
Walls divided into 3 horizontal bands, each with a distinctive colour scheme. Mythological scenes often appear in panels in the middle band. Motifs such as fountains, columns and candelabras are used decoratively and in a 2-dimensional way, rather than to create a 3D illusion of depth or space
House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto – P
Fourth style – After CE45
Combines elements of 2 & 3: walls are divided into 3 horizontal bands and feature similar motifs or mythological scenes. Elaborate architectural features painted to create the illusion of depth and space. More imaginative than realistic in effect. Also known as the INTRICATE STYLE
House of the Vettii – PHouse of Meleager - P
August Mau
Wall painted in the First Style from the Casa Sannita, Herculaneum
Fresco in Second Style, Villa of the Mysteries
August Mau
August Mau
Painting in the Third Style, Archaeological Museum, Naples
August Mau
Architectural View, Fourth Style, Herculaneum
• Mau published his work in 2 important books • The History of Decorative Wall Painting in Pompeii (1882)• Pompeii in Life and Art (1903)
August Mau
Painting from the "Villa of Mysteries," Pompeii, thought to portray initiation into the mysterious Dionysion cult
• Although there were some overlapping of the 4 styles and periods, research has generally supported Mau’s general classification which is still in use today.
August Mau
The First Style Roman wall painting, "Incrustation" is thought to imitate Greek painting that created flat areas of colour and
'faux" finishes (like a fake marble or oak finish)
Vittorio Spinazzola• Superintendent of Excavations at P
between 1911 & 1924• Like Fiorelli, he excavated carefully and
systematically, however, rather than clearing whole blocks, Spinazzola excavated streetscapes to reveal the external appearance of buildings
• He excavated a considerable length of one of the main streets – via dell’ Abbondanza (street of Abundance)
• He carefully restored the facades of the buildings, revealing houses, shops, taverns and workshops
Vittorio Spinazzola
via dell’ Abbondanza
• Spinazzola used evidence from the remains of buildings and paintings of Roman houses to reconstruct upper storeys and balconies which had been destroyed during the eruption
Vittorio Spinazzola
• Spinazzola used photography to record the stages of his excavation• These photographs have provided valuable information for conservators working to
repair 20th century damage to buildings from theft, vandalism, war, earthquakes and exposure to the elements
Vittorio Spinazzola
An original photo of excavations in the House of Octavius Quartio by Vittorio Spinazzola
Amedeo Maiuri
• Superintendent of Excavations from 1924-1961
• Oversaw the most extensive period of excavation
• Was interrupted by the Allied bombing of Pompeii in WWII
• He uncovered significant new areas including a number of insulae along the via dell’ Abbondanza, the amphitheatre and the large palaestra
Amedeo Maiuri
The huge square area, called the Palaestra, to the
southwest of the Amphitheatre was built in
the days of Augustus Caesar. This Palaestra
served as a gymnasium and a place to indoctrinate the young people in Augustan ideals. In the centre was a
huge swimming pool, sloping from 3 feet to 8 feet
deep.
• Maiuri was also interested in P’s pre-Roman history• He excavated right around the walls of P and established the sequence of
construction• He also uncovered the cemetery along the southern wall
Amedeo Maiuri
• He excavated several large houses including the Villa of the Mysteries and the estate of Julia Felix
Amedeo Maiuri
Villa of the Mysteries
The Villa of the Mysteries featured a large hall with this mural encircling it. The mural is painted in the Second Style of Roman painting. The mural in the Villa of the Mysteries is thought to depict the initiation rituals of a mystery religion. For this reason, it has been conjectured that the hall was
used for cult rituals
The great frieze of the Dionysian mysteries
Praedia of Julia Felix
A married couple, probably the lawyer Terentius Neo and his wife from the House of
Julia Felix.
Still life with eggs, birds and bronze dishes. Roman fresco from the Praedia of Julia Felix
in Pompeii
• Maiuri used mechanical equipment to clear away debris from earlier excavations and to assist in the areas that been considered too hard to excavate
• He protected some excavated buildings by building roofs over them
Amedeo Maiuri
Insula of Julia Felix
• Maiuri was criticised for excavations that were done too quickly and with very little documentation
• Some excavated buildings were unprotected and unrecorded• Wall paintings in such buildings faded without ever being recorded
Amedeo Maiuri
• However Maiuri’s great enthusiasm for the site and the important buildings he uncovered attracted many tourists and made P well-known internationally
Amedeo Maiuri
Giuseppe Fiorelli
•Identified regions, named streets and gates, numbered houses•Systematic, careful excavation, top-down excavation of buildings•Plaster casts revealed impressions of humans and animals
August Mau •Classified frescoes into 4 styles of Pompeian painting•Attributed a date range for each style which assisted in dating buildings
Vitorrio Spinazzola
•Excavated and reconstructed facades and streetscapes, reconstructed upper storeys•Recorded phases of excavations in photographs
Amedeo Maiuri •Established sequence for the construction of the walls of Pompeii•Excavated the amphitheatre and palaestra of Pompeii•Excavated and restored several large houses (eg. Villa of the Mysteries)•Re-excavated and documented the estate of Julia Felix
Fausto Zevi •Halted excavations, concentrated instead on protecting and conserving•Photographed wall paintings and mosaic floors
Giovanni Guzzo •Attracted international teams to carry out specialist projects