39409770 Washing Machine Without Electricity (1)

8/8/2019 39409770 Washing Machine Without Electricity (1)

1/48

WASHING MACHINE WITHOUT ELECTRICITY

Power consumption is a big concern to run gadgets,

needed to be run everyday, but cannot do without. With this in

view, and the environment, We developed a washing machine,

powered by pedaling.

Currently a working prototype, the machine had been used for

local demonstrations, a real working family environment. Once in

the market, it would surely take a place in various houses, for

cutting down on the electricity bills, if not on environmental

pollutions.

The principal behind washing cloths is to push water and

soap through the fibers of the material, rinse it out and then get out

as much excess water as you can prior to drying. While washing

machines have advanced a lot their principals of operation have

stayed much the same.

The most popular washing machine the top loader can be broken

down into a few parts. Firstly the timer is like a clock but with

several switches attached to it, when the clock ticks through it

various

cycles it can turn on the pump, the inlet valve or the motor. Today


2/48

many washing machines use a small dedicated processor instead of

the mechanical timer, manufacturers find it cheaper to make a

circuit board instead of a mechanical part. Also you can add more

features easily and sell the computer controlled machine for much

more money.

The next major part of the machine is the drum assembly and gear

box. The inner drum is where you put your washing it hashundreds of holes in it not only to let the water in but to also force

the water out during the spin cycle. If you ever used a centrifuge in

science class at school this is what is happening to your washing

during the spin cycle. The outer drum is fixed to the washing

machine and sits around the inner drum, its purpose is only to hold

and catch the water used during the wash cycle.

The plastic part in the centre is called the agitator. The agitator is

not attached to the inner drum as it looks, in fact the agitator is

capable of turning in opposite directions to the inner drum, it does

this via the machines complex gearbox that turns both the inner

drum and agitator.

The next parts the washer couldn't do with out are the solenoid

valves and pump. the solenoid valves are normally mounted near


3/48


4/48

Washing Machines


5/48

Before the days of washing machines, people got dirt out of their

clothes by pounding them on rocks and washing the dirt away in

streams. Sand was used as an abrasive to free the dirt. Soap was

discovered at Rome's Sapo Hill where ashes containing the fat of

sacrificial animals was found to have good cleaning powers.

The earliest form of automatic washing was the nautical practice of

towing clothes behind the ship. The combination of agitation and a

constant flow of clean water washes the clothes quite effectively.

The washing machine works on the principal of pushing water

through the fabric of the clothes, and the first tool invented to do

this was the dolly. This tool was not much more than a broom with

four fingers at the bottom to move the clothes around in the bucket

you were using.

1782 The first washing machine was designed by H. Sidgier of

Great Britain. It consisted of a cage with wooden rods and a handle

for turning.

1797 The scrub board was invented.


6/48

1851 What may have been the first "laundromat" or "laundrette"

was opened by a gold miner and a carpenter in California. Their

12-shirt machine was powered by 10 donkeys.

1874 William Blackstone, a Bluffton, Indiana merchant and

manufacturer of corn planters, built a birthday present for his wife.

It was a machine which removed and washed away dirt from

clothes. It consisted of a wooden tub in which there was a flat

piece of wood containing six small wooden pegs. The inner

mechanism looked something like a small milking stool. It was

moved back and forth by means of a handle and an arrangement of

gears. Dirty clothes were snagged on the wooden pegs and swished

about in hot soapy water. Mr. Blackstone began to build and sell

his washers for $2.50 each. Five years later he moved his company

to Jamestown, New York where it is located today and where itstill produces washing machines.

1851 The revolving drum was invented by James King.

1858 A revolving drum with reversing action, from Hamilton

Smith..

1861 A wringer was added to the washer.

around 1900 Metal tubs replaced wooden types. Drive belts made

possible use of steam or gasoline engines in the early 1900s and

electric motor power for the first time in 1906.


7/48

1906 Fisher produced the first electric washing machine. The

machines worked reasonably well, but with the motor bolted to the

side of the machine. They were not very safe as water often spilt

over the side and into the motor or switch. It was not until after a

few people got fried, that they enclosed the drum into a case in the

1930's.

1907 Maytag's first washer was operated by a rotary handle and a

flywheel underneath.

1922 The Maytag Company introduced a system of forcing water

through the clothes by means of an agitator rather than dragging


8/48

the clothes through the water. This system is most commonly used

now.

1937 The first fully auto machine was introduced at a state fair in

Louisiana by a company called Bendix Corporation.

1947 General Electric claim to be the makers of the first fully auto

machine in 1947 but this may be the first auto machine with an

agitator. Many early machines prior to the introduction of the spin

cycle used two rollers on the top of the machine to wring out the

water. This device was often called a wringer, it could squash your

fingers if you were not careful.

1947 Introduction of the first top-loading automatic washer.The

1900 Corporation, a predecessor of Whirlpool, was the first to

build this type.

1953 Sales of automatic washers passed those of the wringer type

for the first time. Many developments followed: cycles were

developed for new fabrics and push buttons replaced knobs.

1960's The costs of the autos were reduced when companies

started producing twin tub machines and this style of washer sold

millions. In the U.S. a company named Seeburg famous for

making jukeboxes started production of an automatic washing

machine that flopped in sales. The timer mechanism they had


9/48

designed was very successful and many companies started using

the Seeburg timers, this forced the prices down to the stage where

nearly all washing machines sold today are fully automatic.

2000 and beyond Scientists are still trying really hard to find ways

to make washing machines a lot more handy to use for everyone.

Some of the things that they are trying to do is to find better ways

of making clothes clean and ways to make washing machines last

longer. There are washing machines with a drying function today

so you don't even have to hang clothes afterwards because it dries

them automatically.

Scientists are also trying to find ways to use less water and less

detergent in washing machines. This is because it is better to use

less water for preserving the environment.

The Talking Washing Machine The Zanussi-Electrolux TimelineZWV1651S Voice. This machine doesnt simply confirm your

actions; it actually explains what the myriad of weird symbols

adorning every washing machine mean. Apparently some clever


10/48

chap at Zanussi-Electrolux realised that for years washing machine

companies have put together a vast array of enormously

complicated programs, capable of taking clothes washing to new

heights of efficiency and users have completely ignored them in

favour of 60 degrees Cotton. Now you can fearlessly flick

through the different functions as the voice chips in with handy

tips like helps prevent creases to make ironing easier and will

prompt the user on what to do next like Close the door, press

the start button and dont put that in with those whites. TheVoice also uses the Jetsystem Wash Technology has an LCD

screen to set the functions on and given that there are 24 different

programs to use youll be glad of the soothing explanations that the

machine will give you. There is also time saver and automatic half-

load functions and its Energy Efficiency Recommended.

HOW WASHING MACHINES WORK

The principal behind washing cloth is to push water and soap

through the fibers of the material, rinse it out and then get out as

much excess water as you can prior to drying. While washingmachines have advanced a lot their principals of operation have

stayed much the same.


11/48

The washing machine can be broken down into a few parts.

Tub on a vertical axis

The tub (or inner tub), is where you put the clothes. In most

washing machine brands, this tub has hundreds of small holes that

allow the water to flow through to an outer tub. The outer tub is

solid and holds the water. At the centre of the inner tub is an

agitator. Front loaders don't need an agitator as the tumbling

action of the drum has the same effect of pushing the water

through the material. Front loading washing machines have a more

elaborate sealing system and interlocked door so water wont spill

out of the machine.

Central agitator


12/48


13/48

during the wash cycle.

On other machines, the motor runs in only one direction. In thesemachines an electro-mechanical device automatically shifts the

transmission from its agitate settings to its spin settings.

The electric motor that sits at the bottom of the tub and drives the

gearbox, the gearbox is often connected to the motor by a belt and

both are attached to the outer drum which is connected to the

machines cabinet by blocks of rubber. The Rubber helps stop the

machine vibrating out of your room during a spin cycle, washing

machines often use blocks of concrete to help the stay steady.

Fill valve

The fill valve--which is about the size of a coffee cup--is

sometimes also called a "water inlet valve." It controls the entry of

hot and cold water into the machine. The valve has three major

components:

A hot-water solenoid

A cold-water solenoid

A mixing valve body


14/48

The inlet valve has three hoses connected to it, for:

The hot water from the house

The cold water from the house

The water directed into the washing machine's inner tub

(either hot or cold, or both) to fill it with water

When electricity flows to one or both solenoids, water flows

through the valve into the washing machine's inner tub. When the

electricity stops, the water also stops. The valves are normally

mounted near where the water goes into the machine. they are kind

of like your bathroom tap only they are operated electronically.

When the timer get to the stage of the wash cycle that needs water

it turns on the valve so the tub fills with water. A pressure sensor

senses when the water is at the desired level and once the tub stops

washing the clothes the pump gets switched on to drain out the

water, all this is controlled by the timer.

Timer and selector switches

The timer switch is usually the largest dial on the main control

panel. It can be either a mechanical device much like a simple

clock, or completely electronic with just a digital readout.


15/48

The timer runs the washing machine in a pre-determined pattern. It

provides the electricity to all of the washing machine components

at the correct time and for the correct length of time. It can turn on

the pump, the inlet valve or the motor.

The Start switch is usually part of the timer knob. When you set

the timer to the proper cycle, you either pull or push the timer knob

to start the cycle.

The selector switches or knobs vary from machine to machine.

Most washing machines have one or several switches or knobs on

the control panel besides the Timer/Start switch. These let you

adjust certain settings; for example, the water temperature, spin

speed, timer cycle, and so on. Normally, the washing machine

completes the cycle selected on the timer, regardless of how you

set these switches and knobs.

Today many washing machines use a small dedicated processor

instead of the mechanical timer, manufacturers find it cheaper to

make a circuit board instead of a mechanical part. Also you can

add more features easily and sell the computer controlled machine

for much more money.

Clutch and brake mechanism


16/48

Motors can start up and reach full speed in a second or less, which

is too fast for many of the components the motor drives. So most

washing machines use an automatic clutch to dampen the effect of

the motor starting up.

On some washing machines, the clutch is just a combination of the

drive belt slipping temporarily on a pulley and gradually

tightening. On other units, the clutch is more like one you would

find in a car--it uses a drum-and-pad combination of components.

When the lid is raised on a top-loading washing machine, some

functions cease. On all machines the spin cycle stops, which brings

the drum to a rapid halt. Many units use a special braking

mechanism to stop the spinning inner tub. It is similar in design to

the brakes on a car.

Motor coupler and/or belt

A few types of washing machines use a coupler to connect the

motor directly to the transmission. It makes the connection without

the need for a belt. The coupler is a rubber disc inch thick by 1-


17/48

inches in diameter, sandwiched between two plastic sprockets.

Many other washing machines use belts to connect the motor to the

transmission or pump. A belt is a black, rubber, continuous rope-

like component--usually a loop of about 24 to 30 inches.

The belt provides a desirable "weak link" in a washing machine.

That is, if the tub or agitator were to become stuck or jammed, the

belt is more likely to fail, which would preserve the transmissionand other critical components.

ADVANTAGES OF OUR DESIGNED MACHINES

We are designing our machine as front loading machine


18/48

Front-loading washing machines use: 40 to 60% less water,

30 to 50% less energy, 50 to 70% less detergent than top-

loaders!

Most of the energy used for washing clothes is consumed for

heating the water. A typical top-loading washer uses about 40

gallons of water as compared to only 20 to 25 gallons in a

front-loader.

The gentle tumbling action of a front-loader is much easier

on clothes than the twisting action they receive in a top-

loader.

The typical top-loader machine spins at about 600 rpm

(revolutions per minute). Many front-loading machines spin

faster -1000 rpm to1600 rpm. This forces more water out of

the washing. Therefore, front loaders reduce drying time

considerably because they spin much faster.

In Europe, more than 90% of washing machines are front-

loaders, compared with less than 5% in the U.S.


19/48

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

A PROJECT REPORT ON

WASHING MACHINE WITHOUT ELECTRICITY

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENT OF ENGINEERING

IN

MECHANICAL

2006-2007


20/48

PREPARED BY

---------------------------------

---------------------------------

APPROVED BY:- GUIDEDBY:-

Shri R.K.Shrivastava Shri. Amit Shrivastav

(HOD) Lect . Electrical

S.V. Polytechnic Bhopal

(M.P.)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING SESSION

2001-2002

Certificate


21/48

This is to certify thatMr ------------------------------a student of final

year Diploma in Electronics Engineering of the institute has

completed major project report of WASHING MACHINE

WITHOUT ELECTRICITY which has been submitted in partial

fulfillment of his diploma in Electronics Engineering of M.P.

Board of Technical Education Bhopal (M.P.)

Under the guidance of

Shri I.K Agrwal Shri MADAN Shri I.S Arora

Project incharge Principal HOD

Electronics Engg. Deptt S.V.Polytechnic

Electronics Engg. Deptt

I N D E X

1. PREFACE

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3. WHY A PROJECT

4. MARKET SURVEY

5. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATION


22/48

6. LAYOUT

7. PROJECT DETAILS

7.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE

7.2 MANUFACTURING PROCESS

8. DISCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

8.1 DIODE

9. ESTIMATING & COSTING

10. FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS &

PLANT CAPACITY11. TESTING & INSPECTION

11.1 VISUAL INSPECTION TEST

11.2 ASSEMBLE TEST

11.3 FINAL TEST

11.4 MECHANICAL VIBRATION TEST

12. PACKAGING & DELIVERY

13. SALES & PUBLICITY

14. CONCLUSION

15. BIBLIOGRAPHY


23/48


24/48

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We sincerely acknowledge with a

deep helpful gratitude and endetness to Project Incharge Shri

BHUPENDRA SINGH S.A.T.I Vidisha for his valuable and

faithful guidance, encouragement & suggestion through out the

completion of this work. He generously shared his immense

knowledge with us. His personal attention brought the project the

expendetiousty. We own much more to him.

Last but not the least gratitude to all those, who extended

their co-operation directly or indirectly in completion of this

project work.

Deptt. of Electrical Engineering

S.A.T.I VIDISHA


25/48

WHY

A

PROJECT

A student specially technical student is expected to do some

experimentation and research work on the subject, which he

thought in the class textbook during the course of his studies. Such

an effort when well organized with a definite aim or purpose is

called a project.

The object of a project is to envelope technical thinking and

induced the student to make an ordinary analysis to the situation

following at hand so as to search a definite conclusion.

By doing project student displays his spirit of inquiring

creating & criticizing way of solving a problem through under

standing of existing situation, independent thinking and ability to

understand basic fact.


26/48


27/48

MARKET SURVEY

The marketing of any product depends on the way it is

presented in the market. It is very important that the new product

should be introduced in a manner that its entrance in the market is

felt by the perspective customers. Before a product is planned to be

introduced the following points are of almost importance.

1. The market potential of the product proposed.

2. The market plot locations from the works and different

manufactures.

3. Availability of the raw materials required.

4. Economics of production and market prevailing.

With the above points in or view, we started exposing themarket potential, location from book.

In the market WASHING MACHINE WITHOUT

ELECTRICITY available are costing about Rs. 9000/- to Rs.11000/- where as our sale price is coming about Rs.1800/- which is

on the lower side of the market rate prevailing and also we go into

the production we shall be purchasing the raw material in bulk


28/48

which shall further reduced the raw material cost 30-40%which

will enable us to get the bulk of market share.

Since we are being the technical students we will be getting

the loans from the financial institution at the concessions rates and

also will be getting the tax benefits for about 10 years.

For successful marketing and establishing desirousness of

product from the customers we propose the following.

1. Advertisement campaign in leading newspapers,

demonstration free installation to develop confidence in our

product

2. Quick production after sales service

3. Incentive scheme for retail out lets etc.


29/48


30/48

Most careful and exhaustive estimate will have to be prepared for

the

amount of capital that would be required, the probable annual or

monthly output, the working cost, maintenance charges.,

administrative and selling expenses, the sale price likely to be

realised and the profit anticipated in order to make sure that theventure would satisfy its existence. The approximate cost of the

product must be based in precise and exhaustive assessment of

reliable data.

The success of the business is based in better quality and

latest variety of a product being easily available in the present

market and at a lower cost.

FINANCING :

For starting any industry, first requirement is capital. So we

have to estimate in detail provision for a capital considering allthe aspects of a factory.


31/48

We have however been financed by the Govt. through

Industrial development co-operative of India . This agency has

agreed to grant a loan of Rs. 5,50,000 /- this partners agreed to

invest Rs. 1,00,000/-. All the transactions with industrial

development co-operative shall be made by authorised cheques

duly signed by the Manager. Consent of the money shall be then

from the active co-ordinating partners.

SITE SELECTION

Site selection means deciding a suitable location area, place,

etc. Where the industry will function. In modern industrial

management concept site or location of factory is a governing

factor and thus is considerbly stressed while starting any industry.

The selected site must be most advantageous and suitable in all

respect.

The factors which influences the selection of site for

establishing industry are following :-

1. Availability of raw materials


32/48

2. Availability of labour

3. Means of transportation

4. Market

5. Availability of power

6. Availability of space

7. Availability of water

8. Climatic condition

9. Future development

For our project we have selected Industrial Estate ` inMandideep as a site.

The various plus points in favour of this particular site as

follows :-

1. AVAILABILITY OF RAW MATERIALS

Nearness of raw materials the cost or transportation's of raw

materials from the senders end of industry therefore, the industrymust be located close to the source of raw materials. As ours is an

assembling process, the industry is situated at such a place where

all components are readily available and in case of certain


33/48

emergencies sources can be easily approached. As mandideep is

situated on main railway track and national highway by passes it,

availability of raw material is no problem.

2. AVAILABILITY OF LABOUR

The location of industry is sometime affected by labour

problems. As to manufacture our project a large number of

workers are not needed so availability of labour doesnt play anysignificant role. As for requirment of skilled labour it can be meet

easily in mandideep.

3. MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION

By transportation is meant carrying raw material form

market to factory and finished product to market. It also includes

carrying various equipment's articles and other things for running

the industry.


34/48


35/48

LAYOUT

The layout of a factory workshop of working area means the

position of department or shops in the factory and of machine work

place and storage points in the working areas including offices and

staff facilities relative to one another.

A bad layout can cause unnecessary movement of materials

and consume time and energy of workers without any valuable

addition in completion of job.

The layout may be defined as work of planning and

organising the physical conditions and relationships between

factory equipments and other operation that will make possible as

satisfactory degree of economy and efficiency in production.

The main object of a good layout in broad sense is to make

full and proper utilization of resources available so as to get goodresult.


36/48

LIST OF MACHINERY AND TOOLS

S. NO MACHINES AND TOOLS

S

T 1. Drilling Machine

U 2. Cutting Machine

V 3. Bending Machine


37/48

BREAKE EVEN POINT

Break even point is that point at which the incoming is equal

to expenditure . It is the point at which, when sale is made no

profit, no loss situation arises.

It represents the position at which marginal profit is just

sufficient to cover fixed over head when the production exceeds

the B.E. P. the business.

Is profitable, when the production is below B.E. P. ,the

business makes loss.

B.E.P. = ( 220115 /4435464) x 100 B.E.P. = 4.9 %


38/48


39/48

3) FINAL TEST

This test will be carried out with the actual operationand conditions.

4) MECHANICAL VIBRATION TEST

This test will be done on the batch samples only.

TESTING

Testing play a most important role in the manufacturing ofany product, which defects the invisible defects and confirms the

desired technical features of product.

During testing product is subject to various type of testing.

A) VISUAL CHECK

In this it is seen that all components of proper values are

mounted to their respective polarities.

B) CRCUIT TESTING

In this circuit is given to the required supply and various

parameters i.e. voltage current etc. are recorded and then is kept

on for cycle operation that is for 24 hrs. and parameters are

recorded after a certain intervals.


40/48

TYPES OF TEST

Generally this test is conducted on one prototype job which

covers following stages :-

DAMP TESTING

`In this testing job is subjected to a wet atmosphere for one

cycle at a designed temperature and afterwards immediately

normal testing is conducted and observed that reading are in line

with desired readings.

On completing the testing the various stages readings are

completed with designed parameters for necessary approval.


41/48

PACKING

Before packing of a product, final inspection is very

necessary.

This inspection should be done very carefully up to the standards

as mentioned in the drawing. Packing should be done very

carefully so that the product should not be damaged or scratched

before reaching ,the customers hand.

DISPATCH AND DELIVERY

After completing of the manufacturing of charger in

workshop, it is required to send these to the customer. So while

dispatching, the complete charger should be re- inspected at a

glance and make sure that all the components and other accessories

are in working condition.

After dispatching the charger to the customers independents

views and reports form the customer should be sought, regarding

the reliability of our product form time to time. Free service should

be imparted to the customers in case of any fault, this imparts a

better understanding with customers and gives repute to firm.


42/48

SALES

AND

PUBLICITY

With the growth of business and multiplication of types of

goods for sales and above all better competition advertising has

become a part of trade to familiarize the people with our product.

Advertisement forms a distinct branch of selling publication of

advertisement is newspapers, cinema slides, TV etc. are powerful

modern methods of publicity. The advertising publicity. The

advertising policy must be co-related with sales policy becomes.

1. To ensure proper co-ordination of policy for

stability of product in threw market with production.

2. To collect necessary statistical data, facts and

information for accurate forecasting.

3. To be aware about variation taking place in

market.

4. To give and attractive brand packing to the

product.

5. To find out a good and attractive design of higher

quality.

6. To investigate the liking of customer.


43/48

7. To investigate if any special features can be

introduced.

To estimate the purchasing power of the customer in different area.

8. To measure the strength and policy of competitive

business.

9. Choose suitable advertising media for publicity.

OBJECTIVES OF PUBLICITY

1. To create a demand for new articles by arising

public interest.

2. To increase the sale of established product by

seeking to keep selling point fresh in buyers mind.

3. To over come the false impression which stand in

the way of sales promotion.

4. To estimate additional sale by uncovering present

customer to use the article more frequently and in increased

quality.

WAY OF PUBLICITY

1. Circulating catalogue use and other printed

materials, deliveries either by post in through selling agent.


44/48

2. Press advertising posters.

3. Screen display in motion film theaters.

4. Radio broad casting advertisement and TV

advertisement.

We will contract with Publicity Company, which will keeps

us in increasing our sales us create demand for our product.

CONCLUSION

The reliability and accuracy of an equipment is inversely

proportional to the number of components being used. The less

number of the components more reliability and accuracy can be

achieved almost of the electronic components are temperature and

voltage variation dependent. So more number of component more

the problem, you have also it increase the maintenance cost.


45/48

Our equipment has been designed using the most modern

LSI chips available in the market which can take the voltage

fluctuation of greater degree.

OUR EQUIPMENT OFFER THE FOLLOWING

ADVANTAGES:-

1. Robust and compact to use.

2. Easy to use.


46/48

3. Low cost.

4. Use the locally available components.

STEPS OF PROJECT MAKING


47/48

The following steps have been followed in carrying out the

project

1. Study the books on the relevant topic.

2. Understand the working of the circuit.

3. Prepare the circuit diagram.

4. Prepare the list to components along with their specification

estimate .the cost and procure them after carrying out market

survey.

5. Plan and prepare PCB for mounting all the components.

6. Fix the components on the PCB and solder them.

7. Test the circuit for the desired performance .

8. Trace and rectify faults if any.

9. Give good finish to the unit.


48/48

10. Prepare the project report.

39409770 Washing Machine Without Electricity (1)

Documents

Transcript of 39409770 Washing Machine Without Electricity (1)