The World of EnergyThe World of EnergyChapter 38 Chapter 38 –– LNG Competitor LNG Competitor -- PipelinePipeline

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38.7. Pipeline Pigging38.7. Pipeline Pigging

PiggingPigging

� Internal corrosion control (H2O removal, scale removal, corrosion inhibitor application).

� Pipeline cleaning for corrosion assessment (intelligent pigging, debris for assessment).

Objectives of pipeline pigging

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(intelligent pigging, debris for assessment).

� Maintenance of pipeline bore (wax/scale removal).

� Control of liquid hold-up.

� Pre-, de- or normal commissioning

Operational pipewall debris/liquid liquidaspects cleaning removal batching control

Selection of PigsSelection of Pigs

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= preferred/recommended

= aspects to be checked/acceptable under certain conditions

= not recommended

Number, material, hardness, size, position of guide discs

Number, material, hardness,position size of seal discs

pig accessoires

length between outer discs

Items to be specified for a pigItems to be specified for a pig

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Bull nose and retrieval eye

Pressure equalisation over rear discsDiameter of spacer discs

By-pass area

Risks involved with piggingRisks involved with pigging

� Operational interference, loss of production

� Pipeline blockage� Piggability of pipeline

� Progressive pigging

� Proper selection of pigs

� Proper maintenance of pigs

� Pig tracking

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� Pig tracking

� Accidents at pig loading and unloading� Proper loading equipment

� Maintenance pig trap and end closures

� Proper procedures

Jetting vs BulldozingJetting vs Bulldozing

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Pig TrackingPig Tracking

� Low frequency radio transmitter.

� Nuclear sources.

� Acoustic pingers (continuous/ responding)

� Acoustic echo (max. 20-30 km only)

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� Acoustic echo (max. 20-30 km only)

� Active magnetic transmitters

Process for Pigging Decision

Ispigging

required?

Ispipelineregularlypigged?

NoNo

No action

Yes Yes Planregularpigging

Schedule& execute

regularpigging

Analyseperformance

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Ispipeline

piggable?

No action Yes Planprogressive

pigging

Schedule& execute

progressivepigging

Analyseperformance

No

Planmodifications

to makepiggable

Schedule& execute

modifications

Pipeline Inspection

Inspection methods

� Visual inspection

� Intelligent pigging

� Magnetic flux leakage pig

� Ultrasonic pig

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� Ultrasonic pig

� Ultrasonic testing

� Manual UT

� Automatic (scanning) method

� Pulsed eddy current pig

Intelligent PiggingIntelligent Pigging

� Geometry pig

� Eddy current

� Mechanical

� Metal loss pig

� Magnetic flux leakage

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� Magnetic flux leakage

� Ultrasonics

� Crack detection pig

� Leak detection pig

� Profiling pig

Magnet yokeLines of Magnetic Flux MFL Detector

Magnetic Flux Leakage PigMagnetic Flux Leakage Pig

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Pipe WallDefectMagnetic Flux Leakage

� Pipe wall magnetisation� Sensors, electronics, data acquisition� Data processing, analysis and presentation

Pipeline Pigs

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Pipeline Pigs

� Pipeline pigs are devices that are inserted into and travel throughout the length of a pipeline driven by a product flow. They were originally developed to remove deposits which could obstruct or retard flow through a pipeline.

� Today pigs are used during all phases in the life of a pipeline for many different reasons.

� Although each pipeline has its own set of characteristics which affect how and why pigging is used, there are basically three reasons to pig a pipeline: � To batch or separate dissimilar products; � For displacement purposes;

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� For displacement purposes; � For internal inspection.

� The pigs which are used to accomplish these tasks can be divided into three categories: � Utility Pigs, which are used to perform functions such as cleaning,

separating, or dewatering. � In Line Inspection Tools, which provide information on the condition of

the line, as well as the extent and location of any problems. � Gel Pigs, which are used in conjunction with conventional pigs to

optimize pipeline dewatering, cleaning, and drying tasks.

Pigging Consideration

� The type of pig to be used and its optimum configuration for a particular task in a particular pipeline should be determined based upon several criteria, which include: � The purpose

� Type, location, and volume of the substance to be removed or displaced in conventional pigging applications,

� Type of information to be gathered from an intelligent pig run, � Objectives and goals for the pig run.

� The line contents � The contents of the line while pigging,

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� The contents of the line while pigging, � Available vs. required driving pressure, � Velocity of the pig.

� Characteristics of the pipeline � The minimum and maximum internal line sizes, � Maximum distance pig must travel, � Minimum bend radius, and bend angles, � Additional features such as valve types, branch connections,

and the elevation profile

Utility Pigs

� Utility pipeline pigs can be divided into two groups based upon their fundamental purpose: � Cleaning Pigs, which are used to remove solid or semi-solid

deposits or debris from the pipeline. � Sealing Pigs, which are used to provide a good seal in order to

either sweep liquids from the line, or provide an interface between two dissimilar products within the pipeline.

� Within these two groups, a further subdivision can be made to differentiate among the various types or forms of pigs: � Mandrel pigs, which have a central body tube, or mandrel, and

various components which can be assembled onto the mandrel to

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� Mandrel pigs, which have a central body tube, or mandrel, and various components which can be assembled onto the mandrel to configure a pig for a specific duty;

� Foam pigs, which are molded from polyurethane foam with various configurations of solid polyurethane strips and/or abrasive materials permanently bonded to them;

� Solid cast pigs, which are moulded in one piece, usually from polyurethane, and;

� Spherical pigs or spheres, which are of either a solid composition or inflated to their optimum diameter with glycol and/or water.

Types of Utility Pigs

Mandrel pigs Solid cast pigs

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Mandrel pigs

Foam pigs

Solid cast pigs

Spherical pigs or spheres,

Geometry Pigs

A geometry / caliper pig is a configuration pig designed to record conditions, such as dents, wrinkles, ovality, bend radius and angle, and occasionally indications of significant internal corrosion by making measurements of the inside surface of the pipe.

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In Line Inspection (ILI) Pigs

In Line Inspection provides information on the condition of the pipe and/or its contents. With few exceptions, the In Line Inspection Tool itself is simply the tool which gathers the data, which is then analysed by the engineers and technicians to determine and report on the condition of the line.

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ILI or Smart Pigs

� Although the two most common requirements are for geometry/diameter measurement and for metal-loss/corrosion devices, the information which can be provided by these intelligent pigs covers a much wider range of inspection and troubleshooting needs which include: � Diameter/geometry measurements; � Curvature monitoring; � Pipeline profile; � Temperature/pressure recording; � Bend measurement;

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� Bend measurement; � Metal-loss/corrosion detection; � Photographic inspection; � Crack detection; � Wax deposition measurement; � Leak detection; � Product sampling, and; � Mapping.

Plugs

� A plug is a specialist pig that can be used to isolate a section of pipeline at pressure while some remedial work is undertaken.

� The plugs can withstand pressures up to 200 bars typically.

� The plug works by gripping into the line pipe and then having a separate sealing system.

� Lower pressure techniques include High Friction pigs, which provide a barrier for depressurised systems

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Gel Pigs

� Gel pigs are a series of gelled liquid systems which have been developed for use in pipeline operations, either during initial commissioning, or as a part of a continuing maintenance program.

� Most pipeline gels are water-based, but a range of chemicals, solvents, and even acids can be gelled.

� Some chemicals can be gelled as the bulk liquid and others only diluted in a carrier.

� Gelled diesel is commonly used as a carrier of corrosion inhibitor in gas lines.

� There are four main types of gel that are used in pipeline applications: � Batching, or separator gel

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� Batching, or separator gel � Debris pickup gel � Hydrocarbon gel � Dehydrating gel

� As a liquid, although highly viscous, the gel can be pumped through any line which will accept liquids.

� Gel pigs can be used alone (in liquid lines), in place of batching pigs, or in conjunction with various types of conventional pigs.

� When used with conventional pigs, gelled pigs can improve overall performance while almost eliminating the risk of sticking a pig.

� Gel pigs do not wear out in service like conventional pigs. They can, however, be susceptible to dilution and gas cutting. Care must be taken, therefore, when designing a pig train that incorporates gel pigs to minimize fluid bypass of the pigs, and to place a conventional pig at the back of the train when displacing with gas.

Gel Pigs

� The principle pipeline applications for gel pigs are as follows: � Product separation � Debris removal � Line filling/hydrotesting

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� Line filling/hydrotesting � Dewatering and drying � Condensate removal from gas lines � Inhibitor and biocide laydown � Special chemical treatment � Removal of stuck pigs

� Specially formulated gels have also been used to seal gate valves during hydrostatic testing. Gels have been developed with a controlled gellation time and a controlled viscosity for temporary pipeline isolation purposes.

Pig Traps/Launcher/Receiver

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� Pig traps are used for inserting pigs into a pipeline then launching, receiving, and finally removing them without flow interruption.

� Pig traps are not generally proprietary products and are usually made to a specification drawn up by the user.

� However, pig trap closures are proprietary products and form a critically important part of a pigging system.

� Safety is a major consideration in the selection of a closure. All closures must have a built-in safety lock which prevents them being opened while the trap is pressurised.