8/10/2019 380 Final Blueprint Review

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380 FinalBlueprint Review50 questions

Slide 1

Approaches to knowledge development and their respective research methods;

i.e., deductive inductive process

o

Inductive knowledge: is developed by pulling observations and factsgenerated through research together to generate theory That theory is then used to suggest further observations that might

be expected, which are then used to refine the theory

o Deductive knowledge: is developed by proposing a theory regarding a

phenomenon of interest It starts with the whole and breaks down the parts of the theory,

seeking observations and facts to support the abstract relationship

proposed in that theory Observations that support or refute a theorys predictions of

relationships are used to revise or refine the theory, which then

undergoes further testingo Quantitative Research uses DEDUCTIVE REASONING

o Qualitative Research uses INDUCTIVE REASONING

Nursing theorists and their construct: Orem, Roy, Watson

o Orem:proposed the concept of self-deficit

o Roy: adaptation model Defined nursing as the science and practices that expands adaptive

abilities and enhances person and environment transformation

o Watson: introduced carative factors or Caring

Nursing theory their relevance to nursing practice: Guides

o Four Main Domains:

Person Environment Health

Nursing

Principles of Ethics: Declaration of Helsinki, Nuremburg Code; and the BelmontCommission Report of 1979IRB

Different qualitative methods: phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography

o Designs that function to facilitate understanding answer descriptivedesignquestions

Designs that seek to link ideas and concepts answer questions of

connection or relationship

o

Phenomenology: used to discover and develop understanding ofexperiences as perceived by those living the experience

The method seeks to avoid external control by going as directly as

possible to those who have lived or are living the experience being

studied

Grounded theory: is to study interactions to understand and

recognize links between ideas and concepts, or, in other words, todevelop theory

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Triangulation: is the process of using more than one approach or

source to include different views or to look at the phenomenon

from different angles Audit trail:is an ongoing documentation regarding the

researchers decisions about the data analysis and collection

processes Probability and Non Probability Samplingtheir differences

o Nonprobability sampling: not everyone in the population of interest has

an equal chance of being included in the study

These types of strategies are used because they are less costly or

because it is not possible to identify everyone in the population

o Probability sampling: ensure that every member of the population has an

equal opportunity to be in the study

o Major reasons for randomization/extraneous variable: -- Convenient Sampling

Includes members of the population who can be readily

found and recruited and are convenient for the researcherto recruit Concept of Power Analysis and sample size

o Qualitative: sample size is smaller than in

quantitative research because the data collection

methods in qualitative research yield much data

from each participant The sampling strategy and the complexity

of the phenomenon of interest also dictate

sample size in qualitative research

Summary: Sampling in qualitative

research is usually driven by the databeing collected and may change as the

study progresseso Quantitative: the larger the sample size in

quantitative study, the more likely the sample willbe representative of the population of interest, and

the more likely the study will apply to our clinical

situations

Sample sizes in quantitative research are

determined by the goal of having a

reasonable likelihood that the inferential

statistics applied to the data will yieldstatistical significance

The larger the sample size, the more

likely we are to get results that are

statistically significantthat is, that did

not happen by chance alone Quantitative researchers often use a

process called power analysis to

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Cronbach alpha (Alphas .70 highly desirable) evaluates Internal Consistency(how closely the answers to the different items within the scale are related to each

other)

Test Retest reliability evaluates Stability (the measure will stay consistent overtime)

Inter-Rater Reliability 90% and above is highly desirable: evaluates Equivalence Type of research error

Slide 5

Validity: The degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed tomeasure

Threats to Internal Validity: History: Maturation: Selection Bias: mortality

o History:is some factor outside those examined in a study affecting the

outcome or dependent variable The term historyis used because some past event has influenced

the dependent variable

o

Maturation: refers to a change in the dependent variable simply becauseof the passage of time

Thus, the natural aging process, a type of maturation with time,

might lead to decreased daily functioning, regardless of whether

the subjects were providing care to a family member Those studies with a design that did not include a control group

would be vulnerable to maturation

o Mortality: refers to the loss of subjects from a study because of aconsistent factor related to the dependent variable

Occasionally, the loss of subjects is from death

At other times, mortality refers to subjects withdrawing from a

studyo Selection bias: refers to subjects having unique characteristics that in

some manner relate to the dependent variable, raising a question whether

the findings from the study resulted from the independent variable or thecharacteristics of the sample

A research designs overall internal validity would be best defined as effectsdetected in the study are a true reflection of reality rather than an extraneous

variable

Selection of independent and dependent variables, types of Hp

o Selection of independent and dependent variables come from the research

purpose

Research purposeis a clear statement of factors that are going tobe studied to shed knowledge on the research problem

These factors may also be referred to as the variables to

be studied

In general, we expect the research purpose to identify

the major variableso Types of hypotheses:

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Directional hypothesis:predicts that two variables will be related

and as well predicts the direction of that relationship

Ex:It will predict that as scores for one variable increases,the score for a second variable will increase

Nondirectional hypothesis:predicts that two variables will be

related but does not predict the direction of that relationship Bonus:research questions can also be directional and

nondirectional

o Nondirectional question: Is there a relationship

between sun exposure and number of freckles?

o Directional question: Do the number of frecklesincrease as the amount of sun exposure increases?

Null hypothesis: states that there will be no relationship or

differences among variables Research hypothesis:predicts relationships or differences in

variables