37919 13 Ch13 456. - Cengage€¦ · Taskbar Across the top, under the menus, you find the taskbar....

CHAPTER

13Hydraulics andPipe Design

INTRODUCTION

A surface has slopes, and Civil 3D tools show the paths water takes across a uniform sur-face. However, most surfaces are not uniform. A site may have several surface types andeach may affect the absorption, flow, and collection of surface water runoff. The hydrol-ogy extensions calculate runoff amounts and structures to handle runoff and evaluateand design pipe networks.

OBJECTIVES

This chapter focuses on the following topics:

• Establishing Rainfall Amounts

• Calculating Surface Runoff

• Using Structure Calculators

• Reviewing and Adjusting a Storm System

OVERVIEWHydraulic extensions address water and how to handle it in a site. The interaction ofhydraulic extensions with Civil 3D is limited, but it is helpful when you are creatingand evaluating a design. When you work with the storm sewer tools, LandXMLcommunicates a design between the extensions and the calculators.

The calculators use a project to transfer information between the calculators and theextensions. Most information from a drawing, area, location, etc., is not available di-rectly within the calculators. A user must have notes and values available to work inthe calculators.

Unit 1This unit focuses on the structure calculator. The calculator supports culverts, chan-nels, inlets, and weirs.

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Unit 2The calculation of runoff, its storage, and discharge is the focus of the second unit.The runoff calculations use IDF or SCS values and flow connection devices: ponds,reaches, culverts, orifices, and weirs.

Unit 3The focus of this unit is importing, reviewing, and revising a storm water pipe system.A design from Civil 3D must be imported and exported as a LandXML file. Thecalculators evaluate the design and then modify the design. The calculator can addand delete structures, if appropriate. A design can be developed in the extension andimported to Civil 3D.

Unit 4The focus of this unit is the plan and production tools that create plan and profilesheets from a pipe network design.

UNIT 1: HYDRAFLOW EXPRESS

Hydraflow Express is a water-control structures calculator. Regardless of the type ofstructure under consideration, the interface is the same. It has basic settings that af-fect its calculations.

USER INTERFACEThe Hydraflow Express interface has four sections: taskbar, input grid, graphic dis-play, and results grid (see Figure 13.1).

FIGURE 13.1


Chap t e r 13 • Hyd r au l i c s a nd P i p e De s i g n 457

TaskbarAcross the top, under the menus, you find the taskbar. You use the taskbar to selectthe structure type. There are four structure types: culverts, channels, inlets, and weirs.Express also includes a hydrology calculator that develops hydrographs for the struc-tures to use.

An appropriate input grid (the left side of Figure 13.1), a graphic display (a structureschematic at the top right of Figure 13.1), and an output grid (bottom right of Figure13.1) are displayed after you select a structure type. Channels, inlets, and weirs have ashapes subset. For example, a weir has the following shapes subset: rectangular, com-pound, circular, v-notch, trapezoidal, and proportional. Each shape type has varyinginput values (see Figure 13.2).

Input GridThe information in this section is required by the calculator. After you enter thevalues, click Run to perform the calculation using the currently entered values. Youcan change the values at any time and click Run again to compute new numbers. Thevalues for which this section prompts reflect the selected structure type and shape (seeFigure 13.2).

Graphic Display and Results GridCalculation results appear in the Graphic Display as a schematic. The schematicshows the water level whose interval is set in the input grid, and that interval changeswhen you select an interval in the results grid (see Figures 13.3 and 13.4).

FIGURE 13.2


458 Harn e s s i n g Au t oCAD Civ i l 3D 2011

FIGURE 13.3



Graphics Display has three display modes that can be set by three buttons: Plot (thedefault), P-Curve, and diagram. Plot shows the water level for a selected result fromthe results grid. You select P-Curve to display the P-curve for the current structuredefinition (see Figure 13.5). With Plot toggled on, when you click diagram,a schematic is displayed that identifies the input variables (see Figure 13.6). WithP-Curve toggled on, when you click diagram, a schematic P-Curve diagram is drawn(see Figure 13.7).

FIGURE 13.4



FIGURE 13.5



FIGURE 13.6



Results GridResults Grid displays by increment the calculated values of a structure. The incrementis set in the Calcs’Grid section (Q incr). WhenGraphics Display is in plot mode, youclick an interval in results grid to display its values graphically.

Graphics Display’s center contains the structure’s name.

If Graphics Display is in Plot mode, the icons to the right of the structure’s name areactive. These icons change colors to indicate if they are active or not (see Figure 13.8).

The bucket icon toggles between color-filled shapes or outlines and the icon to itsright toggles on/off the EGL line. The remaining three icons are Zoom commands.The first icon on the left is a zoom window that shows more detail (less overall area),zooms back to show more area, and resets to return the graphics display back to itsdefault centering.

FIGURE 13.7



PRECIPITATIONRunoff amounts are critical to many structure calculations. For example, can a weirdischarge a 100-year storm safely, or can a culvert design handle a 50-year storm?How runoff amounts are determined falls into two categories: IDF curves (IntensityDuration Curves) and SCS rainfall amounts. The system used in your area dependson mandates by local governing boards. Some local governments have their owncharts and amounts, and they may be different from those used in this textbook.

The Hydrology panel supports Rational, Modified Rational, and SCS runoff calcula-tion methods. The next unit covers the use of the Hydrographs application.

IDF CurvesIDF Curves describes rainfall intensity for a period of 60 minutes for several stormtypes, for example, 2-, 5-, 10-, or 25-year storms. If pertinent data is available,Express can calculate the IDF curves. This information came from the Hydro-35and 40 circulars. However, NOAA has updated the data and publishes it on its rain-fall Web site. The new data is also in NOAA’s Volume 14 atlas.

The IDF precipitation calculator takes these intensities and produces the IDF curves.The Table tab of IDF is where a user inputs the intensities, and after their values havebeen input, the calculator displays the intensity curves (see Figures 13.9 and 13.10).

The Coefficients tab displays two types of standard intensities: FHA and Poly. Eachis a different formula, yet obtains similar results. Again, it is your region that man-dates the calculation to use.

FIGURE 13.8



FIGURE 13.9

FIGURE 13.10



SCSThe Soil Conservation Service also issues rainfall data. This data is the basis forTR-55 calculations: Rational and Modified Rational. This system uses a 24-houramount for storms rated from 1- to 100-year storms (see Figure 13.11).

STRUCTURESMany roadway projects require that runoff around or underneath the project behandled. Other sites accumulate water that must be discharged off-site in an orderlyway. Structures are tools for the orderly handling of water and guiding it to dischargepoints. A structure may be how a site discharges its accumulated runoff. This calcula-tor evaluates the structure over a range of flows. These same structures appear inHydrographs as methods of routing water.

CulvertsThe Culverts calculator calculates water velocities through a culvert design. A culvertcan be an arch, a box, a circular, or an Ell. There can be up to 4 barrels, and the cul-vert’s inlet edge can be projecting or can be mitered, squared edge, and beveled. Allcoefficients are Manning’s n values (see Figure 13.12). You must select the cell toexpose a drop-list arrow when you are setting values for shape, n-values, edge, andnumber of barrels. When you click the drop-list arrow, the list displays the availableselections.

FIGURE 13.11



ChannelChannels have six types: rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, gutter, circular, anduser-defined (see Figure 13.13). A user-defined channel can have up to 50 station,elevation, and manning’s n numbers. Clicking the station-elevation cell opens adata-entry dialog box for the user values.

FIGURE 13.12

FIGURE 13.13



InletsInlets has six types: curb inlet, grate inlet, combination inlet, drop curb, grate, andslotted (see Figure 13.14). The values for which the Input grids prompt depend onthe selected inlet type.

After you have selected the inlet type, the graphics area displays an inlet schematic.When you click in Input Grid’s Gutter section, the graphics area displays a secondschematic that explains the variables for the selected section (see Figure 13.15).

FIGURE 13.14

FIGURE 13.15



WeirsA weir allows variable flow as the water level varies behind it (less when lower, morewhen higher) (see Figure 13.16). There are six weir shapes: rectangular, compound,circular, v-notched, trapezoidal, and proportional. The type buttons at the panel’s topleft set the weir shape. A second value needs to be set. Click the crest cell in the Inputgrid to display a drop-list arrow listing the edge shapes: broad and sharp.

REPORTSSelecting the printer icon displays a shortcut menu listing Express’s reports. Reportprints only the selected values in the results grid. The Results Grid… report printsonly the grid values and does not contain any structure name or data values.

SUMMARY

• Express supports channels, culverts, weirs, and inlets.

• Each structure type has type variations.

• Before you enter data, make sure the correct structure type is set.

• Express displays a results grid at the bottom right of the calculator.

• Selecting a result displays the selected result’s values in the structure’s plot,or P-Curve.

• There are two structure report types: Report (entered values) and Resultsgrid (computation result values).

FIGURE 13.16



UNIT 2: HYDROLOGY

Hydrographs model complex watersheds. To handle this complexity, modeling toolsinclude drainage areas, combiners, diverters, reaches, and ponds.

SCS RUNOFF CURVE NUMBER EDITORThe Hydrograph application lists the common curve numbers in its help system. Youshould print a list of your most used values.

Many sites are not homogeneous; even a lot is a composite of pervious and imperviousmaterials (house and lawn). Watersheds have differing conditions over their territory,and allowances need to be made to reflect their varying absorption rates. A Compos-ite Runoff Curve Number calculator calculates a curve number that considers subareacharacteristics (see Figure 13.17).

TIME OF CONCENTRATIONTime of concentration has three components: sheet, shallow, and channel flow. Eachwatershed is different and may use only one time-of-concentration component,whereas other watersheds may use a combination of two or all three.

Sheet FlowSheet flow is water flowing over a plane surface. The flow represents the farthesthydraulic distance in the watershed. The maximum sheet flow length is 300 feet.

Sheet flow calculation components are Manning’s n, length of flow, two-year rainfall,and land slope (see Figure 13.18).

FIGURE 13.17



Shallow FlowShallow flow is water that is starting to concentrate into organized structures. Thisflow occurs between the sheet and channel flow. Shallow flow components are sur-face, flow length, and slope (see Figure 13.18).

Open Channel FlowChannel flow is a structure, natural or manmade, that carries water in a defined space.

Channel flow components are cross-section flow area, wetter perimeter, channelslope, Manning’s n, and flow length (see Figure 13.18).

HYDROGRAPH COMPONENTSThe Hydrographs extension has three input interfaces: model, hydrographs, and pond.All components can be defined as a user creates a model or can be developed in theirrespective tabs (Hydrographs or Ponds). While building a model and defining eachcomponent, a user can review their properties by selecting the appropriate tab.

PondsPond definitions can be from contours, a trapezoid, manual, or chambers. Chambersrepresent underground storage and discharge (see Figure 13.19).

FIGURE 13.18



HydrographsA hydrograph is a water flow that is from a runoff calculation or is outfall from a reachor pond. The Hydrographs tab defines or holds the model’s defined runoffs andoutfalls (see Figure 13.20). Select a hydrograph number and press the right mousebutton to display a shortcut menu that lists runoff calculation methods or definesother hydrological components.

After a pond or hydrograph component has been defined in its own tab, it appears asan icon in the model tab. A user can relocate and attach components in the model tab.

FIGURE 13.19



REPORTSWhen you select the Reports icon, the Reports PrintMenu is displayed and lists whata report may contain (see Figure 13.21). If you select the possible options and clickPreview, you can review the resulting report. Click Print… to send the report to theprinter.

FIGURE 13.20



SUMMARY

• Hydraflow Hydrographs has several components: hydrographs, reaches, ponds,and routes.

• The Model tab schematically connects the hydrographs and ponds.

• When completed, Hydrographs evaluates the routing’s overall performance.

UNIT 3: STORM PIPES

Civil 3D drafts storm water pipe networks. However, it does not have any design orevaluation capability. The Storm Sewers Extension provides design and evaluationtools. You access Storm Sewers through Modify’s Pipe Network panel’s Storm Sew-ers command. The command exports and imports storm sewer designs between Civil3D and Storm Sewers.

When you are importing a pipe network, the import routine uses the default PipeNetwork Edit Feature Settings. You must make sure they are appropriate for thesystem you are importing.

NOTE Draw all pipe network runs downslope.

FIGURE 13.21



DESIGN CODESDesign and design evaluation require minimum or typical standards. The DesignCodes panel’s values set minimums and maximums for pipes, inlets, andcalculations.

PipesDesign Code’s Pipes panel sets minimum and maximum pipe values (see Figure13.22). The left side has settings for minimum and maximum pipe sizes and slopes,design velocity, and a Manning’s n. The upper-right setting excludes certain pipesizes: 21, 27, and 33 inches. The lower right has settings for matching by crown orinvert, the invert drop amount, and if smaller pipe sizes are allowed downstream.

InletsInlets sets default values for curb, grate, and gutter inlets (see Figure 13.23). Thelower-left side defines a schematic structure type. The upper-right grate design para-meters and the lower-right parameters define composite runoff coefficient values.

FIGURE 13.22



CalculationsCalculations sets default values for HGL calculations, flow options, and junction losscalculations (see Figure 13.24).

HGL OptionsThis group defines the minimum starting elevation of the HGL: crown, normal,(dcþD)/2, and critical. There is a toggle to resolve EGL discrepancies and inlet con-trol checks. If the inlet control check is on, there are two value-evaluation methods:HDX-5 or Standard Orifice Calculations.

Flow OptionsFlow Options include values that affect accumulating known Qs, using captured inletflows, whether to suppress travel times, setting the minimum Tc for intensity calcula-tions, and how to calculate junction loss (manual entry or automatic).

FIGURE 13.23



XML Import/ExportThis dialog box reads a LandXML file and builds a Storm Sewers model. After eval-uating and adjusting its values, it then exports the design to a new or updated XMLfile (see Figure 13.25).

FIGURE 13.24

FIGURE 13.25



Export and Import to Storm SewersWhen you use the Storm Sewers application to analyze and modify your design, youmust modify the pipe network migration settings. These settings are a part of thePipe Networks’Edit Feature Settings, Storm SewersMigration Defaults. The migra-tion settings have two parts. The first is to translate Civil 3D’s pipes and structures tomatch those in Storm Sewers for import and export. The second is identifying theparts list to use.

Import/Export Parts MatchingThe parts matching section sets equivalents between Civil 3D and Storm Sewers. Forexample, for export, an eccentric cylindrical junction with frame is a grate inlet –circular and on import a grate inlet – circular is an eccentric cylindrical junction withframe (see Figure 13.26).

The parts list setting is the active parts list creating the exported pipe network.

When you import a Storm Sewer project and you have an existing pipe network in thedrawing, a dialog box displays asking if you want to modify the existing or want tocreate a new pipe network.

DXFThe Storm Sewers extension imports DXFs as background images for its editor. ADXF can also be used to import a design. The preferred method is to use Modify’sPipe Network panel’s Storm Sewer command.

STORM WATERS TABSWhen using Storm Sewer Extension to design or modify a pipe network, a usershould start editing from downstream to upstream. This is because inlets have bypassrunoff, and bypass cannot flow into a manhole, but only into inlets, grates, andoutfalls.

PlanThe Plan panel displays the design in Plan View. When you select a pipe and pressthe right mouse button, a shortcut menu is displayed with commands appropriate to

FIGURE 13.26



the selected pipe (see Figure 13.27). You select Data Dialog to display all of the pipe’sdata. The Alignment section refers to the pipe’s location; Flows is where inflow valuesare entered. Physical defines the invert elevations, pipe type, and other pertinentvalues.

If you double-click a structure or click the Inlet/Junction tab, the Add/Editdialog box opens and displays all of the structure’s pertinent information (see Figure13.28). General defines the type of inlet and, depending on the selected type,the lower left of the dialog box becomes active. In the upper right, Gutter Detailsdefine the road cross slope and other necessary values to evaluate or size the inlet. Thelower-right section, Structure, defines the structure’s shape.

FIGURE 13.27

FIGURE 13.28



PipesPipes defines the inflow and surrounding slope, size, and basic parameters of an inlet(see Figure 13.29).

ResultsThe Summary report is an overview of the network. Other reports can perform a costestimate (see Figure 13.30).

FIGURE 13.29

FIGURE 13.30



Cost CodesCost Codes define the cost for each of the network items. Click Edit, and from thelist, select Cost Codes… to open a dialog box where you can enter the per-unit values.After running an analysis, the Results tab displays a network cost estimate.

ReportsClicking the Reports icon opens the Print Reports dialog box. Print Reports allows auser to define a report and publish it to a printer (see Figure 13.31).

SUMMARY

• Storm Water Extension evaluates and resizes pipes and, if desired, inlets.

• You can import a background DXF to give the pipe run a context.

• You export a design to Storm Sewers, but you must open the exported file to setthe project correctly.

• After modifying a design in Storm Sewers, you import it to the Civil 3D file.

• An imported Storm Sewers project can modify an existing or create a new pipenetwork.

UNIT 4: PLAN PRODUCTION TOOLS

Creating plan, profile, or plan and profile sheets is a Plan Production process. Creat-ing these sheets takes two steps: creating view frames and producing the sheets. Sev-eral styles affect this process and a template is key to creating the sheets. The templatedefines the sheet size, viewport function (plan or profile), scale, and the appropriateborder.

FIGURE 13.31



PRODUCTION TEMPLATEThe Production Template contains several sheet size and layout examples. It is worthyour time to review them. Each viewport has a type: plan or profile. This value is set inthe Properties palette for the viewport (at the bottom).

VIEW FRAME GROUPThe first set is used to create viewports. Viewports define the number of sheets andtheir organization (see Figure 13.32). A multi-tabbed wizard sets values for the viewframe group.

Create View Frame Group WizardThe Create View Frames wizard’s first panel sets the alignment and its coverage(see Figure 13.33).

FIGURE 13.32



The second panel sets the sheets panel. This panel sets critical information for the set:the sheet type, its layout template, sheet size, and viewport scales (see Figure 13.34).The settings at the bottom affect the view frames’ orientation along the alignment.

FIGURE 13.33

FIGURE 13.34



To identify the appropriate template file, you select the ellipsis at the right center ofthe panel. This opens the Select Layout as Sheet Template dialog box (see Figure13.35). Each of the layouts listed is in a single drawing. The drawing’s function is todefine and provide the selected layout. Civil 3D installs with several drawings, eachhaving a different grouping of layout: plan only, profile only, and plan and profile.You should adjust the layouts and add the correct border before using this process.

If no layouts appear, you must locate and select the drawing containing the layouts byclicking the ellipsis, browsing to, and then selecting the file.

The next wizard panel defines the View FrameGroup name, layer, the individual viewframe names, their style, label style, and their annotation location (see Figure 13.36).

FIGURE 13.35

FIGURE 13.36



The Match Lines panel sets whether matchlines will appear along with the viewframes, their style, and annotation (see Figure 13.37). Snap station value down tothe nearest sets the matchline at a whole foot. Allow additional distance… definesthe amount a view frame can move along an alignment if it needs to be repositioned.

The Profile Views panel sets the profile view and its band set (see Figure 13.38). Theband set is special because it has a dummy second band under the station and eleva-tion band. This dummy band “centers” the profile view and prevents the viewportfrom cutting off the band annotation.

FIGURE 13.37

FIGURE 13.38



CREATE PLAN PROFILE SHEETSThe second step in using Plan Production Tools is Create Sheets. This commandalso displays a wizard to step the user through the process. The result is a sheet setcontaining one or more drawings with a layout that represents the sheets.

View Frame Group and LayoutsThe wizard’s first panel reviews and sets the drawing and layout tab values (see Figure13.39). The panel’s top sets the view frame group and if all or selected frames arecreated. Its middle defines how to organize the resulting layout: one layout perdrawing, all layouts in one drawing, or all layouts in the current drawing. It is best tohave these layouts in external drawing(s) and not in the current drawing. The panel’sbottom sets the Layout name format, and the last item sets a north arrow.

Sheet SetThe result of creating a drawing set is a sheet set (see Figure 13.40). The panel’s topportion sets the sheet set’s name and location. The new sheets can be appended to anexisting set, if desired. The panel’s bottom sets the name for each drawing file con-taining the layouts. A sheet set can be assigned to a Vault project by logging in andassigning a project.

FIGURE 13.39



Profile ViewsProfile Views sets the annotation and orientation with the alignment. Annotation isset by referencing an existing profile and profile view (see Figure 13.41). At thebottom are toggles to align the profile with the alignment by its beginning, middle,or end point.

FIGURE 13.40

FIGURE 13.41



If you want different profile labeling, toggle Choose settings in the middle of thepanel and click Profile ViewWizard…; this opens the Profile ViewWizard. The wiz-ard can split the profile view into a minimum of three views; it allows for styles andlabels reassignment and any other necessary modification.

Data ReferencesData that is necessary for generating the sheets is set in the Data References panel (seeFigure 13.42). Any additional objects can be put in the new drawing(s) by togglingthem on here. If additional linework, not objects, is needed to finish the sheet, it mustbe added by an external reference (XREF) in the new plan and profile drawing(s). Atthe panel’s bottom is a toggle; when on, it copies a pipe network’s labeling to the newdrawing(s).

SUMMARY

• Plan Production Tools create Plan, Profile, and Plan and Profile sheets.

• Each sheet is a layout in the current drawing, the layouts are in a singlenew drawing, or each single layout is in a new drawing.

• Layout viewports are either plan or profile, which is a viewport property.

• The resulting sheets are a sheet set.

The next chapter introduces Civil 3D’s survey capabilities and concepts.

FIGURE 13.42



37919 13 Ch13 456. - Cengage€¦ · Taskbar Across the top, under the menus, you find the taskbar....

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