3.6 Solubility3.6 Solubility Solution:Solution: homogeneous homogeneous

mixture or mixture in mixture or mixture in which components are which components are uniformly intermingleduniformly intermingled

Solute:Solute: substance that substance that is being dissolved in is being dissolved in solventsolvent

Solvent:Solvent: substance that substance that dissolves solvent and dissolves solvent and present in a large present in a large amountamount

Aqueous solutions:Aqueous solutions: solutions with water as solutions with water as the solventthe solvent

SolubilitySolubility

Saturated:Saturated: A solution in which the A solution in which the maximum amount of solvent has been maximum amount of solvent has been dissolved. Any more solute added will sit dissolved. Any more solute added will sit as crystals on the bottom of the container as crystals on the bottom of the container

Unsaturated:Unsaturated: A solution in which more of A solution in which more of solute can be dissolvedsolute can be dissolved

Concentrated:Concentrated: a relative large amount of a relative large amount of solute is being dissolved in solventsolute is being dissolved in solvent

Diluted:Diluted: a relative small amount of a relative small amount of solute is being dissolved in solventsolute is being dissolved in solvent

Solution_MolaritySolution_Molarity

Molarity:Molarity: the number moles of solute per the number moles of solute per volume of solution in litersvolume of solution in liters

moles of solutemoles of solute Molarity Molarity = ------------------------= ------------------------

Liters of solutionLiters of solution unit = mol/L or M (molar)unit = mol/L or M (molar)

Standard solution:Standard solution: is a solution whose is a solution whose concentration is accurately known.concentration is accurately known.

ExampleExample

What is the molarity of solution made What is the molarity of solution made by dissolving 2.355g of Hby dissolving 2.355g of H22SOSO44 in in water and dilutin to a final volume of water and dilutin to a final volume of 50.0mL50.0mL

Calculate the molarity of a solution Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 11.5 g of solid prepared by dissolving 11.5 g of solid NaOH in enough water to make 1.50 NaOH in enough water to make 1.50 L of solutionL of solution

Calculating volume and Calculating volume and massmass

Determine how much volume (in ml) Determine how much volume (in ml) will be needed to dissolved 2.50 g of will be needed to dissolved 2.50 g of solid NaCl to make 0.050M solution.solid NaCl to make 0.050M solution.

How many grams of solute would How many grams of solute would you use to prepare 1.50L of 0.250 M you use to prepare 1.50L of 0.250 M glucose (Cglucose (C66HH1212OO66))

3.8 Dilution3.8 Dilution

Reducing the original Reducing the original concentration of a concentration of a chemical solutionchemical solution

A process of A process of transferring solution transferring solution to achieve a the to achieve a the desired molarity by desired molarity by diluting with solventdiluting with solvent

Moles of solute after dilution Moles of solute after dilution = moles of solute before = moles of solute before dilutiondilution

Formula Formula M M11 V V11 = M = M22 V V22

ExampleExample What volume of 16 M sulfuric acid must be used What volume of 16 M sulfuric acid must be used

to prepare 1.5L of 0.10 M of Hto prepare 1.5L of 0.10 M of H22SOSO44 solution? solution?

What is the final concentration if 75.0 mL of a What is the final concentration if 75.0 mL of a 3.50M glucose solution is dilute to a volume of 3.50M glucose solution is dilute to a volume of 400.0mL?400.0mL?

Calculate the new molarity if a dilution is made Calculate the new molarity if a dilution is made for:for: 25.0 ml of water is added to 10.0 mL of 0.251 M CaCl25.0 ml of water is added to 10.0 mL of 0.251 M CaCl22

ExamplesExamples

Stomach acid, a dilute solution of HCl in Stomach acid, a dilute solution of HCl in water, can be neutralized by reaction water, can be neutralized by reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate, with sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCONaHCO33 NaHCO NaHCO33, according to the , according to the equationequation

HCl(aq) + NaHCOHCl(aq) + NaHCO33(aq) (aq) NaCl(aq) + H NaCl(aq) + H22O(l) + O(l) + COCO22(g)(g)

How many milliliters of 0.125M NaHCOHow many milliliters of 0.125M NaHCO33 solution are needed to neutralized with solution are needed to neutralized with 18.0mL of 0.100M HCl?18.0mL of 0.100M HCl?

ExamplesExamples

A 25.0mL sample of oxalic acid is A 25.0mL sample of oxalic acid is titrated and found to react with 94.7 titrated and found to react with 94.7 mL of 0.200M NaOH. What is the mL of 0.200M NaOH. What is the molarity of the oxalic acid solution? molarity of the oxalic acid solution? The reaction isThe reaction is

2NaOH(aq) + H2NaOH(aq) + H22CC22OO44(aq) (aq) C C22OO44NaNa22(aq) + (aq) + 2H2H22O(l)O(l)

Calculating the massCalculating the mass

When aqueous solutions of NaWhen aqueous solutions of Na22SOSO44 and and Pb(NOPb(NO33))22 are mixed, PbSO are mixed, PbSO44 precipitates. Calculate the mass of precipitates. Calculate the mass of PbSOPbSO44 formed when 1.25 L of 0.0500 M formed when 1.25 L of 0.0500 M Pb(NOPb(NO33))22 and 2.00 L of 0.0250 M and 2.00 L of 0.0250 M NaNa22SOSO44 are mixed are mixed

NaNa22SOSO44(aq) + Pb(NO(aq) + Pb(NO33))22(aq) (aq) PbSO PbSO44(s) + (s) + 2NaNO2NaNO33(aq)(aq)

ExampleExample

What volume of 0.101 M HNOWhat volume of 0.101 M HNO33 is is required to neutralize with 24.9 ml required to neutralize with 24.9 ml of 0.00491 M Ba(OH)of 0.00491 M Ba(OH)22(aq)?(aq)?