34 Nahum NAHUM Assyria (Northern Kingdom already in Assyrian exile)

34 NahumN

AH

UM

Assyria(Northern Kingdom already in Assyrian exile)

Nahum – The man…

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Little is known about Nahum

He came from the town of Elkosh (whose location we can’t identify with certainty)

Capernaum (Kaphar-Nahum): “Village of Nahum”

His name means “comfort” or “compassion,”

His message of Assyria’s doom would certainly have comforted the people of Judah, who had suffered because of Assyria.

Nahum - His Time

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Nahum lived a century after Jonah

Nahum mentions the capture of the Egyptian city of Thebes, which occurred in 663 BC, and

He predicted the fall of Nineveh, which took place in 612 BC;

These dates place him in Judah during the reigns of Manasseh (695–642) and Josiah (640–609).

His contemporaries would have been Jeremiah, Zephaniah, and Habakkuk.

This book was written in Jerusalem (soon after 709 b.c.) where Nahum witnessed the invasion of Sennacherib and the destruction of his host (2 Kgs 19:35).

It is believed to have been written between 663 – 612 (cf. 3:8).

Est. Year BCProphet From / To Period Address

Obadiah 848 / 841 Pre-Exile Edom Joel 835 / 835 Pre-Exile Judah

Jonah 782 / 753 Pre-Exile Assyria Amos 760 / 753 Pre-Exile Israel Hosea 755 / 715 Pre-Exile Israel

lsaiah 740 / 680 Pre-Exile Judah

Micah 735 / 700 Pre-Exile Judah, Israel in Exile Judah

Nahum 664 / 654 Pre-Exile Judah, Israel in Exile Assyria Zephaniah 632 / 628 Pre-Exile Judah, Israel in Exile Judah Jeremiah 627 / 580 Pre-Exile Judah, Israel in Exile Judah Habakkuk 609 / 605 Pre-Exile Judah, Israel in Exile Judah

Daniel 605 / 535 Judah also In Exile Judah Ezekiel 593 / 571 Judah also In Exile Judah

Haggai 520 / 520 Post-Exile Returned Jew Zechariah 520 / 480 Post-Exile Returned Jew Malachi 432 / 424 Post-Exile Returned Jew

Nahum Chronological Summary

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• 903 B.C. Rise of Nineveh

• 759 B.C. The warning of Jonah

• 722 B.C. Destruction of Northern Kingdom

• 709 B.C. The Invasion of Sennacherib

• 663 B.C. The Prophecy of Nahum

• 625 B.C. The Destruction of Assyria

Nahum – The message

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Nahum, as God’s prophet, announced the fall of Nineveh, capital city of the Assyrian Empire, the world’s greatest city.

Jonah had announced Nineveh’s doom over a century before, but God had relented because the people had repented.

The Lord was longsuffering to spare the city that long, since the Assyrians had returned to their evil ways.

But, “YHWH will not acquit the wicked”

Demonstrates for all peoples, for all time, the governmental method of God with the Gentile nations

God will forgive sin repented of; He will not condone sin persisted in

Nahum’s message was directed especially to the Assyrians, but he was careful to encourage the people of Judah as well.

Nahum - OUTLINE

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Key verses: Nahum 1:2, 7

I. GOD IS JEALOUS: NINEVEH WILL FALL (1:1–15)

A. God declares His anger — 1:1–8B. God speaks to Nineveh — 1:9–11, 14C. God encourages Judah — 1:12–13, 15

II. GOD IS JUDGE: HOW NINEVEH WILL FALL (2:1–13)

A. The invaders appear and advance — 2:1–4B. The city is captured — 2:5–10C. The conquerors taunt their captives — 2:11–13

III. GOD IS JUST: WHY NINEVEH WILL FALL (3:1–19)

A. Her ruthless bloodshed — 3:1–3B. Her idolatry — 3:4–7C. Her pride and self-confidence — 3:8–19

The Book of Nahum

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There is a point of no return,

For nations… For individuals…

A message of the justice of God.

Nineveh’s Doom • Declared• Described• Deserved

The decisive test of prediction is fulfillment

– Did it happen as it was declared and described?

Nineveh

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• 1st Mention (Gen 10:11-12).

• Hammurabi (1792-1750 b.c.) Referred to Nineveh.

• Shalmaneser III (859-824 b.c.) made the city of Nineveh a base for military operations.

During his reign Israel came into contact with Nineveh.

He wrote that he fought a coalition of kings of Aram and others including ”Ahab the Israelite“ (in 853 b.c.).

Later he wrote that he received tribute from ”Jehu, son of Omri,“ who is pictured in the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser.

(Neither of these events is mentioned in the Bible. )

• Ashur-dan III (772-754 b.c.) Jonah preached to the Ninevites.

Nineveh

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• Tiglath-Pileser III (745-727 b.c.) Azariah, king of Judah (790- 739 b.c.), paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III (745-727 b.c. ).

Menahem, king of Israel (752-742 b.c.), did the same (2 Kgs 15:14-23).

In 731 b.c. Ahaz, king of Judah (732-715 b.c.), became a vassal of Tiglath-Pileser III, and Assyria invaded Damascus in the Syro- Ephraimite war.

• Shalmaneser V (727-722 b.c.) besieged Samaria and defeated it in 722 b.c., thus defeating the Northern Kingdom (2 Kgs 17:3-6; 18:9-10).

• Sennacherib (705-681 b.c.) 21 years later (in 701 b.c.), Sennacherib (705-681 b.c.) invaded Judah and destroyed 46 Judean towns and cities.

After encircling Jerusalem, 185,000 of Sennacherib’s soldiers were killed overnight and Sennacherib returned to Nineveh

(2 Kgs 18:17-18; 19:32-36; Isa 37:36

Nineveh

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Therefore thus saith the LORD concerning the king of Assyria, He shall not come into this city, nor shoot an arrow there, nor come before it with shield, nor cast a bank against it. By the way that he came, by the same shall he return, and shall not

come into this city, saith the LORD. For I will defend this city, to save it, for mine own sake, and for my servant David’s sake. And it came to pass that night, that the angel of the LORD

went out, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians an hundred fourscore and five thousand: and when they arose early in the morning, behold, they were all dead corpses. So Sennacherib king of Assyria departed, and went and returned, and dwelt at

Nineveh. 2 Kgs 19:32-36

Nineveh

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• Esarhaddon (681-669 b.c.) regarded Judah as a vassal kingdom,

He wrote in a building inscription,

“I summoned the kings of the Hittite land [Aram] and [those] across the sea, Ba’lu, king of Tyre, Manasseh, king of Judah . . . “ (Daniel David Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. 2 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1926-7, 2:265).

• Ashurbanipal (669-612 b.c.) In 669 b.c. Ashurbanipal succeeded his father Esarhaddon as king of Assyria.

He may have been the king who released Manasseh king of Judah (2 Chr 33:10-13).

Ashurbanipal defeated Thebes in Egypt in 663 and brought treasures to Nineveh from Thebes, Babylon, and Susa.

He established an extensive library at Nineveh.

• The city of Nineveh fell to the Babylonians, Medes, and Scythians in August 612 b.c.

Nineveh

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Nineveh was a city of vast extent, and was then the center of the civilization and commerce of the world,

It had become a “bloody city all full of lies and robbery” (Nahum 3:1)

It had robbed and plundered all the neighboring nations.

It was strongly fortified on every side, defying and taunting every enemy;

Yet, it was to be utterly destroyed as a punishment for the great wickedness of its inhabitants.

An event by God’s hand that would change the face of Asia.

Nahum Nineveh is no more…

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In the seventh century BC, the very mention of Nineveh brought fear to people’s hearts,

Today, Nineveh is mentioned primarily by Bible students, archeologists, and people interested in ancient history.

Sic transit gloria! Thus fades glory…

Nahum makes it clear that God is the Judge of the nations,

that “[p]ride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall” (Prov. 16:18 nkjv).

Nah 1:1

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1] The burden of Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite

“Nahum” = “consolation” or “comfort,” appropriate for his ministry to Judah.

“Elkoshite”: His hometown was Elkosh, but is unknown.

Jerome said it was in Galilee; some say, Capernaum [“village of Nahum”?]

“...Jealous”: “exacting exclusive devotion.” (Websters)

Ex 20:3-6 (avengeth, not “revengeth.”)

Nah 1:1 The Burden

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1] The burden of Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite.

Nahum characterizes his inspired message as both a “burden” and a “vision,” something he felt and something he saw.

“burden” simply means “to lift up”; something you pick up and carry

It was often used to describe prophetic messages that announced judgment.

Isaiah used the word ten times in his prophecy as he wrote about “the burden of Babylon” (Isa. 13:1), “the burden of Moab” (Isa. 15:1), etc.

Nah 1:1 The Vision

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1] The burden of Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite.

These burdens came as a result of the visions God gave His prophets (“seers”) of dreadful events determined for the nations.

It wasn’t easy to be a prophet and see what lay in the future, and they felt the burden of their messages.

Nineveh isn’t mentioned by name until Nahum 2:8, but its destruction is the theme of the book.

Nah 1:2 God is jealous

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2] God is jealous, and the LORD revengeth; the LORD revengeth, and is furious; the LORD will take vengeance on

his adversaries, and he reserveth wrath for his enemies.

Jealousy is a sin if it means being envious of what others have and wanting to possess it,

but it’s a virtue if it means cherishing what we have and wanting to protect it.

A faithful husband and wife are jealous over one another and do everything they can to keep their relationship exclusive.

“Jealous” and “zealous” come from the same root, for when you’re jealous over someone, you’re zealous to protect the relationship.


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Since God made everything and owns everything, He is envious of no one, but since He is the only true God, He is jealous over His glory, His name, and the worship and honor that are due to Him alone.

In the second commandment, God prohibited the worship of idols and backed up the prohibition with this reason:

“for I, the Lord thy God, am a jealous God” (Ex. 20:5).


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2] God is jealous, and the LORD revengeth; the LORD revengeth, and is furious; the LORD will take vengeance on his adversaries,

and he reserveth wrath for his enemies.

Hosea described Israel as being married to the Lord in a covenant relationship.

Any breach of that covenant aroused His jealous love.

He will not share His people with false gods any more than a husband would share his wife with his neighbor.

“For you shall worship no other god, for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God” (Ex 34:14 nkjv).

“For the Lord your God is a consuming fire, a jealous God” (Deut. 4:24; 6:15; 32:16, 21; 1 Kings 14:22).

Nineveh was a city given over to iniquity, especially idolatry and cruelty.

God’s jealous love burned against their pride and willful breaking of His law.

Nah 1:2 the LORD will take vengeance

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2] God is jealous, and the LORD revengeth; the LORD revengeth, and is furious; the LORD will take vengeance on his adversaries,

and he reserveth wrath for his enemies.

vengeance is usually presented as a sin.

Jesus and Paul warned about it (Matt. 5:38–48; Rom. 12:17–21).

But a just and holy God cannot see people flouting His law and do nothing about it.

“It is mine to avenge; I will repay. … I will take vengeance on my adversaries and repay those who hate me” (De 32:35, 41).

God’s people prayed to God to avenge them when other nations attacked them.

“O Lord God, to whom vengeance belongs — O God, to whom vengeance belongs, shine forth!” (Ps. 94:1).

When God takes vengeance by judging people, it’s because He is a holy God and is jealous (zealous) for His holy law.

Nah 1:2 He reserves wrath for his enemies

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God’s anger isn’t like human anger, which can be selfish and out of control.

His is a holy anger, a righteous indignation against all that defies His authority and disobeys His law.

God’s people ought to exercise a holy anger against sin (Eph. 4:26)

If we can stand by and do nothing while innocent, helpless people are mistreated and exploited,

then something is wrong with us.

Nah 1:3 God is slow to anger

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3] The LORD is slow to anger, and great in power, and will not at all acquit the wicked: the LORD hath his way in the whirlwind and in the storm, and the clouds are the dust of

his feet.

God was “furious” / “filled with wrath” niv);

In v6, Nahum described God’s “indignation” as so fierce and powerful that it is “poured out like fire” with the power to “shatter” the rocks (niv).

However, v3 assures us that God’s wrath isn’t a fit of rage or a temper tantrum; for “the Lord is slow to anger”

(see Jonah 4:2; Ex. 34:6; Num. 14:18).

Nah 1:3 God is slow to anger

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3] The LORD is slow to anger, and great in power, and will not at all acquit the wicked: the LORD hath his way in the whirlwind

and in the storm, and the clouds are the dust of his feet.

The character of God: jealousy, vengeance, and anger.

The God that Nahum introduces to us is a jealous God who is angry at sin (Nah. 1:2),

but He is also a good God who cares for His people (v.7).

Nahum invites us (as Paul put it) to “consider the goodness and severity of God” (Rom. 11:22 nkjv).

“God is love” (1 John 4:8, 16), but He is also light (1:5), and His love is a holy love.

He is a refuge for those who trust Him, but He is an “overwhelming flood” to those who are His enemies.

Nah 1:3 God is great in power

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3] The LORD is slow to anger, and great in power, and will not at all acquit the wicked: the LORD hath his way in the

whirlwind and in the storm, and the clouds are the dust of his feet.

God is so powerful that if His anger were not a holy anger and if He were not “slow to anger,”

He could easily destroy everything with a word….

He controls the forces of nature.

He opened the Red Sea for the people of Israel to march through,

He can turn off the rain and make the most fruitful areas of the land languish (v. 4).2

At Sinai, He made the mountain shake (Ex. 19:18),

He can cause the people of the world to tremble (Hb 12:18–21)

Nah 1:3 God will not acquit the wicked

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3] The LORD is slow to anger, and great in power, and will not at all acquit the wicked: the LORD hath his way in the whirlwind and

in the storm, and the clouds are the dust of his feet.

God does not, cannot, ignore sin and evil deeds.Wickedness will bring His wrath.

Num 32:23 …. and be sure your sin will find you out.

Ge 44:16; Ps 90:8, 139:11, 140:11; Pr 13:21; Is 3:11; 59:1-2, 12; Ro 2:9; 1Co 4:5

1Co 5:11 But now I have written unto you not to keep company, if any man that is called a brother be a fornicator, or covetous, or an idolater, or a railer, or a drunkard, or

an extortioner; with such an one no not to eat.

1Co 6:9 Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God? Be not deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor abusers

of themselves with mankind,

Eph 5:5 For this ye know, that no whoremonger, nor unclean person, nor covetous man, who is an idolater, hath any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God.

Rev 21:8 But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the

lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death.

Nah 1:3-5

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3] The LORD is slow to anger, and great in power, and will not at all acquit the wicked: the LORD hath his way

in the whirlwind and in the storm, and the clouds are the dust of his feet.

4] He rebuketh the sea, and maketh it dry, and drieth up all the rivers: Bashan languisheth, and Carmel, and the

flower of Lebanon languisheth.

5] The mountains quake at him, and the hills melt, and the earth is burned at his presence, yea, the world, and

all that dwell therein.

God is the moral ruler of the universe;

He is a righteous judge.

Penalties must be paid…

Nah 1:6-11

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6] Who can stand before his indignation? and who can abide in the fierceness of his anger? his fury is poured out like fire, and the rocks are thrown down by him.

7] The LORD is good, a strong hold in the day of trouble; and he knoweth them that trust in him.

8] But with an overrunning flood he will make an utter end of the place thereof, and darkness shall pursue his enemies.

9] What do ye imagine against the LORD? he will make an utter end: affliction shall not rise up the second time.

10] For while they be folden together as thorns, and while they are drunken as drunkards, they shall be devoured as stubble fully dry.

11] There is one come out of thee, that imagineth evil against the LORD, a wicked counsellor.

Nah 1:9 God speaks to Nineveh

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9] What do ye imagine against the LORD? he will make an utter end: affliction shall not rise up the second time.

God informs the leaders of Assyria that He knows their plots (vv. 9, 11) and will cause all of their plans to fail.

When the proud nations plot against God, He laughs at them and turns their schemes into confusion

Ps. 2:1–41 Why do the heathen rage, and the people imagine a vain

thing? 2 The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the LORD, and against his anointed, saying, 3 Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us. 4 He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh: the Lord shall have them in derision.


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10] For while they be folden together as thorns, and while they are drunken as drunkards, they shall be devoured as stubble fully dry.


The Assyrians had plotted against Judah in the days of King Hezekiah, and God thwarted their plans (Isa. 36 — 37), but the Lord wouldn’t allow this to happen a second time.

Instead of marching out triumphantly, the leaders would be like drunks entangled in thorn bushes, and stubble burned in a prairie fire


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“...a wicked counsellor”: Heb. “a counsellor of Belial.”

Senecherib’s invasion: (3X) 2Kgs 18-29; 2Chr 32, Isa 36-37.

The plotter mentioned in v11 is the king of Assyria.

Nah 1:12–13 God speaks to Judah

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12] Thus saith the LORD; Though they be quiet, and likewise many, yet thus shall they be cut down, when he shall pass through. Though I have afflicted thee, I will afflict thee no more.

13] For now will I break his yoke from off thee, and will burst thy bonds in sunder.

Although the Assyrian army outnumbered the army of Judah, and Assyria had more allies to help them fight,

that didn’t mean Assyria was bound to win,

for God was fighting on behalf of Judah.

Rom 8:28-3931 What shall we then say to these things? If God be for

us, who can be against us?

Nah 1:12 quiet and likewise many

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12] Thus saith the LORD; Though they be quiet, and likewise many, yet thus shall they be cut down, when he shall pass through. Though I have afflicted thee, I will afflict thee no more.

“...quiet and likewise many...”: Long forgotten Assyrian legal formula, discovered on Assyrian legal tablets:

“Even though your entire nation joins as one person to resist me, nevertheless I shall overcome you.”

[New Scofield Reference Bible, pp.950-951.]

Nah 1:13 God speaks to Judah

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13] For now will I break his yoke from off thee, and will burst thy bonds in sunder.

The Lord had used Assyria to chasten Judah in the past, but that would not happen again.3

This time, God would break the yoke and remove the shackles that Assyria had put on Judah, and Assyria would attack them no more.

Nah 1:12-13 The Comfort to Judah

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12 Thus saith the LORD; Though they be quiet, and likewise many, yet thus shall they be cut down, when he shall pass through. Though I have afflicted thee, I will afflict thee no more. 13 For now will I break his yoke from off thee, and will burst thy bonds in sunder.

The coming judgment on Nineveh (in return for her terrible atrocities on various nations including Israel, the Northern Kingdom, in 722 b.c.) would bring great comfort to the afflicted Judah (1:12).

Judah had felt the threat of the Assyrian Empire breathing down her neck.

Assyria had defeated much of Judah and had even surrounded Jerusalem in 701 b.c.

During much of Manasseh’s reign Judah had to pay tribute to Assyria.


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14] And the LORD hath given a commandment concerning thee, that no more of thy name be sown: out of the house of thy gods will I cut off the graven image and the molten image: I will make thy grave; for thou art vile.

God addresses the king of Assyria in v14, making three declarations:

(1) his dynasty will end, because he will have no descendants;

(2) the help of his gods and goddesses will end, because they will be destroyed; and

(3) his life will end, because God will prepare his grave.

What a solemn message for a man who was sure his plans would succeed!

Why would God do all these things? The answer is plain: “You are vile!”

Nah 1:15 feet of him

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15] Behold upon the mountains the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth peace! O Judah, keep thy solemn feasts, perform thy vows: for the wicked shall no more pass through thee; he is utterly cut off.

“...feet of him…”: cf: Isa 52:7; Rom 10:13-15

Eph 6:15 ….And your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace; ….

In ancient days, news was carried by couriers – runners.

Watchmen on the walls scanned the horizon hoping that messengers would bring good news.


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You find this same statement in Isa 52:7, where the messenger announced the defeat of Babylon,

Paul quoted the verse in Rom 10:15 and applied it to the proclamation of the gospel to lost sinners

“...feet of him…”: In this case the courier would announce that Nineveh was fallen and the Assyrian army defeated and in disarray.4

Judah could now live in peace and enjoy her annual feasts and regular religious festivals.


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We don’t usually think of feet as being beautiful, but they certainly are beautiful when they enable a messenger to carry good news that God has defeated our enemies.

To Judah, it meant that Assyria was completely destroyed and could never again invade her land.

To us who trust Christ, it means that He has completely defeated sin, death, and Satan, and that we are now free to enjoy the blessings of salvation.

Study Questions Nahum 1(For the diligent student.)

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1) Construct a rough timeline which includes

a) the rise of Nineveh,b) the warning of Jonah,c) the destruction of the Northern Kingdom,d) the attempted invasion of the Southern Kingdom,e) the prophecy of Nahum, andf) the final destruction of Assyria.

2) What were the military and strategic advantages of Nineveh?

The weaknesses?

3) List 12 prophecies of Nahum that were fulfilled from the known history of Nineveh.?

Study Questions Nahum 1(For the diligent student.)

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4) Nahum means “comfort.” To whom and how?

5) Why can’t a righteous judge let a guilty person “off the hook”?

6) Senecherib’s invasion is mentioned 3 times in Scripture (2 Kgs 18-29; 2 Chr 32, Isa 36-37).

What was the result and how was it achieved?

Discussion Questions(“Where two people agree, one is redundant.”)

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1) What does it mean that God is “jealous”? (Ex 20:3-6)

2) Should husbands and wives be jealous?

3) Contrast the messages and contexts of Jonah and Nahum.

Research Projects Nahum 1(For the truly dedicated.)

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Compile other prophecies of Gentile nations and their fulfillment in confirmed (archeological and other) history.

Nah 2:1–13 God Is Judge: How Nineveh Will Fall

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In 612 BC, the Medes and the Babylonians united to attack Nineveh, and the Lord used them to judge the evil city.

Nah 2:1-3 Judgment upon Nineveh

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1] He that dasheth in pieces is come up before thy face: keep the munition, watch the way, make thy loins strong, fortify thy power mightily.

2] For the LORD hath turned away the excellency of Jacob, as the excellency of Israel: for the emptiers have emptied them out, and marred their vine branches.

3] The shield of his mighty men is made red, the valiant men are in scarlet: the chariots shall be with flaming torches in the day of his preparation, and the fir trees shall be terribly shaken.

“He...”: or, the disperser, or, hammer.

Cyaxares and Nabopolassar: Medo and Babylonian forces destroy it in 612 b.c.

Nah 2:1–4 The invaders appear

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The guards on the walls of the city see the army advancing and the officers issue orders and encourage their soldiers.

You can almost hear the sharp commands:

“Guard the fortress, watch the road, brace yourself, marshal all your strength!” (v. 1 niv).

Above all the noise, the voice of the Lord is heard as He speaks to Israel and Judah and assures them that they will be restored and reunited. (v. 2).5

The invading army is formidable with its manpower, armor, weapons, and chariots (vv. 3–4).

Already their shields are red with blood. The chariots look like flames of fire as they dash here and there in the streets of the city, and the soldiers find it easy to slaughter the defenseless people.


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4] The chariots shall rage in the streets, they shall justle one against another in the broad ways: they shall seem like torches, they shall run like the lightnings.

5] He shall recount his worthies: they shall stumble in their walk; they shall make haste to the wall thereof, and the defence shall be prepared.

6] The gates of the rivers shall be opened, and the palace shall be dissolved.

Nah 2:5 The city is captured

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5] He shall recount his worthies: they shall stumble in their walk; they shall make haste to the wall thereof, and the defence shall be prepared.

“He” in verse 5 refers to the king of Assyria, who had plotted against the Lord and His people (1:9).

He gathers his best officers and gives them orders to protect the wall, but they are too late.

They stumble like drunks instead of marching like heroes.

The leaders were sure their fortress was impregnable, but their defenses proved to be their undoing.


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6] The gates of the rivers shall be opened, and the palace shall be dissolved.

The Khoser River flowed through the city, so the invaders dammed it up and then released the water

The Tigris overflowed, took out a section of the wall as well as some building and the city became like a pool of water…

2 ½ miles of wall were along the Tigris.


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7] And Huzzab shall be led away captive, she shall be brought up, and her maids shall lead her as with the voice of doves, tabering upon their breasts.

It was a simple matter for the Medes and Babylonians to enter the city and take control.

They can’t take credit for the victory;

It was decreed by God that the city be destroyed and the inhabitants be killed or taken captive.

The invaders were but God’s instruments to execute His will.


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8] But Nineveh is of old like a pool of water: yet they shall flee away. Stand, stand, shall they cry; but none shall look back.

9] Take ye the spoil of silver, take the spoil of gold: for there is none end of the store and glory out of all the pleasant furniture.

First, the soldiers line up the prisoners to march them off to their own lands, where they’ll become slaves.

Nahum compares the exodus to water draining out of a pool.

Then the soldiers begin looting this fabulously wealthy city, and the people watch with dismay.


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10] She is empty, and void, and waste: and the heart melteth, and the knees smite together, and much pain is in all loins, and the faces of them all gather blackness.

“Hearts melt, knees give way, bodies tremble, every face grows pale” (v. 10 niv).

Nineveh is being treated the way she treated others; her sins had found her out.


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11] Where is the dwelling of the lions, and the feedingplace of the young lions, where the lion, even the old lion, walked, and the lion’s whelp, and none made them afraid?

12] The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled for his lionesses, and filled his holes with prey, and his dens with ravin.

13] Behold, I am against thee, saith the LORD of hosts, and I will burn her chariots in the smoke, and the sword shall devour thy young lions: and I will cut off thy prey from the earth, and the voice of thy messengers shall no more be heard.

Nah 2:11-12 Captive leaders are taunted

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11] Where is the dwelling of the lions, and the feedingplace of the young lions, where the lion, even the old lion, walked, and the lion’s whelp, and none made them afraid? 12] The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled for his lionesses, and filled his holes with prey, and his dens with ravin.

As the Assyrian captives are marched away, leaders and common citizens, and the city’s treasures carried off by their captors, Nahum taunts the Ninevites by contrasting their present plight with their former glory.


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The image of the lion was often used by the Assyrians in their art and architecture.

Visit the Assyrian room in any large museum and you will see huge statues of lions.

Even more, the Assyrians acted like lions as they stalked their prey and completely devoured their captives.

“Where is the lions’ den now?”


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Nahum asks as the city is destroyed.

“Where is all your prey, the treasures you ruthlessly took from others?”

Lions will normally take to their lair enough food for themselves and their cubs, but the Assyrians amassed wealth beyond measure, far more than they needed, and they did it at the cost of human lives.

Nah 2:13 Captive leaders are taunted

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13] Behold, I am against thee, saith the LORD of hosts, and I will burn her chariots in the smoke, and the sword shall devour thy young lions: and I will cut off thy prey from the earth, and the voice of thy messengers shall no more be heard.

The Lord announced, “I am against you” (v. 13).

Over a century before, the Lord had sent Jonah to warn Nineveh,

When the city repented, He withdrew His hand of judgment.

But now their time was up and the end had come.

Assyria would be left with no weapons, no leaders, and no victories to be announced by their messengers.

Instead, Assyria’s enemies would hear the voice of couriers announcing peace because Assyria had been defeated.

Nahum 3 God Is Just: Why Nineveh Will Fall

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“Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?” (Gen. 18:25),

God is longsuffering, but there comes a time when His hand of judgment falls.

“You have rebuked the nations, You have destroyed the wicked; you have blotted out their name forever and ever” (Ps. 9:5 nkjv).

Nah 3:1–3 Their ruthless bloodshed

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1] Woe to the bloody city! it is all full of lies and robbery; the prey departeth not; 2] The noise of a whip, and the noise of the rattling of the wheels, and of the pransing horses, and of the jumping chariots. 3] The horseman lifteth up both the bright sword and the glittering spear: and there is a multitude of slain, and a great number of carcases; and there is none end of their corpses; they stumble upon their corpses:

The Assyrians were clever diplomats who lied to other nations and then broke their promises and destroyed them.

They slaughtered people without regard for age or sex, and they stacked up corpses like lumber as warning to anybody who would oppose them.

The shedding of innocent blood is a serious sin that God notes, remembers, and judges (De 19:11–13; 2Kg 21:16; 24:4; Ps. 106:38; Pr 6:16–17; Is 59:7).

Depraved dictators who authorize the heartless slaying of innocent victims will someday answer to God for their crimes against Him and humanity.

Nah 3:1-3 The Reasons Why

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God loved Nineveh: it was His closing comments to Jonah.

But both individuals and nations can cross a line too far…

1] Woe to the bloody city! it is all full of lies and robbery; the prey departeth not;

2] The noise of a whip, and the noise of the rattling of the wheels, and of the pransing horses, and of the jumping chariots.

3] The horseman lifteth up both the bright sword and the glittering spear: and there is a multitude of slain, and a great number of carcases; and there is none end of their corpses; they stumble upon their corpses:

No wonder Nahum called Nineveh “the city of blood” (3:1),

a city noted for its “cruelty”! (3:19).

Violence & Cruelty

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• Ashurnasirpal II (883-859 b.c.) boasted,

“I stormed the mountain peaks and took them.

In the midst of the mighty mountain I slaughtered them; with their blood I dyed the mountain red like wool….

The heads of their warriors I cut off, and I formed them into a pillar over against their city;

Their young men and their maidens I burned in the fire.”

Regarding one captured leader, he wrote, “I flayed [him], his skin I spread upon the wall of the city.”

He also wrote of mutilating the bodies of live captives and stacking their corpses in piles.

— Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, 1:148,

Violence & Cruelty

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• Shalmaneser II (859-824 b.c.) boasted of his cruelties after one of his campaigns:

“A pyramid of heads I reared in front of his city.

Their youths and their maidens I burnt up in the flames.”

• Sennacherib (705-681 b.c.) wrote of his enemies,

“I cut their throats like lambs.

I cut off their precious lives [as one cuts] a string.

Like the many waters of a storm I made [the contents of] their gullets and entrails run down upon the wide earth….

Their hands I cut off.”

Violence & Cruelty

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• Ashurbanipal (669-626 b.c.) described his treatment of a captured leader in these words:

“I pierced his chin with my keen hand dagger.

Through his jaw … I passed a rope, put a dog chain upon him and made him occupy … a kennel.”

In his campaign against Egypt, Ashurbanipal also boasted that his officials hung Egyptian corpses “on stakes [and] stripped off their skins and covered the city wall(s) with them.”

Nah 3:4–7 Their idolatry

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4] Because of the multitude of the whoredoms of the wellfavoured harlot, the mistress of witchcrafts, that selleth nations through her whoredoms, and families through her witchcrafts. 5] Behold, I am against thee, saith the LORD of hosts; and I will discover thy skirts upon thy face, and I will shew the nations thy nakedness, and the kingdoms thy shame. 6] And I will cast abominable filth upon thee, and make thee vile, and will set thee as a gazingstock. 7] And it shall come to pass, that all they that look upon thee shall flee from thee, and say, Nineveh is laid waste: who will bemoan her? whence shall I seek comforters for thee?

Often in Scripture, idolatry is associated with prostitution,

The chief deity of Nineveh was Ishtar, goddess of sexual passion, fertility, and war, you can understand why Nahum used this metaphor.

People become like the god that they worship (Ps. 115:8), for what we believe determines how we behave.

In their spiritual blindness, the Assyrians were ensnared by this evil goddess and were under the control of lust, greed, and violence.

Nah 3:4–7 Their idolatry

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4] Because of the multitude of the whoredoms of the wellfavoured harlot, the mistress of witchcrafts, that selleth nations through her whoredoms, and families through her witchcrafts. 5] Behold, I am against thee, saith the LORD of hosts; and I will discover thy skirts upon thy face, and I will shew the nations thy nakedness, and the kingdoms thy shame. 6] And I will cast abominable filth upon thee, and make thee vile, and will set thee as a gazingstock. 7] And it shall come to pass, that all they that look upon thee shall flee from thee, and say, Nineveh is laid waste: who will bemoan her? whence shall I seek comforters for thee?

Assyria spread this evil influence to other nations and enslaved them by their sorcery. (Check the corrupt end-times religious system Rev. 17.)

In ancient times, prostitutes were often shamed by being publicly exposed, and this is what God promised to do to Nineveh.

God would expose Assyria’s nakedness before all the nations, and this would be the end of their evil influence.

The magnificent wealthy city would become a heap of ruins.

Nah 3:8 The Reasons Why

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8] Art thou better than populous No [Amon], that was situate among the rivers, that had the waters round about it, whose rampart was the sea, and her wall was from the sea?

Nahum speaks of the capture and destruction of No-amon, the Egyptian Thebes, as an accomplished historical fact.

The expedition of Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, against Egypt, which resulted in the fall of Thebes, occurred about 663 b.c.

Hence, the activity of Nahum must be placed somewhere between 663 and 607 b.c.

Nah 3:8–10 Pride and self-confidence

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8] Art thou better than populous No [Amon], that was situate among the rivers, that had the waters round about it, whose

rampart was the sea, and her wall was from the sea? 9] Ethiopia and Egypt were her strength, and it was infinite; Put and Lubim were thy helpers. 10] Yet was she carried away, she went into

captivity: her young children also were dashed in pieces at the top of all the streets: and they cast lots for her honourable men, and all

her great men were bound in chains.

He begins with a fact of history: the defeat of the Egyptian city of Thebes, or No-Ammon, by the Assyrians, in 663 (vv. 8–11).

Karnak and Luxor in Upper Egypt, is the site of ancient Thebes.

Thebes had many allies, but they couldn’t protect her.

This capital city of Upper Egypt was sure it was safe from any invader, yet it went down in defeat before Assyria.

Like Nineveh, Thebes was situated by waters that were supposed to be their defense, but the city fell just the same.

Nah 3:11 Pride and self-confidence

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11] Thou also shalt be drunken: thou shalt be hid, thou also shalt seek strength because of the enemy.

What Assyria did to the people of Thebes would in turn be done to them:

their children would be dashed to pieces, the leaders would become slaves, and the people would become exiles.

Nahum argues that if this could happen to Thebes, why couldn’t it happen to Nineveh?

Their pride and self-confidence would be totally destroyed as the Medes and Babylonians captured the city.

Nineveh would drink the cup of God’s wrath and become drunk (see Ps. 75:8; Isa. 51:17; Jer. 25:14ff.).

Nah 3:12-14 Pride and self-confidence

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12] All thy strong holds shall be like fig trees with the first ripe figs: if they be shaken, they shall even fall into the mouth of the eater.

13] Behold, thy people in the midst of thee are women: the gates of thy land shall be set wide open unto thine enemies: the fire shall devour thy bars.

14] Draw thee waters for the siege, fortify thy strong holds: go into clay, and tread the morter, make strong the brick kiln.

The conquest would be so easy, it would be like ripe figs dropping into a person’s mouth (Nah. 3:12).

The ferocious Assyrian soldiers would be drained of their strength and be like women: weak, afraid, and unable to meet the.6

They wouldn’t be able to bar the gates or stop the enemy from setting fire to them, nor would they be able to repair the walls or carry water to put out the fires.


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15] There shall the fire devour thee; the sword shall cut thee off, it shall eat thee up like the cankerworm: make thyself many as the cankerworm, make thyself many as the locusts.

The next image is that of insects.

The invading soldiers would sweep through the land and the city like a plague of grasshoppers or locusts and wipe everything out.

Nah 3:16-17 Pride and self-confidence

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16] Thou hast multiplied thy merchants above the stars of heaven: the cankerworm spoileth, and flieth away.

17] Thy crowned are as the locusts, and thy captains as the great grasshoppers, which camp in the hedges in the cold day, but when the sun ariseth they flee away, and their place is not known where they are.

The Babylonian merchants were also like locusts as they collected all the treasures they could find.

The Assyrian leaders were like locusts that go to sleep on the wall on a cold day, but when the sun comes up, they feel the heat and fly away.

The king and his council were overconfident, like locusts sleeping on the wall, but when the invasion occurred, they flew off to a safe place!


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18] Thy shepherds slumber, O king of Assyria: thy nobles shall dwell in the dust: thy people is scattered upon the mountains, and no man gathereth them.

Assyria was like a scattered flock with sleeping.


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19] There is no healing of thy bruise; thy wound is grievous: all that hear the bruit of thee shall clap the hands over thee: for upon whom hath not thy wickedness passed continually?

Assyria was like a wounded body with no way to be healed.

They had no allies to rescue them, for all the other nations would rejoice when they heard that the Assyrian Empire was no more.


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Like the book of Jonah, the book of Nahum ends with a question: “for who has not felt your endless cruelty?”

Nineveh has come to a place where there is no healing for her people.

There is a line that people — and nations — cannot cross without the inevitability of judgment…


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God punishes cruel nations that follow inhumane policies and brutal practices (Amos 1 — 2).

Whether it’s practicing genocide, exploiting the poor, supporting slavery, or failing to provide people with the necessities of life, the sins of national leaders are known by God, and He eventually judges.

If you question that fact, go and search for Nineveh.

Nahum = Prophecies Fulfilled

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1) The Assyrian fortresses surrounding the city would be easily captured (Nahum 3:12).

The fortified towns in Nineveh’s environs began to fall in 614 b.c., including Tabris, present-day Sharif-Khan, a few miles NW of Nineveh. (Babylonian Chronicle.)

2) The besieged Ninevites would prepare bricks and mortar for emergency defense walls (Nahum 3:14).

“To the south of the gate, the moat is still filled with fragments of stone and mud bricks from the walls, heaped up when they were breached.”

[A.T. Olmstead History of Assyria, Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1951, p.637.]


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3) The city gates would be destroyed (Nahum 3:13).

“The main attack was directed from the northwest and the brunt fell upon the Hatamti gate at this corner…within the gate are traces of the counterwall raised by the inhabitants in their last extremity.”

[A.T. Olmstead History of Assyria, Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1951, p.637.]

4) In the final hours of the attack the Ninevites would be drunk (Nahum 1:10; 3:11).

“The Assyrian king… distributed to his soldiers meats and liberal supplies of wine and provisions… while the whole army was thus acrousing, the friends of Arbakes learned from some deserters of the slackness and drunkenness which prevailed in the enemy’s camp and made an unexpected attack by night”

[Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historia 2.26.4.]


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5) Nineveh would be destroyed by a flood (Nah 1:8; 2:6, 8).

In the third year of the siege, heavy rains caused a nearby river to flood part of the city and break art of the Walls

[Bibliotheca Historia 2.26.9; 2.27.13.]

Xenophon referred to terrifying thunder (presumably with a storm) associated with the city’s capture

[Xenophon Anabasis, 3.4.12.]

Also the Khosr River, entering the city from the NW at the Ninlil Gate and running through the city in a SW direction may have flooded because of heavy rains, or the enemy may have destroyed its sluice gate.


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6) Nineveh would be destroyed by fire (Nah 1:10; 2:13; 3:15)

Archeological excavations at Nineveh have revealed charred wood, charcoal, and ashes.

“There was no question about the clear traces of burning of the temple (as also in the palace of Sennacherib), for a layer of ash about two inches thick lay clearly defined in places on the southeast side about the level of the Sargon pavement.”

[R. Campbell Thompson and R.V. Huchinson, A Century of Exploration at Nineveh, London, 1929.]


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7) The city’s capture would be attended by a great massacre of people (Nahum 3:3).

“In two battles fought on the plain before the city the rebels defeated the Assyrians… So great was the multitude of the slain that the flowing stream, mingled with their blood, changed its color for a considerable distance.”

[Diodorus, Bibliotheca Historia, 2.26.6-7.]

8) Plundering and pillaging would accompany the overthrow of the city (Nahum 2:9-10).

Babylonian Chronicle: “Great quantities of the spoil from the city, beyond counting, they carried off. The city [they turned] into a mound and ruin heap”

[Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, 2.420.]


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9) When Nineveh would be captured its people would try to escape (Nahum 2:8).

“Sardanapalus (another name for King Sin-shar-iskun) sent away his three sons and two daughters with much treasure into Paphlagonia, to the governor of Kattos, the most loyal of his subjects.”

[Diodorus, Bibliotheca Historia, 2.420.]

10) The Ninevite officers would weaken and flee. Babylonian Chronicle:

“[The army] of Assria deserted [lit. ran away before] the king”

[Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, 2.420.]


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11) Nineveh’s images and idols would be destroyed (Nah 1:9, 14)

“The statue of the goddess Ishtar lay headless in the debris of Nineveh’s ruins”

[R. Campbell Thompson and R. W. Hutchinson, Annals of Archeology and

Anthropology, 19, pp. 55-6.]

12) Nineveh’s destruction would be final (Nahum 1:9,14).

Many cities of the ancient Near East were rebuilt after being destroyed (e.g., Samaria & Jerusalem) but not Nineveh.

A Measure of Distress

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Every man did that which was right in his own eyes.

Deu 12:8; Jdg 17:6; 21:25; Prv 12:15; 21:2

= Absolutely no fear of God.

Nahum Study Questions(For the diligent student.)

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1) Who ultimately defeated Assyria and how?

2) What were the attendant circumstances to the fall of Nineveh?

3) Which ones were beyond the control of either the attackers or defenders?

4) How did Nineveh “sell nations through her whoredoms and families through its witchcrafts”? (3:4)

5) How is the express comparison with Thebes (“No-Amon”) relevant?

6) Is America over due for judgment? Why or why not.

Nahum Discussion Questions(“Where two people agree, one is redundant.”)

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1) Why was Nineveh destroyed?

Is there a parallel with America?

2) What does the repeated phrase, “Every man did that which was right in his own eyes” mean, and how is it relevant to America today?

3) Why does America appear overdue for judgment?

Why hasn’t it occurred? Will it? When?

Nahum Research Projects(For the truly dedicated.)

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Research various viewpoints on the following questions: • Why does America appear overdue for judgment?

• Why hasn’t it occurred? • Will it?

• When?

Nahum - Notes

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1 Nineveh was destroyed by the Medes and Babylonians in 612 BC, but the empire didn’t collapse immediately. Remnants of the army and of political leadership struggled on until they were overpowered in 609 at the battle of Haran. But when Nineveh fell, it was the death knell for the empire.

2 Lebanon on the north, Carmel on the east, and Bashan on the west were known for their fruitfulness. See Isaiah 2:13; 33:9; and 35:2.

3 Isaiah 10:5–18 explains that Assyria was God’s tool (“the rod of My anger” nkjv) to chasten Judah because of her idolatry, but the Assyrians had gone too far and been too ruthless. In his pride, the king of Assyria had boasted of his past victories, so the Lord announced that He would humble him. This God did when His angel destroyed 185,000 Assyrian soldiers in one night (37:36–38; see 10:16).

4 Nahum 1:15 in our English versions is 2:1 in the Hebrew text.

What a contrast between the announcement of peace in 1:15 and the declaration of war in 2:1!

Nahum - Notes

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5 “Jacob” probably refers to Judah, the southern kingdom, and Israel refers to the northern kingdom that was dispersed by Assyria in 722–721 Since this promise has not been fulfilled, its fulfillment awaits the return of Christ when He will establish His kingdom and restore the splendor of the Jewish nation.

6 This image is not meant to demean women in any way, whether civilians or in the armed forces, or to suggest that women lack strength and courage. The biblical examples of Rahab, Deborah, Jael, Ruth, and Esther prove that Scripture can magnify the courage and service of dedicated women.

However, we must keep in mind that the ancient world was a masculine society; women were kept secluded and certainly wouldn’t have been expected to participate in battles.

Phrases like “weak as a woman” were current; both Isaiah (19:16) and

Jeremiah (50:37; 51:30) used them.

Nahum - Bibliography

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• Adams, Thomas W. The Day of the Lord, PO Box 9481, Corpus Christi TX 78469, [email protected].

• Barker, K. L. (2001). Vol. 20: Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah (electronic ed.). Logos Library System; The New American Commentary (116). Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers

• Boice, James Montgomery, The Minor Prophets (2 vols), Zondervan Publishing Co., Grand Rapids MI, 1986.

• Dean, W. J., Micah, The Pulpit Commentary, Vol 15, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids MI, 1950.

• Feinberg, Charles L., The Minor Prophets, Moody Press, Chicago IL, 1948.

• Fruchtenbaum, A. G. (1983). Vol. 74: The Messianic Bible Study Collection (12). Tustin, Calif.: Ariel Ministries

• Gesenius, William, Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, ed. S. P. Tregelles, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, MI, 1957.

mailto:[email protected]


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• Ironside, H.A., Notes on the Minor Prophets, Loizeaux Brothers, New Jersey, 1909.

• Jamieson, Robert, Faucett, A.R., & Brown, David, Commentary of the Old and New Testaments, 6 vols., Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI, 1948.

• Josephus, Wars of the Jews, VI.9.2; Antiquities, XII, 7.3; also 1 Mac 3:41; 2 Mac 8:11, 25.

• Kaiser, Walter, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, Vol 21 of Mastering the Old Testament, Word Publishing, Dallas TX, 1992.

• Keil, C.F., & Delitcsch, F., Commentary on the Old Testament, 10 vols., trans. from the German, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI, 1976.

• McGee, J. Vernon, Thru the Bible with J. Vernon McGee, Thomas Nelson Publishers Nashville, TN, 1981;


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• Missler, Chuck, Compiled Supplemental Notes: Prophets to the Gentiles Jonah, Nahum & Obadiah, © 2011 Koinonia House Inc.

• Orelli, C.V., The Twelve Minor Prophets, Kock & Klock Christian Publisher, Minneapolis MN, 1897.

• Pfeiffer, Charles F., The Wycliffe Bible Commentary: Old Testament, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1962.

• Pusey, E. B., The Minor Prophets, 2 Vols, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids MI, 1950.

• Rosenberg, Rabbi A. J., The Twelve Prophets, Vol 2, Judaica Press, New York, 1992.

• Salus, Bill, Isralestine, High Way/Anomalos Publishing House, Crane, 2008.

• Spence, H. D. M. and Joseph S. Exell, ed., The Pulpit Commentary, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI, 1950.


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• Theological Dictionary of The Old Testament, Gerhard Kittel (ed.), William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, MI 1978.

• Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Moody Press, Chicago, IL, 1981, 2:1939-40.

• Von Orelli, C., The Twelve Minor Prophets, (reprint of T& T Clark, 1897) Klock & Klock Christian Publisher, Minneapolis MN, 1977 reprint.

• Walvoord, John F., The Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures, Victor Books, Wheaton, IL 1983-c1985.

• Wiersbe, Warren W., Wiersbe’s Bible Commentary: Old Testament, Victor Books, Wheaton, IL, 1993.

• www.silverbearcafe.com/private/rothschild.html.

34 Nahum NAHUM Assyria (Northern Kingdom already in Assyrian exile)

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