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ADIFFERENTCANADA Laurier(LiberalPrimeMinister)proclaimedthatthe20thcenturywouldbethecenturyof

Canada Intheearly20thcentury,mostCanadianslivedonfarms/smallvillages VictorianEra:AneranamedafterQueenVictoriathatwasmorallystrict.Familieswere

expectedtoattendchurchregularlyandfullysupportEngland. Suffragists:Agroupofwomenwhodespiterepression,wantedtherighttovotesothey

couldinfluencetheirgovernment. CanadabegantobecomeurbanizedasliteratureandartbecamemoreCanadianand

sentimental Canadawasstillhowever,verymuchaBritishcolony FrenchCanadiansdidnotsupportBritain,theywerenationalistswhowantedCanadatobe

moreindependentCANADASCHANGINGPOPULATION

AfterLaurierbecameprimeminister,herealizedCanadaneededmorepeople HestartedtopromoteCanadaasagreatplacetoliveandencouragedimmigration MostCanadianshoweverwereethnocentric,thinkingtheirownracewassuperior Asaresult,racismanddiscriminationwerecommonpracticesfortheimmigrantsthatcame

in Headtax:ThefederalgovernmentthentriedtolimitimmigrationfromAsiabyplacinga

headtaxonimmigrantsfromChina. In1908,therewasavirtualbanonEastIndianImmigrants Thesummerof1914,TheKomagataMaru,ashipcarryingmostlySikhs,wasforcedto

returntoIndiaaftertheyweredeniedentryintoCanadaABORIGINALPEOPLE

ThemovementsofAboriginalswereregulatedundertheIndianActof1876 Bythe1880s,AboriginalsinthePrairieswerelivingonreserves:designatedareasofland,

usedtofreetheopenlandforEuropeanimmigrants. Aboriginalswereexpectedtotakeupfarmingasopposedtohunting,butalotofthemwent

hungryasequipmentwaslimited Residentialschools:SchoolsforAboriginalchildrenrunbychurcheswheretheconditions

wereunsanitaryandcauseddiseasesliketuberculosistospreadquickly. Assimilation:AfederalgovernmentpolicytryingtoabolishtraditionalAboriginalcultureand

accustomthemtotheEuropeanwayoflife.Suchresidentialschoolsandforcedfarmingareexamplesofthis.

URBANIZATION

Morepeoplebegantomovetotownsandcities,howeverthecontrastbetweenrichandpoorwasevident

AsthepopulationCanadagrew,asdidtheeconomy,withtheuseofelectricityboostingCanadasindustrialgrowth

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Workersbegantoformtradeunionswhichpressedforbetterpay,reducedhoursofworkandbetterworkingconditions.Theywouldgoonstrikewhenemployersrefusedtheirdemands.

By1914,Canadawasinarecessionafter2decadesofrapidgrowth Atthistime,Canadiansfinallybegantorealizethetollthatindustrializationwastakingon

theenvironment

CANADAANDWORLDWARI Summerof19141918(ArmisticedeclaredontheWesternFront) EasternFront=pastRussia,WesternFront=pastFrance Propagandawasusedtopersuadepeopletosupportthewar

CAUSESOFTHEWAR June28th,1914ArchdukeFranzFerdinand(CrownPrinceofAustriaHungary)andhiswife

SophiewereshotbyGavriloPrincip(memberofSerbiannationalistgroup,theBlackHand)whilevisitingSarajevo.

Nationalism:Europewascontrolledbythreeweakandcrumblingempires:TheAustroHungarian,theRussianandtheOttoman.Manycountriesresentedbeingpartofanempireandwantedindependence.WhenBosniaHerzegovina,forexample.wastakenoverbyAustriaHungary,Serbianswereoutraged.

Alliances:Toreducevulnerabilitytoattack,manycountriesformedalliances.TripleAllianceAKAtheCentralPowers:Germany,AustriaHungaryandItalyTripleEntenteAKAtheAllies:France,GreatBritainandRussiaIfanyonecountrywasattacked,othermembersofwouldimmediatelyalsobecomeinvolved.

Militarism:CountriesinEuropehadbeenrapidlybuildinguptheirarmies.Germanyinparticularkeptexpandinginanattempttomaintainthebalanceofpower.IthadthestrongestarsenalofweaponsinEuropebutwantedtobeatGreatBritaininthenavalsector.Bothcountriesstartedtobuildlargebattleshipscalleddreadnoughtsandhadhugefleetsofwarships.

Imperialism:ManyEuropeancountrieshadacquiredcoloniesoverseasandoftenchallengedeachotherforrightstocertainterritoriesandresources.THEDOMINOEFFECT

AustriaHungaryblamedSerbiafortheassassinationofFranzFerdinand AustriaHungarydeclaredwaronSerbia Russia,SerbiasallymobilizeditstroopsandGermany,AustriaHungarysallydidthesame Allthegreatpowershadmobilizedarmieswithinweeksandwereatwar BritaindeclaredwaronGermanyafteritinvadedBelgium ItbecametheTripleEntentevs.theTripleAlliance,withmanycountriesatwar

CANADASROLE PrimeMinisteratthetimewasRobertBorden(conservative) Canadabecameapoliticalunionin1867,butBritainstillcontrolleditsforeignpolicy MostEnglishspeakerssupportedthewarbecausetheywerepatriotictowardsG.B

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WilfredLaurier(liberal)supportedthewarandsaidthatCanadianswerereadytohelp Manyenthusiasticvolunteerssignedup(over30,000)becausetheythoughtthewarwould

beshortandtheywouldbehomebyChristmaso Someenjoyedtheideaofbeingaheroo Othersneededtoescapefinancialhardshipsathome

Womenwereencouragedtostayhomeandsupportmen,butsomebecamenursesandambulancedrivers.

Minoritiesinitiallywerenotwelcome,buttheyeventuallyovercamethediscriminationandjoined,thoughfewwerepromoted

TRAINING SamHughes(British),theministerofmilitiasetupatrainingcentreinValcartier,Qubec 32000troopsweresentafterafewweeksofminimaltraining WarbroughtCanadianstogetherastheybegantodevelopanationalidentity ThisarmywascalledtheCanadianExpeditionaryForce(CorpsExpeditionnaireCanadien),

andfoughtforthemostpartindependentlyfromBritain Hugheswasalsoinchargeofthearmamentindustry HecreatedtheShellCommitteeandby1917wassupplying1/3ofBritainsshells However,becausehewasapooradministrator,theMinistryofMilitiabecameinefficient

andconfusing Hebegantomanufactureweaponsofpoorqualityandwasmoreconcernedwithmaking

moneythanquality. TheCanadianRossrifletendedtojaminrapidfiresoCanadiantroopswouldtakeBritishLee

Enfieldrifleswhentheycould. Hugheswasdismissedin1916,butwasknightedbeforeso

THEWARMEASURESACT(Loidesmeasuresdeguerre) Bordenrealizedthegovernmentneededmorecontroltomeetthedemandsofwar HeintroducedtheWarMeasuresAct(Loidesmeasuresdeguerre)whichsaidthe

governmentcoulddoanythingnecessaryforthesecurityofCanada Mailcouldbecensored,theycouldinterveneintheeconomyandhabeascorpus(theright

toajudge)wassuspended Anyonedeemedsuspiciouscouldbesenttojailordeported ImmigrantsfromGermanyandAustriaHungaryhadspecialidentitycardsandsomewere

senttointernmentcamps

THEWARONLAND TheSchlieffenPlan:TheGermanplantoquicklyinvadeBelgium,thenFrancetocapture

Paris.TheywouldthenturntheirattentiontowardsRussia. Theycameclose(35kmfromParisbyAugust1914),buttheywereexhaustedbythepaceof

theplanandwerepushedback GermanythendecidedtodigadefensivelineoftrenchesandtheAlliesfollowedsuit AvastnetworkoftrencheswasthenbuiltfromtheEnglishChanneltotheSwissborder NoMansLandwastheareabetweenthetrenchesofbothsides,comprisedofcorpses,

barbedwireandmud BytheChristmasof1914,neithersidecouldadvancebutneithercouldretreateither

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By1914,newweaponsweresoadvancedthatchargingwasnolongeragoodstrategy Themachinegunwasinvented Planeswereusedtospyonenemies Tankswereinventedin1916andwereusedtobreakthroughthebarbedwireinfrontof

trenches Manycommandersdidntrealizethatnewweaponsneedednewstrategiesandover3

years,hundredsofthousandsofsoldiersdiedinFranceandBelgium

INTHETRENCHES Conditionswerecold,damp,rainy,muddy,smellyandoverrunbyrats ManymendevelopedTrenchFoot,wherefeetwouldswellandturnblack,oftenrequiring

amputation Injuredmenwereoftenlefttodieinnomanslandbecauserescuewastoodangerous

MAJORCEFBATTLESOFWORLDWARI THESECONDBATTLEOFYPRES

April22,1915andApril24th,1915theFrenchandCanadiantroopswereblinded,burnedandkilledbythechlorinegas(AKAmustardgas)usedbytheGermans

FoughtInYpres,BelgiumnearFlanderssField Gasattackdespitethefactthatgasformilitarypurposeswasoutlawedsince1907 Foramonth,neithersidegainedadvantageinthefieldofFlanders,but6000Canadians

werekilledwoundedorcapturedTHEBATTLEOFTHESOMME

July1916,1916BritishandFrenchforcesunderGeneralDouglasHaiglaunchedamassiveattackalongtheridgesnearSommeRiver,France

Haiginsistedonusingpreviousstrategies,despitethembeinguselessintrenchwarfare WavesofsoldiersmarchedacrossopenfieldsandwerekilledbyGermanmachineguns 85%oftheRoyalNewfoundlandRegimentwerekilled/woundedinhalfanhour(over700

men) OveramillioncasualtieswhenthebattleendedinNovember. Haigclaimedvictory.24000Canadiansdied.

THEBATTLEOFVIMYRIDGE GermanscontrolledVimyRidge(northernFrance)sincetheirfirstoffensivein1914 Frenchhadtried3timestoregainVimy,butfailed Inlate1916,CanadiansledbyGeneralJulianByngwerechosentoleadnewassault Byngtrainedthetroopsthoroughlyanddevelopedstrategies Fromthewestsideoftheridge,CanadiansbombardedGermansforoveramonthwhile

armyengineersmadetunnelstomovetroopssecretlytoforwardpositions AtzerohourApril9th,1917,EasterMonday,thetroopsmovedintoposition Canadiansfollowedtheplanofattackandtooktheirfirstobjectives April10th,theycapturedHill145,thehighestpointoftheridge April12th,theytookthepimple,thelastGermanposition

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Greatvictory,takenmoreprisonersandmoreartillerythananyotherBritishoffensive Over3500menwerekilledand7000wounded ThevictoryisagreatsourceofprideinCanadianhistory

PASSCHENDAELE In1917,CanadianswerecalledtoretakePasschendaeleRidgeinBelgium ByngwaspromotedbecauseofVimyandhisreplacementwasGeneralArthurCurrie

(Canadianrealestatedealer) CurriestilltookordersfromHaig,whowantedtorecapturePasschendaele Curriewarnedthatitwasabadideaandcasualtieswouldbehigh,butHaigignoredhim TheAllieswon,butthevictorycostover15000Canadianlivesandhalfamillionsoldiers

frombothsides

THEROLEOFWOMEN Almost2500womenjoinedthemedicalandfieldambulancecorps NurseswerecalledtheBluebirdsbecauseoftheiruniforms Manydiedasaresultoffire,bombsandgas Somebecamevolunteers,butthegreatestchangewastheircontributiontothelabourforce Before1914,womenweredomesticservantsandworkersintheclothing/foodindustry Womenbecamehiredforallkindsofworkduringthewar

WARINTHEAIR Atthestart,pilotsflewaloneinbiplanestospyonenemytroopmovements Thepilotssoonbecamearmedhoweverwithpistolsandrifles Withinayear,planesbegantohavemachinegunsmountedtotheplanes Aftershootingdown5enemyaircrafts,apilotbecameanace Aceswouldgobackhometofundraiseandrecruit Lifeasapilotwasexciting,butdangerous(morethan50000pilotswerekilledfrom1914

1918) Canadadidnothaveitsownairforce.PilotsjoinedtheBritishRFC.

WARATSEA GermanscouldnotmatchtheBritishnavy,buttheyhadsubmarinesakaUboats Submarinesbecameequippedwithtorpedoes,whichdestroyedwar/merchantships Lusitania:In1915,aGermansubmarinesankaBritishpassengerlinercalledtheLusitania,

killing1200passengers,mostlyCanadiansandAmericans. In1917,Germanyannouncedthatsubmarineswouldsinkanyshipwithinthewarzone

aroundBritain Allieseventuallydevelopedaconvoysystemandunderwaterlisteningdevicethathelped

themlocateanddestroysubmarines Canadahadtwowarships,theRainbow(patrolledtheWestCoast)andtheNiobe(inHalifax) Halifax=ideallocationtorefuelandrepairAlliedwarshipsasitwasprotectedbytheNiobe CanadasmerchantshipsprovidedfoodandmunitionstoBritain.Manymerchantseamen

diedwhilecrossingtheAtlantic.

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THEWARATHOME Thewarwasgoodfortheeconomy.By1916,theeconomywasbooming. BordenreplacedtheShellCommitteewiththeImperialMunitionsBoard,andfactorieswere

builttoconstructships,airplanesandshells HundredsofthousandsofCanadianswereemployedinthesefactories Workerseventuallybecamefrustratedbythelowwageshowever

PAYINGFORTHEWAR

Despitetheboomingeconomy,warwasexpensiveandthegovernmentcouldntpayforitscontributiontothewar

Victorybonds:thegovernmentsoldvictorybondstoappealtopatriots.Afterthewarwasover,thecitizenswerepromisedtheywouldgettheirmoneyback,plusinterest.

Incometax:Originallysupposedtobetemporarywelloffindividualspaid3%oftheirincome.

Borrowingfromothercountries:Victorybondsandincometaxwerenotenough,andby1918,theCanadiangovernmentdeepindebtwasforcedtoborrowmoneyfromothercountries,especiallytheUS.

WOMENSRIGHTTOVOTE

1915WomeninManitobagottherighttovote 1915AlbertaandSaskatchewanfollowedsuitlaterduringtheyear 1917WomeninOntarioandBritishColumbiagottherighttovoteinprovincialelections 1918AllCanadianwomenhavetherighttovoteinfederalelections

THEHALIFAXDISASTER December6th,1917TheMontBlanc(aFrenchvessel),carryingmorethan2500tof

dynamitewasaccidentallyhitbyanothership.Theresultingexplosiondevastatedmuchofthecityandharbor.

20003000peoplewerekilledandmorethan10000injured.CONSCRIPTION

Bordenhadpromisedtherewouldbenoconscription,butduringhisvisittoBritain,DavidLloydGeorge,theBritishprimeministerconvincedBordenthatthewarneededtobewon

WhenhewentbacktoCanada,BordenintroducedtheMilitaryServiceAct(abillthatmadeservicecompulsory)

TheActhadexceptionsforthedisabled,thosewithessentialjobs/specialskillsandthosewhodidntbelieveinwarbecauseofreligion

Recruitmentrateswereuneven,thelowestlevelsbeinginQuebec FrenchCanadiansfeltnopatrioticconnectiontoBritainorFranceandthereforefeltlikethe

Actwasforcingthemtofightinawarthatwasnttheirs Farmersalsoopposedconscription,especiallyinthePrairies.Theyneededtoworkonfarms. Industrialworkersfeltthattheywerealreadyplayingapartinthewar Labourersledtheoppositiontoconscription. LabourleaderGingerGoodwinhidfromauthoritiesafterhewasdrafted.Hewaseventually

trackeddownandkilledbyapoliceconstable.

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CANADASMOSTDIVISIVEELECTION

Bordendecidedtocallanelectionovertheissueofconscription Hehadpassedtwopiecesoflegislationthatweredesignedtoensurehisreelection

o TheMilitaryVotersActallowingmen/womenoverseastovoteo TheWartimeElectionsActallowingallwomendirectlyrelatedtoservicemento

vote.Theactalsocancelledvoteforallimmigrantsandobjectorswhocamefromenemycountriesinthelast14years.

BordeninvitedoppositionLiberalswhosupportedconscriptiontojoinhiminaUnionGovernment

TheseLiberalswereofferedCabinetpositionstojoinhim WilfredLaurierhoweverwasopposedtoconscription LiberalslostalotofsupportbecauseofLauriersview TheUnionGovernmentwontheelectionwithsupportfromthearmedforces Conscriptioncontroversyhoweverdidnotsubside.InQuebec,FrenchCanadiansmarched

thestreets.OnEasterWeekendof1918,atananticonscriptionriot,4demonstratorswereshotdeadand10werewounded.

Conscriptionwentonwith130000enlisted,butonly25000reachingFrancebeforethewarended.Outof404000menwhowerecalled,380500appliedforexemptions.

COLLAPSEOFTHECENTRALPOWERS

1)Marchof1917CzarNicolasofRussiawasforcedtoabdicateandaprovisionalRussiangovernmentwasformed.

2)April2nd1917TheUSdeclaredwaronGermany,angeredbythesinkingofneutralshipssuchastheLusitania.

InOctober1917,RussianrevolutionariescalledBolsheviksoverthewtheprovisionalgovernmentandsignedapeacetreatywithGermany

Inalastdesperateoffensive,theGermanswentandstrucktheweakpointsintheenemylines.TheytookbackYpres,theSomme,PasschendaeleandeverythingbutVimyRidge

Bythetimetheywereonly75kmfromParis,theyhadexhaustedthemselves:withoutfreshtroops,foodorsuppliesandcouldnotcontinue.

TheHundredDaysthefinalmonthsofthewarwhereCanadiansledbyCurriebrokethroughGermanlinesandwonimportantbattlesatArras,CambraiandValenciennes.TheGermanKaiserfledtoHolland.

TheArmisticewassignedinarailwaycaronNovember11th,1918at11am.

CANADAONTHEWORLDSTAGE ParisPeaceConference:Afterthesigningofthearmistice,theAlliesandGermanymetin

Paristodiscussapeaceagreement.BordenobtainedaseatforCanada. TheTreatyofVersailles:Thedocumentthatsetoutthetermsofthepeaceagreementin

1919.Bordengottosignit.ItalsocreatedtheLeagueofNations.AmericanpresidentWoodrowWilsonhadlaidouta14pointplanearlierin1918thatemphasizedforgiveness,buttheFrench/BelgianleaderswantedcompensationfromGermany.Theydecidedthat:

o Germanywouldhavetoacceptresponsibilityforcausingthewar(guiltclause)o Germanyhadtopay30billiondollarsworthofreparationso TheEuropeanmapwouldberedrawn,reducingGermanysterritory

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o TheGermanarmywouldberestrictedto100000men,withnomoreUboatsorairforce

GermanycouldnotpayaswithallotherEuropeancountries,itwasinruins LeagueofNations:CreatedafterthewarbytheTreatyofVersailles.Canadawasamember

anditwasbasedontheprincipleofcollectivesecurity(ifonemembercameunderattack,allmemberswouldcometohelp).TheLeaguecouldpunishanaggressivenationthrougheconomicsanctionswhichrestrictedtradewiththenation.TheAmericansrefusedtojoinasWoodrowWilsonhadastrokethatlefthimhalfparalyzed,makinghimnolongerabletocampaignforjoiningtheLeague.

Afterthewar,peoplewenthungryallacrossEurope.TheSpanishFlusweptacrossthecontinent,killingover22million(morethanthewar).50000Canadiansdiedandschoolswereclosedformonths.

CANADAANDTHETWENTIES Adecadeofprosperity,funandwildliving TheJazzAge,boldnewmusic,shockingfashionsandimprovementoflife SoldiersreturnedtoCanadawithnopensions,nospecialmedicalservicesandfew

jobsWORKERSRESPOND

WorkersWantedhigherwages,betterconditionsandtherighttojoinunions Thisresultedinmanystrikes BritishEmpireSteelCorporationForfouryears,theunionandthesteelcorporation

confrontedeachotherinLabourWars.Thestrikesturnedviolent,andthecompanycalledinpolice/troopstobreakthemup.

Westernleadersweremoresocialist,thinkingcitizensshouldhavemoreinvolvement,influencedbythecommunistBolsheviksinRussia

March1919TheWesternLaborConferenceUnionleadersfoundedtheOneBigUnion,whichrepresentedallCanadianworkers,aimingtohelpworkersgaincontrol

THEWINNIPEGGENERALSTRIKE

Lasted43days May1919,Winnipegsmetalandbuildingworkerswalkedofftheirjobs Theywantedhigherwages,ashorterworkingweekandtherighttocollectivebargaining Collectivebargaining:Allowstheunionleadershiptonegotiatewithemployersonbehalfof

unionmembers 30000peoplewentonstrike,eventhoughhalfwerentunionized CitizensCommitteeofOneThousand:Formedbybusinessleaders,politiciansand

industrialists.Theysawtheunionleadersaspartofacommunistconspiracytooverthrowthegovernment.

TheFederalgovernmentfearedthatthisstrikewouldinfluenceothercitiesandthereforeintervened

TheyamendedTheImmigrationActsotheycoulddeportforeignbornunionleaders ThemayorofWinnipegappointedspecialpolice,firedcivicworkersandhadleaders

arrested

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BloodySaturday:OnJune21st,strikersheldaparadetoprotestthemayorsactions.TheRoyalNorthWestMountedPolice/specialpolicechargedintothecrowdwithclubsandpistols,makingtheaffairviolent.Onestrikerdied,30wereinjuredandmanyothersarrested.Thestrikersthenreturnedtowork.

TheRoyalCommissionexaminedthestrikeandfoundthegrievancestobevalid J.SWoodsworth,whowasarrestedduringthestrikewentontofoundtheCooperative

CommonwealthFederation(CCF)whichlaterbecametheNewDemocraticParty(NDP)CHALLENGESTOFEDERALISM Regionalism:theconcernoflocalproblemswithinaregion,whichincreasedafterthewar.

MaritimeRightsMovement:Abriefmovementformedbyprominentbusinessandpoliticalleaders,urgingallpoliticiansseekingofficetomakepoliciesthatbenefittheMaritimes.Thismovementdiedquicklywithoutaccomplishingmuch.NationalPolicy:Inplacesince1878,placingtariffsanddutiesonforeigngoodsimportedintoCanada.ThiswasimplementedsothatCanadiansboughtmoreCanadiangoods,strengtheningtheeconomy.Farmerswerefrustratedastheyfeltalienatedbythispolicy.Farmerswantedfreetrade(nomoretariffs,allowingfarmerstobuycheaper,USmademachinery). UnitedFarmersParties:Farmersmadetheirownpoliticalparties.Bytheearly1920s,

Ontarioandtheprairieselectedthesepartieswhichformedthegovernment. FederalProgressivePartyCreatedbyThomasCrerar,aformerministerofagriculturein

Bordensuniongovernment.ItwantedanewNationalPolicybasedonfreetradeandpublicownershipofrailways.Theycontestedthe1921election.

CANADIANSCHOOSEANEWGOVERNMENT

1919WilliamLyonMackenzieKingwaschosentoleadtheLiberals WilliamLyonMackenzieKing:Reputationofareformer,anauthorityonsocialand

economicissues.Hewasconciliatory,alwayslookingforthemiddlepaththatoffendedtheleastamountofpeople.

ArthurMeighen:chosentoreplaceBordenastheleaderoftheConservatives.Hewasabrilliantdebaterandalongstandingmemberofparliament.Hebelievedinprinciplesovercompromiseanddidntcarewhoheoffended.

KingandMeighenhatedeachother;haddifferentapproachestopolitics.(KingwithnotwantingtooffendpeopleandMeighennotcaringifhedid)

Inthe1921FederalElection,Liberalshad117members,Conservativeshad50membersandtheProgressiveshad64.

TheLiberalshadelectedaminoritygovernment(neededthesupportofoppositionmemberstopasslegislation).

TheProgressivePartydidntlastlong;butbroughtalongchanges:o TheOldPensionAct:passedin1927,grantingbasicpension($240peryear)to

Canadiancitizens.

CANADASGROWINGINDEPENDENCE BordenhadraisedCanadasprofileinternationallyandMackenzieKingcontinuedtopush

formoreindependence 1922KingrefusedtosupportBritainwhenitwantedtoinvadeTurkey 1923KinginsistedthathebeallowedtosignaninternationaltreatywithoutaBritish

representativesigningit

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KingByngCrisis:Afterthe1925election,theLiberalshad101seats,theConservatives,116andtheProgressives,24.TheLiberalsthereforeneededthehelpoftheProgressivestostayinpower,buttheylosttheirsupportasaresultofaliquorsmugglingscandalintheCustomsDepartment.TheConservativescalledforamotionofcensure(voteofstrongdisapproval)againstKingsgovernment.Ifithadpassed,Kingwouldneedtoresignasprimeminister.KingaskedGovernorGeneralByngtocallanotherelection,butByngrefusedsayingthatthecensureneededtobecompletedfirst.KingwasfuriousandByngwaseventuallyforcedtocallanelection.Kingappealedtonationalismduringhiscampaignandwon.

TheBalfourReport:AttheImperialConferenceof1926,thedominionsoftheEnglishEmpirerequestedformalrecognitionofautonomy(freedomtogovernthemselves).AspecialcommitteeunderLordBalfour(respectedBritishpolitician)examinedtherequest.TheypublishedtheBalfourReport,whichsupportedthedominions.

TheStatuteofWestminster:Passedin1931bytheBritishgovernment,makingtherecommendationsoftheBalfourReportlaw.(Thereportsupporteddominionautonomy)TheStatutecreatedtheBritishCommonwealth,makingCanadaequaltoBritain.

Canadacouldnowmakeitsownlaws,howeverthereweretworestrictions. TheBritishNorthAmericaAct:AKAtheCanadianconstitution.IthadtostayinBritain

becausetheCanadiangovernmentscouldntagreeonanamendingformula(theprocedureforchangingtheact).

ThejudicialcourtofappealforCanadiansresidedinBritainuntil1949.THEECONOMYIMPROVES

thebeginningofthe20s=economicdepression itbegantoimprovehoweverinthemiddleofthedecade Wheatwasanimportantexportbuttherewasalsogrowthintheexploitationofresources

THEUNITEDSTATESINVESTSINCANADASECONOMY

TheUSbecametheworldseconomicleaderafterthewar UScompaniesinvestedinpulpandpapermills/minesacrossthecountry.Themajorityof

theseresourceswereexportedtotheUS. Branchplants:businessesownedandcontrolledbycompaniesintheUSbutoperatedin

Canada.InvestorssettheseupinsteadoflendingmoneytothecompanieslikeBritaindid. Bytheendofthe1920s,theCanadianautoindustrywastakenoverbytheBigThreeUS

automobilecompanies(GM,FordandChrystler). TheUSenrichedtheCanadianeconomybyextractingrawmaterials(primaryindustries) However,thesematerialsweretakentotheUSformanufacturing(secondaryindustries)

PROHIBITION DuringWorldWarI,theWomansChristianTemperanceUnionandotherorganizations

succeededinbringinguponProhibition,banningthemanufactureandsaleofalcoholicdrinksinCanada

Thosewithmoneycouldstillgetit(doctorprescriptionastonic,orillegalbathtubgin) By1920,governmentsadmittedthatProhibitionwasnotworking.Itwasdislikedbymost. After1921,mostprovincialgovernmentsdecidedtoregulatealcoholinstead.Afteraseries

ofplebiscites(votesonapublicissue),Canadiansadoptedgovernmentcontrolledliquorstores.

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ProhibitioncontinuedintheUSuntil1933. CanadianscouldnowsupplytheUSwithillegalliquor(calledrumrunning),whichwasvery

profitable.Theysmuggledalcoholacrosstheborder.

URBANIZATION Thegrowthinthemanufacturingsectorbroughtmorepeopletocitiesinsearchofwork Thiswascalledurbanization.By1931,citydwellersoutnumberedtheruralpopulation. ThemodernCanadiancitybegantoform:businessesclusteredinthecitycenter,slums

becameabiggerproblem,pollutiongotworseandrichfamiliesmovedtoresidentialareas

THEROLEOFWOMEN 1920S=AneweraforwomeninCanada Inthe1921federalelection,only5womenranforofficeandonlyonewonherseat AgnesMacphail:theonlywomanintheHouseofCommonsuntil1935 Womenwerestillexpectedtobewivesandmothers.Becauseofnewtechnologysuchas

thevacuumandwashingmachine,houseswereexpectedtobecleaner.Marriedwomenweresupposedtostayathomeandfewwomenbecamedoctorsorlawyers.

ThePersonsCaseof1929EmilyMurphy,awellknownsuffragistwasappointedaheadmagistrate(judicialofficer)inAlberta.UndertheBritishNorthAmericanActhowever,onlypersonscouldholdthistitleandwomenwerenotseenaspersonsunderthelaw.TheSupremeCourtofAlbertasaidshecouldbeajudge,butthematterdidntstopthere.EmilyMurphyand4otherwomenchallengedPrimeMinisterMackenzieKingtoappointawomansenatorandtoclarifythedefinitionofpersons.TheywereknownasTheFamousFive.TheyappealedtotheJudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncilinBritainandonOctober18,1929,womenwereofficiallyconsideredpersons.

Thefirstfemalesenatorwasappointedin1930,CairineWilson(Liberal).

ANEWPROSPERITY RoaringTwenties:TheimprovedeconomycausedCanadianstoparticipateinastyleoflife

calledtheRoaringTwenties.PeopleboughtallsortsoftechnologyandwenttothemoviesandfadsfromtheUSquicklyspread.NewdancesliketheShimmyandTurkeyTrotwereintroducedandCanadianfashionwasalsoinfluencedbytheUS.

Automobiles:Carsbegantochangethelandscapeofthecountry. AssemblyLines:Thefirstassemblylinewascreatedin1913byHenryFord.Carscouldthen

bemanufacturedcheaplyandquickly. TheTransCanadaHighwayIn1920,Canadaonlyhad1600kmoftopratedhighways,and

thisfigurewouldincrease10xbytheendofthedecade.TheCanadianShieldandRockyMountainswerephysicalbarriersthatdelayedtheconstructionoftheTransCanadaHighwayandsomostofthebetterroadsransouthtotheUS.BCsoonstartedtodriveontherightsideoftheroadliketheAmericansandnotontheleftliketheBritish.

Aviation:Aviationcontinuedtoexpandasmanyveteranpilotsflewgeologistsandprospectorsintoremoteareastoexploreminingopportunities.

Telephone:Inthe1920s,thephonebecameastandardhouseholdapplianceandphonelinesweresharedbymanyneighborswhichallowedanyonetoeavesdroponothersconversations.

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Radio:Theuseofradiobegantobreakdowntheisolationoffarawaycommunities.Bytheendofthe20s,nearly300000CanadiansweretuningintoUSstationsforentertainment.

Movies:Soonenough,moviescameintocompetewithradios.Talkingmoviesarrivedin1927.

TheGroupofSevenAgroupofpaintersthatheldanexhibitioninTorontoin1920.TheybrokewithtraditionalCanadianartandpaintedtheruggedlandscapesofthecountry.

EmilyCarr:ThebestknownpainterofthePacificCoast(inVictoria).ShewasinfluencedbytheGroupofSeven.

Baseball:BaseballbecameimportanttoCanadianswholistenedtogamesontheradio.Boxing,rugby,curlingandgolfwerealsopopular.

Hockey:BecamepopularwhensportswriterFosterHewittmadethefirsthockeyradiobroadcastin1923.

DISCRIMINATIONAboriginalNations:Theywerestillnotclassifiedaspersonsunderthelaw.

Theystillcouldntvoteinprovincial/federalelections Gottherighttovoteinprovincialelectionsin1949. Theygottherighttovoteinfederalelectionsin1960. Theywerefacedwithdiscriminationandhostility.Residentialschoolsweretraumatizingfor

Aboriginalchildrenandsotheyhadtroublefindingwork. Intheearly1920s,theAboriginalpeopleinBCchallengedthefederalandprovincial

governmentsonthreeissues:thepotlachceremony,cutofflandsandAboriginaltitle. Potlach:animportantculturalceremonyamongcertainpeopleofthePacific.Itrecorded

births,deaths,marriagesandotherevents.Itwascarefullyplannedandestablishedstatusintribes.Thegovernmentsawitasanobstacletoassimilationanditwasforbiddenin1884.

Aboriginaltitle:Alsoknownaslandclaims.OnlyinBCdidsomeFirstNationshavenegotiatedlandtreaties.

CutOffLands:LargetractsoflandthathadbeensetasidefortheAboriginalpeoplethatthegovernmenthadtakenwithouttheconsentoftheAboriginals.

JoeCapilano:achiefoftheSquamishpeoplewhowenttoLondonin1906topresentalandclaimpetitiontoKingEdwardVII.Yearslater,theAlliedTribesofBritishColumbia,anorganizationmadeofseveraltribes,appealedthegovernmentsactions.TheysaidtheremovalofthelandwascontrarytotheIndianAct(regulatedrelationsbetweenthefederalgovernmentandtheAboriginals).ThegovernmentrespondedbychangingtheIndianActsothattheynolongerneededAboriginalconsenttotransferreservelands.

UnderAndrewPaullandPeterKelly,theAlliedTribesofBritishColumbiacontinuedtopetitionthegovernmenttobegintreatynegotiations.In1927,theywenttotheHouseofCommonsandSenate,buttheDepartmentofIndianAffairsdefendedthegovernmentsactions.TheythenamendedtheIndianActagaintoforbidtheraisingoracceptanceofmoneytopursuelandclaims.

AfricanCanadians:DiscriminationagainstAfricanshadbeenblatant

TheEducationAct:InNovaScotia,TheEducationActof1918providedseparateschoolsforBlacksandEuropeans.Itremainedthiswayuntil1954.

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In1921,theSuperiorCourtofQuebecruledinfavourofraciallysegregatedseatinginMontrealtheatres.

In1929,ablackdelegationtoaWorldBaptistConventioninTorontowasdeniedahotelroom.

In1924,theEdmontonCityCouncilrefusedtobanAfricanCanadiansfrompublicparks. In1919,theBrotherhoodofRailwayWorkersacceptedblackportersasmembers,thefirst

Canadianuniontoabolishracialdiscrimination.Immigrants:TheCanadiangovernmentadoptedimmigrationrestrictions,withpreferencetotheUSandGreatBritain

ManyCanadianslikedimmigrantsbecausetheyworkedforlowwages Labourgroupssawimmigrantsasunfaircompetitionwhostoletheirjobs Asianimmigrants:In1923,thegovernmentpassedalawthatexcludedChineseimmigrants

toCanadauntil1947.TheCanadaJapanAgreementof1922restrictedimmigrationfromJapanto150servantsandlabourersayear.

In1925,oncetheeconomyimproved,thegovernmentrelaxedrestrictionsonimmigration.Theywantedtoincreasethepopulationsothatbusinesseswouldhavealargermarket.

THESTOCKMARKETCRASH TheNorthAmericaneconomywasboominginthelate20s October29th,1929TheNewYorkStockExchangecollapsed;allthepricesofstocksfell

quicklyandledtotheGreatDepression.

THETHIRTIES:ADECADEOFDESPAIRFALLINGOFFTHEECONOMICEDGE

Duringtheeconomicboom,sharesinthestockexchangewerebeingexchangedfeverishly Buyingonmargin:Buyingshareswithonlya10%downpayment,assumingthepricesofthe

stockswouldincreaseanditwouldpayforitself.Thiswasverycommoninthe20s. Becausestockswerebeingboughtsomuch,thepricesweredrivenupbeyondtheirreal

value.Wheninvestorsstartedsellinginordertocashinonprofits,othersdidthesameandthevalueofstocksfelldramatically.

October29th,1929TheNewYorkStockMarketCollapseThiswasfollowedbytheTorontoandMontrealstockmarkets.Peoplewentbankruptinasingleday.

LEADINGUPTOTHEDEPRESSION Thedecreaseinthepriceofwheatontheworldmarket:Morewheatwasbeingproduced

thansold.Canada/USdependedonforeignmarkets,butmanycountriesstartedtoproducetheirownwheat.Assalesdropped,farmersalariesalsodroppedandmanywereunabletopaytheirmortgagesandloanpayments.

Overproduction:Otherindustrieswereproducingmoregoodsthanwerebeingsold.Theybegantocutbackonproduction,whichledtolayoffsinfactories.

Hightariffsonforeigngoods:TheUSimplementedhightariffsonforeigngoods,aimingimprovetheUSsowneconomy.Thiswasaformofprotectionism.Thesetariffssloweddownworldtrade.

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Germanysinabilitytomeetitsfinancialobligations:AccordingtotheTreatyofVersailles,Germanywasrequiredtopayreparationsforthewar,howeverbecauseitseconomywasinruinspostwar,itwasnotabletodoso.FranceandGreatBritainhadbeencountingonGermanysothattheycouldrepaytheirowndebtstotheUS.However,becauseGermanycouldnotpay,theUScouldnotgettheirmoneyback.

CANADAANDTHEDEPRESSION TheDepressionshowcasedCanadasdependencyontheexportofprimaryresources WheatfromtheprairiesandnewsprintfromBC,OntarioandQuebecmadeCanada

vulnerabletochangesinworldmarkets Asworlddemanddecreased,manypeopleinCanadalosttheirjobs Withoutmoney,theycouldnotconsumeorbuygoods Workersinthefactoriesthatproducedthesegoodsalsolosttheirjobsbecauseofthelack

ofdemand.Inthisway,millionsofpeoplelosttheirjobs. TheUShadbecomeCanadasgreatesttradingpartnerandsowhentheUSeconomy

crashed,wealsofelttheeffects.

DESPERATEYEARS Factoryworkersandbusinessownerslosttheirjobsandcouldnolongeraffordrent Pogey:Governmentreliefpaymentstothosewhohadnoothersourceofincome.Many

existedononlythis,howeverthosethatreceivedhadtopubliclydeclarefinancialfailure. Privatecharitiesalsohelpedthoseinneed,withsoupkitchensfeedingthehungry. Thecountrywasfilledwithunemployedmendriftingplacetoplacehoppingfreighttreinsin

searchofwork.

DROUGHTONTHEPRAIRIES ThePrairieshadbeenhitbyadisastrousdroughtthatbeganin1928,lastingalmost8years. Therewereconstantduststormsandmillionsoffertiletopsoilblewaway Aplagueofgrasshoppersdescendedontheprairiesaswell,stallingtrains,cloggingcar

radiators,etc. ThePrairieFarmRehabilitationAdministrationAct:Passedin1935bythefederal

governmenttohelpfarmersbuildirrigationsystemsandreservoirs.

THEDISADVANTAGED Forwomen,therewerefewjobsotherthandomesticworkpayingjustafewdollarsaweek Aboriginalfamiliesonreliefgotonly5dollarsamonthandwereexpectedtoliveoffthe

landdespitethefactthatconditionsonreservesweretoopoortodoso Immigrantswereviewedwithhostilityandweredeniedjobs Jewsweretargetedinparticularandmanyprofessionswouldbeclosedtothem In1931,thegovernmentputastoptoimmigration

RESPONDINGTOTHEDEPRESSION

PrimeMinisterMackenzieKingwasunpreparedtodealwithacrisisliketheDepression Hebelievedthatthesituationwastemporaryandthoughtthatsocialaidwasthe

responsibilityofmunicipalandprovincialgovernments

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Thisattitudelosthimtheelectionof1930,wherehelosttoR.B.Bennett(conservative)

BENNETTSRESPONSE Bennettwasnotinfavourofgovernmentreliefeither Nevertheless,hegaveprovinces$20millionforworkcreationprograms,thoughthe

economydidnotimprove Hisplanwastoraisetariffsby50%toprotectCanadasbusinesses(protectionism),butthis

onlybuilttradebarriersagainstCanada Asthesituationgotworse,Bennettbecameatargetforangerandfrustration

o Adesertedfarm=calledaBennettbarnyard,anewspaper=aBennettblanket Bennettwasafraidthejoblessmiddleclasswouldbecomeinfluencedbycommunismandin

1931,hebannedtheCommunistPartyandarresteditsleaders Thefederalgovernmentalsodecidedtocreateworkcampsforunemployed,singlemen

WORKCAMPS Werelocateddeepinthewoodstoisolatethemen Theyworkedonprojectssuchasbuildingroadsandclearingland Theywerepaid20centsadayandgivenroom/board,thoughtheconditionswereterrible

THEONTOOTTAWATREK In1935,overathousandmenlefttheworkcampstoprotestcampconditions UndertheReliefCampWorkersUnion,theybegantotaketheircomplaintstoOttawa TheyrodethroughPrairies,pickingupsupportersalongtheway TheRCMPstoppedtheminRegina,allowingonlytheleaderstoproceedtoOttawa Bennetthoweverdismissedthemimmediatelyandattackedthemasradicals/troublemakers InRegina,theRCMPwastoldtoclearthetrekkersfromthestadiuminwhichtheywere

held.Theyresistedfor2hours.Onemandiedandmanywereinjured,with130arrested.

POLITICSOFPROTEST

CooperativeCommonwealthFederation(CCF)FormedintheWestin1932.ItappealedtoCanadiansincludingfarmers,labourersandintellectuals.TheirleaderwasJ.SWoodsworth.Asocialistparty,itsupportedsocialprogramstoassistpeopleinneedofmoney.Theyurgedthegovernmenttospendmoneyonpublicworkstocreateemployment.

SocialCreditParty:LedbyWilliamAberhartandwonthe1935electioninAlberta.AberhartwasacharismaticpreacherandhighschoolteacherfromCalgary.Hethoughtthatcapitalismwasawastefuleconomicsystemandthoughtthatthegovernmentshouldputmoneyintotheeconomysothatpeoplecouldspendit.Hepromisedeachcitizenabasicdividendof25dollarsamonth,butsocialcreditwasdisallowedbytheSupremeCourt.Thepartyremainedinpowerhoweveruntil1971underErnestManningandHarryStrom.

PROVINCIALSOLUTIONS Ontario:theLiberalscamebacktopowerin1934,thefirsttimein29years.LedbyMitch

Hepburnwhodidlittlefortheunemployed.Healsosuppressedstrikes. Quebec:theUnionNationale(anationalisticFrenchCanadianparty)cametopowerin

1936.LedbyMauriceDuplessiswhodidlittletoimproveconditionsinQuebec.

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BC:LiberalDufferinPattullowaselectedin1933andintroducedreformstoshortentheworkdayandincreasewages/reliefpayments.Publicworkprojectswerelaunched(FraserRiverBridgeinNewWestminster)andanewVancouverCityHall.Theprojectswereshortlivedasthefederalgovernmentsaiditwastheirresponsibilitytointroduceprograms.

ACHANGEINGOVERNMENT

By1935,voterswerefedupwithBennettandreturnedMackenzieKingtopower Despitebeingencouragedtospendmillionsonjobcreation,heonlyspentofafractionof

that

INCREASETENSIONINTHEFEDERALPROVINCIALRELATIONS In1937,KingcreatedtheRowellSiroisCommission,anotherRoyalCommission Theunemploymentcrisiscreatedtensionbetweenfederalandprovincialgovernments TheRowellSiroisCommissionrecommendedequalizationpayments(givingmoneyto

poorerprovincestoensurethesamelevelofservices) TheeconomystartedtoimprovehoweverandasWorldWarIIbegan,mostofthe

recommendationsoftheCommissionwerepushedasideforlater

DISTRACTIONSFROMDESPAIR Movies,magazinesandradiowerestillpopular CBC(CanadianBroadcastingCorporation):Createdin1936bythefederalgovernmentso

thatCanadacouldhaveapublicradioservice. TheDionnequintupletsBornin1934inCorbeil,Ontario,theybecameinternational

sensationsandweretakenintothecareoftheOntariogovernment.Theywereputondisplayandthegovernmentearnedmillionsofdollarsfromthem.

THERISEOFDICTATORSHIPS ManyEuropeaneconomiesdidnotrecoverfromWorldWarI,Depressionworsenedit Somebelievedthatcommunismwastheonlysolutiontosocialsuffering Othersbelievedastrongmilitarywasneededtorestoreorder SovietUnion:JosefStalintookoverastheleaderoftheCommunistPartyafterthedeathof

Lenin,theleaderofthe1917revolution.HewasaruthlessandcruelleaderwhoseagriculturalpolicieskilledmillionsofSovietworkers.TheUnionhadbecomeatotalitarianstate,witheveryaspectofpeopleslivescontrolledbythegovernment.

Italy:BenitoMussolini(IlDuce)cameintopowerin1922.Hecreatedafascistgovernment.Fascism:opposedtodemocracy,relyingonmilitary/policepowertomaintaincontrol.Theycontrolledallmediaandusedpropagandatopromotetheidealsofthestates.

GERMANYPOSTWAR Afterthewar,GermanswereunhappywiththeTreatyofVersailles Theydidnotlikebeingblamed TheeconomyhadbeenruinedandtheGermancurrencydeclined.TocontrolGerman

inflation,Britain,FranceandtheUSagreedtogivethembettertermsforthereparationpayments.

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HITLERCOMESTOPOWER Hitlerhadbeengainingsupportsince1923bycriticizingtheweakgovernment HitlerandhisNaziParty(influencedbyFascistItaly),promisedthattheyhadthesolutionto

bringGermanyoutoftheDepression January1933:HitlerbecametheChancellorGermanyandbyMarch,hispartyhadwon

controloftheparliament TheNazigovernmentstoppedreparationpaymentsandbegantoexpanditsarmedforces Hitlerpouredmoneyintopublicprojectsandtheeconomybegantoimprove Nazisabolishedallotherpoliticalpartiesandbannedtradeunions HitlerbecameknownasderFuhrer(theLeader),aruthlessdictator TheNaziswereracist,thinkingGermanswerethemasterrace,composedtoAryans,a

pureraceofNorthernEuropeans NazispersecutednonAryanssuchasJews,homosexuals,Gypsiesandthosewhodisabilities TheysetupconcentrationcampstoimprisonandisolatethemfromGermansociety

ONTHEROADTOWAR In1931,JapaninvadedtheChineseMachuria.ChinacomplainedtotheLeagueofNations

whotriedtonegotiatewithJapan,howeverJapansimplywithdrewfromtheLeague. Spring1935,ItalyattackedAbyssinia(nowknownasEthiopia)andtheLeagueofNations

imposedtradesanctionsagainstItaly.

GERMANYONTHEOFFENSIVE In1936,HitlerorderedhistroopsintoRhineland,goingunpunishedbytheLeagueof

Nations SpanishCivilWar:1936GeneralFranciscoFrancoandhisfascistfollowersledanattackon

theSpanishgovernment.ThisresultedinacivilwarbetweenthesocialistgovernmentandtherebelforcesofFranco.FrancohadsupportfromHitlerandMussoliniandsohewonthewarandbecamerulerofSpain.

THEPOLICYOFAPPEASEMENT NoonewaswillingtofightanotherwarsotheywerewillingtotolerateHitlersactionsto

maintainpeace.Thisonlyencouragedhimfurther. InMarch1938,HitlerinvadedAustriaandthendemandedtotakeovertheSudetenland(the

GermanspeakingregioninCzechoslovakia).InSeptember1938,ataconferenceinMunich,BritainandFranceagreedtothisandHitlerpledgeditwouldbehislastterritorialclaim.

March1939HitlertookovertherestofCzechoslovakiadespitehispledge August1939HitlermadeapactwithStalin,leaderoftheSovietUnion.Theyvowedtonot

fighteachotherinthecaseofwarandagreedtosharePolandbetweenthetwoofthem. September1,1939GermanyinvadedPoland,wantingtotakebackanareathathadbeen

takenawayintheTreatyofVersailles. BritainandFranceorderedGermanyoutofPolandbySeptember3rd,1939.Germany

ignoredthisdeadlineandsotheworldbecameentangledinanewconflict.

CANADASRESPONSETOGROWINGTENSIONS Throughoutthe30s,Canadaremainedisolationists(uninterestedinforeignaffairs)

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In1937,MackenzieKingwenttoGermanyhimselfandthoughtHitlerhadpleasant,nowarlikeintentions.HethereforedidnotseewhyCanadashouldbecomeinvolved.

TheSecretaryofState,PierreRinfretandLiberalCabinetmember,ThomasCrerarwerebothantiSemitic

TheSt.Louis:anoceanlinerwithover900JewishrefugeesonboardthatarrivedinCanadain1939.TheywererefusedpermissiontodockandreturnedtoEurope,wheremanyofthepassengersdiedinconcentrationcamps.

CANADAANDWORLDWARIICANADADECLARESWAR

In1938,BritishPrimeMinisterNevilleChamberlainthoughthehadavoidedwarbysigningtheMunichAgreement(givingHitlerpartofCzechoslovakiaashisfinalconquest)

HitlerignoredthetermsandtookovertherestofCzechoslovakia;warseemedinevitable InMay,KingGeorgeVIandQueenElizabethofBritaincametovisit,buildingstrongties

betweenCanadaandBritain PrimeMinisterKingdidnotwanttogetinvolvedinanotherwar September8,1939AfterBritainandFrancedeclaredwaronGermany,Kingdecidedtocall

aspecialsessionofParliamenttodecideCanadasresponse. OnlytheCCFwasagainstwar,andsoonSeptember10,CanadadeclaredwaronGermany

MOBILIZINGCANADASRESOURCE Canadawasnotpreparedforwar Thepopulationwaslessenthusiastic,butneverthelesstheystillgot58330volunteers AboriginalsvolunteeredatthehighestpercentagethananyothergroupinCanada AfricanCanadianswereoriginallyrejectedhowevertheywerelateraccepted Somewantedtheprivatespayof$1.30adaywhileothersfelttriestoBritain FirsttroopswentoutfromHalifaxonDecember10,1939

THEBRITISHCOMMONWEALTHAIRTRAININGPLAN

TheBritishCommonwealthAirTrainingPlan:inDecember1939,Canadaagreedtohost/administeratrainingplanledbyBritishinstructorswhowouldtrainpilotsandotherflightpersonnel.AirfieldswerebuiltintheprairiesandtheprogramwasamajorCanadiancontributiontothewareffort.ThePlantrainedover130000pilots,navigators,flightengineersandgroundstaff.

TOTALWAR

InApril1940,thegovernmentestablishedtheDepartmentofMunitionsandSupplies,withC.D.Howeasitsminister

Howecoulddowhateverhewanted.Hewasdirect,impatientandconvincedleaderstomanufacturegoodstheydneverhandledbefore.Iftheprivatesectorcouldnotdoit,hecreatedCrowncorporationstodothejob.

Evenfarmersweretoldtoproducemorewheatandotherfoods Policyoftotalwar:Canadianswillingtodowhateverittooktodefeattheenemy.

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THEWARINEUROPE TheAllies:Britain,France,Commonwealth TheAxis:Italy,GermanyandJapan PhoneyWar:AlliedtroopswerestationedalongFrancesborderwithGermany,wherethey

waitedforGermanysnextmove.Theywaitedsevenmonthsandnothinghappened. April1940:Germanyreneweditsblitzkrieg(lighteningwar)andattackedNorwayand

Denmark Blitzkrieg:PowerfulwartacticusedbytheGermans.Ithadsurpriseattackswithlightning

speed.Germantanks(panzers)wouldcrashthroughenemylines,drivingasfarastheycouldwhilewarplanesrippedthroughthesky,bombingtheenemybelow.Soldierswouldalsoparachuteintoenemyterritoryanddestroycommunication/transportationlinks.

EVACUATIONOFDUNKIRK IttookGermanyhourstoconquerDenmarkand2monthstosubdueNorway May10theGermanarmedforcesstartedtoinvadetheNetherlands ItwentthroughBelgiumquickly,thenintoFrance TheAlliesweresoonsurroundedintheFrenchportofDunkirkandtheyhadtoescape

beforetheGermanscapturedthetown Theyattemptedanevacuationbysea,andtheBritishsenteveryboatcapableofnavigating

theEnglishChanneltoDunkirk EvacuationbeganonMay26 Twodayslater,theGermanLuftwaffe(airforce)bombedtheport,makingescapemore

difficult EvacuationendedonJune4th,bringingover340000AlliedsoldierstoBritain TheGermanArmycontinuedtosweepthroughFranceandonJune22,1940,France

surrendered.BritainandtheCommonwealthwerealoneagainstGermany.

THEBATTLEOFBRITAIN OperationSeaLion:theinvasionofBritain,HitlersnextgoalafterbombingDunkirk. GermanyfirstwantedtodestroyBritainsairpower. July10th,1940LuftwaffestartedabombingcampaignaimedatharboursinEngland. BySeptember,theywerebombingcivilians. TheBlitz:ThenamegiventotheGermanraidswheretheybombedLondonandothercities

for50consecutivenights. TheywerestillunabletodefeattheBritishairforcehowever.TheBritishhadaradarsystem

thatwarnedthemofoncomingGermans.TheyalsohadSpitfiresandHurricanes,fighterplanesthatwereeffectivedefenseplanes.

Eventually,theBritishairforcebecamemoresuccessfulinshootingdownGermanbombersandinMay1941,HitlergaveuponhisplantoinvadeBritain

Morethan23000peoplewerekilledintheBlitz

THEWARSPREADS OperationBarbarossa:HitlersnextplanaftertheBattleofBritaintoinvadetheUSSR. DespitehispeaceagreementwiththeUSSR,HitlerwantedtocompletehisGermanEmpire.

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WhentheSovietUniontookoverpartoftheBalkansin1940,Hitlerbecamesuspiciousanddecidedtoinvaderightaway.

TheSovietsweresurprisedandbyautumntheGermansreachedtheoutskirtsofMoscowandLeningrad(nowSt.Petersburg).

TheGermanswerenotequippedfortheSovietwinter,soonlosingtheiradvantage In1942,GermanylaunchedanotheroffensiveandgotasfarasStalingrad,butwerestopped

bywinteronceagain. Aftersuffering300000casualties,theGermanssurrenderedin1943 TheSovietUnionseizedthischancetoregainmuchofitslostterritory. Byearly1944,theSovietswereadvancingintoEasternEuropetowardsGermany.

THEWARINTHEPACIFIC JapanwasanAxismember,butwasnotinvolvedinthewarinEurope In1941,itwaspreparedtoinvadeUSandEuropeancoloniesinAsiawhichwererichin

resourcessuchasoil,rubberandtin PearlHarbour:OnDecember7th,1941,JapaneseplanesbombedtheUSnavalbaseinPearl

Harbour,ontheislandofHawaii,destroyinghalthefleet. TheywentontobombthePhilippines. Thenextday,theUSdeclaredwaronJapan,promptingtheAxistodeclarewarontheUS JapancontinuedtoinvadeSoutheastAsiaandBurma,plusIndonesiaandAustralia December7th,1941HoursafterPearlHarbour,Japanesetroopsbegantheirinvasionof

HongKong ByChristmasDay1941,HongKonghadfallentotheJapanese CanadahadsenttroopstoHongKongmonthsearlier,butall1975Canadiantroopshad

beenkilledortakenprisoner.

CANADASROLEINEUROPE TheDieppeRaid

TheAllieswantedtodoasmallraidtotestnewtechniquesandequipment Until1942,mostofthewarhadbeenfoughtinAfrica The2ndCanadianDivisionwaschosentobethemainforceofattackinaraidontheFrench

portofDieppe(underGermanoccupation) Therewereproblemsfromthestartoftheraidhowever MorningofAugust19th,1942oneoftheshipscarryingCanadianstoDieppeunexpectedly

metasmallGermanconvoy.Theyengagedinasmallseabattle,butthenoisealertedGermansonshore.Theshipswerealsodelayedsotheycouldnotembarkbeforedawn.TheywereeasilyshotdowninthedaylightbyGermanmachineguns.

Communicationbetweentheshipsandlandwasbadsotheysentmorereinforcementsashore,trappingthosetroopstoo.

Alliedtankscouldntgettractiononthebeachandcouldntmove Theraidwasafailure,with907Canadiancasualtiesina9hourbattle

CANADIANSATSEA

TheRoyalCanadianNavywasdesperatelyshortofequipment/manpower By1941,theBattleoftheAtlanticwasinfullforce BritainwasdependentonCanadaforfoodandmilitarysupplies

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GermanstriedtostarvetheBritishbycuttingoffandsinkingmerchantships Topreventbeingsunk,Alliesailedinconvoys(warshipsescortedvesselscarryingsupplies) UBoatscontinuedtodestroyhundredsofsupplyships Canadabegantobuildcorvettessmall,unstableshipsthatwerequick ByMay1942,BritainhadcrackedtheGermannavalcodeandmoreAlliedshipswere

surviving.Thenavypersonnelweregettingbettertrainedandsupplieswerebeingconserved.

TheCanadiannavygrewalotduringthewar,andprovidedhalftheescortsacrosstheAtlantic

CANADIANSINTHEAIR TheRoyalCanadianAirForcealsogrewafterthewarbegan TheyparticipatedinbombingraidsinBritain,NorthAfrica,Italy,NorthwestEuropeand

SoutheastAsia,includingnightraidsoverGermany Bymid1943,theAlliesstartedbombingGermanindustriesnightafternightwhileUS

bombersattackedduringtheday Hamburgwasbombedrelentlesslyasthecitywasengulfedbyflames Nearly10000Canadianbomberslosttheirlives In1941,theRCAFformedtheWomensDivisiontosupportthewareffort Theyweretrainedasclerks,cooks,assistantsandrivers Onlylaterinthewarwerewomenallowedtofly.Theydeliveredtheplanesbutwerenot

allowedincombat.

THEINVASIONOFITALY WinstonChurchillthoughtthebestwaytorecaptureEuropewasthroughthesoft

underbellyofEurope:ItalyandSicily Theinvasionlasted2years July10,1943CanadianshelpedtheAlliesinvadeSicily.Aftertwoweeksoffighting,the

Allieswon. InSeptember,theymovedtomainlandItalywherethemuddyconditionsandrainyweather

madebattleandadvancesslow. OnJune4,1944,theAlliestookRome,butfightinginItalycontinueduntilspringof1945.

DDAYANDLIBERATION June6th,1944DDay:theAllieslaunchedOperationOverlordafullscaleinvasionof

Europe TheylearnedfromDieppeandthistimetheinvasionwasplannedtotheverylastdetail OnthemorningofJune6th,over30000CanadiansoldiersarrivesatJunobeachandworked

throughtheGermanbuiltobstacles(concretebarrier,barbedwire)togetinland Germandefensewaspoorastherehadbeenastormandtheydidntexpectanattack TheAlliesfoughtforweekstogetinland Theythenbeganan11monthadvancethroughFranceandBelgium,towardsGermany InMarch1945,AlliedforcesattackedGermany CanadiansweregiventheresponsibilityofliberatingtheNetherlands

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AllieshadattemptedtosavetheNetherlandsearlierin1944butfailed.TheGermanshaddestroyedmanyportcitieslikeAmsterdamandRotterdam.TheirfoodsuppliesandhadbeencutoffandsomanyDutchwerestarvingtodeath.

InearlyAprilCanadiansbegantheirattackontheNetherlands Thefightingwasslowandover6300Canadiansdied April17ththeCanadiansdefeatedtheGermansinthenortherncityofGroningen May4thGermansweresurroundedandtheysurrendered Airdropsoffoodandconvoysoftruckscarryingsuppliesprovidedfoodtothecivilians Canadianswerehailedasheroes TheAlliesattackedGermanyfromthewestandtheSovietUnionattackedfromtheEast GermanysurrenderedonMay7th,1945 HitlerandhiswifeEvaBrauncommittedsuicideinaBerlinBunkerbeforesubmittingtothe

Allies

THEHOLOCAUSTDISCOVERED Millionsofpeoplehadbeenmurderedinconcentrationcamps TheFinalSolution:aplanadoptedbytheNazigovernmentin1941toridsocietyofall

peopletheyconsideredundesirable.DeathcampswerebuiltallovertheGermanEmpireandJewsfromalloverEuropewerebroughttothesecamps.Theirheadswereshaved,familiesseparatedandtheweak/youngweresentimmediatelytodieingaschambers.Thestrongandhealthyhadtowork,untiltheybecametooweak.Then,theytoowentintothegaschambers.

By1945,theGermanshadkilledover6millionJews,gypsies,slavsandothers. ThiseventwascalledtheHolocaust.

JAPANSURRENDERS AftertheAlliedvictoryinEurope,thewarinthePacificintensified Bymid1945,mostoftheJapaneseairforce/navywasdestroyed Theirarmywasstillstronghowever,sotheUSdecidedtouseanatomicbomb ManhattanProject:atopsecretplanbyUSandBritishscientistsin1941todevelopa

nuclearbomb.Canadabecameawarein1942. August6th,1945aUSbombernicknamedEnolaGaydroppedtheatomicbombover

Hiroshima,killing70000residents. August9th,1945A2ndbombwasdroppedonNagasaki,killing40000people. Realizingtheycouldnotwithstandthepowerofthenuclearbomb,Japansurrendered. Thewarwasover.

THEWARATHOME Canadianfactorieswereproducingmoregoodsthaneverbefore Workersworkedverylonghoursandwomencameintotakemensplacesintheworkforce Manyworkers,especiallysinglewomen,movedfromruralareastoindustrialcities

CANADASWARTIMEECONOMY Withincreasedproductionandemployment,peoplehadmoremoney Therewerelessgoodstobuythough,becausemostwerebeingshippedofftoBritain Inflation:Whentherestoomuchmoneyandnotenoughgoods,thepricesskyrocket.

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KingappointedJamesIlsley(lawyerfromNovaScotia)toaddresspotentialinflationanddebt

HeencouragedpeopletobuyVictoryBonds Inflationstilloccurredhowever In1941,theWartimePricesandTradeBoardfrozeallwagesandpricestopreventinflation 1942Kingintroducedfoodrationing,limitingtheamountofgoodsonecouldreceiveper

week

GROWINGDEMANDFORSOCIALCHANGE Duringthewar,thegovernmenttriedtorestrictstrikes Workerswantedhigherwagesandtherighttobargain AfterthesteelworkersinNovaScotiaandcoalminersinAlberta/BCwentonstrike,the

governmentsofteneditspolicyandallowedworkerstojoinunions TheCCFbegantobecomepopular In1943,theCCFmadeuptheoppositioninOntario In1944,theCFFformedthegovernmentinSaskatchewan FeelingthethreatoftheCCF,Kingintroducedtheunemploymentinsuranceprogramin

1940andexpandedCanadassocialassistanceprogramin1945.

THECONSCRIPTIONCRISIS TheNationalResourcesMobilizationAct:IntroducedbyMackenzieKinginresponsetothe

peoplewantingmoregovernmentactiontowardsthewar.Thisactgavethegovernmentspecialemergencypowerstomobilizealltheresourcesinthenationtodefeattheenemy,thusallowingconscription.

ConservativeswerepressuringKingtoadoptoverseasconscription SoKingheldaplebisciteontheissueonApril17th,1942 AllprovincesexceptQuebecvotedinfavourofconscription InAugust1942,anamendmenttotheNationalResourcesMobilizationActpermitted

overseasconscription QuebecwasangryandKingtriedtosmooththeconflictover,butfailed TheMinisterofDefense,J.L.Ralstonresignedbutlaterdecidedtostayinhisposition.King

kepthisresignationletter. Hehadmanagedtoavoidtheissueofoverseasconscriptionfor2yearsuntil... Inthe1944invasionofEurope,Canadahadlostmanysoldiersandthereforereplacements

wereneeded.RalstonwentovertoEuropeandconcludedthatmoresoldierswereindeedneeded.KingrefusedtobeconvincedandannouncedRalstonsresignationtwoyearsafterhisletterhadbeenhandedin

KingreplacedRalstonwithGeneralAndrewMcNaughton,whohehadhopedwouldbeabletoencouragevolunteers,buthefailedtodoso

Kingfinallycavedandsentconscriptsoverseas Notallwentpeacefully,astherewereriotsinMontrealandconscriptsfromBCrefusedto

leave

WHATTHEWARMEANTTOCANADA CanadaprovidedsupporttotheAllieseconomicallyandmilitarily Theeconomyboomedasagriculturewasovertakenbyindustry

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Manufacturingwasnowimportantandindustrialareasbecamemorecommon Thisattractedamassivewaveofimmigrationpostwar ThewarprovedtotheworldCanadasidentityandstrength

CANADAINTHEPOSTWARWORLD TheUSandtheSovietUnionhadbeenalliesduringWWII,buttheirrelationssoon

grewtense Theywerehostiletowardseachotherandusedspies Bothsidesstockpiledweaponsandbombs CanadaatthistimewastryingtokeeptheUSfromweakeningitsnationalidentity

THECOLDWARBEGINS

TheUSandSovietUnionwereconsideredsuperpowers Theybothhadweaponscapableofnuclearannihilation,thereforetheysimplyfoughtfor

politicalinfluenceinotherpartsoftheworld ThisrivalrywascalledtheColdWar,asitwasntanopenwar,thoughitlastedover40yearsCauses: Differentpoliticalsystems:TheSovietUnionwascommunist;thegovernmentcontrolledallindustryandcommerce.Nopoliticaloppositionwastolerated.TheUShoweverwascapitalist,withaneconomybasedonprivateenterprise,individualsinvestinginbusinessforprofit.Peoplehadfreedomofspeechinsuchasystem. Westerncountriesweresuspiciousofcommunismastheythoughtitwasaimedto

overthrowWesternsocietiesinaworldrevolution. TheSovietstookoverEasternEuropeandestablishedcommunistgovernmentsthere CommuniststookoverChinain1949,theformergovernmentfleeingtoTaiwan CommitteeonUnAmericanActivities:createdbytheUSgovernmentduringtheColdwar

toweedoutanycommunistsinthecountry.ChairedbySenatorJosephMcCarthy,whoterrifiedthecountrywithsecretlistsofallegedcommunists.Anyonesuspectedofbeingacommunistwouldbepersecuted,firedandblacklisted(notallowedtofindanotherjob).

THECOLDWARATHOME In1949,theleaderoftheConservativestriedtomakethespreadofcommunismAKAthe

redmenace,anissue. PrimeMinisterLouisSt.Laurent,however,refusedtooutlawcommunismasitwas

undemocratictodoso Nevertheless,manyCanadiansbegantofearcommunism Theybegantosuspectunionleaderswhofoughtforbetterconditionsforworkersand

defenseindustriessecretlysentoutlistsofemployeesforscreening Workerssuspectedofcommunismweredismissedfornoapparentreason InQuebec,PremierMauriceDuplessistookastrongstandagainstcommunism Policeraidedofficesandhomestofindrevolutionarymaterial ThePadlockLawwasusedtoshutdownsuspectedorganizations/newspapers

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WhenapoorlyconstructedbridgecollapsedinTroisRivieresin1951,Duplessisclaimeditwascommunistsabotage

NATOANDTHEWARSAWPACT

NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization:AmilitaryallianceformedbytheUSinfearoftheSovietUnionin1949,comprisedofCanada,theUS,GreatBritainandotherWesternEuropeancountries.Ifanyonememberwasattacked,theotherswererequiredtohelp.

TheWarsawPact:WhenNATOacceptedWestGermanyasamember,theSovietUnionfeltthreatenedandformedanalliancecalledtheWarsawPactin1955.ThisalliancewascomprisedofEasternEuropeancountries,usedtoprotectthemselvesfromattack.

Armiesconstantlypracticedforwarandhadspieseverywhere,searchingforsecretsandcarryingoutmurders/assassinations

In1956,theSovietsbrutallycrushedarevolutioninHungary TheBerlinWall:builtbyEastGermanyin1961toseparateEast/WestBerliners.

THEISSUEOFNORTHAMERICANDEFENSE

Withlongrangebombersdeveloped,NorthAmericabecamevulnerabletoattack ToprotectagainstSovietairattacks,theUSbuilt3linesofradarstationsacrossCanada:

o ThePinetreeLineo TheMidCanadaLine(intheArctic)o TheDistantEarlyWarning(theDEW)

Theywereconstructedbetween1950and1957,andweredesignedtodetectanysurpriseSovietattacks

Forthefirsttime,USmilitarywasstationedinCanadiansoil. SomeCanadiansfeltthiscompromisedtheirindependence Soon,theUSandtheSovietshaddevelopedintercontinentalballisticmissiles TomeetthepotentialthreatofSovietattackinNorthAmerica,CanadaandtheUS

establishedtheNorthAmericanAirDefenseAgreement,whichincludedallfigherforces,missilebasesandradarscontrolledbyacentralcommandstationinCheyenneMountain,Colorado.

CIVILDEFENCE:THEHOMEFRONTINTHECOLDWAR Canadianswereafraidthatanopenwarwouldrainbombsandmissilesontheircities Thegovernmentthereforedevelopedcivildefenseplans

o Nuclearshelterswerebuilt,schoolsrandrills,etc.PLANNINGFORPEACE:THEUNITEDNATIONS

InApril1945,delegatesfrom51countriesdrewupacharterfortheUnitedNations TheUnitedNationswasbasedontheideaofcollectivesecurity Iffacedwithanaggressornation,itcould:

o Condemntheaggressorthroughspeechesandresolutionso Useeconomicsanctions,urgingmembersnottotradewiththeaggressoro Respondmilitarilybysendinginanarmedforce

TheSecurityCouncilisresponsibleformaintainingpeaceandsecurity Itsmain5membersareBritain,France,theUS,RussiaandChina

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Therearealso10othernonpermanentmemberswith2yearterms Decisionsrequiretheconsentof9members,butthe5permanentmembershavethepower

toveto(rejectactionsthattheydisagreewith) Upto1955,thevetowasused78times,75timesofwhichwerebytheSovietUnion TheUNalsowantedtoabolishdisease,famineandprotecthumanrights TheycreatedagenciessuchastheWorldHealthOrganizationandUNICEFforthis TheyalsoestablishedtheInternationalMonetaryFundtostabilizetheworldeconomy

THEKOREANCONFLICT WorldWarIIhadleftKoreadivided Thenorthsidewascommunist,supportedbytheUSSRandcommunistChina ThesouthsidewasafragiledemocracybackedbytheUS In1950,NorthKoreatriedtoinvadeSouthKoreaandwarbrokeout AUNforcecomprisedmostlyofAmericanstriedtoforcetheinvaderstoretreat.Canada

sentthousandsoftroopsaswell. LesterPearson,CanadasMinisterofAffairs,urgedallsidestoagreetoaceasefire,which

wasreachedin1953 Thewarhadincreasedtensionbetweenthewestandthecommunistnations

THESUEZCRISIS TheSuezcanallinkstheMediterraneantotheRedSea,theshortestsearoutefromEurope

totheIndianOcean In1956,Egyptspresident,GamalAbdelNasser,tookoverthecanalonbehalfofEgypt IsraelwasfrightenedbyEgyptshostilityastheyhadthreatenedtobarshipstoandfrom

Israelusingthecanal FranceandBritainwerequicktogodefendIsraelandsolandedtroopsinthecanalzone TheSovietUnionthenofferedEgyptfinancialaidandmissiles LesterPearsonwenttotheUNandtriedtoworkoutasolution HeproposedthataUNEmergencyforcebesenttotheSuezCanaltoseparateandmediate

betweentherivalarmies Forhelpingdefusethecrisis,PearsonwasawardedtheNobelPeacePrize

THECUBANMISSILECRISIS 1959CubanrebelsunderFidelCastrooverthrewCubasproUSleader TheUSthenimposedtradeandeconomicsanctionsonCuba In1961,theUSbackedaninvasionofCubabyagroupofantiCastroCubans Theinvasionfailed,butCubawenttotheUSSRforsupport October1962USplanestookpicturesoftheUSSRinstallingnuclearmissilesinCuba PresidentKennedy,seeingthisthreat,announcedanavalandairblockadeofCuba TheUSwasreadyforwar SovietPremierNikitaKhrushchevoriginallyrefusedtoremovethemissilesandordered

shipstogotowardstheUSshipsthatblockedCuba Lastminute,KhrushchevagreedtodismantlethemissilebasesinexchangefortheUSs

promisetonotinvadeCuba CanadarefusedtoplaceCanadasNORADforcesonalertasPrimeMinisterDiefenbakerwas

reluctanttohaveCanadadrawnintotheconflict

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TheUSwasfuriousandtheeventcausedmuchdamagetoCanadaUSrelations

THENUCLEARISSUEINCANADA ThecountrywasdividedastowhetherornotCanadashouldacceptnuclearweapons In1963,therulingConservativePartywasdividedontheissue Duringtheelectoralcampaignof1963,LesterB.Pearson(Liberal)proposedthatCanadian

forcesacceptnuclearweaponsundercertainconditions TheConservativesunderDiefenbakerhoweverappealedtonationalism PearsonwoninanarrowdefeatandtheLiberalsformedaminoritygovernment

THEVIETNAMWAR VietnamwasdividedintwojustlikeKorea Thenorthwascommunistandinthesouth,therewasadictatorshipsupportedbytheUS Atfirst,theUSofferedonlymilitaryadviceandeconomichelp,butbythe60s,theywere

lendingtroopsaswell In1965,PresidentLyndonJohnsonincreasedthenumberoftroopsandauthorizedthe

bombingofNorthVietnam By1966,therewere190000USsoldiersinVietnam Thiswarwasthefirsttoberecordedbytelevisioncamerasandsotheantiwarprotests

beganacrossthecountryasaresultofseeingthedamageonTVscreens TheNorthVietnameselaunchedtheTetOffensive,simultaneouslyattackingcities

throughoutSouthVietnamandseizingtheUSembassyinSaigon TheUStroopscouldnotwinthewar In1969,RichardNixontookoffice,pledgingtotakethetroopsoutofSoutheastAsia TheforcesleftSouthVietnamin1973 Lessthantwoyearslater,aNorthVietnameseoffensivecrushedSouthVietnam,unifying

thewholecountryundercommunistrule ThousandsofVietnamesefledtoCanadainfearofcommunism

CANADASREACTIONTOTHEWAR

Somebenefitedfromthewar,sellinggoodstotheUSDefenseDepartment Mostpeoplestillsawcommunismasathreat PrimeMinisterPearsonalsodoubtedthewar In1965,hecriticizedOperationRollingThunder(theUSbombingcampaignofNorth

Vietnam)

TRUDEAUSFOREIGNPOLICY PierreElliotTrudeau(LIBERAL)waselectedprimeministerin1968. HewantedtochartacourseinforeignpolicythatwaslessdependentonUSapproval. TrudeaudidnotwanttoangertheStateshowever HewantedtoscalebackCanadasparticipationinthenucleararmsracewiththeUSSR

hopingitwouldeaseColdWartensions From19701972,nuclearmissileswereremovedfromCanadasNATOforcesinEurope TrudeaualsocutthenationaldefensebudgetandreducedCanadasNATOcontingentin

Europe CanadacontinuedtoparticipateinNATOandNORAD

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CANADAASAMIDDLEPOWER Trudeauwantedworldpeaceandunderstandingamongnations CanadahadbegantobuildlinksbetweentheEast,West,NorthandSouth,becominga

middlepower Hecalledformoreaidtopoorcountriesintheworldandimprovelivingconditionsfortheir

people Thispolicyoftradeandaid=thecornerstoneofTrudeausforeignpolicy CanadianInternationalDevelopmentAgency:formedin1968.Itsresponsibilitywasto

boostforeignaidtolessindustrializedcountries.CountriesreceivingaidwouldhavetoagreetobuyproductsmadeinCanada.ThiswasalsocalledtiedaidandmadeuphalfofthedevelopmentaidthatCanadagavetoothernations.

THECOMMONWEALTHANDLAFRANCOPHONIE CanadawasinagoodpositiontobuildbridgesbetweenNorthandSouthbecauseitwas

partoftheCommonwealthandlaFrancophonie Commonwealth:TheformermembersoftheBritishempire. LaFrancophonie:anorganizationofFrenchspeakingstates. In1950,CommonwealthcountriesestablishedtheColomboPlantoprovidemoneyandaid

tolessdevelopedcountriesintheorganization.MostCanadianaidundertheColomboPlanwenttoIndiaandPakistan.

THECOLDWARRENEWED Intheearly1970s,tensionbetweentheUSandtheUSSReasedandtheyagreedtoreduce

thenumberoftheirnuclearweapons StrategicArmsLimitationTreaty(SALT1):Signedin1972bytheUSandtheUSSR,a

breakthroughagreementbetweenthetwosuperpowers. In1979however,theUSSRinvadedAfghanistanandsentnewmissilestoEasternEurope.

NATOinresponsedecidedtoannouncethatit,toowasdeployingmoremissilestoEurope. InprotestagainsttheSovietoccupationofAfghanistan,manyWesternnationsboycotted

the1980OlympicgamesinMoscow. In1983,SovietjetsshotdownaKoreanpassengerjet Amonthlater,theUSinvadedGrenadaanddeposedaproSovietgovernment Eachsuperpoweraccusedtheotherofprovokingwar Trudeauappealedtobothcountriestoshowmorerestraintandmadeatouroftheworld

capitalstoenlistotherleaderstohelpmediatethetensionbetweentheUSandtheUSSR. Februrary29th,1984Trudeauhadbecometiredofpoliticsanddecidedtoretireaftera

walkthroughthesnowystreetsofOttawa.

THEMULRONEYERA:CLOSERTIESWITHTHEUNITEDSTATES BrianMulroney(Conservative)becamePrimeMinisterinSeptember1984 MulroneytriedtogetclosertotheUS;developingaclosepersonalrelationshipwithUS

PresidentRonaldReagan In1985,theUSgovernmentrevealedaplanforadefenseshield,partofwhichwouldorbit

theEarth.ItwascalledtheStrategicDefenseInitiative,nicknamedStarWars.

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MulroneydeniedCanadasofficialinvolvement,buthetightenedotherlinkswiththeUS TheForeignInvestmentReviewAgency(FIRA):formedin1973byTrudeautoblockany

foreigninvestmentthatseemedtonotbeinCanadasinterest.ThiswouldreducetheUSscontrolovertheCanadianeconomy.

MulroneydeclaredCanadaopenforbusinessanddismantledFIRA,replacingitwithInvestmentCanada,whichencouragedsuitableforeigninvestment.

In1987,hestartednegotiationsthatledCanadaintotheFreeTradeAgreement,withtheUS.Theagreementremovedtariffsongoodscrossingtheborderandopenedupinvestmentbetweenthetwocountries.

Freetradewasverycontroversial,somethoughtitwouldhelptheCanadianindustrygrow,whereasothersthoughtitwouldleadtothedownfalloftheCanadianeconomy

Aftermuchdebate,theFreeTradeAgreementwasestablishedin1989 NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement:Signedin1992,whentheMulroneygovernment

expandedthefreetradezonetoMexico. Thisdecisionwasalsocontroversialforsimilarreasons.Amidprotests,theLiberal

GovernmentunderJeanChrtiensignedtheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement,whichcameintoeffectin994.

TheConservativeshadbeendefeatedin1993.

THEENDOFTHECOLDWAR Thewarendedsurprisinglyquickly SovietLeaderMikhailGorbachev,realizingtheUSSRcouldnotaffordsuchcostlyarms,

proposedmassivecutsinthearsenalofbothsuperpowers Hethenbeganaseriesofsocial,economicandpoliticalreformsthatwouldhelpthe

communistcountriesrunmoreefficiently/bemorecitizenfriendly Heloosenedcensorshipandallowedfreedomofspeech Thesechangesencouragedothercommunistcountriestodothesame InNovember1919,theBerlinWallcamedown EventheSovietUnionfellapartin1991,withitsstatesbecomingindependentcountries TheColdWarwasover Chinaexperimentedalsowithcapitalismandcitizenswantedpoliticalfreedom TheirhopesweredashedhoweverinTiananmenSquareinJune1989.RedArmysoldiers

andtanksattackedstudentsinvolvedinthedemocracymovement,killinghundredsmaybethousands.

Regardless,thedivisionbetweenthecommunistandwesternworldwasgone

THENEWWORLDORDER ManythoughttheendoftheColdWarwouldbringpeace,buttherewerestillnumerous

regionalandethnicrivalries August1990IraqinvadedKuwait TheUNdemandedthatIraqwithdrew,howeverbyJanuary1991,thedeadlinegivenhad

passedandUS/coalitionforcesbegantobombtargetsfromtheairandsea OperationDesertStormhadbegun TheGulfWardestroyedmuchoftheIraqiarmyandcountryinfrastructure Theuseoflaserguidedbombsandcruisemissileschangedwarforever AfterwinningtheGulfWAR,usPresidentGeorgeBushproclaimedaNewWorldOrder

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Fromnowon,theUNwouldtakeamoreactiveroleasaglobalpoliceforce,inapeacekeepingrole

AstheremainingsuperpowerafterthecollapseoftheUSSR,theUSwaslefttodominateworldaffairs

SOMALIA OperationRestoreHopeLaunchedinSomaliain1992bytheUN,itaimedtohelpthe

countrywhichwasravagedbycivilwarandstarvation. Themissionresultedincrisiswhenonenight,membersoftheCanadianAirborneRegiment

arrestedateeninthenight,torturedhimandbeathimtodeath.Canadianswereshockedatthisblatantactofracismandin1995,theAirborneRegimentwasdisbanded.

RWANDA Rwandawastornapartbyethnicrivalries AgroupofUNpeacekeepersledbyCanadianmajorGeneralRomeoDallairewenttohelp

controltheslaughter Dallairehadaplantohaltthekilling,butitrequiredtheUNtosendtroopsquicklyandit

alsorequiredthesupportoftheUS TheresponsefromtheUNandUSwasunenthusiastic Withinafewweeks,closetoamillionpeoplehaddied.TheUNhadfailed.

ANEWERAOFGLOBALIZATION OneofJeanChrtiensprioritieswastoexpandCanadastradetoothercountries HesignedfreetradeagreementswithChileandIsrael CanadaalsojoinedtheAsiaPacificEconomicCooperationGroup Theseinitiativeswerepartoftheglobalizationtrend,avastnetworkofbusiness,

communicationsandculturallinksamongcountries Goodscouldbeeasilyshippedduetoimprovedcommunicationandtechnology TheInternetmadeitpossibletodobusinessonlineinalmostanypartoftheworld

GLOBALIZATIONASAPROBLEM Mostthinkthatitwillraiselivingstandardsforeveryone Othershoweverthinkthatitgrowstoomuchdependenceonothereconomies Also,manymultinationalcorporationshaverelocatedtopartsoftheworldwherelabouris

cheaper.Thistakesjobsawayfromonesowncountry,aswellasintroducingpoor/abusiveworkconditionsforothersinforeigncountries.

ACHANGINGSOCIETY ManywarveteransgotmarriedoverseasandbroughtbackWarbridestoCanada TheywereforcedtoadapttoanewCanada,whichwaseverchanging

COMINGHOME

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Toeasethetransitionofveteransbackintosociety,theyweregivenbackthejobstheyhadbefore

Veterans/warwidowsweregivenhiringpreferenceforgovernmentjobs TheVeteransLandAct:Anactenablingveteranstoobtainmortgagesatpreferredrates.

THENEWFACEOFCANADA Displacedpersons:RefugeeswholanguishedincampsacrossEurope,including

concentrationcampsurvivorsandotherswhohadnohomes,possessionsorhope. Canadaacceptdisplacedpersonsandsettledthemincommunities Mostnewimmigrantsnowsettledincitiesasopposedtofarms Suburbs:Newhousingdevelopmentsintheoutlyingareasofcitieswherelandwas

cheaper.Manymoresuburbswerebuiltasthepopulationexpanded.Theneedforhousingincreasedandsothesecommunitieswerebuilt.

Suburbanvalues:Suburbanfamilieswereseenastraditional;withthestayathomemomandtheperfectchildren.Womensjobsweregivenbacktowarveteransandnewhouseholdgadgetssuchaselectricfloorpolishersmadehouseworkeasier.

Babyboom:Thepostwarperioduntil1960wheretherewasadrasticincreaseinbirthrate.6.7millionchildrenwerebornbetween1946and1961.

DEVELOPMENTSINSOCIETY Automobiles:Inthe1950s,Canadiansfellinlovewithcars

Smallstoresshutdowninwantofsupermarketsandshoppingmalls Fewthoughtaboutthepollutionitwouldcause,seatbeltswerenonexistand

drinking/drivingwasconsideredacceptableTelevision/ConsumerSociety:TVencouragedaconsumersociety,wherepeoplewouldbuymoreproducts.Thousandsofinventionswereintroducedandshoppingbecameanationalpastime.TeenCulture:Withnomorewars/economichardshiptoforcestudentsoutofschool,theteenagerwasinvented

Theyhadmoreleisuretime,moremoneytospendandmoreindependencethankids Rockandroll(developedinthe50s),becamepopularandwerefavouredamongstteens

Canadaandthegood:MostCanadianswerestillconservative Hockeyhoweverwasstillafavouritepastime

ProtectingCanadianCulture:CanadawasinfluencedheavilybytheUSandHollywood ToinvestigateCanadianculture,thefederalgovernmentcreatedTheMasseyCommission

in1949.ItsuggestedtheCanadiansbeprotectedfromUSinfluences. ItrecommendedthestrengtheningoftheNationalFilmBoard(establishedin1939) Italsorecommendedfundingtotheartsanduniversities TheycreatedtheCanadaCouncilin1957whichawardedgrantstowritersandartists TheMasseyCommissionalsorecommendedthatTVbeusedfornationalentertainment TheyputtheCBC(previouslymadeforradio)inchargeoftelevision ThefirsttwostationsopenedinTorontoandMontrealin1952 However,USprogramswerestillpreferredbyaudiencesandchildrengrewupknowing

moreaboutAmericanculturethanCanadianculture

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In1968,thegovernmentestablishedTheCanadianRadiotelevisionandTelecommunicationsCommission,whichimposedrulesrequiringCanadiancontent.

POSTWARPROSPERITY OnAugust6th,1945,PrimeMinisterMackenzieKingcalledameetingoftheprovincial

premierstodiscusstheeconomy Kingrecommendedthatthefederalgovernmentbeinchargeoftheeconomy ProvinceslikeQuebecandOntariohoweverwerenotwillingtogiveuptheirownpowers C.D.Howe,theMinisterofReconstruction,TradeandCommercehadanewstrategy:

o Privateindustrywouldhandlethetransitionoftheeconomywiththehelpofgovernmentincentives

o Taxbreakswouldbegiventocompanieswhoproducedconsumergoodso GovernmentCrowncorporationswereauctionedofftoprivatecompanieso Soon,Canadaseconomywasbooming

Theprovincesthentransferredtaxationpowerstothefederalgovernment Theprovincesreceivetherighttoprovidesocialservices Thefederalgovernmentnowhadmuchmorepowerattheexpenseoftheprovinces

RICHRESOURCESANDNEWINDUSTRIES OilwasdiscoveredinAlbertain1947 Boomtownswerecreatedwherenewminesandwellsdeveloped Ontariohoweverwasstillthecentreofmanufacturing TheTransCanadaHighwaythelongestnationalhighwayintheworld,whichwas

completedin1970.ItspannedfromSt.JohnstoVictoria. TheSt.LawrenceSeawayajoinedCanadaUnitedStatesprojectspanningfrom1954

1959.ItlinkedtheAtlanticOceanwiththeGreatLakes. TheTransCanadaPipelineBuilttotransportgascheaplyfromthewesttotheindustrial

centresofCanada.

Canadiansbegantothinkthattheywerebecomingthe49thstatebecauseoftheUSsgreatinfluenceoverthem,anuncertaindebatethatcontinueduntiltheFreeTradeAgreement

CANADIANOWNERSANDWORKERS Inthewest,H.R.MacMillanputtogetheroneoftheworldslargestforestrycompanies InNewBrunswick,K.C.Irvingbecameoneoftheworldsrichestmen Tradeunionsfoughtforagreatershareofthecountrysprosperity From19461947,7millionworkdayswerelosttostrikes Wagesroseasaresult,allowingCanadiansmoremoneytospendthereforebenefitting

otherbusinessesLIMITATIONS

Womenwerepaidsignificantlylessthanmen Immigrantsandtheworkingpoorworkedundermiserableconditions TheFirstNationssufferedfromtheindustrialpollution Thedevelopmentofmines,highwaysandboomtownsdisruptedNativehuntinggrounds

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THENATIONEXPANDS

AfterWorldWarII,islandersofNewfoundland(independentuntil1932)decidedtoholdareferendumtovoteontheirpoliticalfuture

J.R.JoeySmallwoodwasaskillfulpoliticianwhoarguedtheyshouldjoinCanada June1948Thefirstreferendumwasheldwithnoclearmajority March31st,1949TheyheldasecondvoteandtheConfederationwonthevote. March31st,1949NewfoundlandbecameapartofCanada.

THECHANGINGFACEOFPOLITICS

MackenzieKinghadbeeninpowerlongerthananyotherprimeminister In1948,heretiredattheageof73 LouisSt.Laurentwashisreplacement ThemediaatthistimebegantoplayalargerroleinCanadianlife,influencingthepublicinto

seeingcertainviews TVspromotedJohnDiefenbaker(ProgressiveConservative),whowasseenaselectrifying. HewontheelectionandtheLiberalschoseanewleader,LesterPearson

DIEFVS.MIKE

Overthenextdecade,PearsonandDiefenbakertookturnsbeingPrimeMinisterandLeaderoftheOpposition;theywerebitterrivalsthrough5nationalelectionsin10years.

Diefenbaker:aPrairiespopulistwholistenedoordinarypeople. HewascommittedtotheequalityofallCanadians(calledunhyphenatedCanadianism).

HewasalsoanationalistwhobelievedinpreservingCanadasBritishconnectionswhilestandinguptotheAmericans.

HewasprohumanrightsandthefirstprimeministertoincludeawomaninhisCabinetandincludeanAboriginalsenator.

HegavestatusIndianslivingonreservestherighttovoteinfederalelections HeintroducedtheCanadianBillofRights Pearson:HebelivedthatBritishconnectionstoCanadawouldbeseveredinthelongrun Heintroducedtrialabolitionofcapitalpunishmentandeasierdivorcelaws HeintroducedCanadasflagandimprovedthesocialwelfaresystem

SOCIALWELFARE Kingintroducedanunemploymentinsurancein1940andthebabybonusin1944 CanadianPensionPlan:Introducedin1966byPearsonsgovernment,whichimprovedon

existingpensionschemes. CanadaAssistancePlan:Helpedtheprovincesfinancesocialassistanceprogramsforall

needypeople,introducedbyPearsonsgovernment. PearsonalsointroducedMedicare SaskatchewanPremierT.C.TommyDouglasintroducedamedicareprogramfirst Thebillwaspassedin1962 In1962also,TommyDouglasbecametheleaderoftheNewDemocraticParty,formedfrom

theCCF TheLiberalswerethreatenedbytheNDPandfearedtheywouldwintheelectionthrough

theintroductionofMedicare

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In1966,theNationalMedicalCareActwaspassed.Thismeantthatfederalandprovincialgovernmentswouldthensharethecostofmedicalcarewithfundingfromtaxes.

In1967,Canadaturned100yearsold DiefenbakerandPearsonrealizedtheywerebecomingoutoftouchwiththetimesso

Pearsonsteppeddown,beingreplacedbyTrudeau.DiefenbakerwasdefeatedinaleadershipconventionoftheProgressiveConservativePartyin1967.

THETRUDEAUERA Trudeauwasaflashypolitician,arrivinginsportscars,datingcelebritiesandjokingwith

reporters.Canadianswereinlovewithhim.Trudeaumaniagrippedthenation. Hewantedtobuildajustsociety. Hebelievedthatthegovernmenthadthedutytoprotecttherights/freedomsofthepeople

TheYouthquake:

DuetothelargenumberofyouthinNorthAmerica,amorepowerfulyouthcultureofprotestcalledyouthquakewascreated

ThetransitionbeganwiththeBritishInvasionledbytheBeatles Thisbeganthehippiephenomenon;aneraofsexualpromiscuityanddrugs Thisyouthquakeshowedthatyoungpeoplewerebecomingmorepoliticallyaware In1972,thevotingageforfederalelectionswasloweredfrom21to18 Bythe1980s,thebabyboomersbegantolivemoresubduedlives.Theirdesireforwealth

nicknamedthemtheMeGenerationandsothesocialprotestmovementhadgoneTheWomensMovement:

Inthe1960s,theideaoffeminismemerged Womenfelttrappedbytheirhouseholds Inresponse,thegovernmentsetuptheRoyalCommissionontheStatusofWomenin1967

toexamineawomansroleinsociety.Theyrealized:o Womenshouldhavetherightworkoutsideofhomeo Societyshouldtakeresponsibilityforchildren;daycaresshouldbeimplementedo Womenshouldbeentitledtopaidmaternityleavefromtheirjobso Thefederalgovernmentshouldhelpwomenovercomediscrimination

TheNationalActionCommitteeontheStatusofWomen:apressuregroupformedin1971byseveralwomensgroups.TheylobbiedwithgovernmentstoactquicklyontheCommissionsrecommendations.TheywonaclauseguaranteeingtheequalityofwomeninCanadasCharterofRightsandFreedoms,whichcameintoforcein1982.

Bythe1980s,moreCanadianwomenbecameengineers,doctorsandpoliticiansTheEnvironmentalMovement:

Publicconcernovertheenvironmentbegantorisedramatically Eventually,thegovernmentpassedlawsrequiringcompaniestoprovetheirprojectswould

notharmtheenvironment Recyclingbecamemorecommonandvehicleshadtobecomemorefuelefficient

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Greenpeace:Anenvironmentalgroupformedin1970byagroupofactivistsinBC.ConcernedaboutnucleartestingoffthecoastofAlaska,theytookaboattotheareaandrefusedtoleaveuntilthetestwascancelled.TheyhaveusedsimilartacticssincethenandtodayarebasedinAmsterdam.

ECONOMICCHALLENGES TheOilEmbargoof1973bytheOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries

In1973,warbrokeoutintheMiddleEastbetweenIsraelanditsArabneighbors ManywesterncountriesincludingCanadasupportedIsrael OPECretaliatedbyrefusingtoselloiltothosecountries;gasandoilpricesjumped400%

overnight Thisinflationwasseenacrossthecountry,spreadingtoproductsaswell Aspricesrose,workerswantedhigherwagesandasthewagesgothigher,thepricesdidtoo Businessesbegantofallandunemploymentratesgothigh

RegionalDisparity:ThegapbetweenthepoorerandmoreprosperousregionsofCanada. Astherecessionofthe70shit,theprovinceswhodependedonnationalresourceswere

mostimpacted.However,OntarioandQuebecdidnotsufferasmuchandotherprovincesresentedthemforthat.

WesternAlienation:PeopleinthePrairiesbelievedthatOttawafavouredCentralCanadaattheexpenseoftheWest.Inresponsetotheoilcrisis,thefederalgovernmentfrozethepriceofoilandgas,whileimposingataxonpetroleumthatwasexportedfromwesternCanada.ThemoneyfromthosetaxeswouldbeusedtosubsidizethecostofimportedoilfromtheEast.Albertanswerefurious.

Trudeauincreasetransferpaymentstoprovincesforsocialservicesandspentmillionsof

regionalprojectstoboosteconomicdevelopmentincertainareas. TheLiberalsthenboughtintotheNationalEnergyProgram,whichaimedto:

o Reducetheconsumptionofoilo ToprotectCanadiansfromrisingoilpriceso TomakeCanadaselfsufficientinoil

TheprogramgavefundingtoCanadianPetroleumcompaniessotheycoulddrillforoilinpromisingsites.Theyalsoencouragedcitizenstoswitchtoelectricpower.

By1984,oilpriceshadfallenandtheNEPhadbeendismantledTHEDEBTCRISIS

Socialservicescostmorethantheyhadenvisioned Governmentwasoperatingatadeficit:moremoneywasbeingspentthanearned Thegovernmentcollectedlesstaxeswhenbusinessesfailed,butthenneededtogiveout

morewelfareandsoCanadaneededtoborrowmoneyforitsprograms WhenTrudeauleftofficein1984,thefederalgovernmentwas160billiondollarsindebt

MULRONEYANDTHEDEBT

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BrianMulroney(ProgressiveConservative)cametopowerin1984,promisingtofixCanadaseconomy.

MulroneyplannedtocopyRonaldReagan(theUS)andMargaretThatcher(Britain).Hewouldsavemoneybytrimmingsocialprograms.

Hewouldcuttaxesandstimulatetheeconomy;however,thisdidnotwork Canadawashitbyrecessionin1990andpeoplelosttheirjobswhiledebtincreased TheConservativeslostin1993inadisastrousdefeat

THELIBERALSANDTHEDEBT JeanChrtien(Liberal)cameintopowerin1993,withadebtof$466billion Theirsolutionwastoinjectmoneyintotheeconomy;spending6billiondollarsonpublic

workssuchasroadrepairsandnewbridges Interestratesshotupin1994however,andFinanceMinisterPaulMartinconcludedthat

Canadacouldnolongerafforditsvastnumberofsocialservices Martinbegancuttingfederalgovernmentspending;raisingtuitionfeesandhealthcosts SomeCanadianswenttotheUSfortreatmentastheservicestheyneededwerenot

availableinCanadaCANADAANDNEWTECHNOLOGY

Canadiansbecameworldtravelersduetotheadvancementofairplanes Satellitesallowedaccesstohundredsoftelevisionstations Satellitesallowedforcheaplongdistancephonecalls Inthe1980s,personalcomputerswereintroduceandbythe21stcentury,overhalfof

Canadianshadcomputers

THECANADIANIDENTITYTHEROOTSOFQUEBECNATIONALISMTheDuplessisEra

From19361939andagainfrom19441959,QuebecwascontrolledbyPremierMauriceDuplessis(UnionNationale)

HewasastrongQuebecnationalistwhothoughtofQuebecasitsownnation HeintroducedanewflagforQuebecfeaturingthefleurdelis TheRomanCatholicChurchbecamethemaindefenderofQuebecculture Religionwasacommonpartofthecurriculum,alongwithlanguagesandphilosophy DuplessisencouragedforeigninvestmentinQuebec Theprovinceguaranteedcheaplabourandpromisedlowtaxes BriberyandcorruptionweretrademarksoftheDuplessisregime

TheQuietRevolution

AfterDuplessisdiedin1960,JeanLesage(Liberals)cameintopower QuietRevolution:thegroupofchangesbroughtonbyJeanLesageafterDuplessisdied.

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Lesagefirstruledoutcorruption,wages/pensionswereraisedandrestrictionsontradeunionswereremoved

Theyalsomodernizedtheprovinceseconomy,politicsandculture Theychangedupthecurriculumtomakeitmorescienceandtechnologyoriented TheinfluenceoftheCatholicChurchdeclined TheLiberalswonagaininthe1962election,withtheaimofstrengtheningQuebecsown

economy Thegovernmentboughtoutseveralhydrocompaniesandturneditintoaprovincial

monopolycalledHydroQuebec

TheBirthofSeparatism WithQuebecsnewachievements,theygotangrierattheinjusticesoftheangloCanadians TheonlysolutionseenbymostwasseparationfromCanada YoungradicalsjoinedterroristgroupssuchastheFLQandfoughtinthenameofafree

Quebec FrontdelaLiberationduQubec:aterroristgroupwhofoughtforafreeQuebec.They

usedfirebombsandexplosivestoattacksymbolsofEnglishpower.MostQuebecnationalistsdisagreedwithsuchtactics.

In1967,theQuebeccabinetministerRenLvesquelefttheLiberalPartyandformedthePartiQubcois,apartyalsoinfavourofQuebecsindependence/separation.

OttawasResponse

LesterPearsonwasprimeministerinthemidstoftheQuietRevolution HeappointedtheRoyalCommissiononBilingualismandBiculturalismtoinvestigate

solutionsfortheFrenchsdiscontent ThecommissionrecommendedtheCanadabecomeofficiallybilingual FrancophonescomplainedaboutthedominanceofBritishsymbols,soPearsonsuggested

Canadamakeanewflagandsochosethemapleleaf. CanadiansresentedanewflagbecausetheythoughtPearsonwassimplymakingthe

francophoneshappy However,onFebrurary15th,1965,Canadasnewflagwasraisedforthefirsttime

TrudeauandQubec

TrudeaureplacedPearsonin1968 HepassedtheOfficialLanguagesAct,whichmadeCanadaabilingualcountry Manyembracedthedeclaration,butsomeWesternersfeltFrenchwasbeingforcedon

them FrancophoneshoweverfeltthatTrudeauwasnotdoingenough TheywantedspecialstatusforQuebecinConfederation,butTrudeaurefused

TheOctoberCrisis

October5th1970membersoftheFLQkidnappedJamesCross,aBritishdiplomatfromhishomeinMontreal

Inexchangeforhisrelease,theFLQdemandedthereleaseofFLQmembersinprison Thegovernmenthowever,refused October10th,1970TheFLQkidnappedQuebeclabourministerPierreLaporte

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Trudeau,needingtotakeaction,askedParliamenttoimposetheWarMeasuresAct,whichsuspendedcivilrightsandhadonlybeenusedduringthefirsttwoworldwars

Anyonecouldbearrestedwithoutbeingchargedforanoffense;beingpartoftheFLQwasthenacrime

October16thfederaltroopsweresenttopatrolthestreetsofOttawaandMontreal,wherehundredsofproseparatistQuebeckerswerearrested

October17ththepolicefoundthestrangledbodyofPierreLapointeinthetrunkofacar Twomonthslater,theMontrealpolicefoundthegroupholdingJamesCrossinaMontreal

house InexchangeforCrossssafety,thegroupmembersweregivenasafepassagetoCubawhere

theydgetpoliticalasylum. ThosedetainedundertheWarMeasuresActwerereleasedandtheOctoberCrisiswasover

ThePQinPower

ThePartiQuebecoistookpowerin1976 LeaderRenLevesquepromisedtoholdareferendumregardingindependence Bill101,AKAtheCharteroftheFrenchLanguagethisbillmadeFrenchtheonlyofficial

languageoftheprovince.ItwasintroducedbyRenLevesqueshortlyafterhegotpower.The1980Referendum

Areferendumwasheldin1980todetermineQuebecspoliticalfuture HeproposedthatQuebecbecomeindependentyetmaintaineconomicaltieswithCanada TrudeaupromisedtonegotiateanewConstitutionthatwouldbeanosidewin ThereferendumvotedagainstindependenceandRenLevesqueaccepteddefeat

PatriatingtheConstitution

TheBritishNorthAmericaActhadbeenCanadasconstitutionsince1867 TheActwasunderBritishjurisdictionhowever,sonochangescouldbemadewithoutBritish

approval TrudeauwantedtobringtheConstitutionhometoCanada,aswellasincludeaCharteror

RightsandFreedoms Trudeauneededtofirstthinkofanamendingformula,howchangeswouldbemade. OnNovember4th,1981,10premiersmetinOttawaovernightandthoughtoftheKitchen

Compromise.9/10premierswereawakenedinthemiddleofthenighttoapprovethedeal. ThepremiersacceptedtheCharterofRights,giventhatanescapeclausewereadded(asin,

federal/provincialgovernmentcouldoptoutofcertainclausesintheCharter) Anamendingformulawasalsodecidedupon:changescouldonlybemadewiththe

approvalof7/10provincesrepresentinghalfofCanadaspopulation. RenLevesque,whowasstayinginanotherhotel,wasnotincludedintheKitchen

Compromise. Hearguedthedeal,butTrudeauacceptedthecompromise Quebecfeltbetrayed OnApril17th,1982,theNewConstitutionActwassignedintolawbyQueenElizabethIIand

PrimeMinisterTrudeauandtheCanadianConstitutionhadreturnedtoCanadaTheConstitutionDebate

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By1984,thegreatestconcernofCanadianswastheeconomy Intheelectioncampaignof1984,BrianMulroney(ProgressiveConservative),decidedto

appealtotheQuebeckersbypromisingtorepairthedamagedonebytheConstitution MulroneywaselectedandbegannegotiationswhenRenLvesqueretiredandRobert

Bourassa(ProFederalistLiberalParty)cameintopower HisgoalwastogetQuebectosigntheconstitution,butotherprovincesalsohaddemands WesternalienationhadbecomeaproblemagainasOttawagaveagovernmentcontractto

Bombardier,aMontrealbasedairplanecompanyasopposedtotheWinnipegbasedBristolAerospaceofWinnipeg.

TheReformParty:formedin1987togiveavoicetowesternCanada.TheMeechLakeAccord

In1987,PrimeMinisterMulroneycalledthepremierstoaconferenceatMeechLake TheyweretodiscussamendmentstotheConstitution TheyproposedtorecognizeQuebecasadistinctsocietyandgavemorepowertoother

provinces ManitobaandNewfoundlandwithheldtheirsupporthoweverandtheAccorddisintegrated

inJune1990 BlocQubcois:formedin1990byLucienBouchard,aQuebecmemberofMulroneys

cabinet.TheCharlottetownAccord

MulroneysgovernmentformedaCitizensForum,acommitteethattravelledacrossthenationtoheartheviewsofCanadiansontheConstitution

Theymadeanewpackageofproposedamendments ThiswastheCharlottetownAccord ItproposedreformingtheSenate,makingitanelectedbodywithequalrepresentationfrom

allpartsofthecountry ItalsosupportedAboriginalselfgovernment TheAccordwasputtoanationalreferen