EAB 3308 Hydrology and

Hydraulics

Lecture Week 1Lecture 1: Introduction

Course Objectives

HYDROLOGY:• Engineering applications of hydrologic science• Hydrologic cycle• Basic statistics in hydrology• Precipitation data analysis• Watershed characteristics• Rainfall-runoff analysis• Hydrologic design: Design rainfall Design flows• Hydrograph analysis• Hydrologic routing processes• Groundwater hydrology

Class ScheduleMonday: 2-4 pmLab Friday: 3-6

Broad Objectives

• Understanding of hydrologic processes, particularly the processes of precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, and surface water.

• Methods of hydrologic analysis, including unit hydrograph, flow routing, statistical methods and frequency analysis in hydrology.

• Methods of hydrologic design, including the development of design storms and design flows

Learning Outcomes

Students will able to• fit probability distributions to hydrologic processes such as rainfall

and streamflow, and they understand the breadth and limitations of statistical methods

• understand the concepts of excess rainfall and direct runoff.• estimate the time of concentration of a watershed, based on

information about surface type and travel length, slope, and rainfall intensity

• develop design storms and estimate infiltration and hydrologic losses based on information about land use and soil type• estimate peak discharges and develop unit hydrographs and design hydrographs for small-scale watersheds• learn a basic understanding of hydrologic and hydraulic methods of

flow routing• Available software

Course Evaluation

• Homework & Class Attendance: 20%• Two Tests

1st Test: 20%2nd Test: 20%

• Final Exam: 40%

Total Marks: 100%

Outline

• Introduction of the course

• Hydrologic cycle

• Definition of hydrologic parameters

• Global water availability

• Water resources of Malaysia

• Drainage basins of Malaysia

Hydrology

• Hydrology (Greek: Hydor, "water"; and logos, "study") is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water throughout the Earth, and thus addresses both the hydrologic cycle and water resources.

• Hydrology DomainsHydrometeorology, Surface hydrology, Hydrogeology/Groundwater Hydrology, Watershed hydrology, Chemical hydrology, Hydroinformatics, Drainage basin management and water quality.

Related Fields

• Aquatic chemistry • Civil engineering • Climatology • Environmental engineering • Environmental engineering science • Geomorphology • Hydrography • Hydraulic engineering • Limnology • Oceanography • Physical geography

Hydrologic Prediction

• Statistical Hydrology Statistical properties of hydrologic records,

such as rainfall or river flow. Hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic

phenomena These estimates are important for proper risk

analysis• Hydrologic Modeling Understanding of the

behaviour of hydrologic systems to make better predictions and to face the major challenges in water resources management

Applications

• Study the water balance of a region & the agricultural water balance • Designing riparian restoration projects • Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and drought risk • Real-time flood forecasting and flood warning • Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity • Part of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling • Providing drinking water • Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation • Designing bridges • Designing sewers and urban drainage system • Analyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture on sanitary sewer

systems • Predicting geomorphological changes, such as erosion or

sedimentation. • Assessing the impacts of natural and environmental change on water

resources • Assessing contaminant transport risk and establishing environmental

policy guidelines

Hydrologic Cycle

Rain Clouds

Precipitation

Cloud Formation

Evaporation

VegetationStream

Soil

Ocean

Transpiration

Infiltration

Percolation

Groundwater Flow

RunoffStorage

Water moves throughout the Earth by different pathways and at different rates

How Hydrologic Cycle Works

Hydrologic Cycle

Groundwater Reservoir

Hydrologic Cycle Processes

Global Water Availability

500

1350

3850

10000

37500

325000

m3/capita/year

World Population by Freshwater Availability

Population and Water Use

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Withdrawal (km3/yr)

Population (million)

1 km3 = 1,000,000,000 m3

Global Water Resources

105,000 km3 or 0.0076% of total water

Global Freshwater

Global Water

Water Availability vs Population

World Population by Freshwater Availability

• 2000Total population: 6 millionRelative sufficiency: 92%Stress: 5%Scarcity: 3%

• 2025 Total population: 7.82 billionRelative sufficiency: 62%Stress: 31%Scarcity: 7%

*600 million people face water scarcity

Estimate of the World Water Balance

• Computed as though storage were uniformly distributed over the entire surface of the earth

Water Resources Availability-Malaysia

• Total available water resources have been estimated to be 630 km3/year Surface water: 566 km3/year Groundwater: 64 km3/year Major water uses: irrigation, domestic

and industrial water supplies.

Irrigation consumes about 70% of

the total surface water used.

Climate - Malaysia

• Malaysia has a hot and humid tropical climate marked by seasonal variations in rainfall

• The annual mean rainfall Peninsular Malaysia: 2,540 mm Sabah: 2,630 mm Sarawak: 3,850 mm Highest 5,500 mm of annual rainfall in

Sarawak• Mean annual temperature is 27°C (25 -30o)• Relative humidity is high (85 - 95%)

Topography of P. Malaysia

Topography of East Malaysia

Water Quality Status – River Basins in P. Malaysia

Landuse Map – P. Malaysia (2002)

Rainfall Map- P. Malaysia

Soil Map – P. Malaysia

Temperature Map – P. Malaysia

Average Monthly Rainfall – Major Cities of Malaysia

Watershed – Hydrologic System

Typical Drainage Basin – Langat River Basin

Bernam River Basin

Pahang River Basin

Muda River Basin

Sg. Kedah Basin

Water Balance Components

The basic components are:

Precipitation (P), interception, surface retention, evaporation (E), transpiration (T), infiltration (I), surface runoff (R) and groundwater flow (G). The change of storage is:

OutputInputdtds

TEGRIPΔS

End

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