33 Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorine Gas

7/30/2019 33 Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorine Gas

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Sodium Hypochlorite andSodium Hypochlorite andChlorine Gas:Chlorine Gas:

Design, Handling, and StorageDesign, Handling, and StorageIssuesIssues

Presented By:Presented By:

Water Treatment Practices CommitteeWater Treatment Practices CommitteeAWWA Michigan SectionAWWA Michigan SectionSpringSpring RegionalsRegionals -- 20062006


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OverviewOverview Individual Look at Both ChemicalsIndividual Look at Both Chemicals

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties

Materials for HandlingMaterials for Handling StorageStorage

CostCost

SafetySafety

Some ComparisonsSome Comparisons

Safety is Important, but Not the MainSafety is Important, but Not the MainFocus of This PresentationFocus of This Presentation


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ChlorineChlorine -- Beneficial UsesBeneficial Uses

Automot iveAutomot ivenn Foam SeatingFoam Seatingnn PaintsPaintsnn Plastic BumpersPlastic Bumpers

MoldingMoldingInstrumentsInstruments

nn Floor MatsFloor Matsnn FabricFabricnn Seat BeltsSeat Beltsnn Tire CordsTire Cordsnn DashboardsDashboards

nn HosesHoses

ConstructionConstructionnn CarpetingCarpetingnn UpholsteryUpholsterynn Wire InsulationWire Insulationnn PipesPipesnn SidingSidingnn FlooringFlooringnn PaintsPaintsnn CoatingsCoatings

DefenseDefensenn BulletBullet--Proof VestsProof Vestsnn HelmetsHelmetsnn ParachutesParachutesnn Water Repellant FibersWater Repellant Fibersnn ShatterShatter--Resistant GlassResistant Glassnn Titanium AircraftTitanium Aircraftnn Jet EnginesJet Enginesnn MissilesMissiles

ElectronicsElectronicsnn SemiconductorsSemiconductorsnn Computer DisksComputer Disksnn Wire InsulationWire Insulation

Food Producti on &Food Producti on &HandlingHandling

nn HerbicidesHerbicidesnn Vitamins B1 & B6Vitamins B1 & B6

nn CleanersCleanersnn DisinfectantsDisinfectantsnn Thermal InsulationThermal Insulationnn Sterile PackagingSterile Packaging

Health CareHealth Carenn ElectronicElectronic

InstrumentsInstrumentsnn Sterile PackagingSterile Packagingnn Surgical EquipmentSurgical Equipmentnn Cleaning CompoundsCleaning Compoundsnn Prescription EyePrescription Eye

WearWearnn Laboratory ReagentsLaboratory Reagentsnn AntibioticsAntibiotics

Pulp and PaperPulp and Paper

MedicinesMedicinesnn Cancer TreatmentCancer Treatmentnn Pain RelieversPain Relieversnn Local AnestheticsLocal Anestheticsnn AntihistaminesAntihistaminesnn DecongestantsDecongestants

Metal ProductionMetal Productionnn MagnesiumMagnesium

nn NickelNickelnn BismuthBismuthnn TitaniumTitaniumnn ZirconiumZirconiumnn ZincZinc

OutdoorOutdoorRecreationRecreation

nn Neoprene Wet SuitsNeoprene Wet Suitsnn Inflatable RaftsInflatable Raftsnn Golf GripGolf Gripnn Surf BoardsSurf Boardsnn Nylon RopesNylon Ropesnn TentsTentsnn Sleeping BagsSleeping Bagsnn CoatsCoatsnn BackpacksBackpacksnn Waterproof ClothingWaterproof Clothing

Water TreatmentWater Treatmentnn Safe Drinking WaterSafe Drinking Water

nn WastewaterWastewaterTreatmentTreatment


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Chlorine = DisinfectionChlorine = DisinfectionPrimary use of Chlorine is for thePrimary use of Chlorine is for theManufacture of PlasticsManufacture of Plastics

But, in the U.S. Water Industry,But, in the U.S. Water Industry,

Chlorine isChlorine is thethe Primary DisinfectantPrimary Disinfectant

Common Forms Used in WaterCommon Forms Used in WaterTreatment are Chlorine Gas and LiquidTreatment are Chlorine Gas and LiquidSodium Hypochlorite (Bleach)Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach)

XX


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Disinfection & FiltrationDisinfection & Filtration

DisinfectionDisinfectionnn Essential part of waterEssential part of water

treatmenttreatment

nn CryptoCrypto resists traditionalresists traditionaldisinfectantsdisinfectants

FiltrationFiltrationnn Most surface water systems filterMost surface water systems filter

nn Physical process can removePhysical process can remove CryptoCrypto

nn Disinfection still necessaryDisinfection still necessary


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Chlorine/Sodium HypochloriteChlorine/Sodium Hypochlorite

Use in MichiganUse in Michigan

nn Approximately 540 Public WaterApproximately 540 Public Water

Systems Add Chlor ineSystems Add Chlor ine

nn 90 Use Chlor ine Gas90 Use Chlor ine Gas

nn 450 Use Sodium Hypochlor it e450 Use Sodium Hypochlor it e


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Chlorine GasChlorine Gas

MSDS FactsMSDS Facts Chem ical Formula: ClChemical Formula: Cl 22 Boiling Point :Boiling Point : -- 29.429.4FF Freezing Poin t :Freezing Poin t : -- 150F150F

Appearance:Appearance:Gas is Greenish in ColorGas is Greenish in ColorHas St rong, Pungent OdorHas St rong, Pungent Odor

Dry Cl Dry Cl22 is nonis non-- corrosivecorrosive Wet is highly corrosive t o metals Wet is highly corrosive t o metals

(Wet Cl(Wet Cl22 has > 150has > 150 ppmppm water)water) Chlorine + Water = ACI DChlorine + Wat er = ACI D


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More Chlorine Gas MSDSMore Chlorine Gas MSDS Heavier than airHeavier t han air

Specif ic Volume: 1 lb = 4.99 cubic ftSpecif ic Volume: 1 lb = 4.99 cubic ft

(150 lb cylinder can fi l l a 10 ft x 10 ft x 7.5 ft(150 lb cylinder can fi l l a 10 ft x 10 ft x 7.5 ftroom w ith 100% Cl2 gas, displacing all theroom w it h 100% Cl2 gas, displacing all the

air)air)

pH: AcidicpH: Acidic

Non Combust ible, but Suppor t sNon Combust ible, but Suppor t s

CombustionCombustion React s Violent ly w it h Many ChemicalsReact s Violent ly w it h Many Chemicals


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More Chlorine Gas MSDSMore Chlorine Gas MSDSACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS: CHLORINE IS A POTENT IRRITANT TO THE MUCOUSMEMBRANES OF THE EYES, NOSE AND THROAT, AND TO THE LININGS OF THEENTIRE RESPIRATORY TRACT. THE EXTENT OF INJURY DEPENDS UPONCONCENTRATION AND DURATION OF EXPOSURE. DEATH MAY OCCUR UNDERSEVERE EXPOSURE. IN HIGH CONCENTRATIONS, CHLORINE MAY CAUSE SKINIRRITATION, WITH SENSATIONS OF BURNING AND PRICKLING, INFLAMMATION

AND BLISTER FORMATION. LIQUID CHLORINE MAY CAUSE SERIOUS DIRECT AND

EYE BURNS ON CONTACT.

CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS: CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO CHLORINE GAS CAN CAUSECORROSION OF THE TEETH, DISEASES OF THE LUNG, AND MAY PREDISPOSE THEINDIVIDUAL TO LUNG INFECTIONS, INCLUDING TUBERCULOSIS.

INHALATION: MAY CAUSE SEVERE IRRITATION TO THE RESPIRATORY TRACTFOLLOWED BY COUGHING, BURNING, CHEST PAIN, VOMITING, HEADACHE,

ANXIETY AND FEELING OF SUFFOCATION. SEVERE EXPOSURE MAY CAUSEPNEUMONITIS AND PULMONARY EDEMA. REPEATED EXPOSURE TO CHLORINE MAYRESULT IN REDUCED PULMONARY CAPACITY AND DENTAL EROSION.

DIRECT CONTACT: MAY CAUSE BURNS, BLISTERING AND TISSUE DESTRUCTION

EYE CONTACT: LIQUID AND OR HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF CHLORINE GAS INCONTACT WITH THE EYES WILL CAUSE EXTREME IRRITATION AND OR BURNS


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Chlorine Feed SystemChlorine Feed System

Key Design ConsiderationsKey Design Considerationsnn Cur rent General Design Pract ice is t oCur rent General Design Pract ice is t o

Have Gas Under Vacuum to Carr ierHave Gas Under Vacuum to Carr ierWater St reamWater St ream

nn Carr ier Water Flow ThroughCarr ier Water Flow Through EductorEductor ,,Opens Vacuum Regulator Allow ing GasOpens Vacuum Regulator Allow ing GasFlowFlow


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Chlorine Feed SystemChlorine Feed System

Key Design ConsiderationsKey Design Considerationsnn Some Large I nstallat ions Use PressureSome Large I nstallat ions Use Pressure

ManifoldsManifolds

nn Some Very Large I nstallat ions UseSome Very Large I nstallat ions UseLiqu id Chlor ine Evaporators for HighLiquid Chlorine Evaporat ors for HighWit hdraw al Requirements (1,000s ofWit hdraw al Requirements (1,000s oflbs/ day)lbs/ day)


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Gas Chlorine Feed Schematic


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Gas Chlorine Feed SystemGas Chlorine Feed System

Key Design ConsiderationsKey Design Considerations

nn May Need Booster Pumping for ProperMay Need Booster Pumping for Proper

I nj ect ion PressureI nj ect ion Pressure

nn Gas Wit hdraw al Rate fr om Cylinder isGas Wit hdraw al Rate fr om Cylinder isLim it ed at Standard Temp., Pres.Lim it ed at Standard Temp., Pres.nn

70 lbs/ 24 hrs for 150 lb cylinders70 lbs/ 24 hrs for 150 lb cylindersnn 560 lbs/ 24 hrs for t on cylinders560 lbs/ 24 hrs for t on cylinders

nn Any Fast er and Freezing Wi ll OccurAny Faster and Freezing Wil l Occur


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nn Schedule 80 PVC Piping is Good ChoiceSchedule 80 PVC Piping is Good Choice

for Chlor ine Solut ion ( Solvent Welded)for Chlor ine Solut ion ( Solvent Welded)

nn Other Compat ible MaterialsOther Compatible Materialsnn PVDFPVDF -- PolyvinylidenePolyvinylidene FluorideFluoride

nn PTFEPTFE -- PolytetrafluoroethylenePolytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)(Teflon)

nn CPVCCPVC -- Chlorinated PolyvinylchlorideChlorinated Polyvinylchloride

nn Titanium ( for component hardware)Titanium ( for component hardware)nn 316L Stainless Steel316L Stainless Steel

nn Piping I dent if icat ion:Piping I dent if icat ion:

nn ColorColor -- YellowYellow

nn LabelsLabels

nn Flow Arrow sFlow Arrow s


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nn Ent rance t o Chlor ine Room FromEnt rance t o Chlor ine Room FromExt erior OnlyExt erior Only

nn View ing Window to Room Required inView ing Window to Room Required inI nt erior SpaceI nt erior Spacenn Gas detector and scale readout sGas detector and scale readouts

nn HVACHVACnn I nt ake Duct Near Floor ( Gas is Heavier t hanI nt ake Duct Near Floor (Gas is Heavier t han

Air)Air)

nn Exhaust Discharge AWAY From Ent ranceExhaust Discharge AWAY From Ent rance

nn Chlor ine Gas Monit oring RequiredChlor ine Gas Monit oring Required


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Chlorine Gas RegulatoryChlorine Gas Regulatory

ConsiderationsConsiderations

nn Clean Air Act Sect ion 112( r) :Clean Air Act Sect ion 112( r) :Prevent ion of Accident al ReleasesPrevent ion of Accidental Releasesnn Over 2,500 lb Threshold Quant it y RequiresOver 2,500 lb Threshold Quanti t y Requires

a Risk Managem ent Plan ( RMP)a Risk Management Plan ( RMP)

nn SARA Tit le I I I (Emergency PlanningSARA Tit le I I I (Emergency Planningand Comm unit y Rightand Comm unit y Right -- toto--Know Act )Know Act )

nn Threshold Planning Quant it y: 100 lbsThreshold Planning Quant it y: 100 lbs

nn Not ify State Emergency ResponseNot if y State Emergency ResponseComm ission and Local Emergency PlanningComm ission and Local Emergency Planning

CommitteeCommittee


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Gas Chlorine Accident PreventionGas Chlorine Accident Prevention

nn ContainmentContainmentnn Available for Ton CylindersAvailable for Ton Cylinders

and 150 lb Cylindersand 150 lb Cylindersnn Aut omati c Cylinder Shut OffAut omati c Cylinder Shut Off

ValvesValves

nn ScrubbersScrubbers

nn Wet TypeWet Typenn Dry TypeDry Type


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Storage ConsiderationsStorage Considerations

nn Keep Cyl inders CoolKeep Cyl inders Coolnn Pressure Relief Plugs Melt at 158Pressure Relief Plugs Melt at 158FF

nn Store Above Ground in Dry AreaStore Above Ground in Dry Area

nn Secure Cylinders f rom MovementSecure Cyl inders f rom Movement

nn Act ive Cylinders on Scale to Monit orAct ive Cylinders on Scale to Monit orUseUse


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Sodium HypochloriteSodium Hypochlorite

MSDS FactsMSDS Facts Chemical Formula:Chemical Formula: NaOClNaOCl

Commercially Available:Commercially Available:

Typically 10%Typically 10% -- 15% by Wt .15% by Wt . Often Referred to as Bleach , butOft en Referred to as Bleach , but

is Much St ronger t han theis Much St ronger t han theHousehold VarietyHousehold Variety

pH = 11pH = 11 1313

Freezing Poin t :Freezing Point : -- 11F @ 12.5%11F @ 12.5%

Boil ing Poin t : > 212F @ 12.5%Boil ing Point : > 212F @ 12.5%


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More Sodium Hypochlorite MSDSMore Sodium Hypochlorite MSDS

Specific Gravit y: 1.2Specific Gravit y: 1.2

Bulk Density: 9.8 lb/ galBulk Density: 9.8 lb/ gal

Solubil it y in Water: CompleteSolubili t y in Water: Complete Appearance:Appearance:

Yellow Colored LiquidYellow Colored Liquid

Chlor ine OdorChlor ine Odor

CorrosiveCorrosive


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More Sodium Hypochlorite MSDSMore Sodium Hypochlorite MSDS

Health Hazards Acute & Chronic:SKIN:MAY CAUSE SEVERE IRRITATION &/OR BURNS. PROLONGED EXPOSURE MAYCAUSE DESTRUCTION OF THE DERMIS W/ IMPAIRMENT OF THE SKIN. BURNS MAYNOT BE IMMEDIATELY APPARENT. EYES:SEVERE IRRITATION &/OR BURNS CANOCCUR. CONTACT MAY CAUSE IMPAIRMENTOF VISION & CORNEAL DAMAGE.

INHALATION:IRRITATING TO NOSE, MOUTH, THROAT, & LUNGS. MAY CAUSEBURNS TO THE RESP. TRACT W/ THE PRODUCTION OF LUNG EDEMA. INHALATIONOF HIGH CONC. OF MIST CAN RESULT IN PERM. LUNG DAMAGE.INGESTION:IRRITATION &/OR BURNS CAN OCCUR TO THE ENTIREGASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. CHRONIC: MAY CAUSE LUNG DAMAGE, TISSUEDESTRUCTION, & EYE BURNS. MAY ACT AS A SENSITIZER.

Signs & Symptoms of Overexposure:

SKIN: REDNESS, SWELLING AND SCAB FORMATION. EYES: SEVERE IRRITATION.INHALATION: SHORTNESS OF BREATH, WHEEZING, CHOKING, CHEST PAIN.INGESTION:NAUSEA, VOMITING, DIARRHEA, ABDOMINAL PAIN, BLEEDING AND/ORTISSUE ULCERATION.


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Sodium Hypochlorite Feed SchematicBulk System


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Sodium Hypochlorite Feed Schematic


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NaOClNaOCl Feed SystemFeed System


nn Perist alt ic Pum ps are a GoodPerist alt ic Pum ps are a GoodChoice for Pumping SodiumChoice for Pum ping Sodium

HypochloriteHypochlorite

nn Smooth Delivery of ChemicalSmooth Delivery of Chemical

nn No Wet ted Part sNo Wet ted Part s

nn Less Concern w it hLess Concern w it h OffgasingOffgasing

nn Need t o Change Tubing Frequent ly t oNeed t o Change Tubing Frequent ly t oAssure Consistent Chemical DeliveryAssure Consistent Chemical Delivery


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nn Motor Driven or Solenoid DrivenMotor Driven or Solenoid DrivenDiaphragm PumpsDiaphragm Pumpsnn

Common, ProvenCommon, Provennn Need Pulsat ion DampeningNeed Pulsation Dampening

nn May be More Concern w it hMay be More Concern w it hOffgasingOffgasing

nn 44--Way Funct ion ValvesWay Funct ion Valves


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nn Storage Tank Material:Storage Tank Mat erial:

nn Fiberglass Reinforced Plast icFiberglass Reinforced Plast ic

(FRP)(FRP)nn CrossCross-- Linked PolyethyleneLinked Polyethylene

nn Limit ed in Design Flexibilit yLim it ed in Design Flexibilit y

nn Bulk Tanks (FRP) :Bulk Tanks (FRP) :nn Properl y Sized Vent for Truck UnloadingProperl y Sized Vent for Truck Unloading

nn SideSide ManwayManway or No Sideor No Side ManwayManway??nn Slope Bot tom f or Posit ive Drainage forSlope Bot tom f or Posit ive Drainage for

CleaningCleaning

nn Load Cells or Level Measurement t oLoad Cells or Level Measurement t oTrack Usage and I nventoryTrack Usage and I nventory


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nn Schedule 80 PVC is Good Choice forSchedule 80 PVC is Good Choice for

Piping and ValvesPiping and Valves

nn Diaphragm Valves are Recommended;Diaphragm Valves are Recommended;True Union PVC Ball Valves are a Low erTrue Union PVC Ball Valves are a Low erCost Alt ernat iveCost Alt ernat ive

nn Piping I dent if icat ion:Piping I dent if icat ion:

nn ColorColor -- YellowYellow

nn LabelsLabels

nn Flow Arrow sFlow Arrow s


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nn Secondary Cont ainmentSecondary Cont ainm ent -- 100% of100% of

Largest Cont ainer Stored in AreaLargest Cont ainer Stored in Areann (6,000 gal tank = 16 ft x 16 ft x 3 ft )(6,000 gal tank = 16 ft x 16 ft x 3 ft )

nn 330 gal . tote = (10 f t x 10 f t x f t)330 gal . tote = (10 f t x 10 f t x f t)

nn 55 gal . drum = (4 f t x 4 f t x f t )55 gal . drum = (4 f t x 4 f t x f t )

nn

Consider Need for SecondaryConsider Need for SecondaryContainment for Out door ChemicalCont ainment f or Out door ChemicalUnloading AreasUnloading Areas


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nn Storage Volume: 30 Days PlusStorage Volume: 30 Days PlusDelivery I s Comm onDelivery I s Comm on

nn Product Degradat ion:Product Degradat ion:nn 12.5%12.5% NaOClNaOCl May Degrade To 10% I nMay Degrade To 10% I n

6 t o 8 Weeks, Then Degradation Rate6 t o 8 Weeks, Then Degradation RateSlowsSlows

nn Can Dilut e Product Upon Delivery ToCan Dilute Product Upon Delivery ToLess Than 10% I f Adequate StorageLess Than 10% I f Adequate StorageAvailable; Adj ust pH To 11Available; Adjust pH To 11 -- 1313

nn Store Chemical in a Cool , DarkStore Chem ical in a Cool, DarkArea to Minim ize Degradat ionArea to Minimize Degradat ion


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Other ConsiderationsOther Considerations

nn Want t o Get Fresh ChemicalWant t o Get Fresh ChemicalFrom Suppl iers to Maximize ShelfFrom Suppliers t o Maxim ize ShelfLifeLife

nn AWWA has a Specif icat ion forAWWA has a Specif icat ion forNaOClNaOCl

nn Need To Consider Chem icalNeed To Consider Chem icalSt rengt h When Set t ing DoseSt rengt h When Sett ing Dose

nn Laboratory Test ing Procedures AndLaboratory Test ing Procedures AndTest Kit s (HACH) Avai lable ToTest Kit s (HACH) Available ToVerif y And Moni t or ChemicalVerif y And Moni t or ChemicalStrengthStrength


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Other ConsiderationsOther Considerations

nn HACH Test Kit : Hypochlor it e,HACH Test Kit : Hypochlor it e,Model CNModel CN--HRDT, 100 Tests,HRDT, 100 Tests,

Digit al Tit rat ionDigit al Tit rat ionnn Good for 5% to 15% solutionGood for 5% t o 15% solution

nn Test Kit : $181 for 100 t estsTest Kit : $181 for 100 t ests

nn DigitalDigital TitratorTitrator : $112 one t ime: $112 one t imepurchasepurchase


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Maintenance ConsiderationsMaintenance Considerations

nn Common Problem w it hComm on Problem w it h NaOClNaOClSystems isSystems is OffgasingOffgasing

nn Vinegar Soak t o Clean Assembl iesVinegar Soak t o Clean Assembl ies

nn May need soft ened Water forMay need soft ened Water forCarr ier Water t o Avoid ScalingCarr ier Water t o Avoid Scaling

nn Can also Add Phosphat e t o PreventCan also Add Phosphat e t o PreventScalingScaling


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Bulk Chemical DeliveryBulk Chemical Delivery

nn Make Sure Fil l NozzlesMake Sure Fil l Nozzlesare Clearly I denti fiedare Clearly I denti fied

nn Bulk lines need t o beBulk lines need t o belocked or ot herw iselocked or ot herw ise

securedsecurednn Shut off Valve Dow nShut off Valve Dow n

St ream of t he FillSt ream of t he FillPointPoint

nn An Operat or ShouldAn Operat or Should

Be Present WheneverBe Present Whenevera Tanker isa Tanker isDownloadingDownloading


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Gas Chlorine CostsGas Chlorine Costs

1 Ton Cylinder1 Ton Cylinder $0.36/lb Cl$0.36/lb Cl22

150 lb Cylinder150 lb Cylinder $1.01/lb Cl$1.01/lb Cl22

Notes:Notes:

Includes freightIncludes freightPrices are for 2Prices are for 2 5 cylinders5 cylinders

The more you buy, the less per lbThe more you buy, the less per lb

Prices do not including cylinder depositPrices do not including cylinder deposit


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Sodium Hypochlorite CostsSodium Hypochlorite Costs

BulkBulk $0.70/gal$0.70/gal(+ freight)(+ freight)

330 gal totes,330 gal totes,55 gal drums55 gal drums $1.40/gal$1.40/gal

Notes:Notes:Bulk = >1,000 gallonsBulk = >1,000 gallonsFreight typically varies from $500 to $1,500Freight typically varies from $500 to $1,500

The more you buy, the lower the cost per gallonThe more you buy, the lower the cost per gallon

1 gal 12.5%1 gal 12.5% NaOClNaOCl solution containssolution contains 1 lb Chlorine 1 lb Chlorine


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Cost ComparisonCost Comparison

Cost to feed 1 mg/L to 1 million gallons:Cost to feed 1 mg/L to 1 million gallons:

1 mg/L x 1 MG x 8.34 =1 mg/L x 1 MG x 8.34 = 8.348.34 lb/MGlb/MG

12.5%12.5% NaOClNaOCl:: = 8.34 gal @ $0.85/gal (w/freight)= 8.34 gal @ $0.85/gal (w/freight)(bulk)(bulk) == $ 7.09/MG$ 7.09/MG

12.5%12.5% NaOClNaOCl:: = 8.34 gal @ $1.40/gal (w/freight)= 8.34 gal @ $1.40/gal (w/freight)(drums)(drums) == $ 11.68/MG$ 11.68/MG

Gas ClGas Cl22 = 8.34 lb @ $0.36/lb= 8.34 lb @ $0.36/lb(ton(ton cylcyl.).) == $ 3.00/MG$ 3.00/MG

Gas ClGas Cl22 = 8.34 lb @ $1.01/lb= 8.34 lb @ $1.01/lb(150#(150# cylcyl.).) == $ 8.42/MG$ 8.42/MG


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SummarySummary

nn Gas Chlor ine And Sodium Hypochlor it eGas Chlorine And Sodium Hypochlor it eAre Cr it ical To A Safe Water SupplyAre Cri t ical To A Safe Water Supply

nn Both Have Advantages andBoth Have Advantages and

Disadvant ages Regarding Safet y, Cost ,Disadvant ages Regarding Safet y, Cost ,and Operat ionsand Operat ions

nn Use of Sodium Hypochlor it e Simpli fiesUse of Sodium Hypochlor it e Simpli fiesRegulatory Compl iance, But is NOTRegulatory Compl iance, But is NOTWit hout Safety HazardsWit hout Safety Hazards

nn Good Design Pract ices and GoodGood Design Pract ices and GoodOperat ional Pract ices Assure Effect iveOperat ional Pract ices Assure Ef fect iveTreatment and Minimize Safety RisksTreatment and Minimize Safety Risks


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Water Treatment PracticesWater Treatment Practices

CommitteeCommitteeGimmicks and Gadgets ContestGimmicks and Gadgets Contest

vvEntries are due by June 1, 2006Entries are due by June 1, 2006vvYou can eYou can e--mail (preferred), US Mail or fax your entry:mail (preferred), US Mail or fax your entry:

vvemail:email: wtpcomm@[email protected]

vvmail:mail: Water Treatment Practices CommitteeWater Treatment Practices Committeec/o Michigan Section AWWAc/o Michigan Section AWWAPO Box 16337PO Box 16337

Lansing, MI 48901Lansing, MI 48901--63376337

vvfax:fax: (616) 942(616) 942--57875787


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Questions and CommentsQuestions and Comments

Water Treatment Practices CommitteeWater Treatment Practices Committee

AWWAAWWA -- Michigan SectionMichigan Section

33 Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorine Gas

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