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Transcript of 3/2/2017 diseases of backyard chickens, - UC Davis · PDF fileCommon diseases of backyard...
3/2/2017
1
Common diseases of backyard chickens, pathology and diagnostics
Aslı Mete, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP
California Animal Health & Food Safety (CAHFS) Laboratory System
Todays talk:
CAHFS: the CA diagnostic laboratory system
Chicken necropsy procedures
Common diseases of chickens in backyard flocks
CAHFS Laboratory System
UC Davis CDFACA Department of Food & Agriculture
3/2/2017
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CAHFS Laboratory System
Davis
Turlock
Tulare
San Bernardino
AVIAN, LIVESTOCK, HORSE
AVIAN
AVIAN, LIVESTOCK, HORSE
AVIAN, LIVESTOCK, HORSE
CAHFS Mission
PublicHealth
New Knowledge
Equine Health
Food SafetyHealth
ManagementSurveillance
CAHFS Mission – backyard flocks
Public Health New Knowledge
Food Safety
Health Management
Surveillance
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Photo creditsAAAP (contributions of all invaluable avian pathologists)
Dr. Dan Shaw’s “Necropsy procedure for game birds”
CAHFS necropsy cases, techs
ResourcesFARAD.org – Food Animal Residue Avoidance Bank
AMDUCA – Extra label Drug Use Algorithm
UC EXTENSION ‐ http://ucanr.edu/sites/poultry/?search=yes
CDFA
Backyard Flocks (BYF)
Chickens, turkeys, waterfowl, game birds
<1000 birds
Food source, pet, hobby
Deanne de Silva
The ‘BYF Program’
CDFA – CAHFS partnership
Surveillance: Exotic Newcastle Disease (END)
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)*
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HPAI
Sick or dead chicken?
Pathologist on duty performs necropsy
Swabs for HPAI/ENDAssigns tests: histopathology,bacteriology, virology, toxicology, serology
Findings reported by e‐mail/fax/mail
Live bird testing
Immunology ‐ Serology
Bacterial cultures, PCR – swabs
Toxicology – suspected toxin or surveillance Egg, soil, water, feed, blood etc.
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Choana /trachea swabs
Postmortem diagnostics Highly advantageous, effective
Necessary if multiple birds are dying/dead
If sending – fridge up to a week! After that: freezeWet feathers to cool down fast
Necropsy/Pathology
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Histopathology
Necropsy
External exam: feathers, signs of
trauma, ocular/nasal discharge
Necropsy
WET completely – soap helps!
Dander/healthPracticality
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Necropsy ‐ ‘Normal’ vs ‘Not’
‘Normal’ vs ‘Not’
Could be significant, or, incidental
‘Normal’ vs ‘Not’
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‘Normal’ ? ‘Not’
Necropsy
‘Normal’
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‘Normal’Laying hen
‘Normal’
Infectious60%
Non-Inf27%
Unknown13%
Overview of diagnoses
n= 1301 chickens
Mete et al., Avian Dis, 2013
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Causes of mortality in Northern CA: 2007‐2012
Bacterial23%
Viral30%
Fungal1.5%
Parasitic5%
Metabolic11%
Toxic 1%
Neoplastic 9%
Developmental 1%
Trauma 3%
Miscellaneous 2%Unknown
13%
n=1301
Conclusions
Most common etiologies:
1. Marek’s disease
2. Salpingitis, peritonitis
3. Carcinomatosis
4. Liver hemorrhagic syndrome
Zoonoses: 2% incidence
Mycobacteriosis,
Salmonellosis,
Listeriosis,
Baylisascaris sp.
Common diseases of backyard flocks (chickens) and diagnostics
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Reproductive system
Metabolic / Toxic
Integument
Nervous system
Lymphoproliferative diseases
Clinical signs:
• many times “found dead”
• ADR ‐ “ain’t doin’ right”
• on and off, not easy to see!
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Respiratory system signsSinuses, trachea, lungs, air sacs
Swollen sinuses
Ocular / nasal discharge
Open mouth breathing
Difficulty to breath
Coughing /sneezing / wheezing
‘Bubbly’ eyes
Respiratory system diseases
Avian Influenza (AI)
Exotic Newcastle Disease (END)
Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)
Pox virus
Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV)
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Mycoplasma synoviae
Pasteurella multocida
Avibacterium paragallinarum
Chlamydia psittaci (turkeys)
Viral Bacterial
Parasitic Fungal
Trichomonas gallinae
GapewormAspergillus spp.
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Mycoplasma spp. – MG/MS
P. multocida ‐ Fowl Cholera
(Avibacterium paragallinarum)
Sinusitis
MG and Fowl Cholera
Air sacculitisAir sacs
TracheaHealthy
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END
ILT
HPAI
Tracheitisacute
d1614960
Dr. Dan Famini
Tracheitissubacute/chronic
d1614960
DDx: ILT, Pox v. (wet pox), END!, Trichomonas
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Trichomoniasis
Aspergillosis
Healthy
LungsPneumonia, cholera
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Neoplasia
Squamous cell carcinoma
Diagnosis of respiratory diseases
Histopathology, scrapings
Serology: poultry respiratory panel
Aerobic culture: sinuses, trachea, lungs
Oropharyngeal swab PCR: AI, END, Mycoplasma sp., ILT, IBV
Virus isolation: trachea, lung tissue
Direct electron microscopy: ILT, poxvirus
D1611748
Jethro 2 yr old rooster
Wheezy cough 6 months
Gaping, gurgles
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Intrathoracic “masses”
Granuloma? Fungal? Bacterial?
Neoplasia?
Histopathology!
PAS
aspergillosis
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Digestive system diseases
Crop dysfunction
‘Vomiting’
Diarrhea – vent feathers soiled with feces
bloody / non‐bloody
Viral
Pox
ENDPoult enteritis (rotav.)
Bacterial
C. perfringens (NE) Salmonella sp.
Fungal
Candidiasis
Parasitic
Trichomoniasis
CapillariasisCoccidiosisHistomoniasis
AscaridiasisCestodiasis
Nutritional
Vitamin A deficiency
Digestive system diseases
Uni. Of Kentucky
3/2/2017
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Crop impaction/stasis
Ingluvitis; candida, capillaria etc.
Obstructive; coelomic “mass”
Diet: long grasses, dry etc.
Neurogenic; vagal, ganglia (Marek’s)
Ingluvitis
Candidiasis
Capillariasis – flock problem!
pheasant
Obstructive
Carcinomatosis, ascites, salpingitis
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Diet
“Rescue hen” with weight loss
“Choke” – death by tortilla
ENDV; Virulent/non‐v
Viral
ENDV, HPAI
Pox; ‘wet pox’ (mucosal form)
Clostridium spp.Necrotic enteritis (NE)
Salmonella spp.
Bacterial
Salmonella arizonae
CulturePCR
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Coccidiosis
Parasitic
Histomoniasis
Turkeys and chickens
Parasitic
Ascarids – not typically pathogenic(need A LOT)
Tapeworms – only few speciespathogenic
Parasitic
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Diagnosis of digestive tract diseases
Fecal swab or feces:
Salmonella PCR, culture
Aerobic / anaerobic (Clostridium spp.) culture
Wet mount (coccidiosis)
Flotation
Histopathology
Reproductive system diseases
• Infection of the oviduct, coelom/peritoneum
• Internal layers
• ‘Carcinomatosis’
“Liver hemorrhagic syndrome”
Metabolic diseases
The “Big belly” chicken series
‘Big belly’ chicken I
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Salpingitis/Peritonitis/Salpingoperitonitis (SPS)
E. Coli
Acute SPS
Chronic SPS
E. ColiGallibacterium anatis
SPS,
Internal layer
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‘Big belly’ chicken II
Carcinomatosis(disseminated carcinoma)
Ovarian/Oviductal/?Carcinoma
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PearlCrop stasis, occasional emptying
Carcinomatosisunknown origin
‘(Fatty) Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome’
‘Big belly’ chicken III
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Overweight (obese) chickens
Pale livers (“fatty”)
Hemorrhages, hematomas
Capsular rupture
Exsanguination
Sudden death
Trott et al., Vet Pathol., 2013
LHS associated with
LHS Conclusions
Obesity is a risk factor in female layers
Spring and summer warrant extra caution!
Misleading name of disease!: “Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome”
Big belly ‘Bonus’ chicken
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MycoplasmaCholeraSalmonellaCoryza
Sudden death; systemic acute infections Pinpoint random fociFibrinous coelomitis
Gout(non-infectious)
Visceral urate deposits Articular urate deposits
Toxicoses Many possibilities – suspect?
Lead toxicosis: important public health issueegg, blood testingNO signs or postmortemFind source!!
Duck lead toxicosis
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Skin diseases
Parasitic
Mites
Lice
Anemia, restlessness
Mites
Red mite, Northern fowl mite Always check vent feathers for
discoloration, matting
Rapid life cycle – treat frequent
Flock, coop problem
Can be underlying or have
underlying disease
Dr. A. Loretti
Scaly leg mites (Knemidecoptidae)
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Lice
Eggs – diagnosis, repeat treatment
D1611278
TurkeyChickenQuail
Pox viruscutaneous
Nervous system diseases
ViralMarek’s disease
END
HPAI
BacterialSalmonella enterica subsp. arizonaeMycoplasmosisListeria monocytogenes
Nutritional/ToxicVitamin E deficiencyPolyneuropathy: Vit B2 def (riboflavin)
Vit B1 def (thiamin)Lead poisoning Parasitic
Baylisascaris migration
Fungal AspergillosisDactylaria gallopova
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Vitamin E deficiency – Brain necrosis
Diagnosis of neurologic diseases
Histopathology
PCR, serology
Liver nutrition analysis, response to treatment
Aerobic bacterial culture
Toxicology (brain/liver/kidney/crop contents/etc.)
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Sudden death
Know your breeds….
“Lymphoproliferative Diseases”
Marek’s Disease
Avian Leukosis/Sarcoma complex
Reticuloendotheliosis
[virus ‐ induced lymphomas]
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Lymphoproliferative Diseases
‐ Diagnostic challenge:
Overlap between LPD lesions
IHC (research) only for some of the proteins, low sensitivity
PCR in specialty labs, can’t differentiate pathotypes
‐ Typically “presumptive diagnosis”
Marek’s Disease Virus
Ubiquitous alpha herpesvirus
Oncogenic strain serotype 1 (MDV‐1)
MDV‐2 and ‐3 vaccine strains
Neurotropic
Marek’s DiseaseMost frequent diagnosis
Marek’s Disease
Classic presentation unilateral, droopy wing, splayed
legs, ocular disease but depends which nerve it affects!
Lymphomas, nerves affected
Non‐lymphomatous MD ‐ immunosuppression
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Lymphomas –
diffuse/focal
Liver
Heart
ThymusSkin
Sciatic nerve
Brachial plexus Iliosacral plexus
MDVAffected nerves
D1108767
Lymphoid leukosis
Fibroma
Bursal lymphoma
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MDV or ALV
Thank you for your attention!