31574408 Anglicisms in the Bulgarian Press

8/13/2019 31574408 Anglicisms in the Bulgarian Press

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University of Sofia St. Kliment Ohridski

Faculty of Classical and Modern hilolo!y

"e#artment of $n!lish and %merican Studies

Anglicisms in the Bulgarian Press

! "#

Mariya "oncheva

Sofia &'('


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,*$-'./)$,'*

;n an e#och of !lo+aliournalists have no restrictions in 1ritin! so that they use a !reat

variety of 1ords to reach the desira+le effect. Moreover= the lan!ua!e of ne1s#a#ers is

inundated 1ith 1ords of $n!lish ori!in 1hich comes to sho1 us the tendency to dra1in!

nearer to the -estern societies. his #rocess of -esterni


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1ith the issue of le0ical +orro1in! from $n!lish. -hile develo#in! the to#ic of

!lo+ali


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interest to1ards $n!lish resultin! in a !reat #ool of an!licisms that has entered and

continued enterin! the ul!arian #ress lan!ua!e. he investi!ation of an!licisms in the

ul!arian ne1s#a#ers 1ill #rom#t several uestions for further study= 1hich ; 1ill #ro#ose

at the end of my masterPs thesis.

3%'BA%,4A$,'*0 %&5,)A% B'--'6,*3 (-'7 &*3%,+20

10 3l89ali:ati8n

1010 )8mm8n issues t8 s8lIe

he idea of a 9lo+al villa!e is s#readin! at a tremendous s#eed. Some are

inclined to think that the more su#erior nations 1ill assimilate the 1eaker ones= 1hereas=others are at variance 1ith such a statement= fore!roundin! the #reservation of cultural

diversities and national identities. hus= a discre#ancy +et1een the defenders of the t1o

statements arises. he first !rou# is at one e0treme of the scale= e0#ectin! the +itter future in

1hich the #rocess of !lo+ali


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he she #ossesses the #otential to develo#. he %merican dream is still alive and many tend

to +elieve that they 1ill +e a+le to achieve it.

Since the idea of kno1led!e5+ased economy is +ecomin! #rominent= the tendency

to1ards o+tainin! effective kno1led!e is !ainin! !round. -here could one o+tain sufficient

and e0haustive kno1led!e in onePs field of interest in order to +ecome com#etitive on the

1orld sta!eR he ans1er is o+vious N develo#ed countries offer that o##ortunity. hus=

smart= intelli!ent and vi!orous #eo#le are turnin! in one direction N +etter for them and

1orse for their country. Such #eo#le= in their search of a +etter education= mi!rate and settle

in +lossomin! and #ros#erous countries. he US% is a strikin! e0am#le of a ma!net for

+rains. ;n this train of thou!hts the #henomena kno1n as +rain drain and +rain !ain is

consistent 1ith the #icture sketched a+ove. he countries 1hich shelter those 1ho decide to

search for +etter education a+road are in a #osition of +rain !ainin! countries. he

countries= ho1ever= 1hich are left 1ithout those #eo#le and are de#rived of their +rains=

e0ecute the role of +rain drained countries. ;n this 1ay= brain gaining and brain draining

are #ro#erties of the a+ove5mentioned issue N mi!ration. %ctually= #eo#lePs +rains are not

lostL they continue their 1ay= +ut this time= on forei!n soil 1here a +etter educational system

and many more o##ortunities for #ersonal and #rofessional develo#ment are at hand.

he reason 1hy ; touched u#on these !lo+al issues is to em#hasi


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communicational needs of a !lo+ali


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#o1er. hat is 1hy 9raddol re!ards "avid Crystal s vie1#oint as outdated. 2e turns to the

en!co model 1hich !ives an illustration of 1hat other kind of a##roach= #ro+a+ly more

successful= can +e taken. his forecastin! model has +een desi!ned +y he $n!lish

Com#any ?UKJ 4td= as a means of e0aminin! the relative status of 1orld lan!ua!es and

makin! forecasts of the num+ers of s#eakers of different lan!ua!es +ased on demo!ra#hic=

human develo#ment and economic data ?9raddol= &'''Q63J. hus= the model !enerates a

lan!ua!e hierarchy= takin! into consideration not only the num+er and the 1ealth of the

s#eakers of a certain lan!ua!e= +ut also the likelihood that these s#eakers 1ill enter social

net1orks +eyond their locality. his means that these are the #eo#le 1ith the am+ition to

!o a+out the 1orld= to influence it= and to have others seek to influence them ?9raddol=

&'''Q, J. Considerin! these three varia+les 5 demo!ra#hic= human develo#ment and

economic data N o1in! to 1hich a relia+le lan!ua!e hierarchy could +e +uilt= ; shall #resent

in the ne0t su+section revealin! information as to the !lo+al influence of the $n!lish

lan!ua!e.

10 0 0 6hJ is &nglish a lingua ?rancaN

%ccordin! to en!co model= the $n!lish lan!ua!e occu#ies the first #osition ?(''

#ointsJ. ;t also sho1s that $n!lish is a lon! 1ay ahead of the other lan!ua!es and it is

unlikely that any other lan!ua!e 1ill overtake it. 2o1ever= the #ositions of the rest of the

lan!ua!es in all #ro+a+ility 1ill chan!e durin! the follo1in! decades.

(. $n!lish (''&. French 3&*. 9erman **3. >a#anese *&,. S#anish *(6. Chinese &&7. %ra+ic /

/. ortu!uese ,. Malay 3('. :ussian *((. 2indi Urdu '=3(&. en!ali '='

$a9le 1 9lo+al influence of ma8or lan!ua!es accordin! to the en!co model.

Usin! the data of the en!co forecastin! model= the follo1in! 1orld lan!ua!e

hierarchy can +e +uiltQ

The big languages$ 94;S2 F:$ C2


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(igure 1 he 1orld lan!ua!e hierarchy

%s 1e delve into the history of the $n!lish lan!ua!e s#readin!= 1e cannot ne!lect

t1o factors that #lace $n!lish in such a hi!h #osition in the lan!ua!e hierarchy. he first

factor 1hich is to +e em#hasi


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technolo!ies and scientific advance that assi!n the $n!lish lan!ua!e the leadin! #osition

amon! all the lan!ua!es.

om Mc%rthurTs +ook he O0ford 9uide to -orld $n!lish ?&''&J contains a

remarka+le collection of ad8ectives characteri


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he three circles of $n!lish accordin! to Kachru1ith estimates of s#eaker num+ers accordin! to Crystal ?( 7J

;n #resent5day situation= the native5s#eaker lan!ua!e use is 8ust one kind of

reality. %ccordin! to the statistics= (., +illion #eo#le in the early &'''s s#eak fluent or

com#etent $n!lish. hus the num+er of s#eakers of $F4 is s#readin! at tremendous s#eed

and develo#s inde#endently 1ith a !reat deal of variation +ut enou!h sta+ility to +e via+le

for lin!ua franca communication ?Seidlhover= &''(Q(*/J.

he s#readin! of $n!lish tri!!ers the #henomenon of le0ical +orro1in! 1hich has

touched almost every lan!ua!e in the 1orld. ;n the ne0t #art of my thesis ; shall #resent one

of the most fre uent lan!ua!e chan!es= namely= le0ical +orro1in!. Since the rise of $n!lish

as a !lo+al lan!ua!e is o+vious= le0ical +orro1in! from $n!lish has +ecome an on!oin!

#rocess and continues !ainin! !round 1ith every year.

0 %e=ical 98rr8>ing ?r8m &nglish0

One of the as#ects of !lo+ali


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le0ical +orro1in! in ul!arian. o!ether 1ith the e0tralin!uistic as#ect= the intralin!uistic

as#ect of le0ical +orro1in!= i.e. the rece#tor lan!ua!e and its system are ready to acce#t the

forei!n 1ords= and thus the t1o as#ects form a unity 1hich 1ill= inevita+ly= 1eaken if some

crevices a##ear in them.

; shall #roceed 1ith the concrete factors 1ith the hel# of 1hich the #henomenon

kno1n as le0ical +orro1in! is #ossi+le.

010 (act8rs ?8r le=ical 98rr8>ing

he most common factor for +orro1in! is a mere lin!uistic necessity. he advent

of ne1 #henomena= conce#ts= ideas stimulate the s#eakers to use +orro1ed 1ords to denote

these unfamiliar ne1 o+8ects and #henomena 1hich have entered ul!arian society and for

1hich a native e uivalent does not e0ist. One of the domains= fully de#ended on the $n!lish

terminolo!y= is the ; technolo!y. he s#orts and music domains are also inters#ersed 1ith

$n!lish terms N #$%&'(, )*+ , -'./0)-'( = for they have +een invented Xn ritish or

%merican soil. ;n any case= +orro1in! these terms= 1hich have already turned into

internationalisms= does not im#ly that $n!lish is su#erior to the other lan!ua!es and the

other lan!ua!es such as S#anish= 9erman= and ul!arian are inferior. Conversely= every

lan!ua!e is develo#in! in such a 1ay as to fulfill its communicative needs and increase its

1ord stock. his #rocess of fillin! in communicative needs is called le"ical gap filling .

resti!e is the second factor that stimulates the #henomenon of le0ical +orro1in!.

;t is +eyond any dou+t that the $n!lish lan!ua!e is a #resti!ious lan!ua!e for +ein! !lo+ally

1ides#read and havin! so far5reachin! influence. ;n the first su+section ; have mentioned

the #rere uisites for its +ein! a !lo+al lan!ua!e 1hich contri+ute to hei!htenin! the interest

in it. ;n the #reface to the "ictionary of the e1 -ords and Meanin!s in the ul!arian

4an!ua!e it is noted that the ma8ority of le0ical +orro1in!s in ul!arian are names oftechnical= s#orts= musical= social and #olitical #henomena ori!inated in ritain or the US%

1hich have turned into internationalisms ? ernishka= &''*Q7J.

he #resti!e factor tri!!ers another factor that deserves consideration N the strivin!

of the ul!arians for -esterni


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forei!n lan!ua!e +e!inners 1ho have an am+ition to sho1 some kno1led!e= in this case= of

$n!lish. On the one hand= the 1ords used +y a certain #erson are characteristic only of

his her idiolect and do not +elon! to the #ool of $n!lish +orro1in!s in the lan!ua!e. ;t is of

im#ortance ho1 fre uently a forei!n 1ord is used +y the ma8ority of the lan!ua!e

community in order to ac uire the la+el +orro1in!. hus= findin! its #lace amon! the

other $n!lish +orro1in!s= the 1ord +ecomes 1idely s#read in ul!arian society 1ith a

tendency to +ecomin! a 1ell5esta+lished loan1ord such as &1 0/2 . On the other hand=

some #eo#le !enerally #refer forei!n5soundin! 1ords such as 3/450106 and #-/0) to

the native ones 25&1%1/ and 4-17%/( sim#ly +ecause they sound modern= no matter

1hether they are a1are of the difference in meanin! or re!ister +et1een the +orro1in!s and

their native synomyns. ;n turn= such 1ords +ecome fashiona+le.

hese factors and tendencies in em#loyin! 1ords of $n!lish ori!in instead of the

native ones are #resent in 8ournalese. ; shall concentrate once a!ain on them 1hen

e0aminin! 8ournalese.

0 0 2ierarchies 8? 98rr8>a9ilitJ

2ierarchies of +orro1a+ility #resent the synchronic as#ect of le0ical +orro1in!.

Such a hierarchy #resents a se uence of le0ical elements +orro1ed from one lan!ua!e into

another. ; shall refer to a distin!uished lin!uist N -illiam "1i!ht -hitney= 1ho 1as the

first to state that some lin!uistic elements are +orro1ed more freely than others. -illiam

-hitney 1as a Sanskrit s#ecialist= 1ho in (//( noted that nouns are mostly +orro1ed

elements of lan!ua!e= follo1ed +y other #arts of s#eech= then suffi0es= inflections= and

individual sounds\ ?Field= &''&Q*,J. he offered idea of hierarchy of +orro1a+ility is

su##orted +y irrefuta+le evidence and a relia+le analysis of !reat amount of te0ts. -hitney

does not confine his field of interest only to the livin! lan!ua!es. -hat he does is +roadenhis sco#e of research +y investi!atin! hierarchy of +orro1a+ility in Sanskrit. 2e #resents the

se uence in 1hich all the +orro1ed lin!uistic elements a##ear and he devices a #aradi!m

a##lica+le to almost all lan!ua!es in terms of hierarchy of +orro1a+ility. 2ere is his

#aradi!mQ

nouns ] other #arts of s#eech]suffi0es] inflections]individual sounds


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%nother lin!uist su!!ests a similar hierarchy. 2au!en +uilt u# a hierarchy of

+orro1a+ility +ased on a data collection from %merican or1e!ian and %merican S1edish

?2au!en= ( ,'Q&&3JQ

nouns]ver+s]ad8ectives]adver+s= #re#ositions= inter8ections

hese hierarchies #resent +orro1in! #atterns s#ecific to a particular contact

situation . %s Field #oints out N content items are more easily +orro1ed from !rammatical

items and !rammatical items more fre uently than infle0ional affi0es ?Field= &''&Q*,J. From

the hierarchies a+ove= 1e can arrive at the conclusion that nouns are the most fre uently

+orro1ed #art of s#eech. -hitney does not divide the other #arts of s#eech to make his

hierarchy more s#ecific and to make clear 1hich #art of s#eech comes ne0tL 1hereas=

2au!en #uts the ver+s immediately after the nouns and the ad8ectives after the ver+s.

2au!enPs hierarchy is more so#histicated 1ith res#ect to 1hich #art of s#eech follo1s the

nouns. On no occasion= ho1ever= should 1e overlook -hitneyPs hierarchy= +ecause it 1as

he 1ho introduced such a hierarchy for +orro1in! #atterns^

;n cha#ter ;;;= ; shall determine the fre uency of the +orro1ed items em#loyed in

ne1s articles. hen= ; shall +uild a hierarchy of +orro1a+ility a##lica+le to the #resent5day

ul!arian5$n!lish contact situation reflected in the ul!arian 8ournalistsP 1ord choice.

0


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the ;nternet domain ?&'=6_J constitutes the lar!est !rou#. ;f 1e consider the fact that all the

recent +orro1in!s re!istered in this dictionary num+er over (''' and around /*_ of them

are $n!lish +orro1in!s= over ` from the overall num+er of the $n!lish +orro1in!s consists

of terminolo!y characteristic of the ; domain. his confirms the fact that ; domain is

totally de#endent on the $n!lish terminolo!y= on the one hand= and on the other= #oints to

the incredi+le s#eed 1ith 1hich ul!aria has o#ened to the ne1 technolo!ies and attem#ts

to kee# #ace 1ith them. One thin! that the data on the $n!lish +orro1in! in ul!arian cited

in the "ictionary sho1 is that the le0ical +orro1in!s from $n!lish outnum+er the

+orro1in!s from other lan!ua!es= 1hich comes to sho1 1hat a hu!e influence $n!lish has

had on ul!arian over the #ast decade.

earin! in mind "anchevPs classification and thematic division of the loan1ords in

ul!arian= ; shall also divide the loan1ords found in the ne1s articles accordin! to the ne1s

!enre they +elon! to. 4ater on= ; shall make a ta+le in 1hich ; shall sho1 the #ercenta!e of

the loan1ords found in these articles. On the +asis of the information in the ta+le= ; shall

desi!n a chart 1hich 1ill #resent the #ercenta!e of loan1ords used in every sin!le ne1s

!enre.

0K0 $reatments 8? le=ical 98rr8>ing

0K010 $ra iti8nal treatment

he traditional treatment still dominates the field of le0ical +orro1in!. %ccordin! to

it= loan1ords are ne1 le0ical units for the rece#tor lan!ua!e. he ne1ly a##eared 1ord has

its o1n !ra#hemic and #honemic structure characteristic of the source lan!ua!e and alien to

the reci#ient lan!ua!e. his is the case also 1ith the $n!lish +orro1in!s 1hich enter

ul!arian. he $n!lish #honemic system dramatically differs from ours 5 $n!lish differs

from ul!arian as re!ards its di#hthon!s= the o##osition +et1een lon! and short vo1els and

consonants 1hich do not e0ist or are uite different from the ul!arian ones. his #honemic

as#ect to!ether 1ith the o#a ue and unmotivated meanin! of the loan1ord at the very

+e!innin! re#resent a very stron! ar!ument that su##orts the traditional vie1 that forei!n

1ords= actually= #enetrate the reci#ient lan!ua!e. %ccordin! to the traditional vie1 a

loan1ord is identical 1ith its source 1ord +ecause of their formal and often= semantic=

closeness. %#art from these factors= there is one more factor that contri+utes to the

com#leteness of this theoretical treatment N the meanin! of the term to borrow= his term


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has #reserved the meta#horical secondary meanin! to use an idea ?invention= etc.J

ori!inated +y another ?CO" ( ,Q(,'J. Modern co!nitive lin!uists +elieve that

meta#horically e0tended meanin!s are due to the essentially associative nature of human

thinkin!.

ut it should +e #ointed out here that the source lan!ua!e is not de#rived of any of

its 1ords +orro1ed+y other lan!ua!es. he rece#tor lan!ua!e also has not even the

sli!htest intention to !ive +ack or return the +orro1ed 1ords. ;n addition to the

ada#tations on all levels ?#honolo!ical= mor#holo!ical= derivational and le0ico5semanticJ

that the loan1ord is su+8ect to= the loan1ord alon! 1ith the 1ord formation #atterns starts

#roducin! ne1 derived 1ords. ;n fact= the traditional treatment offers uite an e0treme

vie1#oint on le0ical +orro1in! descri+in! it as a #rocess of an intrusion of forei!n 1ordsinto the rece#tor lan!ua!e. Such a statement is contrary to facts and the threat of forei!n

intruders is unrealistic. hat is 1hy ; am turnin! to a more a##ro#riate and insi!htful

treatment N the alternative treatment.

0K0 0 AlternatiIe treatment

evena %le0ieva is one of the #ro#onents of an alternative treatment of le0ical

+orro1in!. he lin!uist invei!hs a!ainst the traditional treatment of +orro1in!s 1hich

im#oses the idea of +orro1in!s as forei!n 1ords= forei!n intruders in the rece#tor

lan!ua!e ? Eb b[A= &''7Q3(J. Moreover= evena %le0ieva defends the stand#oint that

once havin! entered the +orro1in! lan!ua!e= the so5called forei!n 1ords start their ne1

life as le"ical copies . he reci#ient lan!ua!e uses its o1n #honemic= !ra#hemic=

!rammatical and le0ical resources to imitate the forei!n item. he #oint here is the

reco!nition of the active role that the reci#ient lan!ua!e #lays in this #rocess. his active

role is su##orted +y the conce#tual character of human thinkin! 1hich constantly demands

ne1 lin!uistic e0#ressions. hus= +earin! in mind the undenia+le role of the reci#ient

lan!ua!e= ; also ti# the +alance to1ards the alternative a##roach to +orro1in!s= 1hich no

lon!er #resents +orro1in!s as actual forei!n 1ords= +ut as le0ical co#ies of the res#ective

source lan!ua!e. %fter all the term %n!licism means a le0ical co#y of the $n!lish

etymon. -hat is more= the le0ical co#ies fit the reci#ient lan!ua!e !rammar rules and


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su##lement 1ord formation +y #rovidin! non5motivated ne1 le0emes. hus= this #rocess

leads to the creation of further ne1 meanin!s alon! 1ith ne1 derived 1ords.

%nother si!nificant vie1 of the alternative treatment is e0#ressed +y the ritish

lin!uist . 2o#e. 2e e0#lored in detail le0ical +orro1in!s in the :omance lan!ua!es and

arrived at a very im#ortant insi!ht into le0ical +orro1in!sP true nature. 2o#e #oints to the

fact that "urin! the act of transfer the most im#ortant factor !overnin! the rece#tion of a

loan1ord is its loss of mor#holo!ical and semantic trans#arency ?2o#e= ( 7(Q6((J. So this

factor leads to the creation of close le0ical co#ies of the source 1ords 1hich cannot +e

e0#ected to convey the structural and semantic relationshi#s of their models in the source

lan!ua!e. he +orro1in! 1hich enters a ne1 lin!uistic system loses its #revious motivation

and starts ada#tin! to the structural and semantic relations in the host lan!ua!e. hus theloan1ord +ecomes motivated +y the rece#tor lan!ua!eTs socio5cultural situation 1hich it has

entered. ;f the #rototy#e of the loan1ord is a com#ound 1ord or a derivation ?e.!. ratin !=

wee!end, pain!iller J= the loan1ord itself is non5trans#arent and structurally sim#le

? -/9%106, $1./0), 4/0.1(/- J. Fe1 ul!arians 1ill think of the loan1ord pain!iller as

consistin! of t1o se#arate inde#endent nouns= as is the case 1ith $n!lish pain!iller .

herefore= once havin! entered the ne1 lan!ua!e= the loan1ords start their o1n life

inde#endent of their etymonsP life and !radually find their #lace in the structural andsemantic net1orks of the reci#ient lan!ua!e.

he alternative method of le0ical +orro1in! 1hich ; sketched a+ove is the one that ;

su##ort and rely on. his treatment is far more realistic and close to the nature of le0ical

+orro1in!. ; fully acce#t and firmly su##ort the idea of close le0ical co#ies of the etymons

1hich enter the semantic and structural net1orks of the host lan!ua!e and start com#lyin!

1ith the host lan!ua!ePs !rammar rules. hat is 1hy the or!ani


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0L0 %e=ic8Hsemantic a aFtati8n

he #rocess of inte!ration of $n!lish loan 1ords #resu##oses their le0ico5semantic

ada#tation 1hich de#ends on the nature of the semantic structure of +oth the reci#ient and

source lan!ua!es ?Molhova= ( 7 Q&*,J. ;n a contact situation= le0ical co#ies usually enter

the reci#ient lan!ua!e 1ith only one meanin!= leavin! the rest of the modelPs meanin!s in

the source lan!ua!e. Such a 1ord= +orro1ed from one lan!ua!e into another= may remain

semantically unchan!ed 1hen it is used to desi!nate ne1 o+8ects= ideas= #henomena= and

activities= as is the case 1ith the s#orts lan!ua!e and the lan!ua!e of ; . hus= this le0ical

co#y enters the rece#tor lan!ua!e as a !a# filler. Convenient !a# fillers can +e divided intot1o !rou#sQ the first !rou# com#rises loan 1ords 1hich desi!nate= as ; said= ne1

#henomena= activities and ideas resultin! from the rise of develo#ment in all domains. For

these loan 1ords= native counter#arts do not e0ist and they are infiltrated into the reci#ient

lan!ua!e to im#rove its communicative or referential functions. he second !rou# of so5

called !a# fillers com#rises loan 1ords for 1hich ul!arian e uivalents e0ist +ut they are= in

most cases= lon!51inded native #hrasal e0#ressions ? $1./0) N the days of restJ. he ma8or

#oint here is that the need for such !a# fillers is o+vious as they hel# to achieve lan!ua!eeconomy. hus= !a# fillers such as $1./0) instead of a #hrase meanin! the days of rest

and -/9%106 instead of a #hrasal e0#ression to mean a de!ree of #o#ularity are already

an inte!ral #art of the ul!arian 1ord stock.

orro1ed 1ords may under!o some transformations of meanin! de#endin! on

ho1 they are inter#reted and used +y the native s#eakers of the rece#tor lan!ua!e\

?Kolarova= &'',Q('J. he meanin! 1ith 1hich the +orro1ed 1ord initially entered the

reci#ient lan!ua!e can under!o different semantic chan!es due to the active role of thenative s#eakers and the rece#tor lan!ua!e= as 1ell. ;t is im#ortant to note that the moment

the loan 1ord enters the rece#tor lan!ua!e 1ith a certain sense= the rest of its modelPs senses

cease to e0ist. hus= the loan 1ord starts it inde#endent develo#ment= 1hich is different

from that of the etymon in its native environment. reakin! its relations 1ith its etymon= the

loan starts +uildin! u# ne1 semantic relations in the reci#ient lan!ua!e. ;t enters the

com#licated net1ork of synonyms= antonyms and homonyms that +ears the characteristics

of another semantic structure. he loan= thus= should !et ada#ted to it and find its due #lace?YXEZX[A= ( 7 Q&*6J. Maria Kolarova also #oints out that +orro1ed 1ords are forced to


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6 7

esta+lish their o1n semantic identity ?Kolarova= &'',Q('J. 4ater on= the +orro1ed 1ord

starts ac uirin! ne1 meanin!s 1hich= as ; #reviously said= ty#ically do not e0ist in the 1hole

ran!e of meanin!s of the etymon.

o +riefly outline the main semantic chan!es 1hich the +orro1ed 1ord is su+8ect

to= ; shall refer to evena %le0ievaPs ,5#ron! division of the le0ico5semantic ada#tation of

the loan 1ords N the semantic reduction= semantic narro1in!= semantic 1idenin!= increase

of loan 1ord meanin!s and loan cli##in!s ?%le0ieva= &''/Q3&5,(J.

>emantic reduction denotes a reduction in the ran!e of le0ical meanin!s of a

#olysemous $n!lish 1ord. %n e0am#le of this le0ical #henomenon is the loan1ord 6'( N

it has retained only one of the * meanin!s of its etymon goal .

>emantic narrowing is a semantic chan!e from a !eneral meanin! of the $n!lish

source 1ord to a s#ecific one in the host lan!ua!e. 2ere is an e0am#le N the !eneral

meanin! of the $n!lish 1ord !iller a #erson= animal or= thin! that kills ?CO" ( ,J 1as

narro1ed do1n to a hired= ruthless= killer 1hen the loan .1(5- entered ul!arian.

he #henomenon of semantic widening is o##osite to semantic narro1in!. ;t

im#lies that an individual meanin! of an %n!licism is 1idened in com#arison 1ith the

corres#ondin! sense of its etymon. 2ere ; shall mention the e0am#le #rovided +y the

loan1ord /.


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6 7

0G0 (8rms 8? linguistic 98rr8>ing

;n her article in \$n!lish in $uro#e\ ?&''&Q &,65&,7J evena %le0ieva

differentiates amon! three forms of lin!uistic +orro1in! 5 +orro1in! ?or loan #ro#erJ=

cal uin! ?or loan translationJ and #seudo5loans.

%ccordin! to her= +orro1in!s are to +e divided into three ty#esQ

items 1hich are unada#ted and hence not felt too +e #art of ul!arian.

hese include forei!nisms= uotation 1ords= ad hoc loans ?ty#ically in media lan!ua!eJL

1ords 1hich still look forei!n in form or are insufficiently ada#ted

#honolo!ically and mor#holo!icallyL

fully inte!rated items.

Some of the 1ords +orro1ed from $n!lish and em#loyed in the ne1s#a#er

discourse are sufficiently ada#ted #honolo!ically and mor#holo!ically and usually #roduce

derived forms= such as 8/)17, 8/)1/0, 8/)190'B4-+C'D (1)/-, (1)/-2.1 B2%1('C/D,

(1)/-2%C' 2%+-%, 2%+-%'C+ B(1017D, 2%+-%1-+F, 2%+-%1-+0/ Others do not share

that #ossi+ility to #roduce different derived formsQ

G1./0) BE wee!endD is the end of a 1eek= es#ecially the #eriod of time +et1een

Friday evenin! and Monday mornin!= e.! 2/.1 $1./0) 8'*/ )+ 0'21 2C'7 +C%/0%1;/0)$3 )$35% 0+ IC-'4+J

K1(5- BE !illerD is a hired #erson that kills= e.!. L$2.1 .1(5- + M/'-61 N(1/C?

N81)* BE imageD is the !eneral or #u+lic #erce#tion of a com#any= #u+lic

fi!ure= etc.= es#ecially as achieved +y careful calculation aimed at creatin! 1ides#read

!ood1ill= e.!. 0+(1 0+ -+ (1;01 C1)'C/ 181)* ;-/ 10%/-C:, +0./%+ 1 8/)1/0

'&-+ P1 0/2 BE businessD is an occu#ation= #rofession= or trade= e.!. P1 0/25% 6$&1

4-/.+(/0' 80'6' C-/8/ + 4-/')'(7C+0/ 0+ +)81012%-+%1C01 4-/6-+)1

%lthou!h such loan1ords do not #roduce derived forms= they usually com+ine 1ith

other nouns thus creatin! the attri+utive model V = e.!. L+&'%/F1 &1 0/2 1)/1 '% Q7(

2C7%, .'1%' ;+.+% )+ &5)+% 4-1('*/01 C P5(6+-17 , 181)* 2%$)1' R (12R S'#17,

#/


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6 7

develo#ed ne1 derived forms #ro+a+ly is rooted in the fact that they have entered ul!arian

as a certain #art of s#eech= in this case= as nouns and #eo#le have not felt the need to coin

ne1 derived forms. % second reason for this derivational deficit could +e the increasin!

num+er of V formations 1hich are found to +e concise= informative= convenient= and

contri+ute to lan!ua!e economy. hus formations such as &1 0/2 )+8+, &1 0/2 .'),

#/


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6 7

semantic #seudo5loans= 1here the an!licism develo#s a meanin! 1hich

does not e0ist in its etymon ?e.!. %+0.'C/ #latform shoes from the #lural of %+0.

Vtan!=D.


24/71

6 7


25/71

6 7

; find myself 1onderin! 1hy some #eo#le re!ard loan1ords as forei!n intruders

1hen they e0ist in other lan!ua!es out of a #urely lin!uistic or #sycholin!uistic necessity.

he e0istence of loan1ords confirms the fact that= in order that the lan!ua!e should serve

the human mind +etter= #eo#le need to resort to usin! loan1ords. hus several reasons for

usin! loan1ords= es#ecially $n!lish loan1ords= could +e enumerated. earin! in mind that a

!reat variety of #eo#le tends to use various loan1ords= the ran!e of the $n!lish loan1ords

em#loyed is hu!e. ;t de#ends on onePs idiolect= #rofessional s#here and social +elon!in!.

his is the #lace to say that :ollasonPs vie1#oint that the an!licisms should +e confined to

the a+solute minimum= i.e. technical terms and conce#ts connected 1ith the %n!lo#hone

culture takes a com#letely 1ron! direction ?:ollason= &''*Q**J. 2is vie1#oint makes one

1onder 1hat has made him !o to such e0tremes and arrive at such an unrealistic conclusion.

Other #urists also have e0treme vie1s on the #henomenon of +orro1in! $n!lish

loan1ords. hey su!!est that all the unnecessary loan1ords should +e 1i#ed out from the

le0icon. Such a su!!estion inevita+ly raises the follo1in! uestions N 1ho 1ill +e in char!e

of assessin! 1hich loan1ord is necessary and 1hich one N is notR -ho 1ill +e res#onsi+le

for la+elin! one loan1ord useful and another su#erfluousR he #oint here is that

o+8ectively enou!h criteria 1hich 1ill hel# one decide 1hich 1ord could +e re!arded as

necessary or not sim#ly do not e0ist. ;t is o+vious that the t1o #urist vie1#oints are

e0tremely ina##ro#riate and ina##lica+le in times of !lo+ali


26/71

6 7

7&.,A .,+)'/-+&0 $2& P-&++ ,* B/%3A-,A* +'),&$E0

+'),'%,*3/,+$,) P&-+P&)$,D& ('- &7P%'E,*3 A*3%,),+7+0

10 7e ia isc8urse0

he #rimary #ur#ose of the media is to inform #eo#le. ;n Convention of human

ri!hts and li+erties= clause ('= it is said everyone has the ri!ht to e0#ress freely his her

o#inion= to access and disseminate information and ideas. hus= le!ally the media have the

ri!ht to #u+lish or +roadcast 1hatever kind of information they have received= unless they

violate some le!al norms #ointed out in the same clause of the Convention ?Convention of

2uman :i!hts and 4i+erties= ( /Q7J. ; shall confine my interest only to the first #art of the

te0t in clause (' concernin! ne1s= facts= ideas= conce#tions and data= 1hich are not

#rotected +y co#yri!htL therefore= they can +e freely accessed= used and #resented. he #oint

here is the 1ay the media #resent this information= the motives 1hich underlie the fashion in

1hich it is #resented= and the #ur#ose the 8ournalists are strivin! to achieve.

;n the cha#ter entitled Media discourse in the +ook [ritical \iscourse Analysis = eun

van "i8k reveals the strikin! #o1er of the media em#hasier 8? the Fress

Media #o1er is a +road conce#t 1hich ; shall restrict to the influence of the media

on their audience= e0cludin! the role of the media in all the social= #olitical= cultural and

economic #o1er structures. ; shall also ela+orate not on the #o1er of the media as a 1hole=

+ut on the #o1er of the #ress. hus= ; shall +e a+le to consider closely and in !reater detail

the conditions under 1hich the ne1s media mi!ht e0ercise #o1er over their audience.


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;n order to elucidate the role of the ne1s media and their messa!es= one needs to

scrutini


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6 7

e0am#les !iven a+ove are closely related to the effects of the ne1s content on the audience

1hich 1ill +e considered later.

ut the #rocess of media mani#ulation is not that sim#le. sycholo!ical and

sociolo!ical evidence su!!ests that a minority of the readers 1ill let themselves +e

mani#ulated. here are a !reat num+er of #eo#le 1ho 1ithstand the #ersuasive and

mani#ulative #o1er of the ne1s media. Such #eo#le re#resent the so5called active

#artici#ants ? an "i8k= &''(J or gactive audience ?%llan= &''3Q((7J. hey do not take

ne1s re#orts at their face value and usually acce#t them ske#tically= 1ith a certain amount

of sus#icion and distrust. he facts e0#osed= 1hich assi!n a due #lace to the readerPs

#artici#ation 1hen s#eakin! of the ne1s media #o1er= su!!est that= in order to !ain an

o+8ective insi!ht into media #o1er= mental re#resentations= includin! so5called social

co!nitions such as attitudes and ideolo!ies= shared +y !rou#s of readers ?van "i8k= ( 7Q((J

should +e taken into consideration. here are numerous studies on attitudes= attitudes chan!e

and #ersuasion 1hich cover to a si!nificant e0tent the issue of social co!nitions= i.e.

kno1led!e= attitudes= values= norms and ideolo!ies.

10 0 &??ects 8? the ne>s c8ntent 8n the au ience

alkin! a+out the human nature and its idiosyncrasies= ; shall refer to the 1ords of

one of the da


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to1ard the facts in the #ress= the ma8ority of 1hich are #resented in a seemin!ly o+8ective

fashion. his revealin! fact 1ill serve the function of a #rere uisite for various

inter#retations= no matter 1hether they +order on acce#tance 1ith sli!ht modifications of the

content= #artial #erversion= total #erversion or com#lete re8ection. ;n other 1ords= 1hereas it

is the te0t= 1hich defocuses and e0erts #o1er over the audience= here= the reader is in a

#osition to acce#t= re8ect or #ervert the information. ;n this 1ay= the role of the reader is not

ne!lected. hat is 1hy= the ne!otiation +et1een te0t and audience is considered= and it

occu#ies a due #lace. ;t is #ointed out that ne!otiation is an inse#ara+le feature of the

readin! #rocess= 1hich im#lies that the reader is not a #assive reci#ient of information=

rather that it is the reader 1ho sha#es it ?2artley= &''&Q/&J. he entire #rocess of ne!otiation

+et1een the 1ritten te0t and the readers is very com#licated. 2artley claims that readin!

media te0ts is a #rocess of ne!otiation +et1een the te0t= a !iven audience and 1hat

ideolo!ies= +eliefs and values those !rou#s +rin! to the #rocess 1hich comes to sho1 that

not only do the media e0ercise #o1er over and e0ert influence on their audience= +ut also the

audience decides 1hether to succum+ to the mediaPs influence or a##roach it critically. Such

a critical a##roach is al1ays useful 1hen media mani#ulation is cons#icuous. an "i8kPs

reflections on the evaluative #o1er of the human mind dra1 our attention to the control of

attitudes that influence evaluation ?van "i8k= ( 7Q(,J. efore mentionin! the readersP

attitudes 1hich are so im#ortant for ne1s re#orts evaluation= an "i8k stresses the role of

kno1led!e that is of #articular si!nificance to understandin! te0t messa!es. 2e declares the

im#ortance of kno1led!e5+ased understandin! 1ithout 1hich a #ro#er evaluation is

im#ossi+le. ; shall recall the e0am#le 1ith the .(18+%6/9% mentioned a+ove= 1hich also

confirms the idea of the control of kno1led!e. ;f one does not kno1 that 5 6/9% is fre uently

added to common nouns and the ne1 1ords are native creations 1hose meanin! is related to

a #olitical scandal= e.!. &-58&+-6/9%, 4/%-'(6/9% = he or she 1ill not +e a+le to understand

1hat this 1ord means. -hile com#ilin! the data= ; came across other interestin! instances in

1hich the formative 5 6/9% is added to nouns= e.! #$%&'(6/9%, .+ +06/9% . he latter is

connected 1ith the issue of ul!arian ra!ia N 1hether its #roduction should +e restricted to

s#eciali


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|Ib bI D X A b b HAE I GA ABX[bH 5 G[b D XGGADA BIX IA A HA Gb b

BIb[ IGb [ #O GA \ AI Db b} \ XD &'', XH GA.? S%+0) D

)X p[ ZA EbGX[bDb GA qBIA[ DbEG p [bD GA E AI ADA !#O

A X A p.? S%+0) D

) b HqGAIXHbG #!#! [ A bE? K+4 D

;n these cases= the !ood command of $n!lish necessary for the readers to !ras# the

1hole #hrase 1hich at first si!ht seems uite usual should not +e do1n#layed.

hus ranked= the #ro#erties of evaluation ?the control of kno1led!e follo1ed +y the

control of attitudesJ form a dualistic relation. ;t is not sufficient to kno1 the !rammar and

synta0 of a lan!ua!e= 1hat is more= kno1led!e of the 1orld is necessary for ne1s

understandin!. Other1ise= lack of kno1led!e may limit ne1s understandin!= on the one

hand= and limitin! ne1s understandin! may result in limitin! ne1s evaluation= on the other

hand. herefore= van "i8k reaches the conclusion that the inte!ral unity of the control of

kno1led!e and the control of attitudes hel# readers evaluate ne1s events ? an "i8k=

( 7Q(6J.

0 $he Fress in Bulgaria0 $he Fress uring the transiti8n0

$very historical #eriod leaves its o1n distin!uishin! mark on the lan!ua!e. hus=

the (' th of ovem+er ( / is a turnin! #oint in the #olitical= social and economic as#ects= on

the one hand= and cultural as#ect= on the other hand. One of the cultural transformations=

1hich that chan!e of the social order has +rou!ht a+out= refers to media lan!ua!e. Such a

radical historical chan!e is usually accom#anied +y a chan!e +oth for the elite !rou#s and

lan!ua!e. o sooner had the communist re!ime fallen than the chan!es in our society +e!an.

%s ; am !oin! to #articulari


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V('7(/0 6-+*)+010 . Others are le0ical co#ies= such as -/./% or /C-'10%/6-+Q17 . hus

the ul!arian lan!ua!e is turnin! 1est ado#tin! ne1 conce#ts and enrichin! its le0icon 1ith

ne1 terms that !o hand in hand 1ith the scientific and technolo!ical advancement. "urin!

recent years hundreds of ne1 le0emes have #enetrated the ul!arian lan!ua!e. heir

#resence is due to the necessity to !ive names to the ne1 o+8ects= #henomena= that have

arisen +ecause of the chan!es in our country. he si!nificant reforms in our society are

closely connected 1ith democrati


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d1ell on economic su+8ects= are likely to +e read +y a selected circle of readers 1hose

interests lie in the field of economics. -hereas= other ne1s#a#ers en!a!ed in= so to s#eak=

fields of interest less im#ortant as re!ards kno1led!e and intellectual ca#acity= such as

rumors= insi!nificant events= ordinary uarrels= hot ne1s 1hich do not #resu##ose mental

strain. herefore= the lan!ua!e of ne1s#a#ers such as \"nevnik\ and \Ka#ital\ is different

from that of \Shok\ and \-eekend\ due to the target audience . ;n less serious ne1s#a#ers=

the 8ournalists are attem#tin! to attract the audiencePs attention= offerin! them more

interestin!= divertin! and #i uant ne1s= no matter ho1 #oor in information it mi!ht +e. Such

ne1s#a#ersP one and only aim is to distance the audience from the !ray and monotonous

reality and immerse them is a 1orld of fictitious= unencum+ered and scandalous stories.

orislavov ?&'' J claims that it is the media ?1hich involves the #ress= television=

the radio and advertisin!J that introduces ne1 le0emes 1hich either fill le0ical !a#s= or=

1hat is +ecomin! a common trend= 8ournalists sim#ly em#loy a forei!n 1ord to im#rove

1ord e0#ressiveness= to +lur the ideas im#lied= to sho1 a !ood command of $n!lish and so

on. %ll the a+ove5mentioned reasons 1hy 8ournalists a##ly forei!n 1ords= mainly from

$n!lish= to the ul!arian !rammar rules= indicate that the lan!ua!e democrati


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the rece#tor lan!ua!e 5 ul!arian and its system N have acce#ted this attri+utive #attern=

1hich at #resence is hi!hly #roductive mainly in 8ournalistic articles ? cf 3+9 %/. #'-$8,

&1 0/2 4+-%0^'-, '#12 %/301.+, %198 &1()106 J. his ne1 attri+utive #attern is !ainin!

over1helmin! #o#ularity 1ith acronyms 1here the acronym is the modifier 5 _> 4'(1%1.+,

` 4-'Q/2

2avin! outlined some of the tendencies in the #ress lan!ua!e durin! the transition=

; shall #roceed to the ne0t #oint that concerns the sociolin!uistic #ers#ectives for em#loyin!

an!licisms.


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+ound to e0ist in our lan!ua!e. ; could add one more e0am#le of a term 1hich does not have

a ul!arian counter#art 5 S %M ?a term for electronic 8unk mailJ. S#eakin! of the ;

terminolo!y= 1e cannot overlook the fact that a lot of the terms used are translated in

ul!arian +ut they are i!nored either for +ein! too lon! to articulate= or for #eo#lePs

#referrin! the $n!lish term to the ul!arian one for different reasons N 8ust a ha+it= a kind of

sho1in! off= strivin! for +ein! #art of community= a fashion. On the other hand= a native

e0#ression e0ists as a lon!51inded #ara#hrase 1hich is not convenient at all. Such a lon!

#hrase is o+structive to readersP !ras#in! its idea and could result in +iases in its meanin!.


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1riters and 8ournalists a##ly loan 1ords instead of native ones not only +ecause of the

un1ritten rule of lan!ua!e economy= +ut also +ecause of onePs 1ill to sound e0traordinary

and to incite the readers to read the 1hole article. >ournalists often #lay 1ith 1ords in an

attem#t to attract the readerPs attention. O1in! to $n!lish +orro1in!s= 8ournalists succeed in

shortenin! the messa!e directed at the audience and makin! it more e0#ressive. %n

a##ro#riate e0am#le here is the loan1ord g .1(5-= instead of 0+/8/0 $&1/Q= . First= the

+orro1ed 1ord g .1(5-= is much more e0#ressive than the native com+ination of 1ords

0+/8/0 $&1/Q= . Second= the loan is more concise than the native one. ;n this case= the la1

of lan!ua!e economy and the strivin! for 1ord e0#ressiveness com+ine #erfectly.


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+orro1in!s leads to #uttin! a si!n of e uality +et1een $n!lish and fashion

?$n!lish~fashionJ. Such associations make #eo#le= 1ho are !reatly influenced +y the current

tendencies in the fashion= includin! the fashion in lan!ua!e= turn to usin! %n!licisms. he

fact that $n!lish is a #roven fashiona+le lan!ua!e= the lan!ua!e of the #resent and the

future= the lan!ua!e of a modern and #ros#erous life= is ackno1led!ed. $ndeavorin! to kee#

#ace 1ith this modern 1orld and 1in the la+el of fashiona+le= onePs s#eech or 1ritten

discourse is inters#ersed 1ith %n!licisms. he ne1 items used may enter and remain for

centuries or they may enter for a time and then fall into disuse. ; su##ort 2offerPs statement

that students seem to +e constantly a1are of chan!es in the most recent usa!e in lan!ua!e

as 1ell as in fashion from a+road ?2offer= &''&Q( J. ;t should +e +orn in mind that some

fashiona+le items 1ill #ro+a+ly +e short5lived= unless they #rove themselves useful.

he over5e0#osure to the $n!lish media is a core factor 1hen considerin!

unconscious #ro5 $n!lish refle0es. ;t is so +ecause the channels throu!h 1hich one can listen

to $n!lish s#eech or read $n!lish ne1s#a#ers are numerous and the !reater #art of them is

easily accessi+le= +earin! in mind the #o1er of ;nternet and the influence 1hich e0erted on

the #eo#le= their 1ay of thinkin!= s#eakin! and 1ay of life as a 1hole. oday $n!lish is a

source of information= communication and entertainment. here e0ists no o+stacle 1hich

could hinder one from listenin! to $n!lish radios or readin! $n!lish ne1s#a#ers. $ven if

one is not 1illin! to !et closer to $n!lish= in the end= he she faces reality N the una+ated

flood of an!licisms. Unconsciously the individual starts usin! an!licisms and finally= he she

!ets accustomed to them.

he t1o factors considered N the e0#ression of fashion and over5e0#osure to

$n!lish media N may account for the 1ides#read use of loan1ords ?:ollason= &''*Q&/J. %s

an e0am#le ; could !ive the 1ords 3/450106, )/)(+90 1hich make their 1ay throu!h the

e0u+erance of ul!arian 1ords and their synonyms and are !ainin! !round.


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6 7

-&+&A-)2

10 7eth8 8l8gJ an g8al 8? the research

he !oal of this research is to determine the density of an!licisms in t1o ul!arian

ne1s#a#ers 5 T"! and U! ! = focusin! on four ne1s !enres that are common to

+oth ne1s#a#ers N olitics and Economy, >ociety, World and >port . his 1ill ena+le me to

investi!ate ho1 the fre uency of $n!lish loan1ords varies in different ne1s !enres and

1hich are the most fre uently occurrin! an!licisms. he follo1in! research 1ill !ive an

ans1er to the research uestions #osed in the introductory #artQ

B D Which one of the two newspapers has a higher percentage of anglicisms?

?&J. How does the frequency of English borrowings vary in different news

genres?

?*J. Of what grammatical type are the English loanwords?

?3J. Which are the most frequently occurring anglicisms in journalese?

o +e!in 1ith= ; do1nloaded the editions of K+41%+( of the last year ?&'' J. he

total num+er of all its editions durin! that year is 36. ; decided to randomly choose 36

editions of the daily #a#er S%+0)+-% in order to make e ual the num+er of the editions of +oth ne1s#a#ers. ; e0amined them and found that four ne1s !enres overla# in the t1o

#a#ers N olitics and $conomy= Society= -orld and S#ort. hus ; decided to investi!ate the

fre uency of $n!lish loan1ords in these 3 ne1s !enres. So= ; investi!ated (/3 articles #er a

ne1s#a#er 5 *6/ articles in all. Choosin! different ne1s !enres allo1s me to determine

1hich of them is likely to have a hi!her #ercenta!e of an!licisms.

o alleviate the #ro!ram= ; divided all the articles of each ne1s !enre into , files in

ote#ad format. %s a ne0t ste#= ; #rocessed all the *6/ articles divided into several ote#adfiles 1ith the hel# of the #ro!ram U;4" that !ave me all the 1ords in the ne1s#a#ers in an

al#ha+etic order 1ith the fre uency they had a##eared in the ne1s#a#ers. From the lists of

1ords ; e0tracted all the $n!lish loan1ords= com#ound 1ords 1ith an $n!lish #art and

shortened loan 1ords makin! thus lists of an!licisms that 1ere the material for my research.

Some ty#es of 1ords that are not included in the count are #ro#er names= names of cities=

and names of events ?festivals= +roadcastin!s= ne1s#a#ers e.! Yusic idol, >urvivor,

ndependent J. 2avin! com#iled all the material needed ; added every list of 1ords

connected 1ith a certain ne1s !enre to the list of the same !enre. hus= ; came u# 1ith a list


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6 7

com#risin! all the 1ords of $n!lish ori!in in one ne1s !enre= e.!. >ociety . ;t !ave me all the

an!licisms in an al#ha+etic order 1ith the num+er of their occurrences. earin! in mind that

; studied four ne1s !enres in each ne1s#a#er= ; ended u# 1ith / lists dedicated to olitics

and Economy, >ociety, World and >port in the t1o ne1s#a#ers. 2avin! counted all the

1ords= ; determined the #ercenta!e of the an!licisms em#loyed in each of the ne1s !enres

in the t1o ne1s#a#ers= sho1in! thus ho1 the fre uency of $n!lish loans varies in different

ne1s !enres. ; have to #oint out that the lists of 1ords are #resented in %##endi0 ;. he

ad8ectives adver+s and #artici#les are in +old= 1hile all the ver+s are underlined. hus= it is

more convenient to distin!uish nouns from ad8ectives= adver+s= #artici#les and ver+s. %fter

that= ; determined 1hich ne1s#a#er contains more $n!lish loan1ords than the other. hen ;

com+ined the #ercenta!es of each ne1s !enre of the t1o ne1s#a#ers and concluded 1hich

ne1s !enre is the most #rolific in an!licisms. Furthermore= ; determined the fre uency of

the an!licisms used and noted 1hich +orro1in! items are fre uently used in 8ournalese.

a+le 6 sho1s the (, most fre uently occurrin! loan1ords and their num+er of occurrences.

Finally= ; +uilt a hierarchy of +orro1a+ility a##lica+le to the #resent5day ul!arian5$n!lish

contact situation reflected in the ul!arian 8ournalistsP 1ord choice. hus it +ecame evident

of 1hat !rammatical cate!ory the $n!lish loans ty#ically are.

here is one more %##endi0 in 1hich native creations under the influence of

$n!lish and cal ues are included. hese native creations are divided into several !rou#s

de#endin! on the $n!lish com#onent 1hich is a constituent of a certain creation.

Conductin! such research 1ill hel# me identify one side of the #henomenon

#o#ular 1ith 8ournalists= called democrati


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6 7

&. -esults an AnalJsis

he #resent analysis 1ill elucidate the ma8or trends in the ul!arian #ress

lan!ua!e= in this case in Ka#ital and Standart= under the influence of the $n!lish lan!ua!e.

he first trend noted in the t1o #a#ers= 1hich is characteristic of the $n!lish

lan!ua!e= is com#oundin! 1ithout a linkin! vo1el +et1een the t1o roots. %s Maria

Kolarova states it has +een +oosted not only +y the direct +orro1in! of $n!lish com#ounds

+ut also +y some other im#ortant factors ?Kolarova= &''6Q7,J. he hi!h #roductivity of the

ounV oun #attern is the most im#ortant factor= 1hich has stimulated the creation of a

!reat num+er of com#ounds kno1n as native creations ?%le0ieva= &''(Q&,*J. hus= for

e0am#le= the loan noun qb ?$ 1e+J com+ines 1ith a num+er of native nouns so that a lar!e

num+er of com#ound 1ords are #roduced such as $/&2%-+01Q+, $/&+)-/2,

$/&)/2%10+Q17, $/&.+8/-+ he first element is a modifier= 1hile the second element=

1hich is the head= determines the le0ical meanin! and the mor#holo!ical characteristics of

the com#ound 1ord. Concernin! the fact that all com#ound nouns are 1ritten either solid or

1ith a hy#hen= the instances in 1hich some com+inations are not s#elled solid or 1ith a

hy#hen are re!arded as V syntactic constructions= not as com#ounds. For e0am#le=

)'4106 4-'&+, -'. C/ )+, 10%/-0/% %5-6'C17 and many others. Other e0am#les of

com#ounds re!istered in my cor#us areQ &+-4('%, 6'(8+92%'-, 6'(#16-+;, 6/9#/2%1C+(,

)*14&+01;+-.+, 10%/-0/%4'%-/&1%/(, 81%106 .'0Q/-%, 2/.2('&12%, 2/.24+-%17,

2/.24'))-5*01Q1, 2%-/2 %/2%, #/0 +-%1.$(1, #/0.($&, #'(.1)'( %s is o+vious= the

$n!lish atri+utive #attern V has +ecome so #roductive in ul!arian that a lar!e num+er

of com#ounds have a loan noun as their first com#onent. hese com#ounds may not have an

$n!lish e uivalent 1hich is also a com#ound 1ord ?Kolarova= &''6Q77J.

ative com+inations are +ein! coined under $n!lish influence. %n interestin!

e0am#le of a native creation is )*14&+01;+-.+ 1hich does not have an $n!lish e uivalentfor sure. Cal ues are also !ainin! !round= e.!. 6'2% C/ )+ . his trend is +ecomin! stron! in

the ul!arian #ress lan!ua!e out of the need for lan!ua!e economy= on the one hand= and

the increase of the $n!lish influence on the ul!arian lan!ua!e as a 1hole= on the other.

Other e0am#les created under the influence of $n!lish areQ 2'Q(12%+%+, 24/Q;/06/%+%+

1hose first com#onents are cli##ed forms.

Some ne1 elements in 1ord5formation in ul!arian encountered in my cor#us are

%'4 , / '4 is a hi!hly #roductive element in 1ord5formation at #resent= 1hich com+ines1ith a variety of native nouns addin! to them the feature of of the +est uality or hi!hly


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6 7

#o#ular= im#ortant and demanded. he e0am#les 1ith %'4 as a first com#onent in my

cor#us are the follo1in!Q %'4;/06/, %'48+#1'%, %'4)/4$%+%, %'44+-%0 '-, %'4

1.'0'812%, %'4#10+0212%, %'4/.24/-%, %'4 16-+;1 and %'4 %+.2+, %'4 #1-8+, %'4

01C', %'4%18 he ma8ority of the e0am#les consist of nouns denotin! #eo#le. '4 also

com+ines 1ith a num+er of inanimate nouns 1hich +oosts this #attern of 1ord5formation 5

%'4 %+.2+ and %'4%18, %'4


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6 7

lan!ua!e and 1ill +e cordially acce#ted +y the +ulk of the ul!arian community or not. hat

is 1hy a statement made +y %ndrei "anchev that a 1ord such as


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6 7

' 4-'6-+8+%+ 4-/)4-17%17%+ F/ 4'($;+% 0'$ 3+$ C '&(+2%%+ 0+

1 4'( C+0/%' 0+ #10+02'C1%/ 102%-$8/0%1 0+ IS= BS%+0)D

\irect borrowings such as ` , _>, _>Z, , >Y, `, >Y> are 1idely used in

8ournalese 1ith their ori!inal $n!lish s#ellin! #reserved. $0am#les here areQ ` 4/-2'01,

` 0'8/-, /#/.%1, _> 4'2(+01., _> C'901Q1, +6/0%, >Y +0%/01 ut in the

articles in +oth ne1s#a#ers= ; came across some instances in 1hich these acronyms are

s#elled out in Cyrilic letters 5 /2/8/2, 41+-, C14

More and more ne1 conce#ts are makin! their 1ay into ul!arian. he steady

#enetration into ul!arian of conce#ts for items invented in $n!land or the US% is easi+ly

noticea+le. ; can cite some of them that are included in my cor#us= such as )/(1C5-1)*,

(/C5-1)*, )*'90% C/0;5-, 3/0)1.+4 . $0am#les of this kind areQ

S k 4-'Q/21%/ 0+ )/(1C5-1)* B'&-+%0'%' 0+ (/C5-1)* 4-'Q/2, 4-1

.'9%' 2 Q/( -/+(1 1-+0/ 0+ 4' 6'(/81 4/;+(&1, 2/ 1 4'( C+% +/801 4+-1D, ,

4-10$)13+ +8/-1.+02.1%/ )'8+.102%C+ )+ 4'%-/&7C+% 4' 8+(.' 1 )+ 24/2%7C+%

4'C/;/ = B a4 D

.' %'C+ &5)/ 4' C'(/0', 0+ 4-+.%1.+ M+ 4-'8V F/ 2%+0/ 2'&2%C/01. 0+

;+2% '% &5(6+-2.1%/ %-5&1, %59 .+%' + */0 4'%'.V / )'6'C'-/0' )+ 2/ 25 )+)/

)*'90% C/0;5- B 0+ D 2 -$2.17 .'0Q/-0 = BK+4 D

1C5-1)*5% / #10+02'C 102%-$8/0%, 4-1 .'9%' 10C/2%1%'-5% $;+2%C+ C

4'.$4.+%+ 0+ )+)/0 +.%1C 2 0/ 0+;1%/(01 2'&2%C/01 2-/)2%C+, + '2%+0+(1%/ 2+

+/801 ' 4-10Q14 C27.+ 14'%/.+ / 07.+.C+ #'-8+ 0+ #10+02'C (1C5-1)*= BS%+0) D

/0)1.+4 / (1;/0 .'/#1Q1/0% + +8+%^'-1, 1 ;12(/0 24'-/) %/301%/

4'2%1*/017 1 2%/4/0 0+ 6'(# $8/017 = BK+4 D

he e0am#les cited a+ove are a !ood illustration of ho1 the usa!e of $n!lish

loan1ords can enrich the lin!uistic means throu!h 1hich one can e0#ress a certain thou!ht.

On no occasion does such a usa!e of a loan1ord hinder readers from !ras#in! 1hat is

meant. he e0#lanation of the ne1 terms is 1hat hel#s the audience to understand 1hat is

+ein! re#orted. ;t is e0haustive and the audience can easily follo1 the ne1s content 1ithout

+ein! em+arrassed +y the novel term.

he an!licisms 4+-.106 and )+02106 are some of the most fre uently used 1ordsthat end in N ing . he #oint here is that once havin! entered the reci#ient lan!ua!ePs system=


43/71

6 7

the an!licisms +reak any relations 1ith the le0ical and !rammatical system of their model

1ords. hus= the le0ical co#ies 4+-.106 and )+02106, corres#ond to com#ounds in $n!lish N

par!ing lot, dancing floor ;n this case= these #artial le0ical co#ies have #reserved the

ori!inal meanin! of their etymons and= at the same time= have under!one structural

sim#lification +y dro##in! out their second root. ; came across= ho1ever= an e0am#le in

1hich the t1o roots of the $n!lish etymon are #reserved in the loan 5 4+-.106 872%' he

%n!licism com#letely corres#onds to its etymon. his e0am#le is one of a kind and the

reason 1hy the second root is #reserved is sim#ly a 8ournalistPs decision. %#art from the

curious fact that the %n!licism is structurally similar to its $n!lish etymon= it is a si!n that

the 8ournalist has= at least= some kno1led!e in $n!lish.

here are several #seudo5loans that are included in my cor#us. $0am#les areQ

+C%'6'(, %+0.'C/, 3/41/0), .'.%/9( . hese #seudo5loans are min!led 1ith the direct

+orro1in!s. evertheless= they do not have any effect on the total #ercenta!e of le0ical

co#ies +ecause they are fe1. 2o1ever= these #seudo5loans su!!est a strivin! for

-esterni


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6 7

(igure +elo1 is a histo!ram of the data in $a9le 0

(igure [ ercenta!e of $n!lish loan1ords in K+41%+( and S%+0)+-%

B D How d oes the frequency of English borrowings vary in different newspapers?

he S%+0)+-% stands out 1ith (=,*_ $n!lish loan1ords. he K+41%+( has the #ercenta!e of $n!lish 1ords (=&*_. he ne1s#a#ers can +e ranked 1ith res#ect to the

#ercenta!e of $n!lish loan1ords they have as follo1sQ

*e>sFaFers &nglish l8an>8r s as aFercentage 8? t8tal >8r s

DAGHAID 1XL


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6 7

section occu#ies the last #lace in a+le *. he difference +et1een the ne1s !enres in the

first and last #lace is #al#a+le N &=&7_. hus the S#ort section amon! all four sections holds

the first #osition 1ith the outstandin! #ercenta!e of $n!lish loan1ords of &= _.

$a9le K sho1s the #ercenta!e of $n!lish loan1ords in different !enres of ne1s.

he last ro1 indicates the overall #ercenta!e of an!licisms in the four ne1s !enres of each

ne1s#a#er e0amined.

*e>s genre &nglish l8an>8r s as a Fercentage8? t8tal >8r s

olitics W economy '=/,_

Society '=7&_

-orld '= ,_S#ort &= _

'Ierall 1Xport has the hi!hest num+er of $n!lish loan1ords= follo1ed +y -orld= olitics and

$conomy and Society. %s is clear from a+le 3= >ociety has the lo1est num+er of $n!lish

loan1ords. he reasons for the hi!her #ercenta!e of $n!lish loans in the >port section are

o+vious. Many of the s#ort5related +orro1in!s are domain5s#ecific= i.e. there are no

ul!arian e uivalents= and the usa!e of $n!lish +orro1in!s is a necessity. -ith the hu!e

num+er of s#orts terms comin! from $n!land and the United States= the ul!arian lan!ua!e

has ado#ted a vast ma8ority of ne1 terms= e.!. #$%&'(, .-1./%, %/012, C'(/9&'( %#art

from the >port section= the other sections have a relatively small #ercenta!e of $n!lish

loan1ords ran!in! from '=7&_ to '= ,_.

B D Hierarchy of borrowability

Or!ani


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6 7

3rammatical $JFe*um9er 8? 8ccurrences

oun 7/6/

er+ (37%d8ective %dver+ artici#le /'Other '

$a9le L[ "istri+ution of $n!lish +orro1in!s 1ith res#ect to !rammatical cate!ories

On the +asis of the data from a+le ,= ; can +uild the follo1in! hierarchy of

+orro1a+ility a##lica+le to the t1o ne1s#a#ers involved in my research N K+41%+( and

S%+0)+-% Q

n8uns \ a SectiIes]a Ier9s]FarticiFles \ Ier9s

he num+er of occurrences of nouns in the t1o ne1s#a#ers is 7/6/. 7/6/ out of

the total num+er of $n!lish loan1ords N //&3 5 #resent / =&_ nouns. hus= nouns are +y far

the most fre uently +orro1ed !rammatical ty#e. er+s ?(37J and

%d8ectives %dver+s artici#les ?/' J to!ether #resent ('=/_ of the total num+er of the

$n!lish loan1ords.

er+s include e0am#les like )*+ 1-+8,


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6 7

First= nouns are far more numerous than any other cate!ory of 1ords. Second= ne1 thin!s

are most likely to +e denoted +y nouns= and third= ne1 nouns are !enerally easier to

accommodate 1ithin the !rammatical system of a lan!ua!e ? rask= ( 6Q&*J. %ccordin! to

rask= many $n!lish +orro1in!s are terms denotin! domain5s#ecific innovations that did

not ori!inate in ul!arian. %s such thin!s are often o+8ects invented or discovered in ritain

or the U.S.= or names of #eo#le or !rou#s of #eo#le first used in the U.S.= it is normal that

most of them are nouns. ;n fact= lookin! at the list of the fifteen most fre uently used

$n!lish loan1ords ?see a+le 6 +elo1J= 1e find that t1o of them B10%/-0/%, 3'()106D refer

to recent inventions in the U.S.= and five of them ? .($&, (1)/-, %198, #$%&'(12%,

&1 0/28/0 J refer to or are connected 1ith cate!ories of #eo#le.

B D And finally, which are the most frequently used anglicisms in journalese?

-hile some $n!lish loans are not used very fre uently= others occur over and over

a!ain. $a9le G sho1s the fifteen most fre uently5occurrin! $n!lish loans amon! those

found in all the articles in the t1o ne1s#a#ers included in my research. he value in the

fre uency column on the ri!ht counts the occurrences of the 1ord as 1ell as the instances in

1hich they form #art of a com#ound. For e0am#le= included in the 1ord count for &:)*/%

is the num+er of times &:)*/% occurred as 1ell as 1ords like 4-'/.%'&:)*/% . lural

forms are also included in the count.

^ %8an>8r s*um9er 8?

'ccurrences

(. E HbI= 6,&. zH bD= 6'(*. Gb = 3 ,3. A =X[b * 7,. Eq =X[b *(*

6. bH p= &(77. zH bDbG=G =GA=GX &'//. Gb bG= (7'

. D = D =X[b (,('. qD XE D= (3&((. GDbIGbD (*6(&. ZXEH G = (&'(*. qD XE ((/

(3. GDbI[z=DA ((*(,. qD XEbG=GA=GX ('/


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6 7

$a9le G[ (, most fre uently occurrin! $n!lish loan1ords

$a9le G sho1s that (1)/-,1 1ith 6, occurrences is the most fre uently occurrin!

$n!lish loan1ord. P:)*/%,1 holds the second #osition 1ith 6'( occurrences. he third

#lace is for &1 0/2,1 N 3 ,. he fourth and fifth #laces are assi!ned to 8+;,'C/ ?* 7J and

.($&,'C/ ?*(*J. he difference in num+er of occurrences +et1een the ne0t t1o $n!lish loans

5 8/)17,11 ?&(7J and &:)*/%/0,01,0+,0' ?&'/J 5 is sli!ht. P1 0/28/0,1 ?(7'J and %18,

%198,'C/ ?(, J occu#y the ne0t t1o #ositions in the ta+le. he difference +et1een the

follo1in! loans 5 #$%&'(12%,1 ?(3&J and 10%/-0/% ?(*6J 5 is uite insi!nificant= only 6

1ords. he last four loans that have ha##ened to +e #art of the most fre uently used loans in

the t1o ne1s#a#ers are 3'()106,1 ?(&'J= #$%&'( ?((/J= 10%/-C:,%+ ?((*J and

#$%&'(/0,0+,0' ?('/J. he interval +et1een the last loan1ords in the ta+le ran!es from & to

, 1ords. his comes to sho1 that the four of them are com#etin! 1ith each other for the (& th

#lace. O+viously= their #laces are interchan!ea+le.

he %n!licisms in ul!arian evidently +elon! to a variety of re!isters. ut a lar!e

num+er of 1ords are fully inte!rated and +elon! to the neutral everyday lan!ua!e. 4ookin!

throu!h the list of the (, most fre uently a##earin! loan1ords in the t1o ul!arian

ne1s#a#ers= one can easily come to the only conclusion #ossi+le N they are all fully

inte!rated in the ul!arian lan!ua!e. ;n this 1ay= these loan1ords are re!arded as

esta+lished loans. hat is 1hy the reason for their fre uent occurrence in the ul!arian

ne1s#a#er lan!ua!e is their thorou!h assimilation in our lan!ua!e. he second reason for

their 1ides#read usa!e is that most of them are le0ical !a# fillers N &:)*/%, &1 0/2,

3'()106, #$%&'(, .($&, 8/)17 . Solely the loan %18 or %198 has a ul!arian e uivalent N

'%&'- . 2o1ever= if 1e refer to #eo#le 1ho 1ork to!ether= usually at one and the same

#lace= the ul!arian 1ord '%&'- 1ill not +e #ro#erly used. he monthly or yearly meetin!

or!ani


49/71

6 7

?e.!. 3'()106, 18419;850%, (1C5-1)* J are +ecomin! more and more as a result of the

advancin! evolution of human thou!ht. %s 9adamer states 5 it ?lan!ua!eJ is somethin! 1e

live in and it lives in ourselves. 2is thou!ht re#resents the dualistic relation +et1een

lan!ua!e and #eo#le. eo#le use lin!uistic e0#ressions to desi!nate somethin! they have

invented or discovered. On the other hand= lan!ua!e is alive due to our ca#a+ility to use it in

such a 1ay that 1e can e0#ress our thou!hts= ideas and o#inion= +ut= 1hat is more= 1e can

add a nuance and a mani#ulative hue only throu!h the careful 1ord choice 1e make. hus=

the desired effect 1ill +e achieved. %n!licisms= 1hich have stylistic or associative nuance=

are used to achieve a certain effect and convey an idea as clearly as #ossi+le. 2o1ever=

some loan1ords= as 1e sa1 a+ove= 1hen ; discussed media #o1er and its effects on the

audience focusin! on the control of kno1led!e= are +ein! chosen= intentionally or not= to

+lur the ne1s content and ham#er readersP understandin!. his fact once a!ain corro+orates

the undenia+le #o1er of lan!ua!e.

he $n!lish loans re!istered in my cor#us are a clear manifestation of 8ournalistsP

attem#t to inte!rate into the #resti!ious modern -estern life. ;n this 1ay= the usa!e of

$n!lish loans ?and $n!lish syntactic constructions 1hich have 1idened their sco#eJ

illustrates the strivin! for -esterni


50/71

6 7

)'*)%/+,'*

9lo+ali


51/71

6 7

ad8ectives adver+s #artici#les and (37 ver+s. ;t is im#ortant to mention that my cor#us

com#rises the three forms of lin!uistic +orro1in!Q direct +orro1in!= cal ues and #seudo5

loans. hus= the %##endi0 ; com#rises mainly direct +orro1in!s and fe1 #seudo5loans such

as +C%'6'(, 3/41/0), %+0.'C/ %s ; said= these #seudo5loans constitute an insi!nificant

#ercent of the total num+er of $n!lish loan1ords and it does not affect the calculations

further on. Cal ues as 1ell as native creations are #resented in a sin!le %##endi0 entitled

%##endi0 ;;= 1hich illustrates the fle0i+ility of the host lan!ua!e to #roduce its o1n

meanin!ful le0ical items. %n interestin! e0am#le of native creations is )*14&+01;+-.+

1hich harmoniously com+ines in itself the le0ical co#y )*14 and the native 1ord

&+01;+-.+ %nother interestin! native creation in .+ +06/9% 1hich ; discussed a+ove.

he overall #ercenta!e of the le0ical co#ies in the t1o ne1s#a#ers is (=*/_. Such a

#ercenta!e of %n!licisms cannot arouse any an0iety a+out lan!ua!e #ollution 1ith le0ical

co#ies. ;n this 1ay= the fears of #urists that the influ0 of $n!lish loan1ords 1ill flood

ul!arian are !roundless. he ul!arian #ress= 1hich is one of the alled!ed sources throu!h

1hich le0ical co#ies are likely to enter ul!arian= is not s#rinkled 1ith %n!licisms. hat is

1hy our lan!ua!e is not in #eril at all. here is no cons#icuous evidence that $n!lish 1ill

su+stitute ul!arian. -hat is o+vious is the $n!lish influence on our lan!ua!e= 1hich comes

naturally= +earin! in mind its #osition as a !lo+al lan!ua!e. %fter all= every lan!ua!e is

lia+le to chan!e under the influence and in the contact 1ith another lan!ua!e. ;n this case=

the ul!arian5$n!lish contact has lead to the lin!uistic #henomenon of +orro1in!.

Moreover= the syntanctic construction V attri+utive model= 1hich= #reviously= 1as

com#letely alien to the ul!arian lan!ua!e= no1= is +ecomin! more and more usa+le as in

)'4106 4-'&+, -'. C/ )+, 10%/-0/% %5-6'C17 . Undou+tedly= this trend in the #ress

lan!ua!e is !ainin! !round under $n!lish influence.

4eavin! aside the un uestiona+le influence of $n!lish= it is the la1 of lan!ua!e

economy that also has to +e taken into account. ;t is less time5consumin! and more s#ace5

savin! to say somethin! in a com#act 1ay 1ith less 1ords. >ournalists are tryin! to e0#ress

their thou!hts in a concise 1ay= on the one hand= and attract readerPs attention= on the other.

;n this sense= ; am touchin! u#on the socio5lin!uistic #ers#ectives for usin! $n!lish le0ical

co#ies. he main socio5lin!uistic #ers#ectives are terminolo!ical ri!our= +ranch 8ar!on=

+revity= com#rehensi+ility and unconscious #ro5$n!lish refle0es. $ach of these socio5

lin!uistic #ers#ectives is #resent in +oth the ne1s#a#ers N @AB DAE and DAGHAID.

o ans1er the first research uestion 5 Which one of the two newspapers has ahigher percentage of Anglicisms? N ; shall refer to a+le * 1hich indicates that DAGHAID


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outruns @AB DAE +y '=*'_ in le0ical co#ies usa!e. So= the #ercenta!e of %n!licisms in

DAGHAID is (=,*_ and in @AB DAE N (=&*_. o matter ho1 small the difference of the

#ercenta!es of le0ical co#ies of $n!lish is= after all= it e0ists^ he t1o ne1s#a#ers are

deemed serious. DAGHAID= ho1ever= is an everyday ne1s#a#er= read +y a !reat variety of

readers 1ith various interests= of different social classes= #olitical +elon!in! and education

level. 2ere the educational level and the social class #lay the crucial role in understandin!

the ne1s content. he 8ournalists 1ho are 1ell ac uainted 1ith this fact take advanta!e of

the #oor kno1led!e of $n!lish of some readers and use %n!licisms to mani#ulate them.

ein! una+le to !ras# 1hat is +ein! im#lied +y a certain %n!licism unfamiliar to them= they

aare +ecomin! de#endent on the #ress lan!ua!e. ;n this 1ay= the #ress reveals its true face N

that of the #o1er a+user= a mani#ulative device for ne1s creatin! and domination over the

ne1s content.

; shall leave aside the dominance of the #ress that= as has +ecome clear= !oes hand in

hand 1ith the control of kno1led!e and ; shall turn to the other e0treme of the scale. he

+i!!er #art of the le0ical co#ies is= in fact= le0ical !a# fillers. ; 1as ama


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olitics and $conomy section ?'=/,_J and the last #lace is occu#ied +y the Society ne1s

!enre ?'=7&_J. %s is evident= the distance +et1een the first and the second #lace as to the

#ercenta!e of $n!lish le0ical co#ies is enormous N &=',_. hus= the S#ort section is a lon!

1ay ahead of the other ne1s !enres. he others have an almost e ual #ercenta!e of le0ical

co#ies. ;f 1e consider the #ercenta!e of $n!lish loan1ords in different ne1s !enres in each

ne1s#a#er= 1e 1ill see that the #ercenta!es in t1o of the ne1s !enres in +oth ne1s#a#ers

overla# and they are N the Society section and the S#ort section. ;n the S#ort section there is

a variety of s#orts and s#ort5related terms invented or coined in the US% or in $n!land=

1hich have come into the ul!arian lan!ua!e 1ith their ori!inal names. he Society

section= on the other hand= is or!ani


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the !rammatical cate!ory of nouns is +orro1ed more easily than others. evertheless= the

second #osition of my o1n hierarchy of +orro1a+ility is occu#ied +y

ad8ectives adver+s #artici#les= 1hich is at variance 1ith 2au!enPs hierarchy of

+orro1a+ility. 2o1ever= if ; a##ly the first ever5made hierarchy= created +y -hitney= 1ho

assi!ns the first #lace for the most fre uently +orro1ed #art of s#eech to nouns and the ne0t

#osition to the other #arts of s#eech= my hierarchy 1ill com#letely tally 1ith it. ;n this case=

the more !eneral conclusions as re!ards +orro1a+ility serve me +est. hus= !oin! +ack to

the third of the research uestions #osed at the +e!innin! Of what grammatical type are

the English loanwords R N ; shall say that the !reatest num+er of $n!lish loan1ords is

re#resented +y nouns= follo1ed +y the a!!re!ate !rou# of ad8ectives= adver+s and

#artici#les. he last= third #lace is occu#ied +y ver+s. hese findin!s undou+tedly #resent

nouns as the dominant !rammatical cate!ory in le0ical +orro1in!.

Finally= which are the most frequently used Anglicisms in journalese in the two

newspapers? ; traced the (, most fre uently occurrin! le0ical co#ies in the t1o ne1s#a#ers.

hese areQ (1)/-, &:)*/%, &1 0/2, 8+;, .($&, 8/)17, &:)*/%/0, &1 0/28/0, %18,

#$%&'(12%, 10%/-0/%, 3'()106, #$%&'(, 10%/-C: and #$%&'(/0 . he most

cons#icuous common feature of all these le0ical co#ies ?e0cludin! the co#y %18, 1hich has

recently entered ul!arianJ is that they are fully esta+lished and inte!rated into our

lan!ua!e. hey all are le0ical !a# fillers 1hich do not have ul!arian e uivalents. his is

another #roof that the !reater #art of the an!licisms in the t1o ne1s#a#ers consists of le0ical

!a# fillers that do not endan!er any native 1ord. -hat is more= they enrich the ul!arian

le0icon.

From all that has +een said= four conclusions can +e made. First= the !reater num+er

of the le0ical co#ies re#resents le0ical !a# fillers. Secondly= there are le0ical co#ies that

to!ether 1ith $n!lish syntactic constructions= 1hich are !radually !ainin! !round on

ul!arian soil and some com+inin! elements= hint at the -esterni


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articles? \oes the usage of Anglicisms hinder or help readers grasp the ideas conveyed by

the journalists? How does the language of newspapers illustrate the process of

democrati]ation of Zulgarian society? hese uestions are e0tremely interestin! +ut they are

+eyond the sco#e of my #a#er. 2o1ever= it 1ill +e 1onderful if these uestions tri!!er onePs

interest and +ecome the +asis of a future study.


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APP&*.,5 ,

P'%,$,)+ _ &)'*'7E

%6s LK ohn. Communication= Cultural and Media StudiesQ he Key Conce#ts. 4ondon and

e1 orkQ :outled!e= &''&.

2au!en= :. g he %nalysis of 4in!uistic orro1in!. 4an!ua!e. ( ,'. &('5*&.

2offer= .4. g4an!ua!e orro1in! and 4an!ua!e "iffusion. ;ntercultural Communication

Studies ;Q3. rinityQ rinity University ress= &''&.

2o#e= homas. 4e0ical orro1in! in the :omance 4an!ua!es. O0fordQ lack1ell= ( 7(.

Kolarova= Maria. g he $n!lish ;nfluence on Com#oundin! as a Method of -ord5formation in

ul!arian. Contrastive 4in!uistics ?&''6JQ 7,5/'.

Mc%rthur= om. he O0ford 9uide to -orld $n!lish. O0fordQ O0ford University ress=

&''&.

:ollason= Christo#her. g he Use of %n!licisms in Contem#orary French. Crossin! arriers

and rid!in! Cultures. 9reat ritainQ Crom1ell ress 4td.= &''*.

Seidlhover= ar+ara. gClosin! a Conce#tual 9a#Q the Case for a descri#tion of $n!lish as a

lin!ua franca. ;nternational >ournal of %##lied 4in!uistics ?&''(JQ (*/.

rask= :. 4. 2istorical 4in!uistics. e1 orkQ O0ford University ress= ;nc.= ( 6.

van "i8k= eun. gMedia "iscourse. 2and+ook of "iscourse %nalysis. O0fordQ lack1ell=

&''(.

. e1s as "iscourse. Chica!oQ %dventure -orks ress= ( /6.

van "i8k= eun. g o1er and the e1s Media. olitical Communication in %ction.

%msterdamQ University of %msterdam ress= ( 7.

-ri!ht= Sue. g4an!ua!e olicy and 4an!ua!e lannin!. 4lamas= Carmen= 4ouise Mullany

eter Stock1ell. he :outled!e Com#anion to Sociolin!uistics. 4ondonQ :outled!e=

&''3. (67.


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31574408 Anglicisms in the Bulgarian Press

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Transcript of 31574408 Anglicisms in the Bulgarian Press